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Yang Y, Lewis MM, Huang X, Dokholyan NV, Mailman RB. Dopamine D 1 receptor-mediated β-arrestin signaling: Insight from pharmacology, biology, behavior, and neurophysiology. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 148:106235. [PMID: 35688404 PMCID: PMC10266066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The awareness of the potential importance of functional selectivity/biased signaling has led to the discovery of biased compounds as both research tools and novel drugs. A major pan-receptor focus has been to identify GPCR-selective ligands that have bias in G protein-dependent vs. β-arrestin related signaling. Although this field has exploded during the past two decades, it is only recently that highly β-arrestin biased ligands for the dopamine D1 receptor were reported. We now summarize important pharmacological, molecular, and cellular studies relevant to D1-mediated β-arrestin-related signaling. It is intriguing that many results emerged from behavioral and physiological studies implying that bias toward or against D1-mediated β-arrestin either can improve or impair functional outcomes. We discuss the importance of understanding the translatability of cell and animal models to have more precise functional targeting to harness the value of this signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Translational Brain Research Center, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Mechelle M Lewis
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Neurology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Translational Brain Research Center, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Neurology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Humanities, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Radiology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Kinesiology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Translational Brain Research Center, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Richard B Mailman
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Neurology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Translational Brain Research Center, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Ferraiolo M, Atik H, Ponthot R, Koener B, Hanson J, Hermans E. Dopamine D 2L receptor density influences the recruitment of β-arrestin2 and G i1 induced by antiparkinsonian drugs. Neuropharmacology 2022; 207:108942. [PMID: 35026287 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain imaging studies have highlighted that the density of dopamine D2 receptors markedly fluctuates across the stages of Parkinson's disease and in response to pharmacological treatment. Moreover, receptor density constitutes a molecular determinant for the signaling profile of D2 receptor ligands. We therefore hypothesized that variations in receptor expression could influence D2 receptor response to antiparkinsonian drugs, most notably with respect to the recruitment bias between Gi1 and β-arrestin2. METHODS The recruitment bias of dopamine, pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine was examined using a nanoluciferase-based biosensor for probing the interactions of the D2L receptor with either Gi1 or β-arrestin2. The characterization of the functional selectivity of these D2 receptor agonists was performed at two distinct D2L receptor densities by taking advantage of a cell model carrying an inducible system that enables the overexpression of the D2L receptor when exposed to doxycycline. RESULTS A high receptor density oriented the balanced signaling profile of dopamine towards a preferential recruitment of Gi1. It also moderated the marked Gi1 and β-arrestin2 biases of pramipexole and rotigotine, respectively. At variance, the Gi1 bias of ropinirole appeared as not being influenced by D2L receptor density. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these observations highlight receptor density as a key driver of the signaling transducer recruitment triggered by antiparkinsonian agents. Moreover, given the putative beneficial properties of β-arrestin2 in promoting locomotion, this study provides molecular insights that position the arrestin-biased ligand rotigotine as a putatively more beneficial D2 receptor agonist for the treatment of early and late Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Ferraiolo
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory - Institute of Neurosciences - UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hicham Atik
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory - Institute of Neurosciences - UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Romane Ponthot
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory - Institute of Neurosciences - UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Beryl Koener
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory - Institute of Neurosciences - UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien Hanson
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology - GIGA-Molecular Biology of Disease - ULiège, Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry - CIRM - ULiège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Hermans
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory - Institute of Neurosciences - UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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3
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Yang Y. Functional Selectivity of Dopamine D 1 Receptor Signaling: Retrospect and Prospect. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111914. [PMID: 34769344 PMCID: PMC8584964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research progress on dopamine D1 receptors indicates that signaling no longer is limited to G protein-dependent cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphorylation but also includes G protein-independent β-arrestin-related mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, regulation of ion channels, phospholipase C activation, and possibly more. This review summarizes recent studies revealing the complexity of D1 signaling and its clinical implications, and suggests functional selectivity as a promising strategy for drug discovery to magnify the merit of D1 signaling. Functional selectivity/biased receptor signaling has become a major research front because of its potential to improve therapeutics through precise targeting. Retrospective pharmacological review indicated that many D1 ligands have some degree of mild functional selectivity, and novel compounds with extreme bias at D1 signaling were reported recently. Behavioral and neurophysiological studies inspired new methods to investigate functional selectivity and gave insight into the biased signaling of several drugs. Results from recent clinical trials also supported D1 functional selectivity signaling as a promising strategy for discovery and development of better therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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4
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Papenberg G, Karalija N, Salami A, Rieckmann A, Andersson M, Axelsson J, Riklund K, Lindenberger U, Lövdén M, Nyberg L, Bäckman L. Balance between Transmitter Availability and Dopamine D2 Receptors in Prefrontal Cortex Influences Memory Functioning. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:989-1000. [PMID: 31504282 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient or excessive dopaminergic tone impairs cognitive performance. We examine whether the balance between transmitter availability and dopamine (DA) D2 receptors (D2DRs) is important for successful memory performance in a large sample of adults (n = 175, 64-68 years). The Catechol-O-Methyltransferase polymorphism served as genetic proxy for endogenous prefrontal DA availability, and D2DRs in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) were measured with [11C]raclopride-PET. Individuals for whom D2DR status matched DA availability showed higher levels of episodic and working-memory performance than individuals with insufficient or excessive DA availability relative to the number of receptors. A similar pattern restricted to episodic memory was observed for D2DRs in caudate. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired during working-memory performance confirmed the importance of a balanced DA system for load-dependent brain activity in dlPFC. Our data suggest that the inverted-U-shaped function relating DA signaling to cognition is modulated by a dynamic association between DA availability and receptor status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Papenberg
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Karalija
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alireza Salami
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Rieckmann
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Micael Andersson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Axelsson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Katrine Riklund
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, D-14195 Berlin, Germany and UK-WC1B 5EH London, UK
| | - Martin Lövdén
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Bäckman
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Manning JJ, Green HM, Glass M, Finlay DB. Pharmacological selection of cannabinoid receptor effectors: Signalling, allosteric modulation and bias. Neuropharmacology 2021; 193:108611. [PMID: 34000272 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) is a promising drug target for a wide range of diseases. However, many existing and novel candidate ligands for CB1 have shown only limited therapeutic potential. Indeed, no ligands are currently approved for the clinic except formulations of the phytocannabinoids Δ9-THC and CBD and a small number of analogues. A key limitation of many promising CB1 ligands are their on-target adverse effects, notably including psychoactivity (agonists) and depression/suicidal ideation (inverse agonists). Recent drug development attempts have therefore focussed on altering CB1 signalling profiles in two ways. Firstly, with compounds that enhance or reduce the signalling of endogenous (endo-) cannabinoids, namely allosteric modulators. Secondly, with compounds that probe the capability of selectively targeting specific cellular signalling pathways that may mediate therapeutic effects using biased ligands. This review will summarise the current paradigm of CB1 signalling in terms of the intracellular transduction pathways acted on by the receptor. The development of compounds that selectively activate CB1 signalling pathways, whether allosterically or via orthosteric agonist bias, will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Hayley M Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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Sałaciak K, Pytka K. Biased agonism in drug discovery: Is there a future for biased 5-HT 1A receptor agonists in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases? Pharmacol Ther 2021; 227:107872. [PMID: 33905796 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is one of the fundamental neurotransmitters that contribute to the information essential for an organism's normal, physiological function. Serotonin acts centrally and systemically. The 5-HT1A receptor is the most widespread serotonin receptor, and participates in many brain-related disorders, including anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairments. The 5-HT1A receptor can activate several different biochemical pathways and signals through both G protein-dependent and G protein-independent pathways. Preclinical experiments indicate that distinct signaling pathways in specific brain regions may be crucial for antidepressant-like, anxiolytic-like, and procognitive responses. Therefore, the development of new ligands that selectively target a particular signaling pathway(s) could open new possibilities for more effective and safer pharmacotherapy. This review discusses the current state of preclinical studies focusing on the concept of functional selectivity (biased agonism) regarding the 5-HT1A receptor and its role in antidepressant-like, anxiolytic-like, and procognitive regulation. Such work highlights not only the differential effects of targeted autoreceptors, vs. heteroreceptors, but also the importance of targeting specific downstream intracellular signaling processes, thereby enhancing favorable over unfavorable signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Sałaciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
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7
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Mailman RB, Yang Y, Huang X. D 1, not D 2, dopamine receptor activation dramatically improves MPTP-induced parkinsonism unresponsive to levodopa. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 892:173760. [PMID: 33279520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa is the standard-of-care for Parkinson's disease, but continued loss of dopamine neurons with disease progression decreases its bioconversion to dopamine, leading to increased side effects and decreased efficacy. In theory, dopamine agonists could equal levodopa, but no approved oral "dopamine agonist" matches the efficacy of levodopa. There are consistent data in both primate models and in Parkinson's disease showing that selective high intrinsic activity D1 agonists can equal levodopa in efficacy. There are, however, no data on whether such compounds would be effective in severe disease when levodopa efficacy is low or absent. We compared two approved antiparkinson drugs (levodopa and the D2/3 agonist bromocriptine) with the experimental selective D1 full agonist dihydrexidine in two severely parkinsonian MPTP-treated non-human primates. Bromocriptine caused no discernible improvement in parkinsonian signs, whereas levodopa caused a small transient improvement in one of the two subjects. Conversely, the full D1 agonist dihydrexidine caused a dramatic improvement in both subjects, decreasing parkinsonian signs by ca. 75%. No attenuation of dihydrexidine effects was observed when the two subjects were pretreated with the D2 antagonist remoxipride. These data provide evidence that selective D1 agonists may provide profound antiparkinson symptomatic relief even when the degree of nigrostriatal degeneration is so severe that current drugs are ineffective. Until effective disease-modifying therapies are discovered, high intrinsic activity D1 agonists may offer a major therapeutic advance in improving the quality of life, and potentially the longevity, of late stage Parkinson's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Mailman
- Departments of Pharmacology and NeurologyPenn State University College of Medicine Hershey PA 17033, USA.
| | - Yang Yang
- Departments of Pharmacology and NeurologyPenn State University College of Medicine Hershey PA 17033, USA.
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Departments of Pharmacology and NeurologyPenn State University College of Medicine Hershey PA 17033, USA.
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8
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Belkacemi L, Darmani NA. Dopamine receptors in emesis: Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic function. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105124. [PMID: 32814171 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is a member of the catecholamine family and is associated with multiple physiological functions. Together with its five receptor subtypes, dopamine is closely linked to neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression, attention deficit-hyperactivity, and restless leg syndrome. Unfortunately, several dopamine receptor-based agonists used to treat some of these diseases cause nausea and vomiting as impending side-effects. The high degree of cross interactions of dopamine receptor ligands with many other targets including G-protein coupled receptors, transporters, enzymes, and ion-channels, add to the complexity of discovering new targets for the treatment of nausea and vomiting. Using activation status of signaling cascades as mechanism-based biomarkers to foresee drug sensitivity combined with the development of dopamine receptor-based biased agonists may hold great promise and seems as the next step in drug development for the treatment of such multifactorial diseases. In this review, we update the present knowledge on dopamine and dopamine receptors and their potential roles in nausea and vomiting. The pre- and clinical evidence provided in this review supports the implication of both dopamine and dopamine receptor agonists in the incidence of emesis. Besides the conventional dopaminergic antiemetic drugs, potential novel antiemetic targeting emetic protein signaling cascades may offer superior selectivity profile and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louiza Belkacemi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Nissar A Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
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9
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Dohrn IM, Papenberg G, Winkler E, Welmer AK. Impact of dopamine-related genetic variants on physical activity in old age - a cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:68. [PMID: 32448293 PMCID: PMC7245799 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The beneficial effects of a physically active lifestyle in aging are well documented. Understanding the factors of importance for physical activity in older adults are therefore essential. Informed by animal and human data linking the dopamine system to motivation and reward processes, we investigated the associations between variations in dopamine genes and objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Further, we aimed to verify whether higher age may exacerbate the impact of dopamine genes on physical activity. METHODS We analyzed data from 504 older adults, 66-87 years, from the population-based Swedish National study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K). Physical activity was measured with activPAL accelerometers and DNA was extracted from blood samples for genotyping. We assessed the effects of three dopamine relevant genetic variations (DRD1, DRD2, and DRD3) on daily time in sedentary behavior, light-intensity physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity using analyses of covariance, adjusting for sex, age and physical function. RESULTS Higher dopamine receptor efficacy was related to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, but not to light-intensity physical activity or sedentary time. DRD1 explained 2.7% of variance in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, with more pronounced effect in people aged ≥80 years, about 10% of explained variance. CONCLUSION Stronger genetic effects in older adults are in line with the well-established nonlinear effects of dopamine signaling on performance, expected to be exacerbated with aging. Individuals over 80 years, genetically predisposed to lower dopamine receptor efficacy, engaged on average 100 min/week in moderate-to-high physical activity, below the recommended levels beneficial for healthy aging. Our findings highlight that some individuals might need extra support to maintain a physically active lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Mari Dohrn
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, Solna, SE-171 65, Sweden.
| | - Goran Papenberg
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, Solna, SE-171 65, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Winkler
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Anna-Karin Welmer
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, Solna, SE-171 65, Sweden.,Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Allied Health Professionals, Function Area Occupational Therapy & Physiotherapy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Shen Y, McCorvy JD, Martini ML, Rodriguiz RM, Pogorelov VM, Ward KM, Wetsel WC, Liu J, Roth BL, Jin J. D 2 Dopamine Receptor G Protein-Biased Partial Agonists Based on Cariprazine. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4755-4771. [PMID: 30964661 PMCID: PMC6509010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Functionally selective G protein-coupled receptor ligands are valuable tools for deciphering the roles of downstream signaling pathways that potentially contribute to therapeutic effects versus side effects. Recently, we discovered both Gi/o-biased and β-arrestin2-biased D2 receptor agonists based on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug aripiprazole. In this work, based on another FDA-approved drug, cariprazine, we conducted a structure-functional selectivity relationship study and discovered compound 38 (MS1768) as a potent partial agonist that selectively activates the Gi/o pathway over β-arrestin2. Unlike the dual D2R/D3R partial agonist cariprazine, compound 38 showed selective agonist activity for D2R over D3R. In fact, compound 38 exhibited potent antagonism of dopamine-stimulated β-arrestin2 recruitment. In our docking studies, compound 38 directly interacts with S1935.42 on TM5 but has no interactions with extracellular loop 2, which appears to be in contrast to the binding poses of D2R β-arrestin2-biased ligands. In in vivo studies, compound 38 showed high D2R receptor occupancy in mice and effectively inhibited phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudao Shen
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - John D. McCorvy
- Department of Pharmacology and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Michael L. Martini
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Ramona M. Rodriguiz
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Vladimir M. Pogorelov
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Karen M. Ward
- Worldwide Research and Development, Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William C. Wetsel
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Bryan L. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
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11
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Simon N, Azorin JM. [Aripiprazole as dopamine partial agonist model: Basic concepts and clinical impact]. Encephale 2018; 44:558-564. [PMID: 30466778 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aripiprazole may be viewed as the prototype of third-generation antipsychotics. This concept is based on the notion of D2 partial agonism, whereas all molecules of first-and second generation were D2 antagonists. After reviewing the basic pharmacological notions linked to such concepts, the mechanisms of action of these molecules are addressed, with a particular focus on functional selectivity and biased ligand. One of the essential pharmacological properties of D2 agonists, and particularity aripiprazole, is their ability to not induce D2 supersensitivity as well as to reverse this supersensitivity when it has been induced by D2 antagonists. In clinical practice, this impacts the choice of treatment in first episode psychosis as well as in refractory schizophrenia. Animal research shows that D2 supersensitivity could contribute to worsen addictive trends. The pharmacokinetic incidence of D2 supersensitivity tends to favour the long-acting forms of partial agonists. The notion of partial agonism could finally lead to design fourth-generation antipsychotics, on the basis on research focusing on functional selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Simon
- Service de pharmacologie clinique, PTSIII Order Aix Marseille université, AP-HM, Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Hop Sainte-Marguerite, CAP-TV, 270, boulevard Sainte-Marguerite, 13000 Marseille, France.
| | - J-M Azorin
- SHU psychiatrie adultes, hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France
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12
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Baladi MG, Forster MJ, Gatch MB, Mailman RB, Hyman DL, Carter LP, Janowsky A. Characterization of the Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects of Solriamfetol (JZP-110), a Selective Dopamine and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:367-376. [PMID: 29891587 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive sleepiness (ES) is associated with several sleep disorders, including narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). A role for monoaminergic systems in treating these conditions is highlighted by the clinical use of US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs that act on these systems, such as dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil, and armodafinil. Solriamfetol (JZP-110) is a wake-promoting agent that is currently being evaluated to treat ES in patients with narcolepsy or OSA. Clinical and preclinical data suggest that the wake-promoting effects of solriamfetol differ from medications such as modafinil and amphetamine. The goal of the current studies was to characterize the mechanism of action of solriamfetol at monoamine transporters using in vitro and in vivo assays. Results indicate that solriamfetol has dual reuptake inhibition activity at dopamine (DA; IC50 = 2.9 μM) and norepinephrine (NE; IC50 = 4.4 μM) transporters, and this activity is associated in vivo with increased extracellular concentration of DA and NE as measured by microdialysis. Solriamfetol has negligible functional activity at the serotonin transporter (IC50 > 100 μM). Moreover, the wake-promoting effects of solriamfetol are probably owing to activity at DA and NE transporters rather than other neurotransmitter systems, such as histamine or orexin. The dual activity of solriamfetol at DA and NE transporters and the lack of significant monoamine-releasing properties of solriamfetol might explain the differences in the in vivo effects of solriamfetol compared with modafinil or amphetamine. Taken together, these data suggest that solriamfetol may offer an important advancement in the treatment of ES in patients with narcolepsy or OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Baladi
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, California (M.G.B., D.L.H., L.P.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (M.J.F., M.B.G.); Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (R.B.M.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.P.C.); Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.)
| | - Michael J Forster
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, California (M.G.B., D.L.H., L.P.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (M.J.F., M.B.G.); Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (R.B.M.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.P.C.); Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.)
| | - Michael B Gatch
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, California (M.G.B., D.L.H., L.P.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (M.J.F., M.B.G.); Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (R.B.M.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.P.C.); Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.)
| | - Richard B Mailman
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, California (M.G.B., D.L.H., L.P.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (M.J.F., M.B.G.); Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (R.B.M.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.P.C.); Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.)
| | - Danielle L Hyman
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, California (M.G.B., D.L.H., L.P.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (M.J.F., M.B.G.); Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (R.B.M.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.P.C.); Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.)
| | - Lawrence P Carter
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, California (M.G.B., D.L.H., L.P.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (M.J.F., M.B.G.); Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (R.B.M.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.P.C.); Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.)
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, California (M.G.B., D.L.H., L.P.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (M.J.F., M.B.G.); Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (R.B.M.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.P.C.); Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.)
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13
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Gs- versus Golf-dependent functional selectivity mediated by the dopamine D 1 receptor. Nat Commun 2018; 9:486. [PMID: 29402888 PMCID: PMC5799184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02606-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The two highly homologous subtypes of stimulatory G proteins Gαs (Gs) and Gαolf (Golf) display contrasting expression patterns in the brain. Golf is predominant in the striatum, while Gs is predominant in the cortex. Yet, little is known about their functional distinctions. The dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) couples to Gs/olf and is highly expressed in cortical and striatal areas, making it an important therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders. Using novel drug screening methods that allow analysis of specific G-protein subtype coupling, we found that, relative to dopamine, dihydrexidine and N-propyl-apomorphine behave as full D1R agonists when coupled to Gs, but as partial D1R agonists when coupled to Golf. The Gs/Golf-dependent biased agonism by dihydrexidine was consistently observed at the levels of cellular signaling, neuronal function, and behavior. Our findings of Gs/Golf-dependent functional selectivity in D1R ligands open a new avenue for the treatment of cortex-specific or striatum-specific neuropsychiatric dysfunction. D1-like dopamine receptors are coupled to Golf proteins in the dorsal striatum but Gs in cortical and other areas. Here, the authors demonstrate selective agonism of Gs-coupled versus Golf-coupled D1 receptors.
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Madariaga-Mazón A, Marmolejo-Valencia AF, Li Y, Toll L, Houghten RA, Martinez-Mayorga K. Mu-Opioid receptor biased ligands: A safer and painless discovery of analgesics? Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1719-1729. [PMID: 28743488 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biased activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is shifting drug discovery efforts and appears promising for the development of safer drugs. The most effective analgesics to treat acute pain are agonists of the μ opioid receptor (μ-OR), a member of the GPCR superfamily. However, the analgesic use of opioid drugs, such as morphine, is hindered by adverse effects. Only a few μ-OR agonists have been reported to selectively activate the Gi over β-arrestin signaling pathway, resulting in lower gastrointestinal dysfunction and respiratory suppression. Here, we discuss the strategies that led to the development of biased μ-OR agonists, and potential areas for improvement, with an emphasis on structural aspects of the ligand-receptor recognition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Madariaga-Mazón
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Andrés F Marmolejo-Valencia
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Yangmei Li
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Lawrence Toll
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Richard A Houghten
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Pkwy, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Karina Martinez-Mayorga
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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15
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Mallipeddi S, Janero DR, Zvonok N, Makriyannis A. Functional selectivity at G-protein coupled receptors: Advancing cannabinoid receptors as drug targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 128:1-11. [PMID: 27890725 PMCID: PMC5470118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of functional selectivity, whereby a ligand preferentially directs the information output of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) along (a) particular effector pathway(s) and away from others, has redefined traditional GPCR signaling paradigms to provide a new approach to structure-based drug design. The two principal cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) 1 and 2 belong to the class-A GPCR subfamily and are considered tenable therapeutic targets for several indications. Yet conventional orthosteric ligands (agonists, antagonists/inverse agonists) for these receptors have had very limited clinical utility due to their propensity to incite on-target adverse events. Chemically distinct classes of cannabinergic ligands exhibit signaling bias at CBRs towards individual subsets of signal transduction pathways. In this review, we discuss the known signaling pathways regulated by CBRs and examine the current evidence for functional selectivity at CBRs in response to endogenous and exogenous cannabinergic ligands as biased agonists. We further discuss the receptor and ligand structural features allowing for selective activation of CBR-dependent functional responses. The design and development of biased ligands may offer a pathway to therapeutic success for novel CBR-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikrishnan Mallipeddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - David R Janero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Nikolai Zvonok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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16
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Glueck E, Ginder D, Hyde J, North K, Grimm JW. Effects of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor agonists on environmental enrichment attenuated sucrose cue reactivity in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:815-825. [PMID: 28032125 PMCID: PMC5891328 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute or chronic environmental enrichment (EE) reduces sucrose cue reactivity in rats. This effect may be mediated by dopamine receptors. OBJECTIVES We examined whether dopamine D1 or D2 receptor agonism could reverse the EE effect. We also examined whether any reversal effects would vary with the incubation of sucrose craving. METHODS Following 10 days (2 h/day) of sucrose self-administration, rats experienced either 1 or 30 days of forced abstinence and either overnight (acute) or 29 day (chronic) EE. D1 (SKF 81297; 0, 0.3, or 1 mg/kg) or D2 (quinpirole; 0, 0.1, or 0.3 mg/kg) agonist was administered systemically immediately prior to a subsequent 2-h cue reactivity test the next day (n = 9-12 per group). RESULTS Dose-dependent effects were limited to the day 1 test. High doses of the agonists increased day 1 acute EE cue reactivity to levels comparable to control animals. On the day 30 test, SKF 81297 increased cue reactivity in acute EE, chronic EE, and control rats. In contrast, quinpirole resulted in similar cue reactivity for control and enriched rats, more from a reduction in responding by controls vs. a recovery of responding by EE-experienced rats. CONCLUSIONS Both D1 and D2 receptors may be involved in the acute EE-mediated decrease in cue reactivity observed following 1 day of forced abstinence. In contrast, at 30 days of forced abstinence, D1 receptors may be critical in cue reactivity as SKF 81297 was effective at both restoring responding of enriched animals and potentiating responding of controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Glueck
- Department of Psychology and Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA
| | - Darren Ginder
- Department of Psychology and Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA
| | - Jeff Hyde
- Department of Psychology and Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA
| | - Katherine North
- Department of Psychology and Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Grimm
- Department of Psychology and Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA
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17
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New Concepts in Dopamine D 2 Receptor Biased Signaling and Implications for Schizophrenia Therapy. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:78-85. [PMID: 27832841 PMCID: PMC5702557 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is a common target for antipsychotic drugs. Antagonism of D2R signaling in the striatum is thought to be the primary mode of action of antipsychotic drugs in alleviating psychotic symptoms. However, antipsychotic drugs are not clinically effective at reversing cortical-related symptoms, such as cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. While the exact mechanistic underpinnings of these cognitive deficits are largely unknown, deficits in cortical dopamine function likely play a contributing role. It is now recognized that similar to most G protein-coupled receptors, D2Rs signal not only through canonical G protein pathways but also through noncanonical beta-arrestin2-dependent pathways. We review the current mechanistic bases for this dual signaling mode of D2Rs and how these new concepts might be leveraged for therapeutic gain to target both cortical and striatal dysfunction in dopamine neurotransmission and hence have the potential to correct both positive and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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18
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Arnsten AF, Girgis RR, Gray DI, Mailman RB. Novel Dopamine Therapeutics for Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:67-77. [PMID: 26946382 PMCID: PMC4949134 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterized by profound cognitive deficits that are not alleviated by currently available medications. Many of these cognitive deficits involve dysfunction of the newly evolved, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). The brains of patients with schizophrenia show evidence of dlPFC pyramidal cell dendritic atrophy, likely reductions in cortical dopamine, and possible changes in dopamine D1 receptors (D1R). It has been appreciated for decades that optimal levels of dopamine are essential for dlPFC working memory function, with many beneficial actions arising from D1R stimulation. D1R are concentrated on dendritic spines in the primate dlPFC, where their stimulation produces an inverted-U dose response on dlPFC neuronal firing and cognitive performance during working memory tasks. Research in both academia and the pharmaceutical industry has led to the development of selective D1 agonists, e.g., the first full D1 agonist, dihydrexidine, which at low doses improved working memory in monkeys. Dihydrexidine has begun to be tested in patients with schizophrenia or schizotypal disorder. Initial results are encouraging, but studies are limited by the pharmacokinetics of the drug. These data, however, have spurred efforts toward the discovery and development of improved or novel new compounds, including D1 agonists with better pharmacokinetics, functionally selective D1 ligands, and D1R positive allosteric modulators. One or several of these approaches should allow optimization of the beneficial effects of D1R stimulation in the dlPFC that can be translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F.T. Arnsten
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Ragy R. Girgis
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - David I. Gray
- Neuroscience & Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Richard B. Mailman
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17036
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19
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Chen X, McCorvy JD, Fischer MG, Butler KV, Shen Y, Roth BL, Jin J. Discovery of G Protein-Biased D2 Dopamine Receptor Partial Agonists. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10601-10618. [PMID: 27805392 PMCID: PMC5148701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biased ligands (also known as functionally selective ligands) of G protein-coupled receptors are valuable tools for dissecting the roles of G protein-dependent and independent signaling pathways in health and disease. Biased ligands have also been increasingly pursued by the biomedical community as promising therapeutics with improved efficacy and reduced side effects compared with unbiased ligands. We previously discovered first-in-class β-arrestin-biased agonists of dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) by extensively exploring multiple regions of aripiprazole, a balanced D2R agonist. In our continuing efforts to identify biased agonists of D2R, we unexpectedly discovered a G protein-biased agonist of D2R, compound 1, which is the first G protein-biased D2R agonist from the aripiprazole scaffold. We designed and synthesized novel analogues to explore two regions of 1 and conducted structure-functional selectivity relationship (SFSR) studies. Here we report the discovery of 1, findings from our SFSR studies, and characterization of novel G protein-biased D2R agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - John D. McCorvy
- Department of Pharmacology and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Matthew G. Fischer
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Kyle V. Butler
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Yudao Shen
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Bryan L. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
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20
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Liao Y, Lu B, Ma Q, Wu G, Lai X, Zang J, Shi Y, Liu D, Han F, Zhou N. Human Neuropeptide S Receptor Is Activated via a Gαq Protein-biased Signaling Cascade by a Human Neuropeptide S Analog Lacking the C-terminal 10 Residues. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7505-16. [PMID: 26865629 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.704122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neuropeptide S (NPS) and its cognate receptor regulate important biological functions in the brain and have emerged as a future therapeutic target for treatment of a variety of neurological and psychiatric diseases. The human NPS (hNPS) receptor has been shown to dually couple to Gαs- and Gαq-dependent signaling pathways. The human NPS analog hNPS-(1-10), lacking 10 residues from the C terminus, has been shown to stimulate Ca(2+)mobilization in a manner comparable with full-length hNPSin vitrobut seems to fail to induce biological activityin vivo Here, results derived from a number of cell-based functional assays, including intracellular cAMP-response element (CRE)-driven luciferase activity, Ca(2+)mobilization, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, show that hNPS-(1-10) preferentially activates Gαq-dependent Ca(2+)mobilization while exhibiting less activity in triggering Gαs-dependent CRE-driven luciferase activity. We further demonstrate that both Gαq- and Gαs-coupled signaling pathways contribute to full-length hNPS-mediated activation of ERK1/2, whereas hNPS-(1-10)-promoted ERK1/2 activation is completely inhibited by the Gαqinhibitor UBO-QIC but not by the PKA inhibitor H89. Moreover, the results of Ala-scanning mutagenesis of hNPS-(1-13) indicated that residues Lys(11)and Lys(12)are structurally crucial for the hNPS receptor to couple to Gαs-dependent signaling. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that hNPS-(1-10) is a biased agonist favoring Gαq-dependent signaling. It may represent a valuable chemical probe for further investigation of the therapeutic potential of human NPS receptor-directed signalingin vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liao
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, and
| | - Bin Lu
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, and
| | - Qiang Ma
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, and
| | - Gang Wu
- the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China and
| | - Xiangru Lai
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, and
| | - Jiashu Zang
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, and
| | - Ying Shi
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, and
| | - Dongxiang Liu
- the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Han
- the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China and
| | - Naiming Zhou
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, and
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Unravelling intrinsic efficacy and ligand bias at G protein coupled receptors: A practical guide to assessing functional data. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 101:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Biased signalling: the instinctive skill of the cell in the selection of appropriate signalling pathways. Biochem J 2015; 470:155-67. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20150358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) are members of a family of proteins which are generally regarded as the largest group of therapeutic drug targets. Ligands of GPCRs do not usually activate all cellular signalling pathways linked to a particular seven-transmembrane receptor in a uniform manner. The fundamental idea behind this concept is that each ligand has its own ability, while interacting with the receptor, to activate different signalling pathways (or a particular set of signalling pathways) and it is this concept which is known as biased signalling. The importance of biased signalling is that it may selectively activate biological responses to favour therapeutically beneficial signalling pathways and to avoid adverse effects. There are two levels of biased signalling. First, bias can arise from the ability of GPCRs to couple to a subset of the available G-protein subtypes: Gαs, Gαq/11, Gαi/o or Gα12/13. These subtypes produce the diverse effects of GPCRs by targeting different effectors. Secondly, biased GPCRs may differentially activate G-proteins or β-arrestins. β-Arrestins are ubiquitously expressed and function to terminate or inhibit classic G-protein signalling and initiate distinct β-arrestin-mediated signalling processes. The interplay of G-protein and β-arrestin signalling largely determines the cellular consequences of the administration of GPCR-targeted drugs. In the present review, we highlight the particular functionalities of biased signalling and discuss its biological effects subsequent to GPCR activation. We consider that biased signalling is potentially allowing a choice between signalling through ‘beneficial’ pathways and the avoidance of ‘harmful’ ones.
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Lewis MA, Hunihan L, Watson J, Gentles RG, Hu S, Huang Y, Bronson J, Macor JE, Beno BR, Ferrante M, Hendricson A, Knox RJ, Molski TF, Kong Y, Cvijic ME, Rockwell KL, Weed MR, Cacace AM, Westphal RS, Alt A, Brown JM. Discovery of D1 Dopamine Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators: Characterization of Pharmacology and Identification of Residues that Regulate Species Selectivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:340-9. [PMID: 26109678 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.224071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present studies represent the first published report of a dopamine D1 positive allosteric modulator (PAM). D1 receptors have been proposed as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. However, the clinical utility of orthosteric agonist compounds is limited by cardiovascular side effects, poor pharmacokinetics, lack of D1 selectivity, and an inverted dose response. A number of these challenges may be overcome by utilization of a selective D1 PAM. The current studies describe two chemically distinct D1 PAMs: Compound A [1-((rel-1S,3R,6R)-6-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)bicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-yl)-4-(2-bromo-5-chlorobenzyl)piperazine] and Compound B [rel-(9R,10R,12S)-N-(2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl)-12-methyl-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-12-carboxamide]. Compound A shows pure PAM activity, with an EC50 of 230 nM and agonist activity at the D2 receptor in D2-expressing human embryonic kidney cells. Compound B shows superior potency (EC50 of 43 nM) and selectivity for D1 versus D2 dopamine receptors. Unlike Compound A, Compound B is selective for human and nonhuman primate D1 receptors, but lacks activity at the rodent (rat and mouse) D1 receptors. Using molecular biology techniques, a single amino acid was identified at position 130, which mediates the species selectivity of Compound B. These data represent the first described D1-selective PAMs and define critical amino acids that regulate species selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Lewis
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Lisa Hunihan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - John Watson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Robert G Gentles
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Shuanghua Hu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Yazhong Huang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Joanne Bronson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - John E Macor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Brett R Beno
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Meredith Ferrante
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Adam Hendricson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Ronald J Knox
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Thaddeus F Molski
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Yan Kong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Kristin L Rockwell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Michael R Weed
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Angela M Cacace
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Ryan S Westphal
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Andrew Alt
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
| | - Jeffrey M Brown
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.A.L., L.H., J.W., R.G.G., S.H.,Y.H., J.B., B.R.B., M.F., A.H., R.J.K., T.F.M., K.L.R., M.R.W., A.M.C., A.A., J.M.B.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey (Y.K., M.E.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (J.E.M.); and Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (R.S.W.)
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24
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Goutier W, O'Connor JJ, Lowry JP, McCreary AC. The effect of nicotine induced behavioral sensitization on dopamine D1 receptor pharmacology: An in vivo and ex vivo study in the rat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:933-43. [PMID: 25795518 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral sensitization is a phenomenon which can develop following repeated intermittent administration of a range of psychostimulants, and other compounds, and may model neuroplastic changes seen in addictive processes and neuropsychiatric disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) ligands on nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization and their molecular consequences in the striatum. Wistar rats were chronically treated (5 days) with vehicle or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg; s.c.) and locomotor activity was measured. Following a 5 day withdrawal period, rats were pretreated with vehicle or the D1R antagonist SCH-23390 (0.03 mg/kg; i.p.) and challenged with nicotine. Either 45 min or 24h post-challenge, the striatum was isolated and ex vivo receptor binding and cAMP accumulation (using LC-MS/MS) were assessed. It was shown that chronic nicotine administration induced the development and expression of locomotor sensitization, of which the latter was blocked by SCH-23390. Nicotine-induced sensitization had no effect on forskolin stimulated cAMP accumulation but increased the efficacy of dopamine for the D1R and decreased the potency of D1R agonists. These effects were antagonized by in vivo pre-challenge with SCH-23390. No effect on D1 receptor binding was observed. Moreover, time dependent effects were observed between tissue taken 45 min and 24h post-challenge. The present findings provide a connection between behavioral sensitization and intracellular cAMP accumulation through the D1R. Together these data suggest that changes in D1R signaling in the dorsal striatum may play an important role in the underlying mechanisms of nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Goutier
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C.J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands; Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - J J O'Connor
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - J P Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - A C McCreary
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C.J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands.
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25
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Conroy JL, Free RB, Sibley DR. Identification of G protein-biased agonists that fail to recruit β-arrestin or promote internalization of the D1 dopamine receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:681-92. [PMID: 25660762 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The D1 dopamine receptor (D1R) has been implicated in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, and D1R-selective ligands have potential as therapeutic agents. Previous studies have identified substituted benzazepines as D1R-selective agonists, but the in vivo effects of these compounds have not correlated well with their in vitro pharmacological activities. A series of substituted benzazepines, and structurally dissimilar D1R-selective agonists, were tested for their functional effects on D1R-mediated cAMP accumulation, D1R-promoted β-arrestin recruitment, and D1R internalization using live cell functional assays. All compounds tested elicited an increase in the level of cAMP accumulation, albeit with a range of efficacies. However, when the compounds were evaluated for β-arrestin recruitment, a subset of substituted benzazepines, SKF83959, SKF38393, SKF82957, SKF77434, and SKF75670, failed to activate this pathway, whereas the others showed similar activation efficacies as seen with cAMP accumulation. When tested as antagonists, the five biased compounds all inhibited dopamine-stimulated β-arrestin recruitment. Further, D1R internalization assays revealed a corroborating pattern of activity in that the G protein-biased compounds failed to promote D1R internalization. Interestingly, the biased signaling was unique for the D1R, as the same compounds were agonists of the related D5 dopamine receptor (D5R), but revealed no signaling bias. We have identified a group of substituted benzazepine ligands that are agonists at D1R-mediated G protein signaling, but antagonists of D1R recruitment of β-arrestin, and also devoid of agonist-induced receptor endocytosis. These data may be useful for interpreting the contrasting effects of these compounds in vitro versus in vivo, and also for the understanding of pathway-selective signaling of the D1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie L. Conroy
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section,
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9405, United States
| | - R. Benjamin Free
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section,
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9405, United States
| | - David R. Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section,
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9405, United States
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26
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Stahl EL, Zhou L, Ehlert FJ, Bohn LM. A novel method for analyzing extremely biased agonism at G protein-coupled receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:866-77. [PMID: 25680753 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.096503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven transmembrane receptors were originally named and characterized based on their ability to couple to heterotrimeric G proteins. The assortment of coupling partners for G protein-coupled receptors has subsequently expanded to include other effectors (most notably the βarrestins). This diversity of partners available to the receptor has prompted the pursuit of ligands that selectively activate only a subset of the available partners. A biased or functionally selective ligand may be able to distinguish between different active states of the receptor, and this would result in the preferential activation of one signaling cascade more than another. Although application of the "standard" operational model for analyzing ligand bias is useful and suitable in most cases, there are limitations that arise when the biased agonist fails to induce a significant response in one of the assays being compared. In this article, we describe a quantitative method for measuring ligand bias that is particularly useful for such cases of extreme bias. Using simulations and experimental evidence from several κ opioid receptor agonists, we illustrate a "competitive" model for quantitating the degree and direction of bias. By comparing the results obtained from the competitive model with the standard model, we demonstrate that the competitive model expands the potential for evaluating the bias of very partial agonists. We conclude the competitive model provides a useful mechanism for analyzing the bias of partial agonists that exhibit extreme bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Stahl
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (E.L.S., L.Z., L.M.B.); and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California (F.J.E.)
| | - Lei Zhou
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (E.L.S., L.Z., L.M.B.); and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California (F.J.E.)
| | - Frederick J Ehlert
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (E.L.S., L.Z., L.M.B.); and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California (F.J.E.)
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (E.L.S., L.Z., L.M.B.); and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California (F.J.E.)
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27
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Cocker P, Winstanley C. Irrational beliefs, biases and gambling: Exploring the role of animal models in elucidating vulnerabilities for the development of pathological gambling. Behav Brain Res 2015; 279:259-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Dopamine invigorates reward seeking by promoting cue-evoked excitation in the nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci 2015; 34:14349-64. [PMID: 25339748 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3492-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Approach to reward is a fundamental adaptive behavior, disruption of which is a core symptom of addiction and depression. Nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine is required for reward-predictive cues to activate vigorous reward seeking, but the underlying neural mechanism is unknown. Reward-predictive cues elicit both dopamine release in the NAc and excitations and inhibitions in NAc neurons. However, a direct link has not been established between dopamine receptor activation, NAc cue-evoked neuronal activity, and reward-seeking behavior. Here, we use a novel microelectrode array that enables simultaneous recording of neuronal firing and local dopamine receptor antagonist injection. We demonstrate that, in the NAc of rats performing a discriminative stimulus task for sucrose reward, blockade of either D1 or D2 receptors selectively attenuates excitation, but not inhibition, evoked by reward-predictive cues. Furthermore, we establish that this dopamine-dependent signal is necessary for reward-seeking behavior. These results demonstrate a neural mechanism by which NAc dopamine invigorates environmentally cued reward-seeking behavior.
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29
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Corbisier J, Galès C, Huszagh A, Parmentier M, Springael JY. Biased signaling at chemokine receptors. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9542-54. [PMID: 25614627 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.596098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to activate selective signaling pathways according to the conformation stabilized by bound ligands (signaling bias) is a challenging concept in the GPCR field. Signaling bias has been documented for several GPCRs, including chemokine receptors. However, most of these studies examined the global signaling bias between G protein- and arrestin-dependent pathways, leaving unaddressed the potential bias between particular G protein subtypes. Here, we investigated the coupling selectivity of chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR5, and CCR7 in response to various ligands with G protein subtypes by using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer biosensors monitoring directly the activation of G proteins. We also compared data obtained with the G protein biosensors with those obtained with other functional readouts, such as β-arrestin-2 recruitment, cAMP accumulation, and calcium mobilization assays. We showed that the binding of chemokines to CCR2, CCR5, and CCR7 activated the three Gαi subtypes (Gαi1, Gαi2, and Gαi3) and the two Gαo isoforms (Gαoa and Gαob) with potencies that generally correlate to their binding affinities. In addition, we showed that the binding of chemokines to CCR5 and CCR2 also activated Gα12, but not Gα13. For each receptor, we showed that the relative potency of various agonist chemokines was not identical in all assays, supporting the notion that signaling bias exists at chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Corbisier
- From the Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire and
| | - Céline Galès
- the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Huszagh
- From the Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire and
| | - Marc Parmentier
- From the Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium and
| | - Jean-Yves Springael
- From the Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire and
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30
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Ma GF, Raivio N, Sabrià J, Ortiz J. Agonist and antagonist effects of aripiprazole on D₂-like receptors controlling rat brain dopamine synthesis depend on the dopaminergic tone. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu046. [PMID: 25522390 PMCID: PMC4360222 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The atypical antipsychotic drug aripiprazole binds with high affinity to a number of G protein coupled receptors, including dopamine D₂ receptors, where its degree of efficacy as a partial agonist remains controversial. METHODS We examined the properties of aripiprazole at D₂-like autoreceptors by monitoring the changes of dopamine synthesis in adult rat brain striatal minces incubated ex vivo. The effects of the dopaminergic tone on the properties of aripiprazole were assayed by comparing a basal condition (2 mM K(+), low dopaminergic tone) and a stimulated condition (15 mM K(+), where dopamine release mimics a relatively higher dopaminergic tone). We also used 2 reference compounds: quinpirole showed a clear agonistic activity and preclamol (S-(-)-PPP) showed partial agonism under both basal and stimulated conditions. RESULTS Aripiprazole under the basal condition acted as an agonist at D₂-like autoreceptors and fully activated them at about 10 nM, inhibiting dopamine synthesis similarly to quinpirole. Higher concentrations of aripiprazole had effects not restricted to D₂-like autoreceptor activation. Under the stimulated (15 mM K(+)) condition, nanomolar concentrations of aripiprazole failed to decrease dopamine synthesis but could totally block the effect of quinpirole. CONCLUSIONS Under high dopaminergic tone, aripiprazole acts as a D₂-like autoreceptor antagonist rather than as an agonist. These data show that, ex vivo, alteration of dopaminergic tone by depolarization affects the actions of aripiprazole on D₂-like autoreceptors. Such unusual effects were not seen with the typical partial agonist preclamol and are consistent with the hypothesis that aripiprazole is a functionally selective D₂R ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jordi Ortiz
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Effects of the D1 dopamine receptor agonist dihydrexidine (DAR-0100A) on working memory in schizotypal personality disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:446-53. [PMID: 25074637 PMCID: PMC4443959 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological enhancement of prefrontal D1 dopamine receptor function remains a promising therapeutic approach to ameliorate schizophrenia-spectrum working memory deficits, but has yet to be rigorously evaluated clinically. This proof-of-principle study sought to determine whether the active enantiomer of the selective and full D1 receptor agonist dihydrexidine (DAR-0100A) could attenuate working memory impairments in unmedicated patients with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of DAR-0100A (15 mg/150 ml of normal saline administered intravenously over 30 min) in medication-free patients with SPD (n=16) who met the criteria for cognitive impairment (ie, scoring below the 25th percentile on tests of working memory). We employed two measures of verbal working memory that are salient to schizophrenia-spectrum cognitive deficits, and that clinical data implicate as being associated with prefrontal D1 availability: (1) the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT); and (2) the N-back test (ratio of 2-back:0-back scores). Study procedures occurred over four consecutive days, with working memory testing on Days 1 and 4, and DAR-0100A/placebo administration on Days 2-4. Treatment with DAR-0100A was associated with significantly improved PASAT performance relative to placebo, with a very large effect size (Cohen's d=1.14). Performance on the N-back ratio was also significantly improved; however, this effect rested on both a non-significant enhancement and diminution of 2-back and 0-back performance, respectively; therefore interpretation of this finding is more complicated. DAR-0100A was generally well tolerated, with no serious medical or psychiatric adverse events; common side effects were mild to moderate and transient, consisting mainly of sedation, lightheadedness, tachycardia, and hypotension; however, we were able to minimize these effects, without altering the dose, with supportive measures, eg, co-administered normal saline. Although preliminary, these findings lend further clinical support to the potential of D1 receptor agonists to treat schizophrenia-spectrum working memory impairments. These data suggest a need for further studies with larger group sizes, serum DAR-0100A levels, and a more comprehensive neuropsychological battery.
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de Bartolomeis A, Tomasetti C, Iasevoli F. Update on the Mechanism of Action of Aripiprazole: Translational Insights into Antipsychotic Strategies Beyond Dopamine Receptor Antagonism. CNS Drugs 2015; 29:773-99. [PMID: 26346901 PMCID: PMC4602118 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-015-0278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine partial agonism and functional selectivity have been innovative strategies in the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia and mood disorders and have shifted the concept of dopamine modulation beyond the established approach of dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) antagonism. Despite the fact that aripiprazole was introduced in therapy more than 12 years ago, many questions are still unresolved regarding the complexity of the effects of this agent on signal transduction and intracellular pathways, in part linked to its pleiotropic receptor profile. The complexity of the mechanism of action has progressively shifted the conceptualization of this agent from partial agonism to functional selectivity. From the induction of early genes to modulation of scaffolding proteins and activation of transcription factors, aripiprazole has been shown to affect multiple cellular pathways and several cortical and subcortical neurotransmitter circuitries. Growing evidence shows that, beyond the consequences of D2R occupancy, aripiprazole has a unique neurobiology among available antipsychotics. The effect of chronic administration of aripiprazole on D2R affinity state and number has been especially highlighted, with relevant translational implications for long-term treatment of psychosis. The hypothesized effects of aripiprazole on cell-protective mechanisms and neurite growth, as well as the differential effects on intracellular pathways [i.e. extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)] compared with full D2R antagonists, suggest further exploration of these targets by novel and future biased ligand compounds. This review aims to recapitulate the main neurobiological effects of aripiprazole and discuss the potential implications for upcoming improvements in schizophrenia therapy based on dopamine modulation beyond D2R antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University School of Medicine of Napoli "Federico II", Via Pansini, 5, Edificio n.18, 3rd floor, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University School of Medicine of Napoli "Federico II", Via Pansini, 5, Edificio n.18, 3rd floor, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University School of Medicine of Napoli "Federico II", Via Pansini, 5, Edificio n.18, 3rd floor, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Lee SM, Yang Y, Mailman RB. Dopamine D1 receptor signaling: does GαQ-phospholipase C actually play a role? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:9-17. [PMID: 25052835 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous studies showing therapeutic potential, no central dopamine D1 receptor ligand has ever been approved, because of potential limitations, such as hypotension, seizures, and tolerance. Functional selectivity has been widely recognized as providing a potential mechanism to develop novel therapeutics from existing targets, and a highly biased, functionally selective D1 ligand might overcome some of the past limitations. SKF-83959 [6-chloro-3-methyl-1-(m-tolyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[d]azepine-7,8-diol] is reported to be a highly biased D1 ligand, having full agonism at D1-mediated activation of phospholipase C (PLC) signaling (via GαQ) and antagonism at D1-mediated adenylate cyclase signaling (via GαOLF/S). For this reason, numerous studies have used this compound to elucidate the physiologic role of D1-PLC signaling, including a novel molecular mechanism (GαQ-PLC activation via D1-D2 heterodimers). There is, however, contradictory literature that suggests that SKF-83959 is actually a partial agonist at both D1-mediated adenylate cyclase and β-arrestin recruitment. Moreover, the D1-mediated PLC stimulation has also been questioned. This Minireview examines 30 years of relevant literature and proposes that the data strongly favor alternate hypotheses: first, that SKF-83959 is a typical D1 partial agonist; and second, that the reported activation of PLC by SKF-83959 and related benzazepines likely is due to off-target effects, not actions at D1 receptors. If these hypotheses are supported by future studies, it would suggest that caution should be used regarding the role of PLC and downstream pathways in D1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Lee
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.-M.L., Y.Y., R.B.M.) and Neurology (Y.Y., R.B.M.), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Yang Yang
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.-M.L., Y.Y., R.B.M.) and Neurology (Y.Y., R.B.M.), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard B Mailman
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.-M.L., Y.Y., R.B.M.) and Neurology (Y.Y., R.B.M.), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Szabo M, Klein Herenbrink C, Christopoulos A, Lane JR, Capuano B. Structure-activity relationships of privileged structures lead to the discovery of novel biased ligands at the dopamine D₂ receptor. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4924-39. [PMID: 24827597 DOI: 10.1021/jm500457x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Biased agonism at GPCRs highlights the potential for the discovery and design of pathway-selective ligands and may confer therapeutic advantages to ligands targeting the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). We investigated the determinants of efficacy, affinity, and bias for three privileged structures for the D2R, exploring changes to linker length and incorporation of a heterocyclic unit. Profiling the compounds in two signaling assays (cAMP and pERK1/2) allowed us to identify and quantify determinants of biased agonism at the D2R. Substitution on the phenylpiperazine privileged structures (2-methoxy vs 2,3-dichloro) influenced bias when the thienopyridine heterocycle was absent. Upon inclusion of the thienopyridine unit, the substitution pattern (4,6-dimethyl vs 5-chloro-6-methoxy-4-methyl) had a significant effect on bias that overruled the effect of the phenylpiperazine substitution pattern. This latter observation could be reconciled with an extended binding mode for these compounds, whereby the interaction of the heterocycle with a secondary binding pocket may engender bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szabo
- Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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35
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Biased ligands at G-protein-coupled receptors: promise and progress. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:308-16. [PMID: 24878326 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is no longer limited to seeking agonists or antagonists to stimulate or block cellular responses associated with a particular receptor. GPCRs are now known to support a diversity of pharmacological profiles, a concept broadly referred to as functional selectivity. In particular, the concept of ligand bias, whereby a ligand stabilizes subsets of receptor conformations to engender novel pharmacological profiles, has recently gained increasing prominence. This review discusses how biased ligands may deliver safer, better tolerated, and more efficacious drugs, and highlights several biased ligands that are in clinical development. Biased ligands targeting the angiotensin II type 1 receptor and the μ opioid receptor illustrate the translation of the biased ligand concept from basic biology to clinical drug development.
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Shonberg J, Lopez L, Scammells PJ, Christopoulos A, Capuano B, Lane JR. Biased Agonism at G Protein-Coupled Receptors: The Promise and the Challenges-A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:1286-330. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Shonberg
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University (Parkville Campus); Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Laura Lopez
- Drug Discovery Biology; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University (Parkville Campus); Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Peter J. Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University (Parkville Campus); Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University (Parkville Campus); Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University (Parkville Campus); Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - J. Robert Lane
- Drug Discovery Biology; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University (Parkville Campus); Parkville Victoria Australia
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Free RB, Chun LS, Moritz AE, Miller BN, Doyle TB, Conroy JL, Padron A, Meade JA, Xiao J, Hu X, Dulcey AE, Han Y, Duan L, Titus S, Bryant-Genevier M, Barnaeva E, Ferrer M, Javitch JA, Beuming T, Shi L, Southall NT, Marugan JJ, Sibley DR. Discovery and characterization of a G protein-biased agonist that inhibits β-arrestin recruitment to the D2 dopamine receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:96-105. [PMID: 24755247 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.090563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-throughput screening campaign was conducted to interrogate a 380,000+ small-molecule library for novel D2 dopamine receptor modulators using a calcium mobilization assay. Active agonist compounds from the primary screen were examined for orthogonal D2 dopamine receptor signaling activities including cAMP modulation and β-arrestin recruitment. Although the majority of the subsequently confirmed hits activated all signaling pathways tested, several compounds showed a diminished ability to stimulate β-arrestin recruitment. One such compound (MLS1547; 5-chloro-7-[(4-pyridin-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]quinolin-8-ol) is a highly efficacious agonist at D2 receptor-mediated G protein-linked signaling, but does not recruit β-arrestin as demonstrated using two different assays. This compound does, however, antagonize dopamine-stimulated β-arrestin recruitment to the D2 receptor. In an effort to investigate the chemical scaffold of MLS1547 further, we characterized a set of 24 analogs of MLS1547 with respect to their ability to inhibit cAMP accumulation or stimulate β-arrestin recruitment. A number of the analogs were similar to MLS1547 in that they displayed agonist activity for inhibiting cAMP accumulation, but did not stimulate β-arrestin recruitment (i.e., they were highly biased). In contrast, other analogs displayed various degrees of G protein signaling bias. These results provided the basis to use pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking analyses to build a preliminary structure-activity relationship of the functionally selective properties of this series of compounds. In summary, we have identified and characterized a novel G protein-biased agonist of the D2 dopamine receptor and identified structural features that may contribute to its biased signaling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Benjamin Free
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Lani S Chun
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Amy E Moritz
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Brittney N Miller
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Trevor B Doyle
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Jennie L Conroy
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Adrian Padron
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Julie A Meade
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Jingbo Xiao
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Xin Hu
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Andrés E Dulcey
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Yang Han
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Lihua Duan
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Steve Titus
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Melanie Bryant-Genevier
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Elena Barnaeva
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Thijs Beuming
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Lei Shi
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Noel T Southall
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - Juan J Marugan
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
| | - David R Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (R.B.F., L.S.C., A.E.M., B.N.M., T.B.D., J.L.C., A.P., J.A.M., D.R.S.); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (J.X., X.H., A.E.D., S.T., M.B.-G., E.B., M.F., N.T.S., J.J.M.); Cellular, Molecular, Developmental Biology & Biophysics Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (L.S.C.); Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (Y.H., L.D., J.A.J.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (L.S.)
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Baladi MG, Newman AH, France CP. Feeding condition and the relative contribution of different dopamine receptor subtypes to the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:581-91. [PMID: 24030470 PMCID: PMC3947133 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The contribution of dopamine receptor subtypes in mediating the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine is not fully established. Many drug discrimination studies use food to maintain responding, necessitating food restriction, which can alter drug effects. OBJECTIVE This study established stimulus control with cocaine (10 mg/kg) in free-feeding and food-restricted rats responding under a schedule of stimulus shock termination (SST) and in food-restricted rats responding under a schedule of food presentation to examine whether feeding condition or the reinforcer used to maintain responding impacts the effects of cocaine. METHOD Dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists were examined for their ability to mimic or attenuate, respectively, the effects of cocaine. RESULTS Apomorphine, quinpirole, and lisuride occasioned >90 % responding on the cocaine-associated lever in free-feeding rats responding under a schedule of SST; apomorphine, but not quinpirole or lisuride, occasioned >90 % responding on the cocaine lever in food-restricted rats responding under a schedule of SST. In food-restricted rats responding for food these drugs occasioned little cocaine lever responding and were comparatively more potent in decreasing responding. In free-feeding rats, the effects of cocaine were attenuated by the D2/D3 receptor antagonist raclopride and the D3 receptor-selective antagonist PG01037. In food-restricted rats, raclopride and the D2 receptor-selective antagonist L-741,626 attenuated the effects of cocaine. Raclopride antagonized quinpirole in all groups while PG01037 antagonized quinpirole only in free-feeding rats. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate significant differences in the discriminative stimulus of cocaine that are due to feeding conditions and not to the use of different reinforcers across procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Baladi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Code 7764, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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Increasing dopamine D2 receptor expression in the adult nucleus accumbens enhances motivation. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:1025-33. [PMID: 23711983 PMCID: PMC4030518 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A decrease in dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) binding in the striatum is one of the most common findings in disorders that involve a dysregulation of motivation, including obesity, addiction and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. As disruption of D2R signaling in the ventral striatum--including the nucleus accumbens (NAc)--impairs motivation, we sought to determine whether potentiating postsynaptic D2R-dependent signaling in the NAc would improve motivation. In this study, we used a viral vector strategy to overexpress postsynaptic D2Rs in either the NAc or the dorsal striatum. We investigated the effects of D2R overexpression on instrumental learning, willingness to work, use of reward value representations and modulation of motivation by reward associated cues. Overexpression of postsynaptic D2R in the NAc selectively increased motivation without altering consummatory behavior, the representation of the value of the reinforcer, or the capacity to use reward associated cues in flexible ways. In contrast, D2R overexpression in the dorsal striatum did not alter performance on any of the tasks. Thus, consistent with numerous studies showing that reduced D2R signaling impairs motivated behavior, our data show that postsynaptic D2R overexpression in the NAc specifically increases an animal's willingness to expend effort to obtain a goal. Taken together, these results provide insight into the potential impact of future therapeutic strategies that enhance D2R signaling in the NAc.
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Trifilieff P, Martinez D. Imaging addiction: D2 receptors and dopamine signaling in the striatum as biomarkers for impulsivity. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:498-509. [PMID: 23851257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dependence to drugs of abuse is closely associated with impulsivity, or the propensity to choose a lower, but immediate, reward over a delayed, but more valuable outcome. Here, we review clinical and preclinical studies showing that striatal dopamine signaling and D2 receptor levels - which have been shown to be decreased in addiction - directly impact impulsivity, which is itself predictive of drug self-administration. Based on these studies, we propose that the alterations in D2 receptor binding and dopamine release seen in imaging studies of addiction constitute neurobiological markers of impulsivity. Recent studies in animals also show that higher striatal dopamine signaling at the D2 receptor is associated with a greater willingness to expend effort to reach goals, and we propose that this same relationship applies to humans, particularly with respect to recovery from addiction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Trifilieff
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive #32, New York, NY 10032, USA; Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INRA UMR 1286, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
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Kenakin T. New concepts in pharmacological efficacy at 7TM receptors: IUPHAR review 2. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:554-75. [PMID: 22994528 PMCID: PMC3579279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The present-day concept of drug efficacy has changed completely from its original description as the property of agonists that causes tissue activation. The ability to visualize the multiple behaviours of seven transmembrane receptors has shown that drugs can have many efficacies and also that the transduction of drug stimulus to various cellular stimulus-response cascades can be biased towards some but not all pathways. This latter effect leads to agonist 'functional selectivity', which can be favourable for the improvement of agonist therapeutics. However, in addition, biased agonist potency becomes cell type dependent with the loss of the monotonic behaviour of stimulus-response mechanisms, leading to potential problems in agonist quantification. This has an extremely important effect on the discovery process for new agonists since it now cannot be assumed that a given screening or lead optimization assay will correctly predict therapeutic behaviour. This review discusses these ideas and how new approaches to quantifying agonist effect may be used to circumvent the cell type dependence of agonism. This article, written by a corresponding member of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR), reviews our current understanding of the interaction of ligands with seven transmembrane receptors. Further information on these pharmacological concepts is being incorporated into the IUPHAR/BPS database GuideToPharmacology.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Phenylpiperazine derivatives with selectivity for dopamine D3 receptors modulate cocaine self-administration in rats. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1346-59. [PMID: 22960444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined cocaine self-administration after pretreatments with three structurally related compounds that bind selectively to dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) relative to the D2 receptor subtype (D2Rs) and exhibit varying intrinsic activities in the forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase assay. The compounds are: a) WC10, a D3R weak partial agonist/antagonist with 42-fold D3R:D2R selectivity, b) WC26, a 51-fold selective D3R partial agonist, c) WC44, a 23-fold selective D3R agonist. Rats were stabilized on a multiple variable-interval 60-s (VI60) schedule with alternating components of sucrose (45 mg pellets) or cocaine reinforcement (0.375 mg/kg, IV) and then tested for effects of the WC compounds (0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.6, or 10.0 mg/kg, IP). Another cohort was trained to self-administer cocaine (0.75 mg/kg, IV) on a VI60 schedule then tested with various doses of cocaine available (0.0-1.5 mg/kg, IV) following pretreatment with WC10 (5.6 or 10.0 mg/kg) or WC44 (10.0 mg/kg). WC10 and WC26 decreased both cocaine and sucrose reinforcement rates at the 10.0 mg/kg dose, whereas WC44 decreased only cocaine reinforcement rate at this dose. Furthermore, WC26 and WC44 increased response latency for cocaine but not sucrose. In the cocaine dose-response experiment, WC10 and WC44 flattened the dose-effect function of cocaine reinforcement rate. All compounds decreased spontaneous locomotion. WC10 and WC26 also reduced cocaine-induced locomotion. These results support the targeting of D3Rs for treatments for cocaine dependence. WC26 and WC44, in particular, show promise as they increased the latency to respond for cocaine but not sucrose, suggesting selective reduction of the motivation for cocaine.
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Chen X, Sassano MF, Zheng L, Setola V, Chen M, Bai X, Frye SV, Wetsel WC, Roth BL, Jin J. Structure-functional selectivity relationship studies of β-arrestin-biased dopamine D₂ receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7141-53. [PMID: 22845053 DOI: 10.1021/jm300603y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Functionally selective G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands, which differentially modulate canonical and noncanonical signaling, are extremely useful for elucidating key signal transduction pathways essential for both the therapeutic actions and side effects of drugs. However, few such ligands have been created, and very little purposeful attention has been devoted to studying what we term: "structure-functional selectivity relationships" (SFSR). We recently disclosed the first β-arrestin-biased dopamine D(2) receptor (D(2)R) agonists UNC9975 (44) and UNC9994 (36), which have robust in vivo antipsychotic drug-like activities. Here we report the first comprehensive SFSR studies focused on exploring four regions of the aripiprazole scaffold, which resulted in the discovery of these β-arrestin-biased D(2)R agonists. These studies provide a successful proof-of-concept for how functionally selective ligands can be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Kenakin T. The potential for selective pharmacological therapies through biased receptor signaling. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 13:3. [PMID: 22947056 PMCID: PMC3506267 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-13-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that not all agonists uniformly activate cellular signaling pathways (biased signaling) has greatly changed the drug discovery process for agonists and the strategy for treatment of disease with agonists. Technological advances have enabled complex receptor behaviors to be viewed independently and through these assays, the bias for an agonist can be quantified. It is predicted that therapeutic phenotypes will be linked, through translational studies, to quantified scales of bias to guide medicinal chemists in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Room 4042 Genetic Medicine Building, CB# 7365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA.
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Findeisen M, Würker C, Rathmann D, Meier R, Meiler J, Olsson R, Beck-Sickinger AG. Selective mode of action of guanidine-containing non-peptides at human NPFF receptors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6124-36. [PMID: 22708927 DOI: 10.1021/jm300535s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The binding pocket of both NPFF receptors was investigated, focusing on subtype-selective behavior. By use of four nonpeptidic compounds and the peptide mimetics RF9 and BIBP3226, agonistic and antagonistic properties were characterized. A set of Ala receptor mutants was generated. The binding pocket was narrowed down to the upper part of transmembrane helices V, VI, VII and the extracellular loop 2. Positions 5.27 and 6.59 have been shown to have a strong impact on receptor activation and were suggested to form an acidic, negatively charged binding pocket in both NPFF receptor subtypes. Additionally, position 7.35 was identified to play an important role in functional selectivity. According to docking experiments, the aryl group of AC-216 interacts with position 7.35 in the NPFF(1) but not in the NPFF(2) receptor. These results provide distinct insights into the receptor specific binding pockets, which is necessary for the development of drugs to address the NPFF system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Findeisen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Kuzhikandathil EV, Kortagere S. Identification and characterization of a novel class of atypical dopamine receptor agonists. Pharm Res 2012; 29:2264-75. [PMID: 22547031 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The D3 dopamine receptor exhibits tolerance and slow response termination (SRT) properties that are not exhibited by the closely-related D2 dopamine receptor. We previously demonstrated that the induction of tolerance elicits a unique conformational change in the D3 receptor. Here we tested the hypothesis that the tolerance and SRT properties of the D3 receptor are ligand-dependent. METHODS We used pharmacophore modeling and in silico screening approaches coupled with electrophysiological and biochemical methods to identify and functionally characterize the novel dopamine receptor agonists. RESULTS We identified cis-8-OH-PBZI (PBZI), FAUC73 and an additional novel compound, ES609, which although they are full D3 receptor agonists, do not induce the tolerance and SRT properties of the D3 receptor. In addition, PBZI has full intrinsic activity at D2L, is a partial agonist at D2S and exhibits functional selectivity at D4.2 dopamine receptors. ES609 is a partial agonist at D2S, D2L and D4.2 receptors, and exhibits functional selectivity at D2L and D4.2 dopamine receptors. CONCLUSION We have discovered a novel class of atypical dopamine receptor agonists that include three structurally dissimilar compounds. These new agonists will help determine the physiological and pathophysiological relevance of D3 receptor tolerance and SRT properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Kuzhikandathil
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, MSB, I-647, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.
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Lalley PM, Mifflin SW. Opposing effects on the phrenic motor pathway attributed to dopamine-D1 and -D3/D2 receptor activation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 181:183-93. [PMID: 22465544 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous in vivo studies revealed that dopamine-D1-agonists elevate excitability of ventral respiratory column (VRC) neurons and increase discharge activity in the phrenic motor output through actions in the brainstem. In this in vivo study performed on pentobarbital-anesthetized cats, we show that D1-agonists (SKF-38393, dihydrexidine) given intravenously enhanced discharge activity in VRC inspiratory neurons and the phrenic nerve in two stages; discharge intensity first increased to a peak and then discharge duration increased. Cross-correlation analysis of VRC inspiratory neuron and phrenic nerve discharges showed that both stages increased strength of coupling between medullary inspiratory neurons and the phrenic motoneuron output. Intracellular recording and microiontophoresis experiments indicated that D1-agonists produced their stimulatory effects indirectly through actions on synaptic inputs to VRC inspiratory neurons. Because other laboratories have provided evidence that dopamine acting on other types of receptors depresses respiratory neuron excitability we tested the effects of piribedil, an agonist that activates receptors of the generally depressant D3/D2-dopamine receptor family, on phrenic nerve activity. Piribedil depressed phrenic nerve inspiratory discharge intensity, prolonged discharge duration, slowed burst frequency and slowed rate of action potential augmentation. The effects of piribedil were partially counteracted by intravenous injection of dihydrexidine. We propose that under normal, steady state conditions, D1-receptor-mediated excitatory modulation of phrenic motor output overrides D3/D2-receptor mediated inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Lalley
- The University of Wisconsin Medical Sciences Center, United States
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Fowler JC, Bhattacharya S, Urban JD, Vaidehi N, Mailman RB. Receptor conformations involved in dopamine D(2L) receptor functional selectivity induced by selected transmembrane-5 serine mutations. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 81:820-31. [PMID: 22416052 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.075457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although functional selectivity is now widely accepted, the molecular basis is poorly understood. We have studied how aspects of transmembrane region 5 (TM5) of the dopamine D(2L) receptor interacts with three rationally selected rigid ligands (dihydrexidine, dinapsoline, and dinoxyline) and the reference compounds dopamine and quinpirole. As was expected from homology modeling, mutation of three TM5 serine residues to alanine (S5.42A, S5.43A, S5.46A) had little effect on antagonist affinity. All three mutations decreased the affinity of the agonist ligands to different degrees, S5.46A being somewhat less affected. Four functions [adenylate cyclase (AC), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation (MAPK), arachidonic acid release (AA), and guanosine 5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate binding (GTPγS)] were assessed. The intrinsic activity (IA) of quinpirole was unaffected by any of the mutations, whereas S5.42A and S5.46A mutations abolished the activity of dopamine and the three rigid ligands, although dihydrexidine retained IA at MAPK function only with S5.42A. Remarkably, S5.43A did not markedly affect IA for AC and MAPK for any of the ligands and eliminated AA activity for dinapsoline and dihydrexidine but not dinoxyline. These data suggest that this mutation did not disrupt the overall conformation or signaling ability of the mutant receptors but differentially affected ligand activation. Computational studies indicate that these D(2) agonists stabilize multiple receptor conformations. This has led to models showing the stabilized conformations and interhelical and receptor-ligand contacts corresponding to the different activation pathways stabilized by various agonists. These data provide a basis for understanding D(2L) functional selectivity and rationally discovering functionally selective D(2) drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Corey Fowler
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology Curriculum, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Koener B, Focant MC, Bosier B, Maloteaux JM, Hermans E. Increasing the density of the D2L receptor and manipulating the receptor environment are required to evidence the partial agonist properties of aripiprazole. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 36:60-70. [PMID: 21871520 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of aripiprazole in the treatment of psychosis relies on a partial agonism at D2 receptors. As the expression of this receptor differs physiologically between pre- and post-synaptic sites and is affected by pathological conditions or pharmacological treatments, it appears difficult to predict the clinical response to partial agonists. In addition, the response to this novel antipsychotic was shown to depend on the cell-line and the pathway analyzed, suggesting a functional selective profile at the D2 receptor. This study aims at examining the influence of receptor density and ionic environment on the pharmacological properties of aripiprazole. A cell line was developed in which the expression of the recombinant D2 receptor can be tightly manipulated using doxycycline and sodium butyrate. The potency and efficacy of aripiprazole and other reference D2 receptor ligands were examined in [35S]GTPγS binding assays, in buffers containing either NaCl or N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) which is proposed to enhance G protein coupling. Increasing the density of D2 receptors considerably enhanced the [35S]GTPγS binding induced by dopamine and the full agonist NPA. In maximally induced cells, the agonist properties of the partial agonist (-)-3-PPP was revealed in a buffer containing NaCl, whereas the response to aripiprazole was not evidenced. Substituting NMDG for NaCl promoted the response to dopamine and (-)3-PPP and was proven efficient to reveal the partial agonist profile of aripiprazole. While NMDG substitution for NaCl strongly enhanced receptor-G protein coupling, these ionic manipulations are likely to influence receptor conformations, thereby modulating the activation of signaling pathways. Our data obtained with partial agonists acting at the D2 receptor suggest that these changes in the experimental conditions could contribute to reveal the functional selective profile of GPCR ligands. They also emphasize that the properties of functional selective ligands do not only depend on receptor density but also on the surrounding environment which likely differs between brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beryl Koener
- Institute of Neuroscience (Ions), Group of Neuropharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53, bte B1.53.02, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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CODA-RET reveals functional selectivity as a result of GPCR heteromerization. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:624-30. [PMID: 21785426 PMCID: PMC3158273 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a novel method that combines protein complementation with resonance energy transfer to study conformational changes in response to activation of a defined G protein-coupled receptor heteromer, and we apply the approach to the putative dopamine D1-D2 receptor heteromer. Remarkably, the potency of the D2 receptor (D2R) agonist R(–)-Propylnorapomorphine (NPA) to change the Gαi conformation via the D2R protomer in the D1-D2 heteromer was enhanced 10-fold relative to that observed in the D2R homomer. In contrast, the potencies of the D2R agonists dopamine and quinpirole were the same in the homomer and heteromer. Thus, we have uncovered a molecular mechanism for functional selectivity, in which a drug acts differently at a GPCR protomer depending on the identity of the second protomer that participates in forming the signaling unit, opening the door to enhanced pharmacological specificity through targeting differences between homomeric and heteromeric signaling.
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