1
|
Herian M, Świt P. 25X-NBOMe compounds - chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:15-33. [PMID: 37115704 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2194907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a growing number of reports have indicated a positive effect of hallucinogenic-based therapies in different neuropsychiatric disorders. However, hallucinogens belonging to the group of new psychoactive substances (NPS) may produce high toxicity. NPS, due to their multi-receptors affinity, are extremely dangerous for the human body and mental health. An example of hallucinogens that have been lately responsible for many severe intoxications and deaths are 25X-NBOMes - N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted phenethylamines, synthetic compounds with strong hallucinogenic properties. 25X-NBOMes exhibit a high binding affinity to serotonin receptors but also to dopamine, adrenergic and histamine receptors. Apart from their influence on perception, many case reports point out systemic and neurological poisoning with these compounds. In humans, the most frequent side effects are tachycardia, anxiety, hypertension and seizures. Moreover, preclinical studies confirm that 25X-NBOMes cause developmental impairments, cytotoxicity, cardiovascular toxicity and changes in behavior of animals. Metabolism of NBOMes seems to be very complex and involves many metabolic pathways. This fact may explain the observed high toxicity. In addition, many analytical methods have been applied in order to identify these compounds and their metabolites. The presented review summarized the current knowledge about 25X-NBOMes, especially in the context of toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Herian
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paweł Świt
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Syrová K, Šíchová K, Danda H, Lhotková E, Jorratt P, Pinterová-Leca N, Vejmola Č, Olejníková-Ladislavová L, Hájková K, Kuchař M, Horáček J, Páleníček T. Acute pharmacological profile of 2C-B-Fly-NBOMe in male Wistar rats—pharmacokinetics, effects on behaviour and thermoregulation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1120419. [PMID: 36969854 PMCID: PMC10033663 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1120419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction:N-2-methoxy-benzylated (“NBOMe”) analogues of phenethylamine are a group of new psychoactive substances (NPS) with reported strong psychedelic effects in sub-milligram doses linked to a number of severe intoxications, including fatal ones. In our present work, we provide a detailed investigation of pharmacokinetics and acute behavioural effects of 2C-B-Fly-NBOMe (2-(8-bromo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo [1,2-b:4,5-b′]difuran-4-yl)-N-[(2-methoxybenzyl]ethan-1-amine), an analogue of popular psychedelic entactogen 2C-B (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).Methods: All experiments were conducted on adult male Wistar rats. Pharmacokinetic parameters of 2C-B-Fly-NBOMe (1 mg/kg subcutaneously; s. c.) in blood serum and brain tissue were analysed over 24 h using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). For examination of behavioural parameters in open field test (OFT) and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle reaction (ASR), 2C-B-Fly-NBOMe (0.2, 1 and 5 mg/kg s. c.) was administered in two temporal onsets: 15 and 60 min after administration. Thermoregulatory changes were evaluated in individually and group-housed animals over 8 h following the highest dose used in behavioural experiments (5 mg/kg s. c.).Results: Peak drug concentrations were detected 30 and 60 min after the drug application in serum (28 ng/ml) and brain tissue (171 ng/g), respectively. The parental compound was still present in the brain 8 h after administration. Locomotor activity was dose-dependently reduced by the drug in both temporal testing onsets. ASR was also strongly disrupted in both temporal onsets, drug’s effect on PPI was weaker. 2C-B-Fly-NBOMe did not cause any significant thermoregulatory changes.Discussion: Our results suggest that 2C-B-Fly-NBOMe penetrates animal brain tissue in a relatively slow manner, induces significant inhibitory effects on motor performance, and attenuates sensorimotor gating. Its overall profile is similar to closely related analogue 2C-B and other NBOMe substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Syrová
- Psychedelics Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Klára Šíchová
- Psychedelics Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hynek Danda
- Psychedelics Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eva Lhotková
- Psychedelics Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pascal Jorratt
- Psychedelics Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nikola Pinterová-Leca
- Psychedelics Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Čestmír Vejmola
- Psychedelics Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lucie Olejníková-Ladislavová
- Psychedelics Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Hájková
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Psychedelics Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Tomáš Páleníček, ; Martin Kuchař,
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Psychedelics Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- Psychedelics Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Tomáš Páleníček, ; Martin Kuchař,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Erkizia-Santamaría I, Alles-Pascual R, Horrillo I, Meana J, Ortega J. Serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2c and 5-HT1A receptor involvement in the acute effects of psilocybin in mice. In vitro pharmacological profile and modulation of thermoregulation and head-twich response. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
4
|
Šíchová K, Syrová K, Kofroňová E, Pinterova‐Leca N, Vejmola Č, Nykodemová J, Palivec P, Olejníková L, Danda H, Jorratt P, Adam Š, Hiep BQ, Štefková‐Mazochová K, Končická M, Kuchař M, Páleníček T. Pharmacokinetics, systemic toxicity, thermoregulation and acute behavioural effects of 25CN‐NBOMe. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13216. [DOI: 10.1111/adb.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klára Šíchová
- Psychedelics Research Centre National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Syrová
- Psychedelics Research Centre National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Edita Kofroňová
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Pinterova‐Leca
- Psychedelics Research Centre National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Čestmír Vejmola
- Psychedelics Research Centre National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Nykodemová
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Palivec
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Olejníková
- Psychedelics Research Centre National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Danda
- Psychedelics Research Centre National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pascal Jorratt
- Psychedelics Research Centre National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Šafanda Adam
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Bui Quang Hiep
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | | | - Markéta Končická
- Psychedelics Research Centre National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Psychedelics Research Centre National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- Psychedelics Research Centre National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Voronova IP. 5-HT Receptors and Temperature Homeostasis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1914. [PMID: 34944557 PMCID: PMC8699715 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review summarizes the data concerning the influence of serotonin (5-HT) receptors on body temperature in warm-blooded animals and on processes associated with its maintenance. This review includes the most important part of investigations from the first studies to the latest ones. The established results on the pharmacological activation of 5-HT1A, 5-HT3, 5-HT7 and 5-HT2 receptor types are discussed. Such activation of the first 3 type of receptors causes a decrease in body temperature, whereas the 5-HT2 activation causes its increase. Physiological mechanisms leading to changes in body temperature as a result of 5-HT receptors' activation are discussed. In case of 5-HT1A receptor, they include an inhibition of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, as well simultaneous increase of peripheral blood flow, i.e., the processes of heat production and heat loss. The physiological processes mediated by 5-HT2 receptor are opposite to those of the 5-HT1A receptor. Mechanisms of 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptor participation in these processes are yet to be studied in more detail. Some facts indicating that in natural conditions, without pharmacological impact, these 5-HT receptors are important links in the system of temperature homeostasis, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina P. Voronova
- Department of Thermophysiology, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tirri M, Frisoni P, Bilel S, Arfè R, Trapella C, Fantinati A, Corli G, Marchetti B, De-Giorgio F, Camuto C, Mazzarino M, Gaudio RM, Serpelloni G, Schifano F, Botrè F, Marti M. Worsening of the Toxic Effects of (±) Cis-4,4'-DMAR Following Its Co-Administration with (±) Trans-4,4'-DMAR: Neuro-Behavioural, Physiological, Immunohistochemical and Metabolic Studies in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168771. [PMID: 34445476 PMCID: PMC8395767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
4,4’-Dimethylaminorex (4,4’-DMAR) is a new synthetic stimulant, and only a little information has been made available so far regarding its pharmaco-toxicological effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the systemic administration of both the single (±)cis (0.1–60 mg/kg) and (±)trans (30 and 60 mg/kg) stereoisomers and their co-administration (e.g., (±)cis at 1, 10 or 60 mg/kg + (±)trans at 30 mg/kg) in mice. Moreover, we investigated the effect of 4,4′-DMAR on the expression of markers of oxidative/nitrosative stress (8-OHdG, iNOS, NT and NOX2), apoptosis (Smac/DIABLO and NF-κB), and heat shock proteins (HSP27, HSP70, HSP90) in the cerebral cortex. Our study demonstrated that the (±)cis stereoisomer dose-dependently induced psychomotor agitation, sweating, salivation, hyperthermia, stimulated aggression, convulsions and death. Conversely, the (±)trans stereoisomer was ineffective whilst the stereoisomers’ co-administration resulted in a worsening of the toxic (±)cis stereoisomer effects. This trend of responses was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis on the cortex. Finally, we investigated the potentially toxic effects of stereoisomer co-administration by studying urinary excretion. The excretion study showed that the (±)trans stereoisomer reduced the metabolism of the (±)cis form and increased its amount in the urine, possibly reflecting its increased plasma levels and, therefore, the worsening of its toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Tirri
- LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (S.B.); (R.A.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Paolo Frisoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Sabrine Bilel
- LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (S.B.); (R.A.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Raffaella Arfè
- LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (S.B.); (R.A.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.T.); (A.F.)
| | - Anna Fantinati
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.T.); (A.F.)
| | - Giorgia Corli
- LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (S.B.); (R.A.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Beatrice Marchetti
- LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (S.B.); (R.A.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Fabio De-Giorgio
- Department of Health Care Surveillance and Bioetics, Section of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristian Camuto
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Rosa Maria Gaudio
- LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (S.B.); (R.A.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (R.M.G.)
| | - Giovanni Serpelloni
- Neuroscience Clinical Center & TMS Unit, 37138 Verona, Italy;
- Department of Psychiatry in the College of Medicine, Drug Policy Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK;
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.M.); (F.B.)
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Synathlon, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Marti
- LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.T.); (S.B.); (R.A.); (G.C.); (B.M.); (R.M.G.)
- Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Department of Anti-Drug Policies, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 00186 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Okada T, Shioda K, Makiguchi A, Suda S. Risperidone and 5-HT2A Receptor Antagonists Attenuate and Reverse Cocaine-Induced Hyperthermia in Rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:811-820. [PMID: 32821948 PMCID: PMC7770520 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine (benzoylmethylecgonine) is one of the most widely used illegal psychostimulant drugs worldwide, and mortality from acute intoxication is increasing. Suppressing hyperthermia is effective in reducing cocaine-related mortality, but a definitive therapy has not yet been found. In this study, we assessed the ability of risperidone to attenuate acute cocaine-induced hyperthermia and delineated the mechanism of its action. METHODS Rats were injected i.p. with saline, risperidone, ketanserin, ritanserin, haloperidol, or SCH 23 390 before and after injection of cocaine (30 mg/kg) or with WAY-00 635, SB 206 553, or sulpiride before cocaine injection; thereafter, the rectal temperature was measured every 30 minutes for up to 4 hours. In vivo microdialysis was used to reveal the effect of risperidone on cocaine-induced elevation of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and noradrenaline concentrations in the anterior hypothalamus. For post-administration experiments, saline or risperidone (0.5 mg/kg) were injected into rats, and cocaine (30 mg/kg) was injected 15 minutes later. For every 30 minutes thereafter, DA, 5-HT, and noradrenaline levels were measured for up to 240 minutes after cocaine administration. RESULTS Risperidone, 5-HT2A receptor antagonists, and D1 receptor antagonistic drugs prevented and reversed cocaine-induced hyperthermia. In contrast, receptor antagonists for 5-HT1A, 5-HT2B/2C, and D2 did not alter cocaine-induced hyperthermia. Risperidone treatment further attenuated cocaine-induced elevation of DA. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that risperidone attenuates cocaine-induced hyperthermia primarily by blocking the activities of the 5-HT2A and D1 receptors and may be potentially useful for treating cocaine-induced acute hyperthermia in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Okada
- Department of Psychiatry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Akiko Makiguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Sano Kosei General Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shiro Suda
- Department of Psychiatry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Costa G, De Luca MA, Piras G, Marongiu J, Fattore L, Simola N. Neuronal and peripheral damages induced by synthetic psychoactive substances: an update of recent findings from human and animal studies. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:802-816. [PMID: 31719240 PMCID: PMC6990793 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.268895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that synthetic psychoactive substances, in addition to having abuse potential, may elicit toxic effects of varying severity at the peripheral and central levels. Nowadays, toxicity induced by synthetic psychoactive substances poses a serious harm for health, since recreational use of these substances is on the rise among young and adult people. The present review summarizes recent findings on the peripheral and central toxicity elicited by “old” and “new” synthetic psychoactive substances in humans and experimental animals, focusing on amphetamine derivatives, hallucinogen and dissociative drugs and synthetic cannabinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gessica Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jacopo Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Human biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of the 5-HT 2A receptor agonist Cimbi-36 labeled with carbon-11 in two positions. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:71. [PMID: 31367837 PMCID: PMC6669221 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cimbi-36 can be 11C-labeled to form an agonist radioligand used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. In its non-labeled form (25B-NBOMe), it is used as a recreational drug that can lead to severe adverse effects, in some cases, with fatal outcome. We investigated human biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of the radioligand with two different radiolabeling positions. Seven healthy volunteers underwent dynamic 120-min whole-body PET scans (injection of 581 ± 16 MBq, n = 5 for 11C-Cimbi-36; 593 ± 14 MBq, n = 2 for 11C-Cimbi-36_5). Time-integrated activity coefficients (TIACs) from time-activity curves (TACs) of selected organs were used as input into the OLINDA/EXM software to obtain dosimetry information for both 11C-labeling positions of Cimbi-36. Results The effective dose was only slightly higher for 11C-Cimbi-36 (5.5 μSv/MBq) than for 11C-Cimbi-36_5 (5.3 μSv/MBq). Standard uptake value (SUV) curves showed higher uptake of 11C-Cimbi-36 in the pancreas, small intestines, liver, kidney, gallbladder, and urinary bladder compared with 11C-Cimbi-36_5, reflecting differences in radiometabolism for the two radioligands. Variability in uptake in excretory organs for 11C-Cimbi-36 points to inter-individual differences with regard to metabolic rate and route. Surprisingly, moderate uptake was found in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in four subjects, possibly representing specific 5-HT2A/2C receptor binding. Conclusion The low effective dose of 5.5 μSv/MBq allows for the injection of up to 1.8 GBq for healthy volunteers per study (equivalent to 3 scans if injecting 600 MBq) and still stay below the international guidelines of 10 mSv, making 11C-Cimbi-36 eligible for studies involving a series of PET scans in a single subject. The biodistribution of Cimbi-36 (and its metabolites) may also help to shed light on the toxic effects of 25B-NBOMe when used in pharmacological doses in recreational settings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13550-019-0527-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|