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Mlakić M, Čadež T, Šinko G, Škorić I, Kovarik Z. New Heterostilbene and Triazole Oximes as Potential CNS-Active and Cholinesterase-Targeted Therapeutics. Biomolecules 2024; 14:679. [PMID: 38927082 PMCID: PMC11201660 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
New furan, thiophene, and triazole oximes were synthesized through several-step reaction paths to investigate their potential for the development of central nervous systems (CNS)-active and cholinesterase-targeted therapeutics in organophosphorus compound (OP) poisonings. Treating patients with acute OP poisoning is still a challenge despite the development of a large number of oxime compounds that should have the capacity to reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The activity of these two enzymes, crucial for neurotransmission, is blocked by OP, which has the consequence of disturbing normal cholinergic nerve signal transduction in the peripheral and CNS, leading to a cholinergic crisis. The oximes in use have one or two pyridinium rings and cross the brain-blood barrier poorly due to the quaternary nitrogen. Following our recent study on 2-thienostilbene oximes, in this paper, we described the synthesis of 63 heterostilbene derivatives, of which 26 oximes were tested as inhibitors and reactivators of AChE and BChE inhibited by OP nerve agents-sarin and cyclosarin. While the majority of oximes were potent inhibitors of both enzymes in the micromolar range, we identified several oximes as BChE or AChE selective inhibitors with the potential for drug development. Furthermore, the oximes were poor reactivators of AChE; four heterocyclic derivatives reactivated cyclosarin-inhibited BChE up to 70%, and cis,trans-5 [2-((Z)-2-(5-((E)-(hydroxyimino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)vinyl)benzonitrile] had a reactivation efficacy comparable to the standard oxime HI-6. In silico analysis and molecular docking studies, including molecular dynamics simulation, connected kinetic data to the structural features of these oximes and confirmed their productive interactions with the active site of cyclosarin-inhibited BChE. Based on inhibition and reactivation and their ADMET properties regarding lipophilicity, CNS activity, and hepatotoxicity, these compounds could be considered for further development of CNS-active reactivators in OP poisoning as well as cholinesterase-targeted therapeutics in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mlakić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Tena Čadež
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.Č.); (G.Š.)
| | - Goran Šinko
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.Č.); (G.Š.)
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.Č.); (G.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Kolić D, Šinko G, Jean L, Chioua M, Dias J, Marco-Contelles J, Kovarik Z. Cholesterol Oxime Olesoxime Assessed as a Potential Ligand of Human Cholinesterases. Biomolecules 2024; 14:588. [PMID: 38785995 PMCID: PMC11117805 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Olesoxime, a cholesterol derivative with an oxime group, possesses the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, and has demonstrated excellent safety and tolerability properties in clinical research. These characteristics indicate it may serve as a centrally active ligand of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), whose disruption of activity with organophosphate compounds (OP) leads to uncontrolled excitation and potentially life-threatening symptoms. To evaluate olesoxime as a binding ligand and reactivator of human AChE and BChE, we conducted in vitro kinetic studies with the active metabolite of insecticide parathion, paraoxon, and the warfare nerve agents sarin, cyclosarin, tabun, and VX. Our results showed that both enzymes possessed a binding affinity for olesoxime in the mid-micromolar range, higher than the antidotes in use (i.e., 2-PAM, HI-6, etc.). While olesoxime showed a weak ability to reactivate AChE, cyclosarin-inhibited BChE was reactivated with an overall reactivation rate constant comparable to that of standard oxime HI-6. Moreover, in combination with the oxime 2-PAM, the reactivation maximum increased by 10-30% for cyclosarin- and sarin-inhibited BChE. Molecular modeling revealed productive interactions between olesoxime and BChE, highlighting olesoxime as a potentially BChE-targeted therapy. Moreover, it might be added to OP poisoning treatment to increase the efficacy of BChE reactivation, and its cholesterol scaffold could provide a basis for the development of novel oxime antidotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Kolić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.); (G.Š.)
| | - Goran Šinko
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.); (G.Š.)
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, CiTCoM, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Mourad Chioua
- Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - José Dias
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, Paris, France;
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.); (G.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Gorecki L, Markova A, Hepnarova V, Zivna N, Junova L, Hrabinova M, Janousek J, Kobrlova T, Prchal L, Jun D, Soukup O, Horn G, Worek F, Marek J, Korabecny J. Uncharged mono- and bisoximes: In search of a zwitterion to countermeasure organophosphorus intoxication. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 394:110941. [PMID: 38493910 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The current study imposes a new class of organophosphorus (OP)-inhibited cholinesterase reactivators by conceptualizing a family of asymmetric bisoximes with various reactivating scaffolds. Several novel nucleophilic warheads were investigated, putting forward 29 novel reactivating options, by evaluating their nucleophilicity and ability to directly decompose OP compounds. Adopting the so-called zwitterionic strategy, 17 mono-oxime and nine bisoxime reactivators were discovered with major emphasis on the bifunctional-moiety approach. Compounds were compared with clinically used standards and other known experimentally highlighted reactivators. Our results clearly favor the concept of asymmetric bisoximes as leading reactivators in terms of efficacy and versatility. These top-ranked compounds were characterized in detail by reactivation kinetics parameters and evaluated for potential CNS availability. The highlighted molecules 55, 57, and 58 with various reactivating warheads, surpassed the reactivating potency of pralidoxime and several notable uncharged reactivators. The versatility of lead drug candidate 55 was also inspected on OP-inhibited butyrylcholinesterase, revealing a much higher rate compared to existing clinical antidotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gorecki
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Aneta Markova
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hospital Pharmacy, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Natalie Zivna
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Junova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Janousek
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kobrlova
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriele Horn
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Marek
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Trancart M, Hanak AS, Dambrune C, Madi M, Voros C, Baati R, Calas AG. No-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) assessment as an optimized dose of cholinesterase reactivators for the treatment of exposure to warfare nerve agents in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 392:110929. [PMID: 38417730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Despite the international convention on the prohibition of chemical weapons ratified in 1997, the threat of conflicts and terrorist attacks involving such weapons still exists. Among these, organophosphorus-nerve agents (OPs) inhibit cholinesterases (ChE) causing cholinergic syndrome. The reactivation of these enzymes is therefore essential to protect the poisoned people. However, these reactivating molecules, mainly named oximes, have major drawbacks with limited efficacy against some OPs and a non-negligible ChE inhibitor potential if administered at an inadequate dose, an effect that they are precisely supposed to mitigate. As a result, this project focused on assessing therapeutic efficacy, in mice, up to the NOAEL dose, the maximum dose of oxime that does not induce any observable toxic effect. NOAEL doses of HI-6 DMS, a reference oxime, and JDS364. HCl, a candidate reactivator, were assessed using dual-chamber plethysmography, with respiratory ventilation impairment as a toxicity criterion. Time-course modeling parameters and pharmacodynamic profiles, reflecting the interaction between the oxime and circulating ChE, were evaluated for treatments at their NOAEL and higher doses. Finally, the therapeutic potential against OPs poisoning was determined through the assessment of protective indices. For JDS364. HCl, the NOAEL dose corresponds to the smallest dose inducing the most significant therapeutic effect without causing any abnormality in ChE activity. In contrast, for HI-6 DMS, its therapeutic benefit was observed at doses higher than its NOAEL, leading to alterations in respiratory function. These alterations could not be directly correlated with ChE inhibition and had no adverse effects on survival. They are potentially attributed to the stimulation of non-enzymatic cholinergic targets by HI-6 DMS. Thus, the NOAEL appears to be an optimal dose for evaluating the efficacy of oximes, particularly when it can be linked to respiratory alterations effectively resulting from ChE inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilène Trancart
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Hanak
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Chloé Dambrune
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; Ecole de Chimie Polymère et Matériaux ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, 25, Rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Méliati Madi
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Camille Voros
- Ecole de Chimie Polymère et Matériaux ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, 25, Rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rachid Baati
- Ecole de Chimie Polymère et Matériaux ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, 25, Rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - André-Guilhem Calas
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
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5
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Kovarik Z, Moshitzky G, Maček Hrvat N, Soreq H. Recent advances in cholinergic mechanisms as reactions to toxicity, stress, and neuroimmune insults. J Neurochem 2024; 168:355-369. [PMID: 37429600 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
This review presents recent studies of the chemical and molecular regulators of acetylcholine (ACh) signaling and the complexity of the small molecule and RNA regulators of those mechanisms that control cholinergic functioning in health and disease. The underlying structural, neurochemical, and transcriptomic concepts, including basic and translational research and clinical studies, shed new light on how these processes inter-change under acute states, age, sex, and COVID-19 infection; all of which modulate ACh-mediated processes and inflammation in women and men and under diverse stresses. The aspect of organophosphorus (OP) compound toxicity is discussed based on the view that despite numerous studies, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is still a vulnerable target in OP poisoning because of a lack of efficient treatment and the limitations of oxime-assisted reactivation of inhibited AChE. The over-arching purpose of this review is thus to discuss mechanisms of cholinergic signaling dysfunction caused by OP pesticides, OP nerve agents, and anti-cholinergic medications; and to highlight new therapeutic strategies to combat both the acute and chronic effects of these chemicals on the cholinergic and neuroimmune systems. Furthermore, OP toxicity was examined in view of cholinesterase inhibition and beyond in order to highlight improved small molecules and RNA therapeutic strategies and assess their predicted pitfalls to reverse the acute toxicity and long-term deleterious effects of OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gilli Moshitzky
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Rosenberg YJ, Garcia K, Diener J, Sullivan D, Donahue S, Mao L, Lees J, Jiang X, Urban LA, Momper JD, Ho KY, Taylor P. A single post-exposure oxime RS194B treatment rapidly reactivates acetylcholinesterase and reverses acute symptoms in macaques exposed to diethylphosphorothioate parathion and chlorpyrifos insecticides. J Neurochem 2024; 168:370-380. [PMID: 36786545 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Millions of individuals globally suffer from inadvertent, occupational or self-harm exposures from organophosphate (OP) insecticides, significantly impacting human health. Similar to nerve agents, insecticides are neurotoxins that target and inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in central and peripheral synapses in the cholinergic nervous system. Post-exposure therapeutic countermeasures generally include administration of atropine with an oxime to reactivate the OP-inhibited AChE. However, animal model studies and recent clinical trials using insecticide-poisoned individuals have shown minimal clinical benefits of the currently approved oximes and their efficacy as antidotes has been debated. Currently used oximes either reactivate poorly, do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), or are rapidly cleared from the circulation and must be repeatedly administered. Zwitterionic oximes of unbranched and simplified structure, for example RS194B, have been developed that efficiently cross the BBB resulting in reactivation of OP-inhibited AChE and dramatic reversal of severe clinical symptoms in mice and macaques exposed to OP insecticides or nerve agents. Thus, a single IM injection of RS194B has been shown to rapidly restore blood AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity, reverse cholinergic symptoms, and prevent death in macaques following lethal inhaled sarin and paraoxon exposure. The present macaque studies extend these findings and assess the ability of post-exposure RS194B treatment to counteract oral poisoning by highly toxic diethylphosphorothioate insecticides such as parathion and chlorpyrifos. These OPs require conversion by P450 in the liver of the inactive thions to the active toxic oxon forms, and once again demonstrated RS194B efficacy to reactivate and alleviate clinical symptoms within 60 mins of a single IM administration. Furthermore, when delivered orally, the Tmax of RS194B at 1-2 h was in the same range as those administered IM but were maintained in the circulation for longer periods greatly facilitating the use of RS194B as a non-invasive treatment, especially in isolated rural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeremiah D Momper
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kwok-Yiu Ho
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Verma C, Dubey S, Bose R, Alfantazi A, Ebenso EE, Rhee KY. Zwitterions and betaines as highly soluble materials for sustainable corrosion protection: Interfacial chemistry and bonding with metal surfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 324:103091. [PMID: 38281394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The primary requirements for interfacial adsorption and corrosion inhibition are solubility and the existence of polar functional groups, particularly charges. Traditional organic inhibitors have a solubility issue due to the hydrophobic moieties they incorporate. Most documented organic inhibitors have aromatic rings, hydrocarbon chains, and a few functional groups. The excellent solubility and high efficacy of zwitterions and betaines make them the perfect replacements for insoluble corrosion inhibitors. Zwitterions and betaines are more easily soluble because of interactions between their positive and negative charges (-COO-, -PO3-, -NH3, -NHR2, -NH2R, -SO3- etc.) and the polar solvents. The positive and negative charges also aid these molecules' physical and chemical adsorption at the metal-electrolyte interfaces. They develop a corrosion-inhibiting layer through their adsorption. After becoming adsorbed at the metal-electrolyte interface, they act as mixed-type inhibitors, slowing both cathodic and anodic processes. They usually adsorb according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. In this article, the corrosion inhibition potential of zwitterions and betaines in the aqueous phase, as well as their mode of action, are reviewed. This article details the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing zwitterions and betaines for sustainable corrosion protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrabhan Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Shikha Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar 246174, Garhwal, India
| | - Ranjith Bose
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Akram Alfantazi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eno E Ebenso
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 445-701, South Korea.
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Žunec S, Vadlja D, Ramić A, Zandona A, Maraković N, Brekalo I, Primožič I, Katalinić M. Profiling Novel Quinuclidine-Based Derivatives as Potential Anticholinesterase Drugs: Enzyme Inhibition and Effects on Cell Viability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:155. [PMID: 38203326 PMCID: PMC10778980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system, relying on the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), plays a significant role in muscle contraction, cognition, and autonomic nervous system regulation. The enzymes acetylcholinesterase, AChE, and butyrylcholinesterase, BChE, responsible for hydrolyzing ACh, can fine-tune the cholinergic system's activity and are, therefore, excellent pharmacological targets to address a range of medical conditions. We designed, synthesized, and profiled 14 N-alkyl quaternary quinuclidines as inhibitors of human AChE and BChE and analyzed their impact on cell viability to assess their safety in the context of application as potential therapeutics. Our results showed that all of the 14 tested quinuclidines inhibited both AChE and BChE in the micromolar range (Ki = 0.26 - 156.2 μM). The highest inhibition potency was observed for two bisquaternary derivatives, 7 (1,1'-(decano)bis(3-hydroxyquinuclidinium bromide)) and 14 (1,1'-(decano)bis(3-hydroxyiminoquinuclidinium bromide)). The cytotoxic effect within 7-200 μM was observed only for monoquaternary quinuclidine derivatives, especially those with the C12-C16 alkyl chain. Further analysis revealed a time-independent mechanism of action, significant LDH release, and a decrease in the cells' mitochondrial membrane potential. Taking all results into consideration, we can confirm that a quinuclidine core presents a good scaffold for cholinesterase binding and that two bisquaternary quinuclidine derivatives could be considered as candidates worth further investigations as drugs acting in the cholinergic system. On the other hand, specific cell-related effects probably triggered by the free long alkyl chain in monoquaternary quinuclidine derivatives should not be neglected in future N-alkyl quaternary quinuclidine derivative structure refinements. Such an effect and their potential to interact with other specific targets, as indicated by a pharmacophore model, open up a new perspective for future investigations of these compounds' scaffold in the treatment of specific conditions and diseases other than cholinergic system-linked disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Žunec
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.Ž.); (A.Z.); (N.M.)
| | - Donna Vadlja
- Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia, Trg Kralja Petra Krešimira IV br. 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Alma Ramić
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.P.)
| | - Antonio Zandona
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.Ž.); (A.Z.); (N.M.)
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.Ž.); (A.Z.); (N.M.)
| | - Iva Brekalo
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.P.)
| | - Ines Primožič
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.P.)
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.Ž.); (A.Z.); (N.M.)
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Zandona A, Madunić J, Miš K, Maraković N, Dubois-Geoffroy P, Cavaco M, Mišetić P, Padovan J, Castanho M, Jean L, Renard PY, Pirkmajer S, Neves V, Katalinić M. Biological response and cell death signaling pathways modulated by tetrahydroisoquinoline-based aldoximes in human cells. Toxicology 2023:153588. [PMID: 37419273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The uncharged 3-hydroxy-2-pyridine aldoximes with protonatable tertiary amines are studied as antidotes in toxic organophosphates (OP) poisoning. Due to some of their specific structural features, we hypothesize that these compounds could exert diverse biological activity beyond their main scope of application. To examine this further, we performed an extensive cell-based assessment to determine their effects on human cells (SH-SY5Y, HEK293, HepG2, HK-2, myoblasts and myotubes) and possible mechanism of action. As our results indicated, aldoxime having a piperidine moiety did not induce significant toxicity up to 300µM within 24hours, while those with a tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety, in the same concentration range, showed time-dependent effects and stimulated mitochondria-mediated activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway through ERK1/2 and p38-MAPK signaling and subsequent activation of initiator caspase 9 and executive caspase 3 accompanied with DNA damage as observed already after 4hour exposure. Mitochondria and fatty acid metabolism were also likely targets of 3-hydroxy-2-pyridine aldoximes with tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety, due to increased phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In silico analysis predicted kinases as their most probable target class, while pharmacophores modeling additionally predicted the inhibition of a cytochrome P450cam. Overall, if the absence of significant toxicity for piperidine bearing aldoxime highlights the potential of its further studies in medical counter-measures, the observed biological activity of aldoximes with tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety could be indicative for future design of compounds either in a negative context in OP antidotes design, or in a positive one for design of compounds for the treatment of other phenomena like cell proliferating malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Josip Madunić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Katarina Miš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Marco Cavaco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | | | - Miguel Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, CiTCoM (UMR 8038), F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Vera Neves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
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10
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Potential of Vitamin B6 Dioxime Analogues to Act as Cholinesterase Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113388. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven pyridoxal dioxime quaternary salts (1–7) were synthesized with the aim of studying their interactions with human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The synthesis was achieved by the quaternization of pyridoxal monooxime with substituted 2-bromoacetophenone oximes (phenacyl bromide oximes). All compounds, prepared in good yields (43–76%) and characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, were evaluated as reversible inhibitors of cholinesterase and/or reactivators of enzymes inhibited by toxic organophosphorus compounds. Their potency was compared with that of their monooxime analogues and medically approved oxime HI-6. The obtained pyridoxal dioximes were relatively weak inhibitors for both enzymes (Ki = 100–400 µM). The second oxime group in the structure did not improve the binding compared to the monooxime analogues. The same was observed for reactivation of VX-, tabun-, and paraoxon-inhibited AChE and BChE, where no significant efficiency burst was noted. In silico analysis and molecular docking studies connected the kinetic data to the structural features of the tested compound, showing that the low binding affinity and reactivation efficacy may be a consequence of a bulk structure hindering important reactive groups. The tested dioximes were non-toxic to human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and human embryonal kidney cells (HEK293).
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11
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Backer BS, Meek EC, Ross MK, Chambers JE. Pharmacokinetics of three novel pyridinium aldoxime acetylcholinesterase reactivators in female rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 446:116046. [PMID: 35550885 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A platform of novel lipophilic substituted phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes was invented to reactivate organophosphate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. This platform has provided superior efficacy in rats to the current standard of care, 2-PAM, for survival of lethal doses of nerve agent surrogates as well as evidence of brain penetration and neuroprotection. The pharmacokinetics of three of these novel oximes in female rats was studied for comparison to previous data in male rats. Compared to the published half-life of 2-PAM (less than 2 h), the lead novel oxime, Oxime 20, displayed a plasma half-life of about 5 h in both sexes of rats following intramuscular administration. Very few sex differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were apparent. Oxime 20 displayed an increase in brain concentration to plasma concentration over the initial 2 h following intramuscular administration in male rats, with a plateau at 1 h; there were no differences in brain concentrations between the sexes at 2 h. Hepatic metabolism of Oxime 20 was higher in rat microsomes than in human microsomes. The relatively long plasma half-life is likely an important factor in both the enhanced survival and the neuroprotection previously observed for Oxime 20. The metabolism data suggest that the clearance of Oxime 20 could be slower in humans than was observed in rats, which might allow less frequent administration than 2-PAM for therapy of organophosphate acute toxicity. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic data combined with our earlier efficacy data suggest that Oxime 20 has potential as a superior therapeutic for nerve agent poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Backer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Edward C Meek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Matthew K Ross
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Janice E Chambers
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America.
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12
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Mlakić M, Čadež T, Barić D, Puček I, Ratković A, Marinić Ž, Lasić K, Kovarik Z, Škorić I. New Uncharged 2-Thienostilbene Oximes as Reactivators of Organophosphate-Inhibited Cholinesterases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111147. [PMID: 34832929 PMCID: PMC8621217 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by organophosphates (OPs) as nerve agents and pesticides compromises normal cholinergic nerve signal transduction in the peripheral and central nervous systems (CNS) leading to cholinergic crisis. The treatment comprises an antimuscarinic drug and an oxime reactivator of the inhibited enzyme. Oximes in use have quaternary nitrogens, and therefore poorly cross the brain–blood barrier. In this work, we synthesized novel uncharged thienostilbene oximes by the Wittig reaction, converted to aldehydes by Vilsmeier formylation, and transformed to the corresponding uncharged oximes in very high yields. Eight trans,anti- and trans,syn-isomers of oximes were tested as reactivators of nerve-agent-inhibited AChE and BChE. Four derivatives reactivated cyclosarin-inhibited BChE up to 70% in two hours of reactivation, and docking studies confirmed their productive interactions with the active site of cyclosarin-inhibited BChE. Based on the moderate binding affinity of both AChE and BChE for all selected oximes, and in silico evaluated ADME properties regarding lipophilicity and CNS activity, these compounds present a new class of oximes with the potential for further development of CNS-active therapeutics in OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mlakić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Tena Čadež
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Danijela Barić
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivana Puček
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Ana Ratković
- Fidelta Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Željko Marinić
- NMR Center, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Kornelija Lasić
- Pliva Tapi R&D, TEVA, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 25, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (I.Š.)
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (I.Š.)
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13
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Assessment of four organophosphorus pesticides as inhibitors of human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21486. [PMID: 34728713 PMCID: PMC8563940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity of organophosphorus compounds (OPs) remains a major public health concern due to their widespread use as pesticides and the existence of nerve agents. Their common mechanism of action involves inhibition of enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) which are crucial for neurotransmission. Both chronic and acute poisoning by OPs can leave long-lasting health effects even when the patients are treated with standard medical therapy. Therefore, an increasing urgency exists to find more effective oxime reactivators for compounds which are resistant to reactivation, especially phosphoramidates. Here, we investigated in silico and in vitro interactions and kinetics of inhibition for human cholinesterases with four organophosphate pesticides-ethoprophos, fenamiphos, methamidophos and phosalone. Overall, ethoprophos and fenamiphos displayed higher potency as inhibitors for tested cholinesterases. Our results show that methamidophos-inhibited hAChE was more susceptible to reactivation than hAChE inhibited by fenamiphos by selected oximes. Molecular modelling enabled an evaluation of interactions important for specificity and selectivity of both inhibition and reactivation of cholinesterases. Two newly developed reactivators-bispyridinium triazole oxime 14A and zwitterionic oxime RS194B possess remarkable potential for further development of antidotes directed against pesticides and related phosphoramidate exposures, such as nerve agents tabun or Novichoks.
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14
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Alabugin IV, Kuhn L, Medvedev MG, Krivoshchapov NV, Vil' VA, Yaremenko IA, Mehaffy P, Yarie M, Terent'ev AO, Zolfigol MA. Stereoelectronic power of oxygen in control of chemical reactivity: the anomeric effect is not alone. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10253-10345. [PMID: 34263287 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00386k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although carbon is the central element of organic chemistry, oxygen is the central element of stereoelectronic control in organic chemistry. Generally, a molecule with a C-O bond has both a strong donor (a lone pair) and a strong acceptor (e.g., a σ*C-O orbital), a combination that provides opportunities to influence chemical transformations at both ends of the electron demand spectrum. Oxygen is a stereoelectronic chameleon that adapts to the varying situations in radical, cationic, anionic, and metal-mediated transformations. Arguably, the most historically important stereoelectronic effect is the anomeric effect (AE), i.e., the axial preference of acceptor groups at the anomeric position of sugars. Although AE is generally attributed to hyperconjugative interactions of σ-acceptors with a lone pair at oxygen (negative hyperconjugation), recent literature reports suggested alternative explanations. In this context, it is timely to evaluate the fundamental connections between the AE and a broad variety of O-functional groups. Such connections illustrate the general role of hyperconjugation with oxygen lone pairs in reactivity. Lessons from the AE can be used as the conceptual framework for organizing disjointed observations into a logical body of knowledge. In contrast, neglect of hyperconjugation can be deeply misleading as it removes the stereoelectronic cornerstone on which, as we show in this review, the chemistry of organic oxygen functionalities is largely based. As negative hyperconjugation releases the "underutilized" stereoelectronic power of unshared electrons (the lone pairs) for the stabilization of a developing positive charge, the role of orbital interactions increases when the electronic demand is high and molecules distort from their equilibrium geometries. From this perspective, hyperconjugative anomeric interactions play a unique role in guiding reaction design. In this manuscript, we discuss the reactivity of organic O-functionalities, outline variations in the possible hyperconjugative patterns, and showcase the vast implications of AE for the structure and reactivity. On our journey through a variety of O-containing organic functional groups, from textbook to exotic, we will illustrate how this knowledge can predict chemical reactivity and unlock new useful synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Michael G Medvedev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.,A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolai V Krivoshchapov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1 (3), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vera A Vil'
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan A Yaremenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Patricia Mehaffy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Meysam Yarie
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65167, Iran
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mohammad Ali Zolfigol
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65167, Iran
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15
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Shyong YJ, Sepulveda Y, Garcia A, Samskey NM, Radic Z, Sit RK, Sharpless KB, Momper JD, Taylor P. Enhancing Target Tissue Levels and Diminishing Plasma Clearance of Ionizing Zwitterionic Antidotes in Organophosphate Exposures. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 378:315-321. [PMID: 34145064 PMCID: PMC11046989 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by certain organophosphates (OPs) can be life-threatening and requires reactivating antidote accessibility to the peripheral and central nervous systems to reverse symptoms and enhance survival parameters. In considering dosing requirements for oxime antidotes in OP exposures that inactivate AChE, clearance of proton ionizable, zwitterionic antidotes is rapid and proceeds with largely the parent antidotal compound being cleared by renal transporters. Such transporters may also control disposition between target tissues and plasma as well as overall elimination from the body. An ideal small-molecule antidote should access and be retained in primary target tissues-central nervous system (brain), skeletal muscle, and peripheral autonomic sites-for sufficient periods to reactivate AChE and prevent acute toxicity. We show here that we can markedly prolong the antidotal activity of zwitterionic antidotes by inhibiting P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporters in the brain capillary and renal systems. We employ the P-gp inhibitor tariquidar as a reference compound and show that tissue and plasma levels of RS194B, a hydroxyl-imino acetamido alkylamine reactivator, are elevated and that plasma clearances are reduced. To examine the mechanism, identify the transporter, and establish the actions of a transport inhibitor, we compare the pharmacokinetic parameters in a P-glycoprotein knockout mouse strain and see dramatic enhancements of short-term plasma and tissue levels. Hence, repurposed transport inhibitors that are candidate or Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, should enhance target tissue concentrations of the zwitterionic antidote through inhibition of both renal elimination and brain capillary extrusion. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We examine renal and brain capillary transporter inhibition as means for lowering dose and frequency of dosing of a blood-brain barrier permanent reactivating antidote, RS194B, an ionizable zwitterion. Through a small molecule, tariquidar, and gene knockout mice, CNS antidote concentrations are enhanced, and total body clearances are concomitantly diminished. RS194B with repurposed transport inhibitors should enhance reactivation of central and peripheral OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. Activities at both disposition sites are a desired features for replacing the antidote, pralidoxime, for acute OP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jye Shyong
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California (Y.-J.S., Y.S., A.G., N.M.S., Z.R., J.D.M., P.T.), and The Scripps Research Institute, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology (R.K.S., K.B.S.)
| | - Yadira Sepulveda
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California (Y.-J.S., Y.S., A.G., N.M.S., Z.R., J.D.M., P.T.), and The Scripps Research Institute, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology (R.K.S., K.B.S.)
| | - Arnold Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California (Y.-J.S., Y.S., A.G., N.M.S., Z.R., J.D.M., P.T.), and The Scripps Research Institute, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology (R.K.S., K.B.S.)
| | - Nathan M Samskey
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California (Y.-J.S., Y.S., A.G., N.M.S., Z.R., J.D.M., P.T.), and The Scripps Research Institute, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology (R.K.S., K.B.S.)
| | - Zoran Radic
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California (Y.-J.S., Y.S., A.G., N.M.S., Z.R., J.D.M., P.T.), and The Scripps Research Institute, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology (R.K.S., K.B.S.)
| | - Rakesh K Sit
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California (Y.-J.S., Y.S., A.G., N.M.S., Z.R., J.D.M., P.T.), and The Scripps Research Institute, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology (R.K.S., K.B.S.)
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California (Y.-J.S., Y.S., A.G., N.M.S., Z.R., J.D.M., P.T.), and The Scripps Research Institute, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology (R.K.S., K.B.S.)
| | - Jeremiah D Momper
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California (Y.-J.S., Y.S., A.G., N.M.S., Z.R., J.D.M., P.T.), and The Scripps Research Institute, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology (R.K.S., K.B.S.)
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California (Y.-J.S., Y.S., A.G., N.M.S., Z.R., J.D.M., P.T.), and The Scripps Research Institute, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology (R.K.S., K.B.S.)
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16
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Zandona A, Maraković N, Mišetić P, Madunić J, Miš K, Padovan J, Pirkmajer S, Katalinić M. Activation of (un)regulated cell death as a new perspective for bispyridinium and imidazolium oximes. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2737-2754. [PMID: 34173857 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03098-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oximes, investigated as antidotes against organophosphates (OP) poisoning, are known to display toxic effects on a cellular level, which could be explained beyond action on acetylcholinesterase as their main target. To investigate this further, we performed an in vitro cell-based evaluation of effects of two structurally diverse oxime groups at concentrations of up to 800 μM, on several cell models: skeletal muscle, kidney, liver, and neural cells. As indicated by our results, compounds with an imidazolium core induced necrosis, unregulated cell death characterized by a cell burst, increased formation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of antioxidant scavenging. On the other hand, oximes with a pyridinium core activated apoptosis through specific caspases 3, 8, and/or 9. Interestingly, some of the compounds exhibited a synergistic effect. Moreover, we generated a pharmacophore model for each oxime series and identified ligands from public databases that map to generated pharmacophores. Several interesting hits were obtained including chemotherapeutics and specific inhibitors. We were able to define the possible structural features of tested oximes triggering toxic effects: chlorine atoms in combination with but-2(E)-en-1,4-diyl linker and adding a second benzene ring with substituents such as chlorine and/or methyl on the imidazolium core. Such oximes could not be used in further OP antidote development research, but could be introduced in other research studies on new specific targets. This could undoubtedly result in an overall improved wider use of unexplored oxime database created so far in OP antidotes field of research in a completely new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Josip Madunić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Miš
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia.
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17
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Taylor P, Shyong YJ, Samskey N, Ho KY, Radic' Z, Fenical W, Sharpless KB, Kovarik Z, Camacho-Hernandez GA. Ligand design for human acetylcholinesterase and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, extending beyond the conventional and canonical. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1217-1222. [PMID: 33638151 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We detail here distinctive departures from lead classical cholinesterase re-activators, the pyridinium aldoximes, to achieve rapid CNS penetration and reactivation of AChE in the CNS (brain and spinal cord). Such reactivation is consistent with these non-canonical re-activators enhancing survival parameters in both mice and macaques following exposure to organophosphates. Thus, the ideal cholinesterase re-activator should show minimal toxicity, limited inhibitory activity in the absence of an organophosphate, and rapid CNS penetration, in addition to its nucleophilic potential at the target, the conjugated AChE active center. These are structural properties directed to reactivity profiles at the conjugated AChE active center, reinforced by the pharmacokinetic and tissue disposition properties of the re-activator leads. In the case of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists and antagonists, with the many existing receptor subtypes in mammals, we prioritize subtype selectivity in their design. In contrast to nicotine and its analogues that react with panoply of AChR subtypes, the substituted di-2-picolyl amine pyrimidines possess distinctive ionization characteristics reflecting in selectivity for the orthosteric site at the α7 subtypes of receptor. Here, entry to the CNS should be prioritized for the therapeutic objectives of the nicotinic agent influencing aberrant CNS activity in development or in the sequence of CNS ageing (longevity) in mammals, along with general peripheral activities controlling inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmer Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, CA, USA
| | - Yan-Jye Shyong
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Samskey
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, CA, USA
| | - Kwok-Yiu Ho
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, CA, USA
| | - Zoran Radic'
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, CA, USA
| | - William Fenical
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, CA, USA
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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Development of versatile and potent monoquaternary reactivators of acetylcholinesterase. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:985-1001. [PMID: 33517499 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To date, the only treatments developed for poisoning by organophosphorus compounds, the most toxic chemical weapons of mass destruction, have exhibited limited efficacy and versatility. The available causal antidotes are based on reactivation of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is rapidly and pseudo-irreversibly inhibited by these agents. In this study, we developed a novel series of monoquaternary reactivators combining permanently charged moieties tethered to position 6- of 3-hydroxypyridine-2-aldoxime reactivating subunit. Highlighted representatives (21, 24, and 27; also coded as K1371, K1374, and K1375, respectively) that contained 1-phenylisoquinolinium, 7-amino-1-phenylisoquinolinium and 4-carbamoylpyridinium moieties as peripheral anionic site ligands, respectively, showed efficacy superior or comparable to that of the clinically used standards. More importantly, these reactivators exhibited wide-spectrum efficacy and were minutely investigated via determination of their reactivation kinetics in parallel with molecular dynamics simulations to study their mechanisms of reactivation of the tabun-inhibited AChE conjugate. To further confirm the potential applicability of these candidates, a mouse in vivo assay was conducted. While K1375 had the lowest acute toxicity and the most suitable pharmacokinetic profile, the oxime K1374 with delayed elimination half-life was the most effective in ameliorating the signs of tabun toxicity. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo, the versatility of the agents was substantially superior to that of clinically used standards. Their high efficacy and broad-spectrum capability make K1374 and K1375 promising candidates that should be further investigated for their potential as nerve agents and insecticide antidotes.
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Abstract
Herein, I intend to capture highlights shared with my academic and research colleagues over the 60 years I devoted initially to my graduate and postdoctoral training and then to academic endeavors starting as an assistant professor in a new medical school at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). During this period, the Department of Pharmacology emerged from a division within the Department of Medicine to become the first basic science department, solely within the School of Medicine at UCSD in 1979. As part of the school's plans to reorganize and to retain me at UCSD, I was appointed as founding chair. Some years later in 2002, faculty, led largely within the Department of Pharmacology and by practicing pharmacists within UCSD Healthcare, started the independent Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences with a doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) program, where I served as the founding dean. My career pathway, from working at my family-owned pharmacy to chairing a department in a school of medicine and then becoming the dean of a school of pharmacy at a research-intensive, student-centered institution, involved some risky decisions. But the academic, curricular, and accreditation challenges posed were met by a cadre of creative faculty colleagues. I offer my experiences to individuals confronted with a multiplicity of real or imagined opportunities in academic health sciences, the related pharmaceutical industry, and government oversight agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmer Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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20
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Hrvat NM, Kovarik Z. Counteracting poisoning with chemical warfare nerve agents. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2020; 71:266-284. [PMID: 33410774 PMCID: PMC7968514 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphylation of the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by nerve agents (NAs) leads to irreversible inhibition of the enzyme and accumulation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which induces cholinergic crisis, that is, overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic membrane receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. In severe cases, subsequent desensitisation of the receptors results in hypoxia, vasodepression, and respiratory arrest, followed by death. Prompt action is therefore critical to improve the chances of victim's survival and recovery. Standard therapy of NA poisoning generally involves administration of anticholinergic atropine and an oxime reactivator of phosphylated AChE. Anticholinesterase compounds or NA bioscavengers can also be applied to preserve native AChE from inhibition. With this review of 70 years of research we aim to present current and potential approaches to counteracting NA poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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21
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Gambino A, Burnett JC, Koide K. Methyl Scanning and Revised Binding Mode of 2-Pralidoxime, an Antidote for Nerve Agent Poisoning. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1893-1898. [PMID: 33062170 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and, despite the Chemical Weapons Convention arms control treaty, continue to represent a threat to both military personnel and civilians. 2-Pralidoxime (2-PAM) is currently the only therapeutic countermeasure approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treating OPNA poisoning. However, 2-PAM is not centrally active due to its hydrophilicity and resulting poor blood-brain barrier permeability; hence, these deficiencies warrant the development of more hydrophobic analogs. Specifically, gaps exist in previously published structure activity relationship (SAR) studies for 2-PAM, thereby making it difficult to rationally design novel analogs that are concomitantly more permeable and more efficacious. In this study, we methodically performed a methyl scan on the core pyridinium of 2-PAM to identify ring positions that could tolerate both additional steric bulk and hydrophobicity. Subsequently, SAR-guided molecular docking was used to rationalize hydropathically feasible binding modes for 2-PAM and the reported derivatives. Overall, the data presented herein provide new insights that may facilitate the rational design of more efficacious 2-PAM analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gambino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - James C. Burnett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kazunori Koide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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22
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Worek F, Thiermann H, Wille T. Organophosphorus compounds and oximes: a critical review. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2275-2292. [PMID: 32506210 PMCID: PMC7367912 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides and nerve agents still pose a threat to the population. Treatment of OP poisoning is an ongoing challenge and burden for medical services. Standard drug treatment consists of atropine and an oxime as reactivator of OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase and is virtually unchanged since more than six decades. Established oximes, i.e. pralidoxime, obidoxime, TMB-4, HI-6 and MMB-4, are of insufficient effectiveness in some poisonings and often cover only a limited spectrum of the different nerve agents and pesticides. Moreover, the value of oximes in human OP pesticide poisoning is still disputed. Long-lasting research efforts resulted in the preparation of countless experimental oximes, and more recently non-oxime reactivators, intended to replace or supplement the established and licensed oximes. The progress of this development is slow and none of the novel compounds appears to be suitable for transfer into advanced development or into clinical use. This situation calls for a critical analysis of the value of oximes as mainstay of treatment as well as the potential and limitations of established and novel reactivators. Requirements for a straightforward identification of superior reactivators and their development to licensed drugs need to be addressed as well as options for interim solutions as a chance to improve the therapy of OP poisoning in a foreseeable time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
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23
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Targeting organophosphorus compounds poisoning by novel quinuclidine-3 oximes: development of butyrylcholinesterase-based bioscavengers. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3157-3171. [PMID: 32583098 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A library of 14 mono-oxime quinuclidinium-based compounds with alkyl or benzyl substituent were synthesized and characterized in vitro as potential antidotes for organophosphorus compounds (OP) poisoning treatment. We evaluated their potency for reversible inhibition and reactivation of OP inhibited human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and evaluated interactions by molecular docking studies. The reactivation was notable for both AChE and BChE inhibited by VX, cyclosarin, sarin and paraoxon, if quinuclidinium compounds contained the benzyl group attached to the quinuclidinium moiety. Out of all 14, oxime Q8 [4-bromobenzyl-3-(hydroxyimino)quinuclidinium bromide] was singled out as having the highest determined overall reactivation rate of approximately 20,000 M-1 min-1 for cyclosarin-inhibited BChE. Furthermore, this oxime in combination with BChE exhibited a capability to act as a bioscavenger of cyclosarin, degrading within 2 h up to 100-fold excess of cyclosarin concentration over the enzyme. Molecular modeling revealed that the position of the cyclohexyl moiety conjugated with the active site serine of BChE directs the favorable positioning of the quinuclidinium ring and the bromophenyl moiety of Q8, which makes phosphonylated-serine easily accessible for the nucleophilic displacement by the oxime group of Q8. This result presents a novel scaffold for the development of new BChE-based bioscavengers. Furthermore, a cytotoxic effect was not observed for Q8, which also makes it promising for further in vivo reactivation studies.
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24
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Efficient detoxification of nerve agents by oxime-assisted reactivation of acetylcholinesterase mutants. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108111. [PMID: 32333945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent advancements in crystallography and kinetics studies involving reactivation mechanism of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by nerve agents have enabled a new paradigm in the search for potent medical countermeasures in case of nerve agents exposure. Poisonings by organophosphorus compounds (OP) that lead to life-threatening toxic manifestations require immediate treatment that combines administration of anticholinergic drugs and an aldoxime as a reactivator of AChE. An alternative approach to reduce the in vivo toxicity of OP centers on the use of bioscavengers against the parent organophosphate. Our recent research showed that site-directed mutagenesis of AChE can enable aldoximes to substantially accelerate the reactivation of OP-enzyme conjugates while dramatically slowing down rates of OP-conjugate dealkylation (aging). Therefore, this review focuses on oxime-assisted catalysis by AChE mutants that provides a potential means for degradation of organophosphates in the plasma before reaching the cellular target site. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: From Bench to Bedside to Battlefield'.
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25
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Chambers JE, Meek EC. Central neuroprotection demonstrated by novel oxime countermeasures to nerve agent surrogates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1479:5-12. [PMID: 32319115 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oximes remain a long-standing element of the therapy for nerve agents, organophosphates (OPs) that poison by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), resulting in hypercholinergic activity both centrally and peripherally. Oximes, such as the pyridinium oxime pralidoxime (2-PAM) in the United States, can reactivate the inhibited AChE and restore cholinergic function. However, there are several drawbacks to the current oximes; one of them, the inability of these oximes to effectively enter the brain, is the subject of study by several laboratories, including ours. Our laboratory invented a platform of substituted phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes that were tested against highly relevant surrogates of the nerve agents, sarin and VX. Using high sublethal dosages of the OPs, the novel oximes were observed to attenuate seizure-like behavior in rats and to reduce the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (an indicator of glial scarring) to control levels, in contrast to levels observed with 2-PAM or no oxime therapy. Using lethal levels of surrogates, some novel oximes protected against lethality compared with 2-PAM, shortened the time to cessation of seizure-like behavior (from 8+ to 6 h), and protected the brain neurons. Therefore, some of these novel oximes are showing exceptional promise alone or in combination with 2-PAM as therapeutics against nerve agent toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice E Chambers
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Edward C Meek
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
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26
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Zorbaz T, Mišetić P, Probst N, Žunec S, Zandona A, Mendaš G, Micek V, Maček Hrvat N, Katalinić M, Braïki A, Jean L, Renard PY, Gabelica Marković V, Kovarik Z. Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Brain Penetrating Morpholine-3-hydroxy-2-pyridine Oxime as an Antidote for Nerve Agent Poisoning. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1072-1084. [PMID: 32105443 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve agents, the deadliest chemical warfare agents, are potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cause rapid cholinergic crisis with serious symptoms of poisoning. Oxime reactivators of AChE are used in medical practice in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning, but the search for novel improved reactivators with central activity is an ongoing pursuit. For numerous oximes synthesized, in vitro reactivation is a standard approach in biological evaluation with little attention given to the pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds. This study reports a comprehensive physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and safety profiling of five lipophilic 3-hydroxy-2-pyridine aldoximes, which were recently shown to be potent AChE reactivators with a potential to be centrally active. The oxime JR595 was singled out as highly metabolically stable in human liver microsomes, noncytotoxic oxime for SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and 1321N1 astrocytoma cell lines, and its pharmacokinetic profile was determined after intramuscular administration in mice. JR595 was rapidly absorbed into blood after 15 min with simultaneous distribution to the brain at up to about 40% of its blood concentration; however, it was eliminated from both the brain and blood within an hour. In addition, the MDCKII-MDR1 cell line assay showed that oxime JR595 was not a P-glycoprotein efflux pump substrate. Finally, the preliminary antidotal study against multiple LD50 doses of VX and sarin in mice showed the potential of JR595 to provide desirable therapeutic outcomes with future improvements in its circulation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Mišetić
- Fidelta Ltd, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nicolas Probst
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Suzana Žunec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Mendaš
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedran Micek
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anissa Braïki
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Vesna Gabelica Marković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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27
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Gorecki L, Gerlits O, Kong X, Cheng X, Blumenthal DK, Taylor P, Ballatore C, Kovalevsky A, Radić Z. Rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of uncharged, "smart" bis-oxime antidotes of organophosphate-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4079-4092. [PMID: 32019865 PMCID: PMC7105318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) intoxications from nerve agent and OP pesticide exposures are managed with pyridinium aldoxime-based therapies whose success rates are currently limited. The pyridinium cation hampers uptake of OPs into the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, it frequently binds to aromatic residues of OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in orientations that are nonproductive for AChE reactivation, and the structural diversity of OPs impedes efficient reactivation. Improvements of OP antidotes need to include much better access of AChE reactivators to the CNS and optimized orientation of the antidotes' nucleophile within the AChE active-center gorge. On the basis of X-ray structures of a CNS-penetrating reactivator, monoxime RS194B, reversibly bound to native and venomous agent X (VX)-inhibited human AChE, here we created seven uncharged acetamido bis-oximes as candidate antidotes. Both oxime groups in these bis-oximes were attached to the same central, saturated heterocyclic core. Diverse protonation of the heterocyclic amines and oxime groups of the bis-oximes resulted in equilibration among up to 16 distinct ionization forms, including uncharged forms capable of diffusing into the CNS and multiple zwitterionic forms optimal for reactivation reactions. Conformationally diverse zwitterions that could act as structural antidote variants significantly improved in vitro reactivation of diverse OP-human AChE conjugates. Oxime group reorientation of one of the bis-oximes, forcing it to point into the active center for reactivation, was confirmed by X-ray structural analysis. Our findings provide detailed structure-activity properties of several CNS-directed, uncharged aliphatic bis-oximes holding promise for use as protonation-dependent, conformationally adaptive, "smart" accelerated antidotes against OP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gorecki
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0751
| | - Oksana Gerlits
- Bredesen Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Xiaotian Kong
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Xiaolin Cheng
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Donald K Blumenthal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0751
| | - Carlo Ballatore
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0751
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Zoran Radić
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0751.
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An Appraisal of Antidotes' Effectiveness: Evidence of the Use of Phyto-Antidotes and Biotechnological Advancements. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071516. [PMID: 32225103 PMCID: PMC7181008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poisoning is the greatest source of avoidable death in the world and can result from industrial exhausts, incessant bush burning, drug overdose, accidental toxication or snake envenomation. Since the advent of Albert Calmette’s cobra venom antidote, efforts have been geared towards antidotes development for various poisons to date. While there are resources and facilities to tackle poisoning in urban areas, rural areas and developing countries are challenged with poisoning management due to either the absence of or inadequate facilities and this has paved the way for phyto-antidotes, some of which have been scientifically validated. This review presents the scope of antidotes’ effectiveness in different experimental models and biotechnological advancements in antidote research for future applications. While pockets of evidence of the effectiveness of antidotes exist in vitro and in vivo with ample biotechnological developments, the utilization of analytic assays on existing and newly developed antidotes that have surpassed the proof of concept stage, as well as the inclusion of antidote’s short and long-term risk assessment report, will help in providing the required scientific evidence(s) prior to regulatory authorities’ approval.
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29
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Maček Hrvat N, Kalisiak J, Šinko G, Radić Z, Sharpless KB, Taylor P, Kovarik Z. Evaluation of high-affinity phenyltetrahydroisoquinoline aldoximes, linked through anti-triazoles, as reactivators of phosphylated cholinesterases. Toxicol Lett 2019; 321:83-89. [PMID: 31863869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a pivotal enzyme in neurotransmission. Its inhibition leads to cholinergic crises and could ultimately result in death. A related enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), may act in the CNS as a co-regulator in terminating nerve impulses and is a natural plasma scavenger upon exposure to organophosphate (OP) nerve agents that irreversibly inhibit both enzymes. With the aim of improving reactivation of cholinesterases phosphylated by nerve agents sarin, VX, cyclosarin, and tabun, ten phenyltetrahydroisoquinoline (PIQ) aldoximes were synthesized by Huisgen 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition between alkyne- and azide-building blocks. The PIQ moiety may serve as a peripheral site anchor positioning the aldoxime moiety at the AChE active site. In terms of evaluated dissociation inhibition constants, the aldoximes could be characterized as high-affinity ligands. Nevertheless, high binding affinity of these oximes to AChE or its phosphylated conjugates did not assure rapid and selective AChE reactivation. Rather, potential reactivators of phosphylated BChE, with its enlarged acyl pocket, were identified, especially in case of cyclosarin, where the reactivation rates of the lead reactivator was 100- and 6-times that of 2-PAM and HI-6, respectively. Nevertheless, the return of the enzyme activity was affected by the nerve agent conjugated to catalytic serine, which highlights the lack of the universality of reactivators with respect to both the target enzyme and OP structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jarosław Kalisiak
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Goran Šinko
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Radić
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0650, United States
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0650, United States
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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30
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Tekes K, Karvaly G, Nurulain S, Kuca K, Musilek K, Adeghate E, Jung YS, Kalász H. Pharmacokinetics of K117 and K127, two novel antidote candidates to treat Tabun poisoning. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108737. [PMID: 31279792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS K117 and K127 are bis-pyridinium aldoximes but K117 is a bis-pyridinium bis-aldoxime while K127 has only one single aldoxime in addition to its amide substituent. Is there any difference in pharmacokinetics in these compounds that otherwise have the same chemical structure? Both K117 and K127 are developed as antidotes in acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase poisoning in terrorist attacks or intoxication with other organophosphorous compounds. Their distributions have been scouted in the bodies of rats. MAIN METHODS White male Wistar rats were intramuscularly injected. The animals were sacrificed, tissue samples were homogenized, and either K117 or K127 concentrations were determined using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. KEY FINDINGS Both K117 and K127 were present in all tissues that were analyzed including blood (serum), the brains, cerebrospinal fluid, the eyes, livers, kidneys, lungs and testes. Their pharmacokinetics and body distributions are similar. SIGNIFICANCE Either K117 or K127 meets the essential requirements for antidotes. Dose dependence and kinetics of their distribution were compared to that of other pyridinium aldoximes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary.
| | - G Karvaly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary.
| | | | - K Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - K Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - E Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Y-S Jung
- Medicinal Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - H Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary.
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Taylor P, Yan-Jye S, Momper J, Hou W, Camacho-Hernandez GA, Radic' Z, Rosenberg Y, Kovarik Z, Sit R, Sharpless KB. Assessment of ionizable, zwitterionic oximes as reactivating antidotal agents for organophosphate exposure. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:194-197. [PMID: 31100277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the development in the 1950's of 2-PAM (Pralidoxime), an antidote that reactivates organophosphate conjugated acetylcholinesterase in target tissues upon pesticide or nerve agent exposure, improvements in antidotal therapy have largely involved congeneric pyridinium aldoximes. Despite seminal advances in detailing the structures of the cholinesterases as the primary target site, progress with small molecule antidotes has yet to define a superior agent. Two major limitations are immediately apparent. The first is the impacted space within the active center gorge, particularly when the active center serine at its base is conjugated with an organophosphate. The reactivating nucleophile will have to negotiate the tortuous gorge terrain to access the phosphorus atom with its most nucleophilic form or ionization state, the oximate anion. A second limitation stems from the antidote crossing the blood-brain barrier sufficiently rapidly, since it is well documented that central acetylcholinesterase inhibition gives rise to cardiovascular and respiratory compromise. The associated hypoxia then leads to a sequelae of events, including poor perfusion of the brain and periphery, along with muscle fasciculation, tremors and eventually seizures. We consider both the barriers confronting and further achievements necessary to enhance efficacy of antidotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmer Taylor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, Pharmacy Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, USA.
| | - Shyong Yan-Jye
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, Pharmacy Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Jeremiah Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, Pharmacy Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - William Hou
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, Pharmacy Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gisela Andrea Camacho-Hernandez
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, Pharmacy Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Zoran Radic'
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, Pharmacy Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rakesh Sit
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
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Kovarik Z, Maček Hrvat N, Kalisiak J, Katalinić M, Sit RK, Zorbaz T, Radić Z, Fokin VV, Sharpless KB, Taylor P. Counteracting tabun inhibition by reactivation by pyridinium aldoximes that interact with active center gorge mutants of acetylcholinesterase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 372:40-46. [PMID: 30978400 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tabun represents the phosphoramidate class of organophosphates that are covalent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an essential enzyme in neurotransmission. Currently used therapy in counteracting excessive cholinergic stimulation consists of a muscarinic antagonist (atropine) and an oxime reactivator of inhibited AChE, but the classical oximes are particularly ineffective in counteracting tabun exposure. In a recent publication (Kovarik et al., 2019), we showed that several oximes prepared by the Huisgen 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition and related precursors efficiently reactivate the tabun-AChE conjugate. Herein, we pursue the antidotal question further and examine a series of lead precursor molecules, along with triazole compounds, as reactivators of two AChE mutant enzymes. Such studies should reveal structural subtleties that reside within the architecture of the active center gorge of AChE and uncover intimate mechanisms of reactivation of alkylphosphate conjugates of AChE. The designated mutations appear to minimize steric constraints of the reactivating oximes within the impacted active center gorge. Indeed, after initial screening of the triazole oxime library and its precursors for the reactivation efficacy on Y337A and Y337A/F338A human AChE mutants, we found potentially active oxime-mutant enzyme pairs capable of degrading tabun in cycles of inhibition and reactivation. Surprisingly, the most sensitive ex vivo reactivation of mutant AChEs occurred with the alkylpyridinium aldoximes. Hence, although the use of mutant enzyme bio-scavengers in humans may be limited in practicality, bioscavenging and efficient neutralization of tabun itself or phosphoramidate mixtures of organophosphates might be achieved efficiently in vitro or ex vivo with these mutant AChE combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Jarosław Kalisiak
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rakesh K Sit
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Radić
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Valery V Fokin
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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Kovarik Z, Kalisiak J, Hrvat NM, Katalinić M, Zorbaz T, Žunec S, Green C, Radić Z, Fokin VV, Sharpless KB, Taylor P. Reversal of Tabun Toxicity Enabled by a Triazole-Annulated Oxime Library-Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase. Chemistry 2019; 25:4100-4114. [PMID: 30458057 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, when covalently inhibited by organophosphorus compounds (OPs), such as nerve agents and pesticides, can be reactivated by oximes. However, tabun remains among the most dangerous nerve agents due to the low reactivation efficacy of standard pyridinium aldoxime antidotes. Therefore, finding an optimal reactivator for prophylaxis against tabun toxicity and for post-exposure treatment is a continued challenge. In this study, we analyzed the reactivation potency of 111 novel nucleophilic oximes mostly synthesized using the CuAAC triazole ligation between alkyne and azide building blocks. We identified several oximes with significantly improved in vitro reactivating potential for tabun-inhibited human AChE, and in vivo antidotal efficacies in tabun-exposed mice. Our findings offer a significantly improved platform for further development of antidotes and scavengers directed against tabun and related phosphoramidate exposures, such as the Novichok compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jarosław Kalisiak
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Žunec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carol Green
- SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025-3493, USA
| | - Zoran Radić
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0650, USA
| | - Valery V Fokin
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,The Bridge@USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0650, USA
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Zorbaz T, Malinak D, Maraković N, Maček Hrvat N, Zandona A, Novotny M, Skarka A, Andrys R, Benkova M, Soukup O, Katalinić M, Kuca K, Kovarik Z, Musilek K. Pyridinium Oximes with Ortho-Positioned Chlorine Moiety Exhibit Improved Physicochemical Properties and Efficient Reactivation of Human Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Several Nerve Agents. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10753-10766. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michal Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Skarka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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