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Bedini A, Boutin JA, Legros C, Zlotos DP, Spadoni G. Industrial and academic approaches to the search for alternative melatonin receptor ligands: An historical survey. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12953. [PMID: 38682544 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The search for melatonin receptor agonists formed the main part of melatonin medicinal chemistry programs for the last three decades. In this short review, we summarize the two main aspects of these programs: the development of all the necessary tools to characterize the newly synthesized ligands at the two melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2, and the medicinal chemist's approaches to find chemically diverse ligands at these receptors. Both strategies are described. It turns out that the main source of tools were industrial laboratories, while the medicinal chemistry was mainly carried out in academia. Such complete accounts are interesting, as they delineate the spirits in which the teams were working demonstrating their strength and innovative character. Most of the programs were focused on nonselective agonists and few of them reached the market. In contrast, discovery of MT1-selective agonists and melatonergic antagonists with proven in vivo activity and MT1 or MT2-selectivity is still in its infancy, despite the considerable interest that subtype selective compounds may bring in the domain, as the physiological respective roles of the two subtypes of melatonin receptors, is still poorly understood. Poly-pharmacology applications and multitarget ligands have also been considered.
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MESH Headings
- Ligands
- Humans
- Animals
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Melatonin/metabolism
- Receptors, Melatonin/agonists
- Melatonin/metabolism
- History, 20th Century
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalida Bedini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, NorDiC, Rouen, France
| | | | - Darius P Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Egypt
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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Bedini A, Elisi GM, Fanini F, Retini M, Scalvini L, Pasquini S, Contri C, Varani K, Spadoni G, Mor M, Vincenzi F, Rivara S. Binding and unbinding of potent melatonin receptor ligands: Mechanistic simulations and experimental evidence. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12941. [PMID: 38606814 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The labeled ligand commonly employed in competition binding studies for melatonin receptor ligands, 2-[125I]iodomelatonin, showed slow dissociation with different half-lives at the two receptor subtypes. This may affect the operational measures of affinity constants, which at short incubation times could not be obtained in equilibrium conditions, and structure-activity relationships, as the Ki values of tested ligands could depend on either interaction at the binding site or the dissociation path. To address these issues, the kinetic and saturation binding parameters of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin as well as the competition constants for a series of representative ligands were measured at a short (2 h) and a long (20 h) incubation time. Concurrently, we simulated by molecular modeling the dissociation path of 2-iodomelatonin from MT1 and MT2 receptors and investigated the role of interactions at the binding site on the stereoselectivity observed for the enantiomers of the subtype-selective ligand UCM1014. We found that equilibrium conditions for 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding can be reached only with long incubation times, particularly for the MT2 receptor subtype, for which a time of 20 h approximates this condition. On the other hand, measured Ki values for a set of ligands including agonists, antagonists, nonselective, and subtype-selective compounds were not significantly affected by the length of incubation, suggesting that structure-activity relationships based on data collected at shorter time reflect different interactions at the binding site. Molecular modeling simulations evidenced that the slower dissociation of 2-iodomelatonin from the MT2 receptor can be related to the restricted mobility of a gatekeeper tyrosine along a lipophilic path from the binding site to the membrane bilayer. The enantiomers of the potent, MT2-selective agonist UCM1014 were separately synthesized and tested. Molecular dynamics simulations of the receptor-ligand complexes provided an explanation for their stereoselectivity as due to the preference shown by the eutomer at the binding site for the most abundant axial conformation adopted by the ligand in solution. These results suggest that, despite the slow-binding kinetics occurring for the labeled ligand, affinity measures at shorter incubation times give robust results consistent with known structure-activity relationships and with interactions taken at the receptor binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalida Bedini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Elisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Fabiola Fanini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Retini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Contri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
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Structural Basis for Agonistic Activity and Selectivity toward Melatonin Receptors hMT1 and hMT2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032863. [PMID: 36769183 PMCID: PMC9918025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, a major ocular neuropathy originating from a progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, is often associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Daily IOP fluctuations are physiologically influenced by the antioxidant and signaling activities of melatonin. This endogenous modulator has limited employment in treating altered IOP disorders due to its low stability and bioavailability. The search for low-toxic compounds as potential melatonin agonists with higher stability and bioavailability than melatonin itself could start only from knowing the molecular basis of melatonergic activity. Thus, using a computational approach, we studied the melatonin binding toward its natural macromolecular targets, namely melatonin receptors 1 (MT1) and 2 (MT2), both involved in IOP signaling regulation. Besides, agomelatine, a melatonin-derivative agonist and, at the same time, an atypical antidepressant, was also included in the study due to its powerful IOP-lowering effects. For both ligands, we evaluated both stability and ligand positioning inside the orthosteric site of MTs, mapping the main molecular interactions responsible for receptor activation. Affinity values in terms of free binding energy (ΔGbind) were calculated for the selected poses of the chosen compounds after stabilization through a dynamic molecular docking protocol. The results were compared with experimental in vivo effects, showing a higher potency and more durable effect for agomelatine with respect to melatonin, which could be ascribed both to its higher affinity for hMT2 and to its additional activity as an antagonist for the serotonin receptor 5-HT2c, in agreement with the in silico results.
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Gbahou F, Levin S, Tikhonova IG, Somalo Barranco G, Izabelle C, Ohana RF, Jockers R. Luminogenic HiBiT Peptide-Based NanoBRET Ligand Binding Assays for Melatonin Receptors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:668-678. [DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Gbahou
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Sergiy Levin
- Promega Corporation, Fitchburg, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Irina G. Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charlotte Izabelle
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | - Ralf Jockers
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France
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Melatonin Receptors: A Key Mediator in Animal Reproduction. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070309. [PMID: 35878326 PMCID: PMC9320721 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, a hormone produced by the mammalian pineal gland, influences various physiological activities, many of which are related to animal reproduction, including neuroendocrine function, rhythm regulation, seasonal behavior, gonadogenesis, gamete development and maturation, sexual maturation, and thermoregulation. Melatonin exerts beneficial actions mainly via binding with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), termed MT1 and MT2. Melatonin receptors are crucial for mediating animal reproduction. This paper reviews the characteristics of melatonin receptors including MT1 and MT2, as well as their roles in mediating signal transduction and biological effects, with a focus on their function in animal reproduction. In addition, we briefly summarize the developments in pharmacological research regarding melatonin receptors as drug targets. It is expected that this review will provide a reference for further exploration and unveiling of melatonin receptor function in reproductive regulation.
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Elisi GM, Scalvini L, Lodola A, Bedini A, Spadoni G, Rivara S. In silico drug discovery of melatonin receptor ligands with therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:343-354. [PMID: 35255751 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2043846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neurohormone melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) regulates circadian rhythms exerting a variety of effects in the central nervous system and in periphery. These activities are mainly mediated by activation of MT1 and MT2 GPCRs. MT1/MT2 agonist compounds are used clinically for insomnia, depression, and circadian rhythm disturbances. AREA COVERED The following review describes the design strategies that have led to the identification of melatonin receptor ligands, guided by in silico approaches and molecular modeling. Initial ligand-based design, mainly relying on pharmacophore modeling and 3D-QSAR, has been flanked by structure-based virtual screening, given the recent availability of MT1 and MT2 crystal structures. Receptor ligands with different activity profiles, agonist/antagonist and subtype-selective compounds, are available. EXPERT OPINION An insight on the pharmacological characterization and therapeutic perspectives for relevant ligands is provided. In silico drug discovery has been instrumental in the design of novel ligands targeting melatonin receptors. Ligand-based approaches has led to the construction of a solid framework defining structure-activity relationships to obtain compounds with a tailored pharmacological profile. Structure-based techniques could integrate previous knowledge and provide compounds with novel chemotypes and pharmacological activity as drug candidates for disease conditions in which melatonin receptor ligands are currently being investigated, including cancer and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Elisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Annalida Bedini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
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Legros C, Yous S, Boutin JA. Alternative Ligands at Melatonin Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2550:151-162. [PMID: 36180688 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2593-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a neurohormone that possesses a wide range of biological effects. Most of the main recognized effects of this hormone in mammals are due to its interaction with two G protein-coupled receptors, MT1 and MT2. Ligand-binding studies have been based on the use of its radioligand analog, 2[125I]-iodomelatonin, a super agonist discovered in the early 1990s. This compound has been used in most of the binding studies reported in the literature. Nevertheless, more recently other possibilities arose. This chapter is a brief summary of those alternative radioligands and of their benefits one can find in using them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Legros
- Pole d'expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
- Eurofins Discovery, Celle l'Evescault, France
| | - Said Yous
- UMR-S 1172-LiNC-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Pole d'expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
- PHARMADEV (Pharmacochimie et biologie pour le développement), Faculté de Pharmacie, Toulouse, France.
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8
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Gbahou F, Jockers R. 2-[ 125I]iodomelatonin and [ 3H]melatonin Binding Assays for Melatonin Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2550:141-149. [PMID: 36180687 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2593-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The radioligand binding assay is a powerful method to study the interaction of a ligand with its target. This technique allows not only to determine different pharmacological key parameters such as the affinity and the association and dissociation constants but also to estimate the amount of target expressed in recombinant or endogenous cells or tissues. The current detailed protocols describe the different binding assays (saturation, kinetic, and competition) that can be performed on melatonin receptors using their most commonly used and validated radioligands 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin (2-[125I]-MLT) and [3H]-melatonin ([3H]-MLT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Gbahou
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.
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Lépinay J, Taragnat C, Dubois JP, Chesneau D, Jockers R, Delagrange P, Bozon V. Negative regulation of melatonin secretion by melatonin receptors in ovine pinealocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255249. [PMID: 34324562 PMCID: PMC8320996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a biological modulator of circadian and seasonal rhythms and reproduction. The photoperiodic information is detected by retinal photoreceptors and transmitted through nerve transmissions to the pineal gland, where MLT is synthesized and secreted at night into the blood. MLT interacts with two G protein-coupled receptors, MT1 and MT2. The aim of our work was to provide evidence for the presence of MLT receptors in the ovine pineal gland and define their involvement on melatonin secretion. For the first time, we identified the expression of MLT receptors with the specific 2-[125I]-MLT agonistic radioligand in ovin pinealocytes. The values of Kd and Bmax are 2.24 ± 1.1 nM and 20 ± 6.8 fmol/mg. MLT receptors are functional and inhibit cAMP production and activate ERK1/2 through pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi/o proteins. The MLT receptor antagonist/ inverse agonist luzindole increased cAMP production (189 ± 30%) and MLT secretion (866 ± 13%). The effect of luzindole on MLT secretion was additive with the effect of well-described activators of this pathway such as the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol and the α-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine. Co-incubation of all three compounds increased MLT secretion by 1236 ± 199%. These results suggest that MLT receptors are involved in the negative regulation of the synthesis of its own ligand in pinealocytes. While adrenergic receptors promote MLT secretion, MLT receptors mitigate this effect to limit the quantity of MLT secreted by the pineal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lépinay
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Catherine Taragnat
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Dubois
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Didier Chesneau
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Véronique Bozon
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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Glatfelter GC, Jones AJ, Rajnarayanan RV, Dubocovich ML. Pharmacological Actions of Carbamate Insecticides at Mammalian Melatonin Receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 376:306-321. [PMID: 33203660 PMCID: PMC7841424 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated in silico chemical clustering and melatonin receptor molecular modeling combined with in vitro 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin competition binding were used to identify carbamate insecticides with affinity for human melatonin receptor 1 (hMT1) and human melatonin receptor 2 (hMT2). Saturation and kinetic binding studies with 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin revealed lead carbamates (carbaryl, fenobucarb, bendiocarb, carbofuran) to be orthosteric ligands with antagonist apparent efficacy at hMT1 and agonist apparent efficacy at hMT2 Furthermore, using quantitative receptor autoradiography in coronal brain slices from C3H/HeN mice, carbaryl, fenobucarb, and bendiocarb competed for 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin binding in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), and pars tuberalis (PT) with affinities similar to those determined for the hMT1 receptor. Carbaryl (10 mg/kg i.p.) administered in vivo also competed ex vivo for 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin binding to the SCN, PVT, and PT, demonstrating the ability to reach brain melatonin receptors in C3H/HeN mice. Furthermore, the same dose of carbaryl given to C3H/HeN mice in constant dark for three consecutive days at subjective dusk (circadian time 10) phase-advanced circadian activity rhythms (mean = 0.91 hours) similar to melatonin (mean = 1.12 hours) when compared with vehicle (mean = 0.04 hours). Carbaryl-mediated phase shift of overt circadian activity rhythm onset is likely mediated via interactions with SCN melatonin receptors. Based on the pharmacological actions of carbaryl and other carbamate insecticides at melatonin receptors, exposure may modulate time-of-day information conveyed to the master biologic clock relevant to adverse health outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In silico chemical clustering and molecular modeling in conjunction with in vitro bioassays identified several carbamate insecticides (i.e., carbaryl, carbofuran, fenobucarb, bendiocarb) as pharmacologically active orthosteric melatonin receptor 1 and 2 ligands. This work further demonstrated that carbaryl competes for melatonin receptor binding in the master biological clock (suprachiasmatic nucleus) and phase-advances overt circadian activity rhythms in C3H/HeN mice, supporting the relevance of circadian effects when interpreting toxicological findings related to carbamate insecticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C Glatfelter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (G.C.G., A.J.J., R.V.R., M.L.D.), Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (A.J.J., M.L.D.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Anthony J Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (G.C.G., A.J.J., R.V.R., M.L.D.), Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (A.J.J., M.L.D.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rajendram V Rajnarayanan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (G.C.G., A.J.J., R.V.R., M.L.D.), Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (A.J.J., M.L.D.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Margarita L Dubocovich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (G.C.G., A.J.J., R.V.R., M.L.D.), Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (A.J.J., M.L.D.), Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Meng Y, Tao Z, Zhou S, Da W, Tao L. Research Hot Spots and Trends on Melatonin From 2000 to 2019. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:753923. [PMID: 34917024 PMCID: PMC8669723 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.753923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on melatonin remains one of the major hot spots in the field of disease treatment, but relevant data are numerous. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the progress of melatonin research through the method of bibliometrics and to predict hot spots and trends in melatonin research. This study retrieved all the studies on melatonin from 2000 to 2019 in the Web of Science and PubMed and analysed the publishing trends in the literature on a bibliometric online analysis platform and CiteSpace software. The research results were also visually analysed to summarize melatonin research hot spots through gCLUTO and pubMR. The study retrieved a total of 20,351 publications, of which the number of US publications ranked first, accounting for 21.46%, with the greatest impact (centrality = 0.31). The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and Harvard University had the highest average number of citations at 43.19 and 33.96, respectively. Journal of Pineal Research had the highest average number of citations in 2,993 journals. Professor Reiter made the largest contribution to this area. We further analysed 100 highly cited articles for clinical applications and ongoing related clinical drug trials based on the first hot spot. We systematically analysed melatonin for nearly 20 years while predicting the main research trends in the future, which may provide new directions and ideas for melatonin research. The structure and normal physiological functions of melatonin have been intensively studied in the past few years. And clinical application research and target of melatonin treatment for different diseases and target-based drug design will certainly become the focus of melatonin research.
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Boutin JA, Legros C. The five dimensions of receptor pharmacology exemplified by melatonin receptors: An opinion. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00556. [PMID: 31893125 PMCID: PMC6935684 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptology has been complicated with enhancements in our knowledge of G-protein-coupled-receptor (GPCR) biochemistry. This complexity is exemplified by the pharmacology of melatonin receptors. Here, we describe the complexity of GPCR biochemistry in five dimensions: (a) receptor expression, particularly in organs/tissues that are only partially understood; (b) ligands and receptor-associated proteins (interactome); (c) receptor function, which might be more complex than the known G-protein-coupled systems; (d) ligand bias, which favors a particular pathway; and (e) receptor dimerization, which might concern all receptors coexpressed in the same cell. Thus, receptor signaling might be modified or modulated, depending on the nature of the receptor complex. Fundamental studies are needed to clarify these points and find new ways to tackle receptor functionality. This opinion article emphasizes the global questions attached to new descriptions of GPCRs and aims to raise our awareness of the tremendous complexity of modern receptology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A. Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Internationales ServierSuresnesFrance
| | - Céline Legros
- Institut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
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13
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Legros C, Dupré C, Brasseur C, Bonnaud A, Bruno O, Valour D, Shabajee P, Giganti A, Nosjean O, Kenakin TP, Boutin JA. Characterization of the various functional pathways elicited by synthetic agonists or antagonists at the melatonin MT 1 and MT 2 receptors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00539. [PMID: 31893123 PMCID: PMC6935685 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone that translates the circadian rhythm to the peripheral organs through a series of binding sites identified as G protein-coupled receptors MT1 and MT2. Due to minute amounts of receptor proteins in target organs, the main tool of studies of the melatoninergic system is recombinant expression of the receptors in cellular hosts. Although a number of studies exist on these receptors, studies of several signaling pathways using a large number of melatoninergic compounds are rather limited. We chose to fill this gap to better describe a panel of compounds that have been only partially characterized in terms of functionality. First, we characterized HEK cells expressing MT1 or MT2, and several signaling routes with melatonin itself to validate the approach: GTPγS, cAMP production, internalization, β-arrestin recruitment, and cell morphology changes (CellKey ® ). Second, we chose 21 compounds from our large melatoninergic chemical library and characterized them using this panel of signaling pathways. Notably, antagonists were infrequent, and their functionality depended largely on the pathway studied. This will permit redefining the availability of molecular tools that can be used to better understand the in situ activity and roles of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Legros
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
| | - Clémence Dupré
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
| | - Chantal Brasseur
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
| | - Anne Bonnaud
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
| | - Olivier Bruno
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
| | - Damien Valour
- Pôle d’Expetise Méthodologie et Valorisation des DonnéesInstitut de Recherches Internationales ServierSuresnesFrance
| | - Preety Shabajee
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
| | - Adeline Giganti
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
| | - Olivier Nosjean
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
- Present address:
Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIERSuresnesFrance
| | - Terrence P. Kenakin
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Jean A. Boutin
- Pôle d’Expertise BiotechnologieChimie & BiologieInstitut de Recherches ServierCroissy‐sur‐SeineFrance
- Present address:
Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIERSuresnesFrance
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14
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Wang SY, Shi XC, Laborda P. Indole-based melatonin analogues: Synthetic approaches and biological activity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 185:111847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Klosen P, Lapmanee S, Schuster C, Guardiola B, Hicks D, Pevet P, Felder-Schmittbuhl MP. MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors are expressed in nonoverlapping neuronal populations. J Pineal Res 2019; 67:e12575. [PMID: 30937953 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) exerts its physiological effects principally through two high-affinity membrane receptors MT1 and MT2. Understanding the exact mechanism of MLT action necessitates the use of highly selective agonists/antagonists to stimulate/inhibit a given MLT receptor. The respective distribution of MT1 and MT2 within the CNS and elsewhere is controversial, and here we used a "knock-in" strategy replacing MT1 or MT2 coding sequences with a LacZ reporter. The data show striking differences in the distribution of MT1 and MT2 receptors in the mouse brain: whereas the MT1 subtype was expressed in very few structures (notably including the suprachiasmatic nucleus and pars tuberalis), MT2 subtype receptors were identified within numerous brain regions including the olfactory bulb, forebrain, hippocampus, amygdala and superior colliculus. Co-expression of the two subtypes was observed in very few structures, and even within these areas they were rarely present in the same individual cell. In conclusion, the expression and distribution of MT2 receptors are much more widespread than previously thought, and there is virtually no correspondence between MT1 and MT2 cellular expression. The precise phenotyping of cells/neurons containing MT1 or MT2 receptor subtypes opens new perspectives for the characterization of links between MLT brain targets, MLT actions and specific MLT receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Klosen
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (UPR 3212), CNRS and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarawut Lapmanee
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (UPR 3212), CNRS and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - David Hicks
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (UPR 3212), CNRS and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paul Pevet
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (UPR 3212), CNRS and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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16
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Fjellaksel R, Oteiza A, Martin-Armas M, Riss PJ, Hjelstuen OK, Kuttner S, Hansen JH, Sundset R. First in vivo evaluation of a potential SPECT brain radiotracer for the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:811. [PMID: 30442192 PMCID: PMC6238273 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In vivo evaluations of a gonadotropin releasing hormone-receptor single photon emission computed tomography radiotracer for non-invasive detection of gonadotropin releasing homone-receptors in brain. RESULTS We have used a simple, robust and high-yielding procedure to radiolabel an alpha-halogenated bioactive compound with high radiochemical yield. Literature findings showed similar alpha-halogenated compounds suitable for in vivo evaluations. The compound was found to possess nano molar affinity for the gonadotropin releasing hormone-receptor in a competition dependent inhibition study. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis in saline, human and rat serum resulted in 46%, 52% and 44% stability after incubation for 1 h respectively. In addition, rat brain single photon emission computed tomography and biodistribution studies gave further insight into the nature of the compound as a radiotracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fjellaksel
- Medical Imaging Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Organic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- The PET Imaging Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ana Oteiza
- Medical Imaging Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- The PET Imaging Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Montserrat Martin-Armas
- Medical Imaging Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- The PET Imaging Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Patrick J. Riss
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Realomics SFI, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norsk Medisinsk Syklotronsenter AS, Postboks 4950, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Kristian Hjelstuen
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Samuel Kuttner
- Medical Imaging Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- The PET Imaging Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jørn H. Hansen
- Organic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rune Sundset
- Medical Imaging Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- The PET Imaging Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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17
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Cecon E, Oishi A, Jockers R. Melatonin receptors: molecular pharmacology and signalling in the context of system bias. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3263-3280. [PMID: 28707298 PMCID: PMC6057902 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, an evolutionally old molecule, is produced by the pineal gland in vertebrates, and it binds with high affinity to melatonin receptors, which are members of the GPCR family. Among the multiple effects attributed to melatonin, we will focus here on those that are dependent on the activation of the two mammalian MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors. We briefly summarize the latest developments on synthetic melatonin receptor ligands, including multi-target-directed ligands, and the characterization of signalling-biased ligands. We discuss signalling pathways activated by melatonin receptors that appear to be highly cell- and tissue-dependent, emphasizing the impact of system bias on the functional outcome. Different proteins have been demonstrated to interact with melatonin receptors, and thus, we postulate that part of this system bias has its molecular basis in differences of the expression of receptor-associated proteins including heterodimerization partners. Finally, bias at the level of the receptor, by the expression of genetic receptor variants, will be discussed to show how a modified receptor function can have an effect on the risk for common diseases like type 2 diabetes in humans. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Recent Developments in Research of Melatonin and its Potential Therapeutic Applications. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Cecon
- Institut CochinInserm, U1016ParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 8104ParisFrance
- Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Atsuro Oishi
- Institut CochinInserm, U1016ParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 8104ParisFrance
- Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Institut CochinInserm, U1016ParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 8104ParisFrance
- Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
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18
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Oishi A, Cecon E, Jockers R. Melatonin Receptor Signaling: Impact of Receptor Oligomerization on Receptor Function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 338:59-77. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Dupré C, Bruno O, Bonnaud A, Giganti A, Nosjean O, Legros C, Boutin JA. Assessments of cellular melatonin receptor signaling pathways: β-arrestin recruitment, receptor internalization, and impedance variations. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:534-544. [PMID: 29154938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin receptors belong to the family of G-protein coupled receptors. Agonist-induced receptor activation is terminated with the recruitment of β-arrestin, which leads to receptor internalization. Furthermore, agonist binding induces a shift in cellular shape that translates into a change in the electric impedance of the cell. In the present study, we employed engineered cells to study these internalization-related processes in the context of the two melatonin receptors, MT1 and MT2. To assess these three receptor internalization-related functions and validate the results, we employed four classical ligands of melatonin receptors: the natural agonist melatonin; the super-agonist 2-iodo-melatonin and the two antagonists luzindole and 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin. The assessments confirmed the nature of the agonistic ligands but showed that 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin, a described antagonist, is a biased partial agonist at MT2 with poorer affinity for MT1. The methods are now available to be applied to any receptor system for which multiple signaling pathways must be evaluated for new molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Dupré
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 125, Chemin De Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Olivier Bruno
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 125, Chemin De Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Anne Bonnaud
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 125, Chemin De Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Adeline Giganti
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 125, Chemin De Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Olivier Nosjean
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 125, Chemin De Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Céline Legros
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 125, Chemin De Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 125, Chemin De Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
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20
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The Impact of Melatonin on Colon Cancer Cells' Resistance to Doxorubicin in an in Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071396. [PMID: 28788434 PMCID: PMC5535889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is the main cause of low effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is one of the main factors determining MDR. Some studies indicate the potential role of melatonin (MLT) in MDR. In this study, we examined the effect of MLT on colon cancer cell’s resistance to doxorubicin (DOX). Using the sulforhodamine B (SRB), method the effect of tested substances on the survival of LoVo (colon cancer cells sensitive to DOX) and LoVoDX (colon cancer cells resistant to DOX) was rated. Using immunocytochemistry (ICC), the expression of P-gp in the LoVo and LoVoDX was determined. With the real-time PCR (RT-PCR) technique, the ABCB1 expression in LoVoDX was evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that MLT in some concentrations intensified the cytotoxicity effect of DOX in the LoVoDX cells. In the ICC studies, it was demonstrated that certain concentrations of MLT and DOX cause an increase in the percentage of cells expressing P-gp, which correlates positively with ABCB1 expression (RT-PCR). The mechanism of overcoming resistance by MLT is probably not only associated with the expression of P-gp. It seems appropriate to carry out further research on the use of MLT as the substance supporting cancer chemotherapy.
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21
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Boutin JA, Bonnaud A, Brasseur C, Bruno O, Lepretre N, Oosting P, Coumailleau S, Delagrange P, Nosjean O, Legros C. New MT₂ Melatonin Receptor-Selective Ligands: Agonists and Partial Agonists. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1347. [PMID: 28644418 PMCID: PMC5535840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for melatonin receptor agonists and antagonists specific towards one of the receptor subtypes will extend our understanding of the role of this system in relaying circadian information to the body. A series of compounds derived from a hit compound discovered in a screening process led to powerful agonists specific for one of the isoform of the melatonin receptor namely, MT₂. The compounds are based on a poorly explored skeleton in the molecular pharmacology of melatonin. By changing the steric hindrance of one substituent (i.e., from a hydrogen atom to a tributylstannyl group), we identified a possible partial agonist that could lead to antagonist analogues. The functionalities of these compounds were measured with a series of assays, including the binding of GTPγS, the inhibition of the cyclic AMP production, the β-arrestin recruitment, and the cell shape changes as determined by cellular dielectric spectroscopy (CellKey®). The variations between the compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Boutin
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
- Pôle d'Expertise Recherches & BioPharmacie, Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER, 92150 Suresnes, France.
| | - Anne Bonnaud
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
| | - Chantal Brasseur
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
| | - Olivier Bruno
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
| | | | | | - Sophie Coumailleau
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
| | - Philippe Delagrange
- Pôle d'Innovations Thérapeutiques en Neurosciences, Institut de Recherches, SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
| | - Olivier Nosjean
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
- Pôle d'Expertise Recherches & BioPharmacie, Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER, 92150 Suresnes, France.
| | - Céline Legros
- Pôle d'Expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
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22
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Jockers R, Delagrange P, Dubocovich ML, Markus RP, Renault N, Tosini G, Cecon E, Zlotos DP. Update on melatonin receptors: IUPHAR Review 20. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2702-25. [PMID: 27314810 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin receptors are seven transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to the GPCR superfamily. In mammals, two melatonin receptor subtypes exist - MT1 and MT2 - encoded by the MTNR1A and MTNR1B genes respectively. The current review provides an update on melatonin receptors by the corresponding subcommittee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. We will highlight recent developments of melatonin receptor ligands, including radioligands, and give an update on the latest phenotyping results of melatonin receptor knockout mice. The current status and perspectives of the structure of melatonin receptor will be summarized. The physiological importance of melatonin receptor dimers and biologically important and type 2 diabetes-associated genetic variants of melatonin receptors will be discussed. The role of melatonin receptors in physiology and disease will be further exemplified by their functions in the immune system and the CNS. Finally, antioxidant and free radical scavenger properties of melatonin and its relation to melatonin receptors will be critically addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Jockers
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Margarita L Dubocovich
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, USA
| | - Regina P Markus
- Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gianluca Tosini
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erika Cecon
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Darius P Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt
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