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Le Vée M, Moreau A, Jouan E, Denizot C, Parmentier Y, Fardel O. Inhibition of canalicular and sinusoidal taurocholate efflux by cholestatic drugs in human hepatoma HepaRG cells. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2022; 43:265-271. [PMID: 36195987 PMCID: PMC10092305 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
HepaRG cells are highly-differentiated human hepatoma cells, which are increasingly recognized as a convenient cellular model for in vitro evaluation of hepatic metabolism, transport, and/or toxicity of drugs. The present study was designed to evaluate whether HepaRG cells can also be useful for studying drug-mediated inhibition of canalicular and/or sinusoidal hepatic efflux of bile acids, which constitutes a major mechanism of drug-induced liver toxicity. For this purpose, HepaRG cells, initially loaded with the bile acid taurocholate (TC), were reincubated in TC-free transport assay medium, in the presence or absence of calcium or drugs, before analysis of TC retention. This method allowed us to objectivize and quantitatively measure biliary and sinusoidal efflux of TC from HepaRG cells, through distinguishing cellular and canalicular compartments. In particular, time-course analysis of the TC-free reincubation period of HepaRG cells, that is, the efflux period, indicated that a 20 min-efflux period allowed reaching biliary and sinusoidal excretion indexes for TC around 80% and 60%, respectively. Addition of the prototypical cholestatic drugs bosentan, cyclosporin A, glibenclamide, or troglitazone during the TC-free efflux phase period was demonstrated to markedly inhibit canalicular and sinusoidal secretion of TC, whereas, by contrast, incubation with the noncholestatic compounds salicylic acid or flumazenil was without effect. Such data therefore support the use of human HepaRG cells for in vitro predicting drug-induced liver toxicity (DILI) due to the inhibition of hepatic bile acid secretion, using a biphasic TC loading/efflux assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Le Vée
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Amélie Moreau
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France
| | - Elodie Jouan
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Denizot
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, Orléans, France
| | | | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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2
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Moreau M, Mallick P, Smeltz M, Haider S, Nicolas CI, Pendse SN, Leonard JA, Linakis MW, McMullen PD, Clewell RA, Clewell HJ, Yoon M. Considerations for Improving Metabolism Predictions for In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:894569. [PMID: 35573278 PMCID: PMC9099212 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.894569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput (HT) in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) is an integral component in new approach method (NAM)-based risk assessment paradigms, for rapidly translating in vitro toxicity assay results into the context of in vivo exposure. When coupled with rapid exposure predictions, HT-IVIVE supports the use of HT in vitro assays for risk-based chemical prioritization. However, the reliability of prioritization based on HT bioactivity data and HT-IVIVE can be limited as the domain of applicability of current HT-IVIVE is generally restricted to intrinsic clearance measured primarily in pharmaceutical compounds. Further, current approaches only consider parent chemical toxicity. These limitations occur because current state-of-the-art HT prediction tools for clearance and metabolite kinetics do not provide reliable data to support HT-IVIVE. This paper discusses current challenges in implementation of IVIVE for prioritization and risk assessment and recommends a path forward for addressing the most pressing needs and expanding the utility of IVIVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjory Moreau
- ScitoVation, LLC, Durham, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Marjory Moreau,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeremy A. Leonard
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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Kim IY, Kwak M, Kim J, Lee TG, Heo MB. Comparative Study on Nanotoxicity in Human Primary and Cancer Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060993. [PMID: 35335806 PMCID: PMC8955245 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterial toxicity tests using normal and cancer cells may yield markedly different results. Here, nanomaterial toxicity between cancer and primary human cells was compared to determine the basic cell line selection criteria for nanomaterial toxicity analyses. Specifically, we exposed two cancer (A549 and HepG2) and two normal cell lines (NHBE and HH) cell lines to SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and evaluated the cytotoxicity (MTS assay), cell death mode, and intracellular NP retention. MTS assay results revealed higher sensitivity of HH cells to SiO2 NPs than HepG2 cells, while no difference was observed between NHBE and A549 cells. In addition, SiO2 NPs primarily induced necrosis in all the cell lines. Moreover, we evaluated NP accumulation by treating the cell lines with fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled SiO2 NPs. After 48 h of treatment, less than 10% of A549 and HepG2 cells and more than 30% of NHBE and HH cells contained the labeled NPs. Collectively, our results suggest that cell viability, death mode, and intracellular compound accumulation could be assessed using cancer cells. However, the outcomes of certain investigations, such as intracellular NP retention, may differ between cancer and normal cells.
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Järvinen E, Deng F, Kiander W, Sinokki A, Kidron H, Sjöstedt N. The Role of Uptake and Efflux Transporters in the Disposition of Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:802539. [PMID: 35095509 PMCID: PMC8793843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.802539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation and sulfation are the most typical phase II metabolic reactions of drugs. The resulting glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are generally considered inactive and safe. They may, however, be the most prominent drug-related material in the circulation and excreta of humans. The glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs typically have limited cell membrane permeability and subsequently, their distribution and excretion from the human body requires transport proteins. Uptake transporters, such as organic anion transporters (OATs and OATPs), mediate the uptake of conjugates into the liver and kidney, while efflux transporters, such as multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), mediate expulsion of conjugates into bile, urine and the intestinal lumen. Understanding the active transport of conjugated drug metabolites is important for predicting the fate of a drug in the body and its safety and efficacy. The aim of this review is to compile the understanding of transporter-mediated disposition of phase II conjugates. We review the literature on hepatic, intestinal and renal uptake transporters participating in the transport of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs, other xenobiotics and endobiotics. In addition, we provide an update on the involvement of efflux transporters in the disposition of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Finally, we discuss the interplay between uptake and efflux transport in the intestine, liver and kidneys as well as the role of transporters in glucuronide and sulfate conjugate toxicity, drug interactions, pharmacogenetics and species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkka Järvinen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Feng Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wilma Kiander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alli Sinokki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Oorts M, Van Brantegem P, Deferm N, Chatterjee S, Dreesen E, Cooreman A, Vinken M, Richert L, Annaert P. Bosentan Alters Endo- and Exogenous Bile Salt Disposition in Sandwich-Cultured Human Hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:20-32. [PMID: 34349015 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bosentan, a well-known cholestatic agent, was not identified as cholestatic at concentrations up to 200 µM based on the drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) index value, determined in a sandwich-cultured human hepatocyte (SCHH)-based DIC assay. To obtain further quantitative insights into the effects of bosentan on cellular bile salt handling by human hepatocytes, the present study determined the effect of 2.5-25 µM bosentan on endogenous bile salt levels and on the disposition of 10 µM chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) added to the medium in SCHHs. Bosentan reduced intracellular as well as extracellular concentrations of both endogenous glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and glycocholic acid in a concentration-dependent manner. When exposed to 10 µM CDCA, bosentan caused a shift from canalicular efflux to sinusoidal efflux of GCDCA. CDCA levels were not affected. Our mechanistic model confirmed the inhibitory effect of bosentan on canalicular GCDCA clearance. Moreover, our results in SCHHs also indicated reduced GCDCA formation. We confirmed the direct inhibitory effect of bosentan on CDCA conjugation with glycine in incubations with liver S9 fraction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Bosentan was evaluated at therapeutically relevant concentrations (2.5-25 µM) in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. It altered bile salt disposition and inhibited canalicular secretion of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA). Within 24 hours, bosentan caused a shift from canalicular to sinusoidal efflux of GCDCA. These results also indicated reduced GCDCA formation. This study confirmed a direct effect of bosentan on chenodeoxycholic acid conjugation with glycine in liver S9 fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Oorts
- Drug Delivery and Disposition (M.O., P.V.B., N.D., P.A.) and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy (E.D.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.C.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International, Bangalore, India (S.C.); Uppsala Pharmacometrics Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (E.D.); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.); KaLy-Cell, Plobsheim, France (L.R.); and BioNotus, Niel, Belgium (P.A.)
| | - Pieter Van Brantegem
- Drug Delivery and Disposition (M.O., P.V.B., N.D., P.A.) and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy (E.D.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.C.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International, Bangalore, India (S.C.); Uppsala Pharmacometrics Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (E.D.); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.); KaLy-Cell, Plobsheim, France (L.R.); and BioNotus, Niel, Belgium (P.A.)
| | - Neel Deferm
- Drug Delivery and Disposition (M.O., P.V.B., N.D., P.A.) and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy (E.D.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.C.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International, Bangalore, India (S.C.); Uppsala Pharmacometrics Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (E.D.); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.); KaLy-Cell, Plobsheim, France (L.R.); and BioNotus, Niel, Belgium (P.A.)
| | - Sagnik Chatterjee
- Drug Delivery and Disposition (M.O., P.V.B., N.D., P.A.) and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy (E.D.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.C.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International, Bangalore, India (S.C.); Uppsala Pharmacometrics Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (E.D.); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.); KaLy-Cell, Plobsheim, France (L.R.); and BioNotus, Niel, Belgium (P.A.)
| | - Erwin Dreesen
- Drug Delivery and Disposition (M.O., P.V.B., N.D., P.A.) and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy (E.D.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.C.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International, Bangalore, India (S.C.); Uppsala Pharmacometrics Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (E.D.); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.); KaLy-Cell, Plobsheim, France (L.R.); and BioNotus, Niel, Belgium (P.A.)
| | - Axelle Cooreman
- Drug Delivery and Disposition (M.O., P.V.B., N.D., P.A.) and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy (E.D.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.C.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International, Bangalore, India (S.C.); Uppsala Pharmacometrics Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (E.D.); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.); KaLy-Cell, Plobsheim, France (L.R.); and BioNotus, Niel, Belgium (P.A.)
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Drug Delivery and Disposition (M.O., P.V.B., N.D., P.A.) and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy (E.D.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.C.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International, Bangalore, India (S.C.); Uppsala Pharmacometrics Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (E.D.); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.); KaLy-Cell, Plobsheim, France (L.R.); and BioNotus, Niel, Belgium (P.A.)
| | - Lysiane Richert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition (M.O., P.V.B., N.D., P.A.) and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy (E.D.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.C.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International, Bangalore, India (S.C.); Uppsala Pharmacometrics Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (E.D.); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.); KaLy-Cell, Plobsheim, France (L.R.); and BioNotus, Niel, Belgium (P.A.)
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition (M.O., P.V.B., N.D., P.A.) and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy (E.D.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.C.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International, Bangalore, India (S.C.); Uppsala Pharmacometrics Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (E.D.); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.); KaLy-Cell, Plobsheim, France (L.R.); and BioNotus, Niel, Belgium (P.A.)
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6
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Chothe PP, Pemberton R, Hariparsad N. Function and Expression of Bile Salt Export Pump in Suspension Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:314-321. [PMID: 33472814 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic understanding of bile salt disposition is not well established in suspension human hepatocytes (SHH) because of the limited information on the expression and function of bile salt export protein (BSEP) in this system. We investigated the transport function of BSEP in SHH using a method involving in situ biosynthesis of bile salts from their precursor bile acids, cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Our data indicated that glycine- and taurine-conjugated CA and CDCA were generated efficiently and transported out of hepatocytes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. We also observed that the membrane protein abundance of BSEP was similar between SHH and sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. Furthermore, known cholestatic agents significantly inhibited G-CA and G-CDCA efflux in SHH. Interestingly, cyclosporine A, troglitazone, itraconazole, loratadine, and lovastatin inhibited G-CA efflux more potently than G-CDCA efflux (3- to 5-fold). Because of these significant differential effects on G-CA and G-CDCA efflux inhibition, we determined the IC50 values of troglitazone for G-CA (9.9 µM) and for G-CDCA (43.1 µM) efflux. The observed discrepancy in the IC50 was attributed to the fact that troglitazone also inhibits organic anion transporting polypeptides and Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide in addition to BSEP. The hepatocyte uptake study suggested that both active uptake and passive diffusion contribute to the liver uptake of CA, whereas CDCA primarily undergoes passive diffusion into the liver. In summary, these data demonstrated the expression and function of BSEP and its major role in transport of bile salts in cryopreserved SHH. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: BSEP transport function and protein abundance was evident in SHH in the present study. The membrane abundance of BSEP protein was similar between SHH and sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. The study also illustrated the major role of BSEP relative to basolateral MRP3 and MRP4 in transport of bile salts in SHH. Understanding of BSEP function in SHH may bolster the utility of this platform in mechanistic understanding of bile salt disposition and potentially in the assessment of drugs for BSEP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh P Chothe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel Pemberton
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Niresh Hariparsad
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts
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7
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Ito S, Kamimura H, Yamamoto Y, Chijiwa H, Okuzono T, Suemizu H, Yamazaki H. Human plasma concentration-time profiles of troglitazone and troglitazone sulfate simulated by in vivo experiments with chimeric mice with humanized livers and semi-physiological pharmacokinetic modeling. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:505-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Vilas-Boas V, Vinken M. Hepatotoxicity induced by nanomaterials: mechanisms and in vitro models. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:27-52. [PMID: 33155068 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The unique physicochemical properties of materials at nanoscale have opened a plethora of opportunities for applications in the pharmaceutical and medical field, but also in consumer products from food and cosmetics industries. As a consequence, daily human exposure to nanomaterials through distinct routes is considerable and, therefore, may raise health concerns. Many nanomaterials have been described to accumulate and induce adversity in the liver. Among these, silica and some types of metallic nanoparticles are the most broadly used in consumer products and, therefore, the most studied and reported. The reviewed literature was collected from PubMed.gov during the month of March 2020 using the search words "nanomaterials induced hepatotoxicity", which yielded 181 papers. This present paper reviews the hepatotoxic effects of nanomaterials described in in vitro and in vivo studies, with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms. The induction of oxidative stress and inflammation are the manifestations of toxicity most frequently reported following exposure of cells or animal models to different nanomaterials. Furthermore, the available in vitro models for the evaluation of the hepatotoxic effects of nanomaterials are discussed, highlighting the continuous interest in the development of more advanced and reliable in vitro models for nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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9
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Ito S, Lee W, Park JE, Yasunaga M, Mori A, Ohtsuki S, Sugiyama Y. Transient, Tunable Expression of NTCP and BSEP in MDCKII Cells for Kinetic Delineation of the Rate-Determining Process and Inhibitory Effects of Rifampicin in Hepatobiliary Transport of Taurocholate. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:365-375. [PMID: 33159914 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In predicting the hepatic elimination of compounds, the extended clearance concept has proven useful. Yet, its experimental proof was scarce partly due to the lack of models with the controlled expression of transporters. Here, the uptake and efflux transporters [NTCP (SLC10A1) and BSEP (ABCB11), respectively] were doubly and transiently expressed in MDCKII cells by electroporation-based transfection (with the BSEP plasmid amount varied and with the NTCP plasmid fixed), achieving the activity levels of NTCP and BSEP comparable to those of sandwich cultured human hepatocytes. The biliary excretion clearance for taurocholate increased proportionally to the BSEP expression level. Under the same conditions, the basal-to-apical transcellular clearance of taurocholate displayed an initial increase, and a subsequent plateau, indicating that the basolateral uptake of taurocholate became rate-limiting. The doubly transfected MDCKII cells were also used to kinetically analyze the inhibitory effects of rifampicin on BSEP and NTCP. The obtained results showed a bell-shaped profile for cell-to-medium concentration ratios over a range of rifampicin concentrations, which were quantitatively captured by kinetic modeling based on the extended clearance concept. The present study highlights the utility of the transient, tunable transporter expression system in delineating the rate-determining process and providing mechanistic insights into intracellular substrate accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumito Ito
- GenoMembrane Co., Ltd, 2-3-18 Namamugi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0052, Japan.
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, R&D, Sanofi K.K., 3 Chome-20-2, Nishishinjuku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Masa Yasunaga
- GenoMembrane Co., Ltd, 2-3-18 Namamugi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0052, Japan
| | - Ayano Mori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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10
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Sanjel B, Shim WS. Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cholestatic pruritus: A review. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165958. [PMID: 32896605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis, a condition characterized by an abnormal decrease in bile flow, is accompanied by various symptoms such as pruritus. Although cholestatic pruritus is a prominent condition, its precise mechanisms have largely been elusive. Recently, advancements have been made for understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of cholestatic pruritus. The current review therefore focuses on summarizing the overall progress made in the elucidation of its molecular mechanisms. We have reviewed the available animal models on cholestasis to compare the differences between them, characterized potential pruritogens involved in cholestatic pruritus, and have summarized the receptor and ion channels implicated in the condition. Finally, we have discussed the available treatment options for alleviation of cholestatic pruritus. As our understanding of the mechanisms of cholestatic pruritus deepens, novel strategies to cure this condition are awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babina Sanjel
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoero 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hambakmoero 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoero 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hambakmoero 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Li Y, Evers R, Hafey MJ, Cheon K, Duong H, Lynch D, LaFranco-Scheuch L, Pacchione S, Tamburino AM, Tanis KQ, Geddes K, Holder D, Zhang NR, Kang W, Gonzalez RJ, Galijatovic-Idrizbegovic A, Pearson KM, Lebron JA, Glaab WE, Sistare FD. Use of a Bile Salt Export Pump Knockdown Rat Susceptibility Model to Interrogate Mechanism of Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:180-198. [PMID: 30903168 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) may be associated with clinical drug-induced liver injury, but is poorly predicted by preclinical animal models. Here we present the development of a novel rat model using siRNA knockdown (KD) of Bsep that displayed differentially enhanced hepatotoxicity to 8 Bsep inhibitors and not to 3 Bsep noninhibitors when administered at maximally tolerated doses for 7 days. Bsep KD alone resulted in 3- and 4.5-fold increases in liver and plasma levels, respectively, of the sum of the 3 most prevalent taurine conjugated bile acids (T3-BA), approximately 90% decrease in plasma and liver glycocholic acid, and a distinct bile acid regulating gene expression pattern, without resulting in hepatotoxicity. Among the Bsep inhibitors, only asunaprevir and TAK-875 resulted in serum transaminase and total bilirubin increases associated with increases in plasma T3-BA that were enhanced by Bsep KD. Benzbromarone, lopinavir, and simeprevir caused smaller increases in plasma T3-BA, but did not result in hepatotoxicity in Bsep KD rats. Bosentan, cyclosporine A, and ritonavir, however, showed no enhancement of T3-BA in plasma in Bsep KD rats, as well as Bsep noninhibitors acetaminophen, MK-0974, or clarithromycin. T3-BA findings were further strengthened through monitoring TCA-d4 converted from cholic acid-d4 overcoming interanimal variability in endogenous bile acids. Bsep KD also altered liver and/or plasma levels of asunaprevir, TAK-875, TAK-875 acyl-glucuronide, benzbromarone, and bosentan. The Bsep KD rat model has revealed differences in the effects on bile acid homeostasis among Bsep inhibitors that can best be monitored using measures of T3-BA and TCA-d4 in plasma. However, the phenotype caused by Bsep inhibition is complex due to the involvement of several compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutai Li
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources
| | - Raymond Evers
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism
| | | | | | - Hong Duong
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources
| | - Donna Lynch
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources
| | | | | | | | - Keith Q Tanis
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, MRL, West Point, PA 19486
| | | | | | | | - Wen Kang
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources
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12
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Beaudoin JJ, Brouwer KLR, Malinen MM. Novel insights into the organic solute transporter alpha/beta, OSTα/β: From the bench to the bedside. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107542. [PMID: 32247663 PMCID: PMC7480074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organic solute transporter alpha/beta (OSTα/β) is a heteromeric solute carrier protein that transports bile acids, steroid metabolites and drugs into and out of cells. OSTα/β protein is expressed in various tissues, but its expression is highest in the gastrointestinal tract where it facilitates the recirculation of bile acids from the gut to the liver. Previous studies established that OSTα/β is upregulated in liver tissue of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis, obstructive cholestasis, and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), conditions that are characterized by elevated bile acid concentrations in the liver and/or systemic circulation. The discovery that OSTα/β is highly upregulated in the liver of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) further highlights the clinical relevance of this transporter because the incidence of NASH is increasing at an alarming rate with the obesity epidemic. Since OSTα/β is closely linked to the homeostasis of bile acids, and tightly regulated by the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor, OSTα/β is a potential drug target for treatment of cholestatic liver disease, and other bile acid-related metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Obeticholic acid, a semi-synthetic bile acid used to treat PBC, under review for the treatment of NASH, and in development for the treatment of other metabolic disorders, induces OSTα/β. Some drugs associated with hepatotoxicity inhibit OSTα/β, suggesting a possible role for OSTα/β in drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Furthermore, clinical cases of homozygous genetic defects in both OSTα/β subunits resulting in diarrhea and features of cholestasis have been reported. This review article has been compiled to comprehensively summarize the recent data emerging on OSTα/β, recapitulating the available literature on the structure-function and expression-function relationships of OSTα/β, the regulation of this important transporter, the interaction of drugs and other compounds with OSTα/β, and the comparison of OSTα/β with other solute carrier transporters as well as adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters. Findings from basic to more clinically focused research efforts are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Beaudoin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Melina M Malinen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Vilas-Boas V, Gijbels E, Jonckheer J, De Waele E, Vinken M. Cholestatic liver injury induced by food additives, dietary supplements and parenteral nutrition. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105422. [PMID: 31884416 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis refers to the accumulation of toxic levels of bile acids in the liver due to defective bile secretion. This pathological situation can be triggered by drugs, but also by ingredients contained in food, food supplements and parenteral nutrition. This paper provides an overview of the current knowledge on cholestatic injury associated with such ingredients, with particular emphasis on the underlying mechanisms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joop Jonckheer
- Department of Intensive Care, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth De Waele
- Department of Intensive Care, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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14
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Longo DM, Woodhead JL, Walker P, Herédi-Szabó K, Mogyorósi K, Wolenski FS, Dragan YP, Mosedale M, Siler SQ, Watkins PB, Howell BA. Quantitative Systems Toxicology Analysis of In Vitro Mechanistic Assays Reveals Importance of Bile Acid Accumulation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in TAK-875-Induced Liver Injury. Toxicol Sci 2020; 167:458-467. [PMID: 30289550 PMCID: PMC6358270 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TAK-875 (fasiglifam), a GPR40 agonist in development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D), was voluntarily terminated in Phase III trials due to adverse liver effects. The potential mechanisms of TAK-875 toxicity were explored by combining in vitro experiments with quantitative systems toxicology (QST) using DILIsym, a mathematical representation of drug-induced liver injury. In vitro assays revealed that bile acid transporters were inhibited by both TAK-875 and its metabolite, TAK-875-Glu. Experimental data indicated that human bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibition by TAK-875 was mixed whereas sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) inhibition by TAK-875 was competitive. Furthermore, experimental data demonstrated that both TAK-875 and TAK-875-Glu inhibit mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) enzymes. These mechanistic data were combined with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model constructed within DILIsym to estimate liver exposure of TAK-875 and TAK-875-Glu. In a simulated population (SimPops) constructed to reflect T2D patients, 16/245 (6.5%) simulated individuals developed alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations, an incidence similar to that observed with 200 mg daily dosing in clinical trials. Determining the mode of bile acid transporter inhibition (Ki) was critical to accurate predictions. In addition, simulations conducted on a sensitive subset of individuals (SimCohorts) revealed that when either BSEP or ETC inhibition was inactive, ALT elevations were not predicted to occur, suggesting that the two mechanisms operate synergistically to produce the observed clinical response. These results demonstrate how utilizing QST methods to interpret in vitro experimental results can lead to an improved understanding of the clinically relevant mechanisms underlying drug-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Longo
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | | | | | | | | | - Francis S Wolenski
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Yvonne P Dragan
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Merrie Mosedale
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Scott Q Siler
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Paul B Watkins
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.,UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Brett A Howell
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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15
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Garzel B, Hu T, Li L, Lu Y, Heyward S, Polli J, Zhang L, Huang SM, Raufman JP, Wang H. Metformin Disrupts Bile Acid Efflux by Repressing Bile Salt Export Pump Expression. Pharm Res 2020; 37:26. [PMID: 31907698 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The bile salt export pump (BSEP), a key player in hepatic bile acid clearance, has been the center of research on drug-induced cholestasis. However, such studies focus primarily on the direct inhibition of BSEP, often overlooking the potential impact of transcriptional repression. This work aims to explore the disruption of bile acid efflux caused by drug-induced BSEP repression. METHODS BSEP activity was analyzed in human primary hepatocytes (HPH) using a traditional biliary-clearance experiment and a modified efflux assay, which includes a 72-h pretreatment prior to efflux measurement. Relative mRNA and protein expressions were examined by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Metformin concentration-dependently repressed BSEP expression in HPH. Although metformin did not directly inhibit BSEP activity, longer metformin exposure reduced BSEP transport function in HPH by down-regulating BSEP expression. BSEP repression by metformin was found to be AMP-activated protein kinase-independent. Additional screening of 10 reported cholestatic non-BSEP inhibitors revealed that the anti-cancer drug tamoxifen also markedly repressed BSEP expression and reduced BSEP activity in HPH. CONCLUSIONS Repression of BSEP alone is sufficient to disrupt hepatic bile acid efflux. Metformin and tamoxifen appear to be prototypes of a class of BSEP repressors that may cause drug-induced cholestasis through gene repression instead of direct BSEP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy Garzel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Linhao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Yuanfu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Scott Heyward
- BioIVT, 1450 S Rolling Road, Baltimore, Maryland, 21227, USA
| | - James Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Shiew-Mei Huang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA.,VA Maryland Health Care System, 10 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA.
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16
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Ito K, Sjöstedt N, Brouwer KLR. Mechanistic Modeling of the Hepatic Disposition of Estradiol-17 β-Glucuronide in Sandwich-Cultured Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 48:116-122. [PMID: 31744810 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol-17β-glucuronide (E217G) is an estrogen metabolite that has cholestatic properties. In humans, circulating E217G is transported into hepatocytes by organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) and is excreted into bile by multidrug-resistance associated protein 2 (MRP2). E217G is also a substrate of the basolateral efflux transporters MRP3 and MRP4, which translocate E217G from hepatocytes to blood. However, the contribution of basolateral efflux to hepatocyte disposition of E217G has not been evaluated previously. To address this question, E217G disposition was studied in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes and mechanistic modeling was applied to calculate clearance values (mean ± S.D.) for uptake, intrinsic biliary excretion (CLint,bile) and intrinsic basolateral efflux (CLint,BL). The biliary excretion index of E217G was 45% ± 6%. The CLint,BL of E217G [0.18 ± 0.03 (ml/min)/g liver) was 1.6-fold higher than CLint,bile [0.11 ± 0.06 (ml/min)/g liver]. Simulations were performed to study the effects of increased CLint,BL and a concomitant decrease in CLint,bile on hepatic E217G exposure. Results demonstrated that increased CLint,BL can effectively reduce hepatocellular and biliary exposure to this potent cholestatic agent. Simulations also revealed that basolateral efflux can compensate for impaired biliary excretion and, vice versa, to avoid accumulation of E217G in hepatocytes. However, when both clearance processes are impaired by 90%, hepatocyte E217G exposure increases up to 10-fold. These data highlight the contribution of basolateral efflux transport, in addition to MRP2-mediated biliary excretion, to E217G disposition in human hepatocytes. This elimination route could be important, especially in cases where basolateral efflux is induced, such as cholestasis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The disposition of the cholestatic estrogen metabolite estradiol-17β-glucuronide (E217G) was characterized in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. The intrinsic basolateral efflux clearance was estimated to be 1.6-fold higher than the intrinsic biliary excretion clearance, emphasizing the contribution of basolateral elimination in addition to biliary excretion. Simulations highlight how hepatocytes can effectively cope with increased E217G through the regulation of both basolateral and biliary transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuaki Ito
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.I., N.S., K.L.R.B.); and DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan (K.I.)
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.I., N.S., K.L.R.B.); and DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan (K.I.)
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.I., N.S., K.L.R.B.); and DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan (K.I.)
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17
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Liang RF, Ge WJ, Song XM, Zhang JP, Cui WF, Zhang SF, Li GS. Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides and organic cation transporter in the hepatic uptake of jatrorrhizine. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:479-487. [PMID: 31368836 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1651921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Jatrorrhizine possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. However, the mechanism underlying hepatic uptake of jatrorrhizine remains unclear.Rat liver slices, isolated rat hepatocytes and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells stably expressing human organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) and organic cation transporter (OCT) were used to evaluate the hepatic uptake of jatrorrhizine in this study.Uptake of jatrorrhizine in rat liver slices and isolated rat hepatocytes was significantly inhibited by glycyrrhizic acid (Oatp1b2 inhibitor) and prazosin (Oct1 inhibitor), but not by ibuprofen (Oatp1a1 inhibitor) or digoxin (Oatp1a4 inhibitor). Uptake of jatrorrhizine in OATP1B3 and OCT1-HEK293 cells indicated a saturable process with the Km of 8.20 ± 1.28 and 4.94 ± 0.55 μM, respectively. However, the transcellular transport of jatrorrhizine in OATP1B1-HEK293 cells was not observed. Rifampicin (OATP inhibitor) for OATP1B3-HEK293 cells and prazosin for OCT1-HEK293 cells could inhibit the uptake of jatrorrhizine with the IC50 of 5.49 ± 1.05 and 2.77 ± 0.72 μM, respectively.The above data indicate that hepatic uptake of jatrorrhizine is involved in both OATP and OCT, which may have important roles in jatrorrhizine liver disposition and potential drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Feng Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jing Ge
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xian-Mei Song
- Department of Immunology, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ping Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei-Feng Cui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - She-Feng Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Geng-Sheng Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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18
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Kang HE, Malinen MM, Saran C, Honkakoski P, Brouwer KLR. Optimization of Canalicular ABC Transporter Function in HuH-7 Cells by Modification of Culture Conditions. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1222-1230. [PMID: 31371422 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatoma cell lines are useful for evaluation of drug-induced hepatotoxicity, hepatic drug disposition, and drug-drug interactions. However, their applicability is compromised by aberrant expression of hepatobiliary transporters. This study was designed to evaluate whether extracellular matrix (Matrigel) overlay and dexamethasone (DEX) treatment would support cellular maturation of long-term HuH-7 hepatoma cell cultures and improve the expression, localization, and activity of canalicular ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1/P-glycoprotein/ABCB1), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2), and bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Matrigel overlay promoted the maturation of HuH-7 cells toward cuboidal, hepatocyte-like cells displaying bile canaliculi-like structures visualized by staining for filamentous actin (F-actin), colocalization of MRP2 with F-actin, and by accumulation of the MRP2 substrate 5(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (CDF) within the tubular canaliculi. The cellular phenotype was rather homogenous in the Matrigel-overlaid cultures, whereas the standard HuH-7 cultures contained both hepatocyte-like cells and flat epithelium-like cells. Only Matrigel-overlaid HuH-7 cells expressed MDR1 at the canaliculi and excreted the MDR1 probe substrate digoxin into biliary compartments. DEX treatment resulted in more elongated and branched canaliculi and restored canalicular expression and function of BSEP. These findings suggest that hepatocyte polarity, elongated canalicular structures, and proper localization and function of canalicular ABC transporters can be recovered, at least in part, in human hepatoma HuH-7 cells by applying the modified culture conditions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We report the first demonstration that proper localization and function of canalicular ABC transporters can be recovered in human hepatoma HuH-7 cells by modification of cell culture conditions. Matrigel overlay and dexamethasone supplementation increased the proportion of hepatocyte-like cells, strongly augmented the canalicular structures between the cells, and restored the localization and function of key canalicular ABC transporters. These results will facilitate the development of reproducible, economical, and easily achievable liver cell models for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Eun Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea (H.E.K.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy (H.E.K., M.M.M., C.S., P.H., K.L.R.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine (C.S.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (M.M.M., P.H.)
| | - Melina M Malinen
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea (H.E.K.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy (H.E.K., M.M.M., C.S., P.H., K.L.R.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine (C.S.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (M.M.M., P.H.)
| | - Chitra Saran
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea (H.E.K.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy (H.E.K., M.M.M., C.S., P.H., K.L.R.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine (C.S.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (M.M.M., P.H.)
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea (H.E.K.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy (H.E.K., M.M.M., C.S., P.H., K.L.R.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine (C.S.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (M.M.M., P.H.)
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea (H.E.K.); Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy (H.E.K., M.M.M., C.S., P.H., K.L.R.B.) and Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine (C.S.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (M.M.M., P.H.)
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19
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Evaluation of Drug Biliary Excretion Using Sandwich-Cultured Human Hepatocytes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 44:13-30. [PMID: 30167999 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of hepatobiliary transport of drugs is an important challenge, notably during the development of new molecular identities. In this context, sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) have been proposed as an interesting and integrated tool for predicting in vitro biliary excretion of drugs. The present review was therefore designed to summarize key findings about SCHH, including their establishment, their main functional features and their use for the determination of canalicular transport and the prediction of in vivo biliary clearance and hepatobiliary excretion-related drug-drug interactions. Reviewed data highlight the fact that SCHH represent an original and probably unique holistic in vitro approach to predict biliary clearance in humans, through taking into account sinusoidal drug uptake, passive drug diffusion, drug metabolism and sinusoidal and canalicular drug efflux. Limits and proposed refinements for SCHH-based analysis of drug biliary excretion, as well as putative human alternative in vitro models to SCHH are also discussed.
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20
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Aleo MD, Ukairo O, Moore A, Irrechukwu O, Potter DM, Schneider RP. Liver safety evaluation of endothelin receptor antagonists using HepatoPac
®
: A single model impact assessment on hepatocellular health, function and bile acid disposition. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1192-1207. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Aleo
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Worldwide Research & DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut
| | | | - Amanda Moore
- BioIVT, formerly Hepregen Corporation Medford Massachusetts
| | | | - David M. Potter
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Worldwide Research & DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut
| | - Richard P. Schneider
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Worldwide Research & DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut
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21
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Malinen MM, Kauttonen A, Beaudoin JJ, Sjöstedt N, Honkakoski P, Brouwer KLR. Novel in Vitro Method Reveals Drugs That Inhibit Organic Solute Transporter Alpha/Beta (OSTα/β). Mol Pharm 2019; 16:238-246. [PMID: 30481467 PMCID: PMC6465078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug interactions with the organic solute transporter alpha/beta (OSTα/β) are understudied even though OSTα/β is an important transporter that is expressed in multiple human tissues including the intestine, kidneys, and liver. In this study, an in vitro method to identify novel OSTα/β inhibitors was first developed using OSTα/β-overexpressing Flp-In 293 cells. Incubation conditions were optimized using previously reported OSTα/β inhibitors. A method including a 10 min preincubation step with the test compound was used to screen for OSTα/β inhibition by 77 structurally diverse compounds and fixed-dose combinations. Seven compounds and one fixed-dose combination (100 μM final concentration) inhibited OSTα/β-mediated dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) uptake by >25%. Concentration-dependent OSTα/β inhibition was evaluated for all putative inhibitors (atorvastatin, ethinylestradiol, fidaxomicin, glycochenodeoxycholate, norgestimate, troglitazone, and troglitazone sulfate). Ethinylestradiol, fidaxomicin, and troglitazone sulfate yielded a clear concentration-inhibition response with IC50 values <200 μM. Among all tested compounds, there was no clear association between physicochemical properties, the severity of hepatotoxicity, and the degree of OSTα/β inhibition. This study utilized a novel in vitro method to identify OSTα/β inhibitors and, for the first time, provided IC50 values for OSTα/β inhibition. These data provide evidence that several drugs, some of which are associated with cholestatic drug-induced liver injury, may impair the function of the OSTα/β transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina M. Malinen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Antti Kauttonen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - James J. Beaudoin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kim L. R. Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Hepatotoxicity induced by psoralen and isopsoralen from Fructus Psoraleae: Wistar rats are more vulnerable than ICR mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 125:133-140. [PMID: 30597224 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fructus Psoraleae (FP) causes cholestatic liver injury; however, its main toxic constituents that are responsible for causing hepatotoxicity remained undetermined in previous studies. In the present study, psoralen and isopsoralen, the two main constituents of FP, were administered orally to rats (80 and 40 mg/kg, respectively) and mice (320 and 160 mg/kg, respectively) for 28 days, followed by biochemical and histopathological examinations to evaluate their hepatotoxicity. The results showed that psoralen and isopsoralen could induce the toxic reactions of liver and other organs in rats, while mice were not sensitive to these two compounds. Furthermore, the corresponding results indicated that administration of psoralen and isopsoralen repressed the expression of CYP7A1, BSEP, MRP2 and SULT2A1 and increased the expression of FXR and MRP3 in the rat liver. In summary, the toxic reactions of psoralen and isopsoralen are different in different species. In this study, multiple organ toxicity, such as cholestatic liver injury, occurs in rats, but not in mice. Psoralen and isopsoralen are the two main toxic constituents of FP. In addition, psoralen and isopsoralen cause liver injury, possibly through inhibiting bile acid excretion in the liver, leading to the accumulation of toxin in hepatocytes.
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Jackson JP, Freeman KM, St. Claire RL, Black CB, Brouwer KR. Cholestatic Drug Induced Liver Injury: A Function of Bile Salt Export Pump Inhibition and Farnesoid X Receptor Antagonism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2018.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Taub ME, Chothe PP, Chu X, Giacomini KM, Kim RB, Ray AS, Stocker SL, Unadkat JD, Wittwer MB, Xia C, Yee SW, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Transporters in Drug Development: 2018 ITC Recommendations for Transporters of Emerging Clinical Importance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:890-899. [PMID: 30091177 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This white paper provides updated International Transporter Consortium (ITC) recommendations on transporters that are important in drug development following the 3rd ITC workshop. New additions include prospective evaluation of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and retrospective evaluation of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)2B1 because of their important roles in drug absorption, disposition, and effects. For the first time, the ITC underscores the importance of transporters involved in drug-induced vitamin deficiency (THTR2) and those involved in the disposition of biomarkers of organ function (OAT2 and bile acid transporters).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchell E Taub
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paresh P Chothe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Richard B Kim
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Clinical Research, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Sophie L Stocker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia & St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthias B Wittwer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cindy Xia
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sook-Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Drug Metabolism Pharmacokinetics & Clinical Pharmacology, Incyte, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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Ashby K, Navarro Almario EE, Tong W, Borlak J, Mehta R, Chen M. Review article: therapeutic bile acids and the risks for hepatotoxicity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47:1623-1638. [PMID: 29701277 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acids play important roles in cholesterol metabolism and signal through farnesoid X receptor and G protein-coupled receptors. Given their importance in liver biology, bile acid therapy enables therapeutic applications beyond the treatment of cholestatic liver disease. However, predicting hepatotoxicity of bile acids in humans is obscured due to inconsistent extrapolations of animal data to humans. AIM To review the evidence that could explain discordant bile acids hepatotoxicity observed in humans and animals. METHOD Literature search was conducted in PubMed using keywords "bile acid," "transporter," "hepatotoxicity," "clinical study," "animal study," "species difference," "mechanism," "genetic disorder." Relevant articles were selected for review. RESULTS Clinically significant hepatotoxicity was reported in response to certain bile acids, namely chenodeoxycholic acid, which was given a boxed warning for potential hepatotoxicity. The chemical structure, specifically the number and orientation of hydroxyl groups, significantly affects their hydrophobicity, an important factor in bile acid toxicity. Experimental studies show that hydrophobic bile acids can lead to liver injury through various mechanisms, such as death receptor signalling, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Although animal studies play a central role in investigating bile acid safety, there are considerable differences in bile acid composition, metabolism and hepatobiliary disposition across species. This does not allow appropriate safety inference, especially for predicting hepatotoxicity in humans. Exploring evidences stemming from inborn errors, genetic models of disease and toxicology studies further improves an understanding of bile acid hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSION Species differences should be considered in the development of bile acid related therapeutics. Although the mechanism of bile acid hepatotoxicity is still not fully understood, continued mechanistic studies will deepen our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ashby
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - E E Navarro Almario
- Office of Computational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - W Tong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - J Borlak
- Hannover Medical School, Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Mehta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Inborn Error Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - M Chen
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
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Malinen MM, Ali I, Bezençon J, Beaudoin JJ, Brouwer KLR. Organic solute transporter OSTα/β is overexpressed in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and modulated by drugs associated with liver injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G597-G609. [PMID: 29420067 PMCID: PMC6008059 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00310.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The heteromeric steroid transporter organic solute transporter α/β (OSTα/β, SLC51A/B) was discovered over a decade ago, but its physiological significance in the liver remains uncertain. A major challenge has been the lack of suitable models expressing OSTα/β. Based on observations first reported here that hepatic OSTα/β is upregulated in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the aim of this research was to develop an in vitro model to evaluate OSTα/β function and interaction with drugs and bile acids. OSTα/β expression in human liver tissue was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Radiolabeled compounds were used to determine OSTα/β-mediated transport in the established in vitro model. The effect of bile acids and drugs, including those associated with cholestatic drug-induced liver injury, on OSTα/β-mediated transport was evaluated. Expression of OSTα/β was elevated in the liver of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis, whereas hepatocyte expression of OSTα/β was low in control liver tissue. Studies in the novel cell-based system showed rapid and linear OSTα/β-mediated transport for all tested compounds: dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, digoxin, estrone sulfate, and taurocholate. The interaction study with 26 compounds revealed novel OSTα/β inhibitors: a biomarker for cholestasis, glycochenodeoxycholic acid; the major metabolite of troglitazone, troglitazone sulfate; and a macrocyclic antibiotic, fidaxomicin. Additionally, some drugs (e.g., digoxin) consistently stimulated taurocholate uptake in OSTα/β-overexpressing cells. Our findings demonstrate that OSTα/β is an important transporter in liver disease and imply a role for this transporter in bile acid-bile acid and drug-bile acid interactions, as well as cholestatic drug-induced liver injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The organic solute transporter OSTα/β is highly expressed in hepatocytes of liver tissue obtained from patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis. OSTα/β substrates exhibit rapid, linear, and concentration-driven transport in an OSTα/β-overexpressing cell line. Drugs associated with hepatotoxicity modulate OSTα/β-mediated taurocholate transport. These data suggest that hepatic OSTα/β plays an essential role in patients with cholestasis and may have important clinical implications for bile acid and drug disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina M Malinen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Izna Ali
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jacqueline Bezençon
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James J Beaudoin
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Kanda K, Takahashi R, Yoshikado T, Sugiyama Y. Total hepatocellular disposition profiling of rosuvastatin and pitavastatin in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 33:164-172. [PMID: 29724614 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the total disposition profiling of rosuvastatin (RSV) and pitavastatin (PTV) using a single systematic procedure called D-PREX (Disposition Profile Exploration) in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH). The biliary excretion fractions of both statins were clearly observed, which were significantly decreased dependent on the concentration of Ko143, an inhibitor for breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Ko143 also decreased the basolateral efflux fraction of RSV, whereas that of PTV was not significantly affected. To understand these phenomena, effects of Ko143 on biliary excretion (BCRP and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 2) and basolateral efflux (MRP3 and MRP4) transporters were examined using transporter-expressing membrane vesicles. BCRP, MRP3 and MRP4-mediated transport of RSV was observed, and Ko143 inhibited these transporters except MRP3. BCRP and MRP4 also mediated the transport of PTV, but the Ko143-mediated inhibition was only clear for BCRP. These results might explain the Ko143-mediated complete and partial inhibition of the biliary excretion and the basolateral efflux of RSV, respectively, in SCHH. In conclusion, D-PREX with sequential sampling of supernatants prior to cell lysis enables the evaluation of total drug disposition profiles resulting from complex interplays of intracellular pathways, which would provide high-throughput evaluation of drug disposition during drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Kanda
- Bio Systems Design Dept., Bio Analytical Systems Product Div., Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Center for Technology Innovation - Healthcare, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshikado
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan
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Guo C, LaCerte C, Edwards JE, Brouwer KR, Brouwer KLR. Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists Obeticholic Acid and Chenodeoxycholic Acid Increase Bile Acid Efflux in Sandwich-Cultured Human Hepatocytes: Functional Evidence and Mechanisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:413-421. [PMID: 29487110 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.246033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates genes involved in bile acid homeostasis. FXR agonists, obeticholic acid (OCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), increase mRNA expression of efflux transporters in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH). This study evaluated the effects of OCA and CDCA treatment on the uptake, basolateral efflux, and biliary excretion of a model bile acid, taurocholate (TCA), in SCHH. In addition, changes in the protein expression of TCA uptake and efflux transporters were investigated. SCHH were treated with 1 µM OCA, 100 µM CDCA, or vehicle control for 72 hours followed by quantification of deuterated TCA uptake and efflux over time in Ca2+-containing and Ca2+-free conditions (n = 3 donors). A mechanistic pharmacokinetic model was fit to the TCA mass-time data to obtain estimates for total uptake clearance (CLUptake), total intrinsic basolateral efflux clearance (CLint,BL), and total intrinsic biliary clearance (CLint,Bile). Modeling results revealed that FXR agonists significantly increased CLint,BL by >6-fold and significantly increased CLint,Bile by 2-fold, with minimal effect on CLUptake Immunoblotting showed that protein levels of the basolateral transporter subunits organic solute transporter α and β (OSTα and OSTβ) in FXR agonist-treated SCHH were significantly induced by >2.5- and 10-fold, respectively. FXR agonist-mediated changes in the expression of other TCA transporters in SCHH were modest. In conclusion, this is the first report demonstrating that OCA and CDCA increased TCA efflux in SCHH, which contributed to reduced intracellular TCA concentrations. Increased basolateral efflux of TCA was consistent with increased OSTα/β protein expression in OCA- and CDCA-treated SCHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Guo
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.L.R.B.); Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California (C.L., J.E.E.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B.)
| | - Carl LaCerte
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.L.R.B.); Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California (C.L., J.E.E.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B.)
| | - Jeffrey E Edwards
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.L.R.B.); Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California (C.L., J.E.E.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B.)
| | - Kenneth R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.L.R.B.); Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California (C.L., J.E.E.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B.)
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.L.R.B.); Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California (C.L., J.E.E.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B.)
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Bell SM, Chang X, Wambaugh JF, Allen DG, Bartels M, Brouwer KLR, Casey WM, Choksi N, Ferguson SS, Fraczkiewicz G, Jarabek AM, Ke A, Lumen A, Lynn SG, Paini A, Price PS, Ring C, Simon TW, Sipes NS, Sprankle CS, Strickland J, Troutman J, Wetmore BA, Kleinstreuer NC. In vitro to in vivo extrapolation for high throughput prioritization and decision making. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 47:213-227. [PMID: 29203341 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro chemical safety testing methods offer the potential for efficient and economical tools to provide relevant assessments of human health risk. To realize this potential, methods are needed to relate in vitro effects to in vivo responses, i.e., in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). Currently available IVIVE approaches need to be refined before they can be utilized for regulatory decision-making. To explore the capabilities and limitations of IVIVE within this context, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development and the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods co-organized a workshop and webinar series. Here, we integrate content from the webinars and workshop to discuss activities and resources that would promote inclusion of IVIVE in regulatory decision-making. We discuss properties of models that successfully generate predictions of in vivo doses from effective in vitro concentration, including the experimental systems that provide input parameters for these models, areas of success, and areas for improvement to reduce model uncertainty. Finally, we provide case studies on the uses of IVIVE in safety assessments, which highlight the respective differences, information requirements, and outcomes across various approaches when applied for decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Bell
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Xiaoqing Chang
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - John F Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - David G Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | | - Kim L R Brouwer
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7569, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Warren M Casey
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Neepa Choksi
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | | - Annie M Jarabek
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Alice Ke
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara company), John Street, Sheffield, S2 4SU, United Kingdom.
| | - Annie Lumen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Scott G Lynn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, William Jefferson Clinton Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit incorporating EURL ECVAM, Via E. Fermi 2749, Ispra, Varese 20127, Italy.
| | - Paul S Price
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Caroline Ring
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Ted W Simon
- Ted Simon LLC, 4184 Johnston Road, Winston, GA 30187, USA.
| | - Nisha S Sipes
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Catherine S Sprankle
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Judy Strickland
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - John Troutman
- Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA.
| | - Barbara A Wetmore
- ScitoVation LLC, 6 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Nicole C Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Kaschek D, Sharanek A, Guillouzo A, Timmer J, Weaver RJ. A Dynamic Mathematical Model of Bile Acid Clearance in HepaRG Cells. Toxicol Sci 2017; 161:48-57. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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31
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Guo C, Yang K, Liao M, Xia CQ, Brouwer KR, Brouwer KLR. Prediction of Hepatic Efflux Transporter-Mediated Drug Interactions: When Is it Optimal to Measure Intracellular Unbound Fraction of Inhibitors? J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2401-2406. [PMID: 28465154 PMCID: PMC5617730 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular unbound inhibitor concentration ([I]unbound,cell) is the most relevant concentration for predicting the inhibition of hepatic efflux transporters. However, the intracellular unbound fraction of inhibitor in hepatocytes (fu,cell,inhibitor) is not routinely determined. Studies are needed to evaluate the benefit of measuring fu,cell,inhibitor and using [I]unbound,cell versus intracellular total inhibitor concentration ([I]total,cell) when predicting inhibitory effects. This study examined the benefit of using [I]unbound,cell to predict hepatocellular bile acid disposition. Cellular total concentrations of taurocholate ([TCA]total,cell), a prototypical bile acid, were simulated using pharmacokinetic parameters estimated from sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. The effect of various theoretical inhibitors was simulated by varying ([I]total,cell/ half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50]) values. In addition, the fold change was calculated as the simulated [TCA]total,cell when fu,cell,inhibitor = 1 divided by the simulated [TCA]total,cell when fu,cell,inhibitor = 0.5-0.01. The lowest ([I]total,cell/IC50) value leading to a >2-fold change in [TCA]total,cell was chosen as a cutoff, and a framework was developed to categorize risk inhibitors for which the measurement of fu,cell,inhibitor is optimal. Fifteen compounds were categorized, 5 of which were compared with experimental observations. Future work is needed to evaluate this framework based on additional experimental data. In conclusion, the benefit of measuring fu,cell,inhibitor to predict hepatic efflux transporter-mediated drug-bile acid interactions can be determined a priori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Guo
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kyunghee Yang
- DILIsym Services Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Mingxiang Liao
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Cindy Q Xia
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.
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He L, Guo Y, Deng Y, Li C, Zuo C, Peng W. Involvement of protoporphyrin IX accumulation in the pathogenesis of isoniazid/rifampicin-induced liver injury: the prevention of curcumin. Xenobiotica 2017; 47:154-163. [PMID: 28118809 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2016.1160159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Combination of isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RFP) causes liver injury frequently among tuberculosis patients. However, mechanisms of the hepatotoxicity are not entirely understood. Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) accumulation, as an endogenous hepatotoxin, resulting from isoniazid and rifampicin co-therapy (INH/RFP) has been reported in PXR-humanized mice. Aminolevulinic acid synthase1 (ALAS1), ferrochelatase (FECH) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) play crucial roles in PPIX synthesis, metabolism and transport, respectively. Herein, this study focused on the role of INH/RFP in these processes. We observed PPIX accumulation in human hepatocytes (L-02) and mouse livers. FECH expression was initially found downregulated both in L-02 cells and mouse livers and expression levels of ALAS1 and BCRP were elevated in L-02 cells after INH/RFP treatment, indicating FECH inhibition and ALAS1 induction might confer a synergistic effect on PPIX accumulation. Additionally, our results revealed that curcumin alleviated INH/RFP-induced liver injury, declined PPIX levels and induced FECH expression in both L-02 cells and mice. In conclusion, our data provide a novel insight in the mechanism of INH/RFP-induced PPIX accumulation and evidence for understanding pathogenesis of INH/RFP-induced liver injury, and suggest that amelioration of PPIX accumulation might be involved in the protective effect of curcumin on INH/RFP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiyan He
- a Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China and.,b School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Yaoxue Guo
- a Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China and.,b School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Ye Deng
- a Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China and.,b School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Chun Li
- a Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China and.,b School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Chengzi Zuo
- a Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China and
| | - Wenxing Peng
- a Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China and
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Tetsuka K, Ohbuchi M, Tabata K. Recent Progress in Hepatocyte Culture Models and Their Application to the Assessment of Drug Metabolism, Transport, and Toxicity in Drug Discovery: The Value of Tissue Engineering for the Successful Development of a Microphysiological System. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2302-2311. [PMID: 28533121 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering technology has provided many useful culture models. This article reviews the merits of this technology in a hepatocyte culture system and describes the applications of the sandwich-cultured hepatocyte model in drug discovery. In addition, we also review recent investigations of the utility of the 3-dimensional bioprinted human liver tissue model and spheroid model. Finally, we present the future direction and developmental challenges of a hepatocyte culture model for the successful establishment of a microphysiological system, represented as an organ-on-a-chip and even as a human-on-a-chip. A merit of advanced culture models is their potential use for detecting hepatotoxicity through repeated exposure to chemicals as they allow long-term culture while maintaining hepatocyte functionality. As a future direction, such advanced hepatocyte culture systems can be connected to other tissue models for evaluating tissue-to-tissue interaction beyond cell-to-cell interaction. This combination of culture models could represent parts of the human body in a microphysiological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Tetsuka
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Masato Ohbuchi
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Tabata
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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Hughes DJ, Kostrzewski T, Sceats EL. Opportunities and challenges in the wider adoption of liver and interconnected microphysiological systems. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1593-1604. [PMID: 28504617 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217708976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease represents a growing global health burden. The development of in vitro liver models which allow the study of disease and the prediction of metabolism and drug-induced liver injury in humans remains a challenge. The maintenance of functional primary hepatocytes cultures, the parenchymal cell of the liver, has historically been difficult with dedifferentiation and the consequent loss of hepatic function limiting utility. The desire for longer term functional liver cultures sparked the development of numerous systems, including collagen sandwiches, spheroids, micropatterned co-cultures and liver microphysiological systems. This review will focus on liver microphysiological systems, often referred to as liver-on-a-chip, and broaden to include platforms with interconnected microphysiological systems or multi-organ-chips. The interconnection of microphysiological systems presents the opportunity to explore system level effects, investigate organ cross talk, and address questions which were previously the preserve of animal experimentation. As a field, microphysiological systems have reached a level of maturity suitable for commercialization and consequent evaluation by a wider community of users, in academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Here scientific, operational, and organizational considerations relevant to the wider adoption of microphysiological systems will be discussed. Applications in which microphysiological systems might offer unique scientific insights or enable studies currently feasible only with animal models are described, and challenges which might be addressed to enable wider adoption of the technologies are highlighted. A path forward which envisions the development of microphysiological systems in partnerships between academia, vendors and industry, is proposed. Impact statement Microphysiological systems are in vitro models of human tissues and organs. These systems have advanced rapidly in recent years and are now being commercialized. To achieve wide adoption in the biological and pharmaceutical research communities, microphysiological systems must provide unique insights which translate to humans. This will be achieved by identifying key applications and making microphysiological systems intuitive to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hughes
- CN Bio Innovations Limited, Welwyn Garden City AL73AX, UK
| | | | - Emma L Sceats
- CN Bio Innovations Limited, Welwyn Garden City AL73AX, UK
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Kang L, Si L, Rao J, Li D, Wu Y, Wu S, Wu M, He S, Zhu W, Wu Y, Xu J, Li G, Huang J. Polygoni Multiflori Radix derived anthraquinones alter bile acid disposition in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:313-323. [PMID: 28161596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Sandwich-Cultured Hepatocytes as a Tool to Study Drug Disposition and Drug-Induced Liver Injury. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:443-459. [PMID: 26869411 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) are metabolically competent and have proper localization of basolateral and canalicular transporters with functional bile networks. Therefore, this cellular model is a unique tool that can be used to estimate biliary excretion of compounds. SCH have been used widely to assess hepatobiliary disposition of endogenous and exogenous compounds and metabolites. Mechanistic modeling based on SCH data enables estimation of metabolic and transporter-mediated clearances, which can be used to construct physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for prediction of drug disposition and drug-drug interactions in humans. In addition to pharmacokinetic studies, SCH also have been used to study cytotoxicity and perturbation of biological processes by drugs and hepatically generated metabolites. Human SCH can provide mechanistic insights underlying clinical drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In addition, data generated in SCH can be integrated into systems pharmacology models to predict potential DILI in humans. In this review, applications of SCH in studying hepatobiliary drug disposition and bile acid-mediated DILI are discussed. An example is presented to show how data generated in the SCH model were used to establish a quantitative relationship between intracellular bile acids and cytotoxicity, and how this information was incorporated into a systems pharmacology model for DILI prediction.
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Jackson JP, Freeman KM, Friley WW, St. Claire RL, Black C, Brouwer KR. Basolateral Efflux Transporters: A Potentially Important Pathway for the Prevention of Cholestatic Hepatotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chris Black
- Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina
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Both cholestatic and steatotic drugs trigger extensive alterations in the mRNA level of biliary transporters in rat hepatocytes: Application to develop new predictive biomarkers for early drug development. Toxicol Lett 2016; 263:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Pedersen JM, Shim YS, Hans V, Phillips MB, Macdonald JM, Walker G, Andersen ME, Clewell HJ, Yoon M. Fluid Dynamic Modeling to Support the Development of Flow-Based Hepatocyte Culture Systems for Metabolism Studies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:72. [PMID: 27747210 PMCID: PMC5044513 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of metabolism is a significant outstanding challenge in toxicology. The best predictions are based on experimental data from in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes. The predictivity of the primary hepatocyte-based culture systems, however, is still limited due to well-known phenotypic instability and rapid decline of metabolic competence within a few hours. Dynamic flow bioreactors for three-dimensional cell cultures are thought to be better at recapitulating tissue microenvironments and show potential to improve in vivo extrapolations of chemical or drug toxicity based on in vitro test results. These more physiologically relevant culture systems hold potential for extending metabolic competence of primary hepatocyte cultures as well. In this investigation, we used computational fluid dynamics to determine the optimal design of a flow-based hepatocyte culture system for evaluating chemical metabolism in vitro. The main design goals were (1) minimization of shear stress experienced by the cells to maximize viability, (2) rapid establishment of a uniform distribution of test compound in the chamber, and (3) delivery of sufficient oxygen to cells to support aerobic respiration. Two commercially available flow devices – RealBio® and QuasiVivo® (QV) – and a custom developed fluidized bed bioreactor were simulated, and turbulence, flow characteristics, test compound distribution, oxygen distribution, and cellular oxygen consumption were analyzed. Experimental results from the bioreactors were used to validate the simulation results. Our results indicate that maintaining adequate oxygen supply is the most important factor to the long-term viability of liver bioreactor cultures. Cell density and system flow patterns were the major determinants of local oxygen concentrations. The experimental results closely corresponded to the in silico predictions. Of the three bioreactors examined in this study, we were able to optimize the experimental conditions for long-term hepatocyte cell culture using the QV bioreactor. This system facilitated the use of low system volumes coupled with higher flow rates. This design supports cellular respiration by increasing oxygen concentrations in the vicinity of the cells and facilitates long-term kinetic studies of low clearance test compounds. These two goals were achieved while simultaneously keeping the shear stress experienced by the cells within acceptable limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Pedersen
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Yoo-Sik Shim
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Vaibhav Hans
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | | | - Jeffrey M Macdonald
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Glenn Walker
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC , USA
| | - Melvin E Andersen
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Harvey J Clewell
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Miyoung Yoon
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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40
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Woodhead JL, Brock WJ, Roth SE, Shoaf SE, Brouwer KLR, Church R, Grammatopoulos TN, Stiles L, Siler SQ, Howell BA, Mosedale M, Watkins PB, Shoda LKM. Application of a Mechanistic Model to Evaluate Putative Mechanisms of Tolvaptan Drug-Induced Liver Injury and Identify Patient Susceptibility Factors. Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:61-74. [PMID: 27655350 PMCID: PMC5216653 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolvaptan is a selective vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, approved in several countries for the treatment of hyponatremia and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). No liver injury has been observed with tolvaptan treatment in healthy subjects and in non-ADPKD indications, but ADPKD clinical trials showed evidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Although all DILI events resolved, additional monitoring in tolvaptan-treated ADPKD patients is required. In vitro assays identified alterations in bile acid disposition and inhibition of mitochondrial respiration as potential mechanisms underlying tolvaptan hepatotoxicity. This report details the application of DILIsym software to determine whether these mechanisms could account for the liver safety profile of tolvaptan observed in ADPKD clinical trials. DILIsym simulations included physiologically based pharmacokinetic estimates of hepatic exposure for tolvaptan and2 metabolites, and their effects on hepatocyte bile acid transporters and mitochondrial respiration. The frequency of predicted alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations, following simulated 90/30 mg split daily dosing, was 7.9% compared with clinical observations of 4.4% in ADPKD trials. Toxicity was multifactorial as inhibition of bile acid transporters and mitochondrial respiration contributed to the simulated DILI. Furthermore, simulation analysis identified both pre-treatment risk factors and on-treatment biomarkers predictive of simulated DILI. The simulations demonstrated that in vivo hepatic exposure to tolvaptan and the DM-4103 metabolite, combined with these 2 mechanisms of toxicity, were sufficient to account for the initiation of tolvaptan-mediated DILI. Identification of putative risk-factors and potential novel biomarkers provided insight for the development of mechanism-based tolvaptan risk-mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William J Brock
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Brock Scientific Consulting, Montgomery Village, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Sharin E Roth
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Susan E Shoaf
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rachel Church
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Scott Q Siler
- DILIsym Services, Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Brett A Howell
- DILIsym Services, Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Merrie Mosedale
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Paul B Watkins
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lisl K M Shoda
- DILIsym Services, Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;
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Guo C, Yang K, Brouwer KR, St Claire RL, Brouwer KLR. Prediction of Altered Bile Acid Disposition Due to Inhibition of Multiple Transporters: An Integrated Approach Using Sandwich-Cultured Hepatocytes, Mechanistic Modeling, and Simulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:324-33. [PMID: 27233294 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.231928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporter-mediated alterations in bile acid disposition may have significant toxicological implications. Current methods to predict interactions are limited by the interplay of multiple transporters, absence of protein in the experimental system, and inaccurate estimates of inhibitor concentrations. An integrated approach was developed to predict altered bile acid disposition due to inhibition of multiple transporters using the model bile acid taurocholate (TCA). TCA pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by mechanistic modeling using sandwich-cultured human hepatocyte data with protein in the medium. Uptake, basolateral efflux, and biliary clearance estimates were 0.63, 0.034, and 0.074 mL/min/g liver, respectively. Cellular total TCA concentrations (Ct,Cells) were selected as the model output based on sensitivity analysis. Monte Carlo simulations of TCA Ct,Cells in the presence of model inhibitors (telmisartan and bosentan) were performed using inhibition constants for TCA transporters and inhibitor concentrations, including cellular total inhibitor concentrations ([I]t,cell) or unbound concentrations, and cytosolic total or unbound concentrations. For telmisartan, the model prediction was accurate with an average fold error (AFE) of 0.99-1.0 when unbound inhibitor concentration ([I]u) was used; accuracy dropped when total inhibitor concentration ([I]t) was used. For bosentan, AFE was 1.2-1.3 using either [I]u or [I]t This difference was evaluated by sensitivity analysis of the cellular unbound fraction of inhibitor (fu,cell,inhibitor), which revealed higher sensitivity of fu,cell,inhibitor for predicting TCA Ct,Cells when inhibitors exhibited larger ([I]t,cell/IC50) values. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the applicability of a framework to predict hepatocellular bile acid concentrations due to drug-mediated inhibition of transporters using mechanistic modeling and cytosolic or cellular unbound concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Guo
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.Y., K.L.R.B.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B., R.L.S.C.)
| | - Kyunghee Yang
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.Y., K.L.R.B.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B., R.L.S.C.)
| | - Kenneth R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.Y., K.L.R.B.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B., R.L.S.C.)
| | - Robert L St Claire
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.Y., K.L.R.B.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B., R.L.S.C.)
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.G., K.Y., K.L.R.B.); and Qualyst Transporter Solutions, Durham, North Carolina (K.R.B., R.L.S.C.)
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Inhibition of bile salt transport by drugs associated with liver injury in primary hepatocytes from human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 255:45-54. [PMID: 27000539 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Interference of bile salt transport is one of the underlying mechanisms for drug-induced liver injury (DILI). We developed a novel bile salt transport activity assay involving in situ biosynthesis of bile salts from their precursors in primary human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse hepatocytes in suspension as well as LC-MS/MS determination of extracellular bile salts transported out of hepatocytes. Glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids were rapidly formed in hepatocytes and effectively transported into the extracellular medium. The bile salt formation and transport activities were time‒ and bile-acid-concentration‒dependent in primary human hepatocytes. The transport activity was inhibited by the bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibitors ketoconazole, saquinavir, cyclosporine, and troglitazone. The assay was used to test 86 drugs for their potential to inhibit bile salt transport activity in human hepatocytes, which included 35 drugs associated with severe DILI (sDILI) and 51 with non-severe DILI (non-sDILI). Approximately 60% of the sDILI drugs showed potent inhibition (with IC50 values <50 μM), but only about 20% of the non-sDILI drugs showed this strength of inhibition in primary human hepatocytes and these drugs are associated only with cholestatic and mixed hepatocellular cholestatic (mixed) injuries. The sDILI drugs, which did not show substantial inhibition of bile salt transport activity, are likely to be associated with immune-mediated liver injury. Twenty-four drugs were also tested in monkey, dog, rat and mouse hepatocytes. Species differences in potency were observed with mouse being less sensitive than other species to inhibition of bile salt transport. In summary, a novel assay has been developed using hepatocytes in suspension from human and animal species that can be used to assess the potential for drugs and/or drug-derived metabolites to inhibit bile salt transport and/or formation activity. Drugs causing sDILI, except those by immune-mediated mechanism, are highly associated with potent inhibition of bile salt transport.
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Telbisz Á, Homolya L. Recent advances in the exploration of the bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) function. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:501-14. [PMID: 26573700 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11), residing in the apical membrane of hepatocyte, mediates the secretion of bile salts into the bile. A range of human diseases is associated with the malfunction of BSEP, including fatal hereditary liver disorders and mild cholestatic conditions. Manifestation of these diseases primarily depends on the mutation type; however, other factors such as hormonal changes and drug interactions can also trigger or influence the related diseases. AREAS COVERED Here, we summarize the recent knowledge on BSEP by covering its transport properties, cellular localization, regulation and major mutations/polymorphisms, as well as the hereditary and acquired diseases associated with BSEP dysfunction. We discuss the different model expression systems employed to understand the function of the BSEP variants, their drug interactions and the contemporary therapeutic interventions. EXPERT OPINION The limitations of the available model expression systems for BSEP result in controversial conclusions, and obstruct our deeper insight into BSEP deficiencies and BSEP-related drug interactions. The knowledge originating from different methodologies, such as clinical studies, molecular genetics, as well as in vitro and in silico modeling, should be integrated and harmonized. Increasing availability of robust molecular biological tools and our better understanding of the mechanism of BSEP deficiencies should make the personalized, mutation-based therapeutic interventions more attainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Telbisz
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117 , Hungary
| | - László Homolya
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117 , Hungary
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Slizgi JR, Lu Y, Brouwer KR, St Claire RL, Freeman KM, Pan M, Brock WJ, Brouwer KLR. Inhibition of Human Hepatic Bile Acid Transporters by Tolvaptan and Metabolites: Contributing Factors to Drug-Induced Liver Injury? Toxicol Sci 2015; 149:237-50. [PMID: 26507107 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin V(2)-receptor antagonist that has shown promise in treating Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD). Tolvaptan was, however, associated with liver injury in some ADPKD patients. Inhibition of bile acid transporters may be contributing factors to drug-induced liver injury. In this study, the ability of tolvaptan and two metabolites, DM-4103 and DM-4107, to inhibit human hepatic transporters (NTCP, BSEP, MRP2, MRP3, and MRP4) and bile acid transport in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) was explored. IC(50) values were determined for tolvaptan, DM-4103 and DM-4107 inhibition of NTCP (∼41.5, 16.3, and 95.6 μM, respectively), BSEP (31.6, 4.15, and 119 μM, respectively), MRP2 (>50, ∼51.0, and >200 μM, respectively), MRP3 (>50, ∼44.6, and 61.2 μM, respectively), and MRP4 (>50, 4.26, and 37.9 μM, respectively). At the therapeutic dose of tolvaptan (90 mg), DM-4103 exhibited a C(max)/IC(50) value >0.1 for NTCP, BSEP, MRP2, MRP3, and MRP4. Tolvaptan accumulation in SCHH was extensive and not sodium-dependent; intracellular concentrations were ∼500 μM after a 10-min incubation duration with tolvaptan (15 μM). The biliary clearance of taurocholic acid (TCA) decreased by 43% when SCHH were co-incubated with tolvaptan (15 μM) and TCA (2.5 μM). When tolvaptan (15 μM) was co-incubated with 2.5 μM of chenodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, or glycochenodeoxycholic acid in separate studies, the cellular accumulation of these bile acids increased by 1.30-, 1.68-, and 2.16-fold, respectively. Based on these data, inhibition of hepatic bile acid transport may be one of the biological mechanisms underlying tolvaptan-associated liver injury in patients with ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Slizgi
- *Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599;
| | - Yang Lu
- *Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | | | | | | | - Maxwell Pan
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development and Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - William J Brock
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development and Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- *Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599;
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Qiu L, Finley J, Taimi M, Aleo MD, Strock C, Gilbert J, Qin S, Will Y. High-Content Imaging in Human and Rat Hepatocytes Using the Fluorescent Dyes CLF and CMFDA Is Not Specific Enough to Assess BSEP/Bsep and/or MRP2/Mrp2 Inhibition by Cholestatic Drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2015.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luping Qiu
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer Global R&D, New York, New York
| | - James Finley
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Mohammed Taimi
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Michael D. Aleo
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
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