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Hanzawa S, Sugiura M, Nakae S, Masuo M, Morita H, Matsumoto K, Takeda K, Okumura K, Nakamura M, Ohno T, Miyazaki Y. The Prostaglandin D2 Receptor CRTH2 Contributes to Airway Hyperresponsiveness during Airway Inflammation Induced by Sensitization without an Adjuvant in Mice. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38599205 DOI: 10.1159/000537840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), which is produced mainly by Th2 cells and mast cells, promotes a type-2 immune response by activating Th2 cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) via its receptor, chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecules on Th2 cells (CRTH2). However, the role of CRTH2 in models of airway inflammation induced by sensitization without adjuvants, in which both IgE and mast cells may play major roles, remain unclear. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and CRTH2-knockout (KO) mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) without an adjuvant and then challenged intranasally with OVA. Airway inflammation was assessed based on airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), lung histology, number of leukocytes, and levels of type-2 cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). RESULTS AHR was significantly reduced after OVA challenge in CRTH2 KO mice compared to WT mice. The number of eosinophils, levels of type-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) in BALF, and IgE concentration in serum were decreased in CRTH2 KO mice compared to WT mice. However, lung histological changes were comparable between WT and CRTH2 KO mice. CONCLUSION CRTH2 is responsible for the development of asthma responses in a mouse model of airway inflammation that features prominent involvement of both IgE and mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hanzawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shuuwa General Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makiko Sugiura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Ohtsuka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Masuo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morita
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Atopy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakamura
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsukuni Ohno
- Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunari Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Kurz M, Ulrich M, Bittner A, Bünemann M. DP2 receptor activity sensor suited for antagonist screening and measurement of receptor dynamics in real-time. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8178. [PMID: 38589416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The DP2 receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor involved in allergic inflammation and is the target of recently developed antagonists already being tested in clinics. To get insights into DP2 receptor dynamics and to study its pharmacology on the level of the receptor, we constructed a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based conformation sensor. The sensor reflects the selectivity profile of the DP2 receptor-wt and is suited for screening of agonists and antagonists due to its robust response. Furthermore, the sensor enables the direct measurement of DP2 receptor dynamics in real-time and revealed markedly distinct on- and off-rates of prostaglandin D2 between DP2 and DP1 receptors, suggesting a different mechanism of ligand receptor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kurz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Ulrich
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alwina Bittner
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Bünemann
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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[ 18F]MK-7246 for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of the Beta-Cell Surface Marker GPR44. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020499. [PMID: 36839820 PMCID: PMC9962486 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive loss of beta-cell mass is a hallmark of diabetes and has been suggested as a complementary approach to studying the progression of diabetes in contrast to the beta-cell function. Non-invasive nuclear medicinal imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography using radiation emitting tracers have thus been suggested as more viable methodologies to visualize and quantify the beta-cell mass with sufficient sensitivity. The transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor GPR44 has been identified as a biomarker for monitoring beta-cell mass. MK-7246 is a GPR44 antagonist that selectively binds to GPR44 with high affinity and good pharmacokinetic properties. Here, we present the synthesis of MK-7246, radiolabeled with the positron emitter fluorine-18 for preclinical evaluation using cell lines, mice, rats and human pancreatic cells. Here, we have described a synthesis and radiolabeling method for producing [18F]MK-7246 and its precursor compound. Preclinical assessments demonstrated the strong affinity and selectivity of [18F]MK-7246 towards GPR44. Additionally, [18F]MK-7246 exhibited excellent metabolic stability, a fast clearance profile from blood and tissues, qualifying it as a promising radioactive probe for GPR44-directed PET imaging.
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Cheung P, Eriksson O. The Current State of Beta-Cell-Mass PET Imaging for Diabetes Research and Therapies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1824. [PMID: 34944640 PMCID: PMC8698817 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease affecting over 400 million people worldwide and one of the leading causes of death, especially in developing nations. The disease is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, caused by defects in the insulin secretion or action pathway. Current diagnostic methods measure metabolic byproducts of the disease such as glucose level, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin or C-peptide levels, which are indicators of the beta-cell function. However, they inaccurately reflect the disease progression and provide poor longitudinal information. Beta-cell mass has been suggested as an alternative approach to study disease progression in correlation to beta-cell function, as it behaves differently in the diabetes physiopathology. Study of the beta-cell mass, however, requires highly invasive and potentially harmful procedures such as pancreatic biopsies, making diagnosis and monitoring of the disease tedious. Nuclear medical imaging techniques using radiation emitting tracers have been suggested as strong non-invasive tools for beta-cell mass. A highly sensitive and high-resolution technique, such as positron emission tomography, provides an ideal solution for the visualization of beta-cell mass, which is particularly essential for better characterization of a disease such as diabetes, and for estimating treatment effects towards regeneration of the beta-cell mass. Development of novel, validated biomarkers that are aimed at beta-cell mass imaging are thus highly necessary and would contribute to invaluable breakthroughs in the field of diabetes research and therapies. This review aims to describe the various biomarkers and radioactive probes currently available for positron emission tomography imaging of beta-cell mass, as well as highlight the need for precise quantification and visualization of the beta-cell mass for designing new therapy strategies and monitoring changes in the beta-cell mass during the progression of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cheung
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-75183 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Säfholm J, Abma W, Liu J, Balgoma D, Fauland A, Kolmert J, Wheelock CE, Adner M, Dahlén SE. Prostaglandin D 2 inhibits mediator release and antigen induced bronchoconstriction in the Guinea pig trachea by activation of DP 1 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 907:174282. [PMID: 34175307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition increases antigen-induced responses in airways remains unknown. Male albino guinea pigs were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA). Intact rings of the trachea were isolated and mounted in organ baths for either force measurements or lipid mediator release analysis by UPLC-MS/MS or EIA following relevant pharmacological interventions. First, challenge with OVA increased the release of all primary prostanoids (prostaglandin (PG) D2/E2/F2α/I2 and thromboxanes). This release was eliminated by unselective COX inhibition (indomethacin) whereas selective inhibition of COX-2 (lumiracoxib) did not inhibit release of PGD2 or thromboxanes. Additionally, the increased levels of leukotriene B4 and E4 after OVA were further amplified by unselective COX inhibition. Second, unselective inhibition of COX and selective inhibition of the prostaglandin D synthase (2-Phenyl-Pyrimidine-5-Carboxylic Acid (2,3-dihydro-indol-1-yl)-amide) amplified the antigen-induced bronchoconstriction which was reversed by exogenous PGD2. Third, a DP1 receptor agonist (BW 245c) concentration-dependently reduced the antigen-induced constriction as well as reducing released histamine and cysteinyl-leukotrienes, a response inhibited by the DP1 receptor antagonist (MK-524). In contrast, a DP2 receptor agonist (15(R)-15-methyl PGD2) failed to modulate the OVA-induced constriction. In the guinea pig trachea, endogenous PGD2 is generated via COX-1 and mediates an inhibitory effect of the antigen-induced bronchoconstriction via DP1 receptors inhibiting mast cell release of bronchoconstrictive mediators. Removal of this protective function by COX-inhibition results in increased release of mast cell mediators and enhanced bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Säfholm
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Willem Abma
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jielu Liu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Balgoma
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Fauland
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Kolmert
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Adner
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Yang D, Guo X, Liu T, Li Y, Du Z, Liu C. Efficacy and Safety of Prostaglandin D2 Receptor 2 Antagonism with Fevipiprant for Patients with Asthma: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2021; 21:39. [PMID: 34387775 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-021-01017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Accumulating evidence has shown that prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)-chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) pathway plays an important role in promoting eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthma. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of CRTH2 antagonist fevipiprant in patients with persistent asthma compared with placebo. RECENT FINDINGS We identified eligible studies by searching PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ClinicalTrials.gov. The study was registered as CRD 42020221714 ( http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO ). Ten randomized controlled trials with 7902 patients met our inclusion criteria. A statistically significant benefit of fevipiprant compared with placebo was shown in improving forced expiratory volume in 1 s (MD 0.05 L, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.07; p < 0.0001), Asthma Control Questionnaire score (MD -0.10, 95% CI: -0.16 to -0.04; p = 0.001), and Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire score (MD 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.13; p = 0.003). Fevipiprant decreased number of patients with at least one asthma exacerbation requiring administration of systemic corticosteroids for 3 days or more (RR 0.86, 95% CI: 0.77 to 0.97; p = 0.01). Some benefits were a little more pronounced in the high eosinophil population (with an elevated blood eosinophil count or sputum eosinophil percentage) and in the 450 mg dose group. Fevipiprant was well tolerated with no safety issues compared with placebo. Fevipiprant could safely improve asthma outcomes compared to placebo. However, most of the differences didn't reach the minimal clinically important difference (MCID), thus the clinical benefits remained to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, West China, China
| | - Xinning Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, West China, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, West China, China
| | - Yina Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, West China, China
| | - Zhuman Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, West China, China
| | - Chuntao Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, West China, China.
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PET Imaging of GPR44 by Antagonist [ 11C]MK-7246 in Pigs. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040434. [PMID: 33923731 PMCID: PMC8073488 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A validated imaging marker for beta-cell mass would improve understanding of diabetes etiology and enable new strategies in therapy development. We previously identified the membrane-spanning protein GPR44 as highly expressed and specific to the beta cells of the pancreas. The selective GPR44 antagonist MK-7246 was radiolabeled with carbon-11 and the resulting positron-emission tomography (PET) tracer [11C]MK-7246 was evaluated in a pig model and in vitro cell lines. The [11C]MK-7246 compound demonstrated mainly hepatobiliary excretion with a clearly defined pancreas, no spillover from adjacent tissues, and pancreatic binding similar in magnitude to the previously evaluated GPR44 radioligand [11C]AZ12204657. The binding could be blocked by preadministration of nonradioactive MK-7246, indicating a receptor-binding mechanism. [11C]MK-7246 showed strong potential as a PET ligand candidate for visualization of beta-cell mass (BCM) and clinical translation of this methodology is ongoing.
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Huang LA, Huang KX, Tu J, Kandeel F, Li J. Ramatroban-Based Analogues Containing Fluorine Group as Potential 18F-Labeled Positron Emission Tomography (PET) G-Protein Coupled Receptor 44 (GPR44) Tracers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051433. [PMID: 33800801 PMCID: PMC7961607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes remains one of the fastest growing chronic diseases and is a leading source of morbidity and accelerated mortality in the world. Loss of beta cell mass (BCM) and decreased sensitivity to insulin underlie diabetes pathogenesis. Yet, the ability to safely and directly assess BCM in individuals with diabetes does not exist. Measures such as blood glucose provide only a crude indirect picture of beta cell health. PET imaging could, in theory, allow for safe, direct, and precise characterization of BCM. However, identification of beta cell-specific radiolabeled tracers remains elusive. G-protein coupled receptor 44 (GPR44) is a transmembrane protein that was characterized in 2012 as highly beta cell-specific within the insulin-positive islets of Langerhans. Accordingly, radiolabeling of existing GPR44 antagonists could be a viable method to accelerate PET tracer development. The present study aims to evaluate and summarize published analogues of the GPR44 antagonist ramatroban to develop 18F-labeled PET tracers for BCM analysis. The 77 corresponding ramatroban analogues containing a fluorine nuclide were characterized for properties including binding affinity, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic and metabolic profile, and 32 compounds with favorable properties were identified. This review illustrates the potential of GPR44 analogues for the development of PET tracers.
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Pelaia C, Crimi C, Vatrella A, Busceti MT, Gaudio A, Garofalo E, Bruni A, Terracciano R, Pelaia G. New treatments for asthma: From the pathogenic role of prostaglandin D 2 to the therapeutic effects of fevipiprant. Pharmacol Res 2019; 155:104490. [PMID: 31682916 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is a pleiotropic mediator, significantly involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 (T2) asthma because of its biologic actions exerted on both immune/inflammatory and airway structural cells. In particular, the pro-inflammatory and pro-remodelling effects of PGD2 are mainly mediated by stimulation of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). This receptor is the target of the oral competitive antagonist fevipiprant, which on the basis of recent phase II studies is emerging as a potential very promising anti-asthma drug. Indeed, fevipiprant appears to be safe and effective, especially in consideration of its ability to inhibit eosinophilic bronchial inflammation and improve forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Further ongoing phase III trials will definitely clarify if fevipiprant can prospectively become a valid option for an efficacious add-on treatment of moderate-to-severe T2-high asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Crimi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vatrella
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Busceti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Achille Gaudio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eugenio Garofalo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Bruni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosa Terracciano
- Department of Health Science, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Quantitative markers for beta-cell mass (BCM) in human pancreas are currently lacking. Medical imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) markers for beta-cell restricted targets may provide an accurate and non-invasive measurement of BCM, to assist diagnosis and treatment of metabolic disease. GPR44 was recently discovered as a putative marker for beta cells and this review summarizes the developments so far. RECENT FINDINGS Several small molecule binders targeting GPR44 have been radiolabeled for PET imaging and evaluated in vitro and in small and large animal models. 11C-AZ12204657 and 11C-MK-7246 displayed a dose-dependent and GPR44-mediated binding to beta cells both in vitro and in vivo, with negligible uptake in exocrine pancreas. GPR44 represents an attractive target for visualization of BCM. Further progress in radioligand development including clinical testing is expected to clarify the role of GPR44 as a surrogate marker for BCM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14C, 3tr, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Antaros Medical AB, Mölndal, Sweden.
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Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of the CRTH2 antagonist [ 11C]MK-7246 as a novel PET tracer and potential surrogate marker for pancreatic beta-cell mass. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 71:1-10. [PMID: 31082767 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MK-7246 is a potent and selective antagonist for chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). Within the pancreas CRTH2 is selectively expressed in pancreatic β-cells where it is believed to play a role in insulin release. Reduction in β-cell mass and insufficient insulin secretion in response to elevated blood glucose levels is a hallmark for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Reported here is the synthesis of [11C]MK-7246 and initial preclinical evaluation towards CRTH2 imaging. The aim is to develop a method to quantify β-cell mass with PET and facilitate non-invasive studies of disease progression in individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS The precursor N-desmethyl-O-methyl MK-7246 was synthesized in seven steps and subjected to methylation with [11C]methyl iodide followed by hydrolysis to obtain [11C]MK-7246 labelled in the N-methyl position. Preclinical evaluation included in vitro radiography and immune-staining performed in human pancreatic biopsies. Biodistribution studies were performed in rat by PET-MRI and in pig by PET-CT imaging. Saturable tracer binding was examined in pig by scanning before and after administration of MK-7246 (1 mg/kg). Predicted dosimetry of [11C]MK-7246 in human males was estimated based on the biodistribution in rat. RESULTS [11C]MK-7246 was obtained with activities sufficient for the current investigations (270 ± 120 MBq) and a radiochemical purity of 93 ± 2%. The tracer displayed focal binding in areas with insulin positive islet of Langerhans in human pancreas sections. Baseline uptake in pig was reduced in tissues with known expression of CRTH2 after administration of MK-7246; pancreas (66% reduction) and spleen (88% reduction). [11C]MK-7246 exhibited a safe human predicted dosimetry profile as extrapolated from the rat biodistribution data. CONCLUSIONS Initial preclinical in vitro and in vivo evaluations of [11C]MK-7246 show binding and biodistribution properties suitable for PET imaging of CRTH2. Further studies are warranted to assess its potential in β-cell mass imaging and CRTH2 drug development.
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Marone G, Galdiero MR, Pecoraro A, Pucino V, Criscuolo G, Triassi M, Varricchi G. Prostaglandin D 2 receptor antagonists in allergic disorders: safety, efficacy, and future perspectives. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 28:73-84. [PMID: 30513028 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1555237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is a major cyclooxygenase mediator that is synthesized by activated human mast cells and other immune cells. The biological effects of PGD2 are mediated by D-prostanoid (DP1), DP2 (CRTH2) and thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptors that are expressed on several immune and non-immune cells involved in allergic inflammation. PGD2 exerts various proinflammatory effects relevant to the pathophysiology of allergic disorders. Several selective, orally active, DP2 receptor antagonists and a small number of DP1 receptor antagonists are being developed for the treatment of allergic disorders. AREAS COVERED The role of DP2 and DP1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis. EXPERT OPINION Head-to-head studies that compare DP1 antagonists with the standard treatment for allergic rhinitis are necessary to verify the role of these novel drugs as mono- or combination therapies. Further clinical trials are necessary to verify whether DP2 antagonists as monotherapies or, more likely, as add-on therapies, will be effective for the treatment of different phenotypes of adult and childhood asthma. Long-term studies are necessary to evaluate the safety of targeted anti-PGD2 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Marone
- a Department of Public Health , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,b Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy , Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
| | - Antonio Pecoraro
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
| | - Valentina Pucino
- e William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine &Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Gjada Criscuolo
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- a Department of Public Health , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
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Zhao X, Xu H, Huang X, Zhou JS. Asymmetric Stepwise Reductive Amination of Sulfonamides, Sulfamates, and a Phosphinamide by Nickel Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:292-296. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link, SPMS-CBC-06-06 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link, SPMS-CBC-06-06 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Xiaolei Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link, SPMS-CBC-06-06 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link, SPMS-CBC-06-06 Singapore 637371 Singapore
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15
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Zhao X, Xu H, Huang X, Zhou JS. Asymmetric Stepwise Reductive Amination of Sulfonamides, Sulfamates, and a Phosphinamide by Nickel Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link, SPMS-CBC-06-06 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link, SPMS-CBC-06-06 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Xiaolei Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link, SPMS-CBC-06-06 Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link, SPMS-CBC-06-06 Singapore 637371 Singapore
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16
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Abstract
Prostaglandins are synthesized through the metabolism of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway. There are five primary prostaglandins, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2, PGI2, and thromboxane B2, that all signal through distinct seven transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptors. The receptors through which the prostaglandins signal determines their immunologic or physiologic effects. For instance, the same prostaglandin may have opposing properties, dependent upon the signaling pathways activated. In this article, we will detail how inhibition of cyclooxygenase metabolism and regulation of prostaglandin signaling regulates allergic airway inflammation and asthma physiology. Possible prostaglandin therapeutic targets for allergic lung inflammation and asthma will also be reviewed, as informed by human studies, basic science, and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
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17
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Targeting the PGD 2/CRTH2/DP1 Signaling Pathway in Asthma and Allergic Disease: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Drugs 2018; 77:1281-1294. [PMID: 28612233 PMCID: PMC5529497 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) released by degranulating mast cells is believed to play a key role in orchestrating mechanisms of inflammation in allergies and asthma. The biological effects of PGD2 are mediated by D-prostanoid (DP1), CRTH2 (DP2), and thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptors. The CRTH2 receptor is involved in induction of migration and activation of T helper type 2 (Th2) lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils; up-regulation of adhesion molecules; and promotion of pro-inflammatory Th2-type cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, 5, 13), whereas the DP receptor is associated with relaxation of smooth muscles, vasodilation, inhibition of cell migration, and apoptosis of eosinophils. A number of CRTH2/PGD2 receptor antagonists have been investigated in asthma and allergic diseases. The CRTH2 antagonist (OC000459) or dual CRTH2 and TP receptor antagonist (ramatroban) were effective in reducing eosinophilia, nasal mucosal swelling, and clinical symptoms of allergic rhinitis, with the latter drug registered for clinical use in this indication. OC000459 and setipiprant reduced the late but not early phase of response in an allergen challenge in atopic asthmatics. In persistent asthma, some molecules induced limited improvement in lung function, quality of life, and asthma symptoms (OC000459, BI671800), but in other trials with AMG 853 and AZ1981 these findings were not confirmed. The clear discrepancy between animal studies and clinical efficacy of CRTH2 antagonism in allergic rhinitis, and lack of efficacy in a general cohort of asthmatics, highlight the issue of patient phenotyping. There is no doubt that the PGD2/CATH2/DP1 pathway plays a key role in allergic inflammation and further studies with selective or combined antagonisms in well defined cohorts of patients are needed.
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18
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de Aragão-França LS, Aragão-França LS, Rocha VCJ, Rocha VCJ, Cronemberger-Andrade A, da Costa FHB, Costa FHB, Vasconcelos JF, Vasconcelos JF, Athanazio DA, Silva DN, Santos ES, Santos ES, Meira CS, Araujo CF, Araújo CF, Cerqueira JV, Cardillo F, Alcântara-Neves NM, Soares MBP, Pontes de Carvalho LC, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC. Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Reduce Airway Inflammation in a Model of Dust Mite Triggered Allergic Inflammation. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018; 10:406-419. [PMID: 29949837 PMCID: PMC6021587 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.4.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of tolerogenic dendritic cells (TolDCs) to control exacerbated immune responses may be a prophylactic and therapeutic option for application in autoimmune and allergic conditions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of TolDC administration in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation caused by mite extract. METHODS Mouse bone marrow-derived TolDCs were induced by incubation with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and dexamethasone, and then characterized by flow cytometry and cytokine production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For the in vivo model of Blomia tropicalis-induced allergy, mice transplanted with antigen-pulsed TolDCs were sensitized intraperitoneally with B. tropicalis mite extract (BtE) adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide. After challenge by nasal administration of BtE, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lungs, spleen and serum were collected for analysis. RESULTS Induction of TolDCs was efficiently achieved as shown by low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II, programmed death-ligand (PD-L) 2 and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and up-regulation of interleukin (IL)-10, upon LPS stimulation in vitro. Transplantation of 1 or 2 doses of BtE-pulsed TolDCs reduced the number of inflammatory cells in BALF and lungs as well as mucus deposition. Moreover, compared to saline-injected controls, TolDC-treated mice showed lower serum levels of anti-BtE immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies as well as reduced Gata3 and IL-4 gene expression in the lungs and decreased IFN-γ levels in the supernatant of splenocyte cultures Transplantation of TolDCs increased the percentage of the regulatory T cells in the spleen and the lungs. CONCLUSIONS Preventive treatment with TolDCs protects against dust mite-induced allergy in a mouse model, reinforcing the use of tolerogenic dendritic cells for the management of allergic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana S Aragão-França
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Viviane C J Rocha
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - F H B Costa
- Department of Diagnostics and Biomedical Sciences at The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | | | - José Fernandes Vasconcelos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Daniel Abensur Athanazio
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - E S Santos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cássio Santana Meira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - C F Araújo
- Hospital Universitário Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Fabíola Cardillo
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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19
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Gangwar RS, Landolina N, Arpinati L, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cell and eosinophil surface receptors as targets for anti-allergic therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:37-63. [PMID: 27773785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nadine Landolina
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ludovica Arpinati
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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20
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Calbet M, Andrés M, Armengol C, Bravo M, Eichhorn P, López R, García-González V, Roberts R, Miralpeix M. Pharmacological characterization of CRTh2 antagonist LAS191859: Long receptor residence time translates into long-lasting in vivo efficacy. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:208-216. [PMID: 27317944 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T-helper type 2 cells (CRTh2) is a G protein-coupled receptor expressed on the leukocytes most closely associated with asthma and allergy like eosinophils, mast cells, Th2-lymphocytes and basophils. At present it is clear that CRTh2 mediates most prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) pro-inflammatory effects and as a result antagonists for this receptor have reached asthma clinical studies showing a trend of lung function improvement. The challenge remains to identify compounds with improved clinical efficacy when administered once a day. Herein we described the pharmacological profile of LAS191859, a novel, potent and selective CRTh2 antagonist. In vitro evidence in GTPγS binding studies indicate that LAS191859 is a CRTh2 antagonist with activity in the low nanomolar range. This potency is also maintained in cellular assays performed with human eosinophils and whole blood. The main differentiation of LAS191859 vs other CRTh2 antagonists is in its receptor binding kinetics. LAS191859 has a residence time half-life of 21h at CRTh2 that translates into a long-lasting in vivo efficacy that is independent of plasma levels. We believe that the strategy behind this compound will allow optimal efficacy and posology for chronic asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calbet
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miriam Andrés
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Armengol
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Bravo
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa López
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Richard Roberts
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Miralpeix
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureà Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Santini G, Mores N, Malerba M, Mondino C, Macis G, Montuschi P. Investigational prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonists for airway inflammation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:639-52. [PMID: 27094922 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1175434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION By activating DP1 and DP2 receptors on immune and non-immune cells, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), a major metabolic product of cyclo-oxygenase pathway released after IgE-mediated mast cell activation, has pro-inflammatory effects, which are relevant to the pathophysiology of allergic airway disease. At least 15 selective, orally active, DP2 receptor antagonists and one DP1 receptor antagonist (asapiprant) are under development for asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors cover the pharmacology of PGD2 and PGD2 receptor antagonists and look at the preclinical, phase I and phase II studies with selective DP1 and DP2 receptor antagonists. EXPERT OPINION Future research should aim to develop once daily compounds and increase the drug clinical potency which, apart from OC000459 and ADC-3680, seems to be relatively low. Further research and development of DP2 receptor antagonists is warranted, particularly in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma, whose management is a top priority. Pediatric studies, which are not available, are required for assessing the efficacy and safety of this novel drug class in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Studies on the efficacy of DP2 receptor antagonists in various asthma phenotypes including: smokers, obese subjects, early vs late asthma onset, fixed vs reversible airflow limitation, are required for establishing their pharmacotherapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Santini
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Nadia Mores
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Mario Malerba
- b Department of Internal Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Chiara Mondino
- c Department of Allergology , 'Bellinzona e Valli' Hospital , Bellinzona , Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Macis
- d Department of Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
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22
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Sykes DA, Bradley ME, Riddy DM, Willard E, Reilly J, Miah A, Bauer C, Watson SJ, Sandham DA, Dubois G, Charlton SJ. Fevipiprant (QAW039), a Slowly Dissociating CRTh2 Antagonist with the Potential for Improved Clinical Efficacy. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 89:593-605. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.101832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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23
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Babu S, Sohn H, Madhavan T. Computational Analysis of CRTh2 receptor antagonist: A Ligand-based CoMFA and CoMSIA approach. Comput Biol Chem 2015; 56:109-21. [PMID: 25935115 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CRTh2 receptor is an important mediator of inflammatory effects and has attracted much attention as a therapeutic target for the treatment of conditions such as asthma, COPD, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. In pursuit of better CRTh2 receptor antagonist agents, 3D-QSAR studies were performed on a series of 2-(2-(benzylthio)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl) acetic acids. There is no crystal structure information available on this protein; hence in this work, ligand-based comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were performed by atom by atom matching alignment using systematic search and simulated annealing methods. The 3D-QSAR models were generated with 10 different combinations of test and training set molecules, since the robustness and predictive ability of the model is very important. We have generated 20 models for CoMFA and 100 models for CoMSIA based on two different alignments. Each model was validated with statistical cut off values such as q(2)>0.4, r(2)>0.5 and r(2)pred>0.5. Based on better q(2) and r(2)pred values, the best predictions were obtained for the CoMFA (model 5 q(2)=0.488, r(2)pred=0.732), and CoMSIA (model 45 q(2)=0.525, r(2)pred=0.883) from systematic search conformation alignment. The high correlation between the cross-validated/predicted and experimental activities of a test set revealed that the CoMFA and CoMSIA models were robust. Statistical parameters from the generated QSAR models indicated the data is well fitted and have high predictive ability. The generated models suggest that steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic, H-bond donor and acceptor parameters are important for activity. Our study serves as a guide for further experimental investigations on the synthesis of new CRTh2 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya Babu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Honglae Sohn
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Carbon Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea.
| | - Thirumurthy Madhavan
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India.
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24
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Claar D, Hartert TV, Peebles RS. The role of prostaglandins in allergic lung inflammation and asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 9:55-72. [PMID: 25541289 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2015.992783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are products of the COX pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. There are five primary PGs, PGD₂, PGE₂, PGF₂, PGI₂ and thromboxane A₂, all of which signal through distinct seven transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptors. Some PGs may counteract the actions of others, or even the same PG may have opposing physiologic or immunologic effects, depending on the specific receptor through which it signals. In this review, we examine the effects of COX activity and the various PGs on allergic airway inflammation and physiology that is associated with asthma. We also highlight the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting PGs in allergic lung inflammation and asthma based on basic science, animal model and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dru Claar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, T-1217 MCN Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA
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25
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Novel treatments of asthma and allergic diseases. Paediatr Respir Rev 2014; 15:355-62. [PMID: 24287269 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases has considerably increased, mostly in industrialized countries (> 20%), and asthma affects approximately 300 million individuals worldwide. Current therapies are able to control symptoms although they do not modulate immunological dysregulation that characterizes allergic diseases. Over the last 30 years, only a few new drugs have been introduced on the market and they all act on Th2-type response which has a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Recently, a new scenario has been opened on Th17-cells, Th1-type cytokines and innate immune system components involved in the inflammatory pathogenesis of asthma and other allergic diseases. These findings suggest a promising therapeutic role of new agents that block the action of specific cytokines. Furthermore, the concept of an intrinsic structural defect in the bronchial epithelium paves the way to innovative therapeutic strategies. In this review we present an update on therapies for allergic diseases with special focus on asthma.
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26
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Alonso JA, Andrés M, Bravo M, Buil MA, Calbet M, Castro J, Eastwood PR, Eichhorn P, Esteve C, Gómez E, González J, Mir M, Petit S, Roberts RS, Vidal B, Vidal L, Vilaseca P, Zanuy M. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) and structure-kinetic relationships (SKR) of bicyclic heteroaromatic acetic acids as potent CRTh2 antagonists I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5118-22. [PMID: 25437504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A knowledge-based design strategy led to the discovery of several new series of potent and orally bioavailable CRTh2 antagonists where a bicyclic heteroaromatic ring serves as the central core. Structure-kinetic relationships (SKR) opened up the possibility of long receptor residence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Alonso
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Andrés
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Bravo
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Antonia Buil
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Calbet
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Castro
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul R Eastwood
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Esteve
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Gómez
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacob González
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Mir
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Petit
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard S Roberts
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Vidal
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Vidal
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Vilaseca
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Zanuy
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Gil MA, Caniga M, Woodhouse JD, Eckman J, Lee HH, Salmon M, Naber J, Hamilton VT, Sevilla RS, Bettano K, Klappenbach J, Moy L, Correll CC, Gervais FG, Siliphaivanh P, Zhang W, Zhang-Hoover J, McLeod RL, Cicmil M. Anti-inflammatory actions of Chemoattractant Receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 by the antagonist MK-7246 in a novel rat model of Alternaria alternata elicited pulmonary inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 743:106-16. [PMID: 25261040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is a fungal allergen linked to the development of severe asthma in humans. In view of the clinical relationship between A. alternata and asthma, we sought to investigate the allergic activity of this antigen after direct application to the lungs of Brown Norway rats. Here we demonstrate that a single intratracheal instillation of A. alternata induces dose and time dependent eosinophil influx, edema and Type 2 helper cell cytokine production in the lungs of BN rats. We established the temporal profile of eosinophilic infiltration and cytokine production, such as Interleukin-5 and Interleukin-13, following A. alternata challenge. These responses were comparable to Ovalbumin induced models of asthma and resulted in peak inflammatory responses 48h following a single challenge, eliminating the need for multiple sensitizations and challenges. The initial perivascular and peribronchiolar inflammation preceded alveolar inflammation, progressing to a more sub-acute inflammatory response with notable epithelial cell hypertrophy. To limit the effects of an A. alternata inflammatory response, MK-7246 was utilized as it is an antagonist for Chemoattractant Receptor-homologous molecule expressed in Th2 cells. In a dose-dependent manner, MK-7246 decreased eosinophil influx and Th2 cytokine production following the A. alternata challenge. Furthermore, therapeutic administration of corticosteroids resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in eosinophil influx and Th2 cytokine production. Reproducible asthma-related outcomes and amenability to pharmacological intervention by mechanisms relevant to asthma demonstrate that an A. alternata induced pulmonary inflammation in BN rats is a valuable preclinical pharmacodynamic in vivo model for evaluating the pharmacological inhibitors of allergic pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata A Gil
- Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Caniga
- Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Joseph Eckman
- Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hyun-Hee Lee
- Biology Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Salmon
- Biology Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John Naber
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115 , USA
| | - Valerie T Hamilton
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Bettano
- Target & Pathway Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joel Klappenbach
- Target & Pathway Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lily Moy
- Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Craig C Correll
- Biology Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francois G Gervais
- Target & Pathway Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Weisheng Zhang
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jie Zhang-Hoover
- Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robbie L McLeod
- Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Milenko Cicmil
- Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Alonso JA, Andrés M, Bravo M, Calbet M, Eastwood PR, Eichhorn P, Esteve C, Ferrer M, Gómez E, González J, Mir M, Moreno I, Petit S, Roberts RS, Sevilla S, Vidal B, Vidal L, Vilaseca P, Zanuy M. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) and structure-kinetic relationships (SKR) of bicyclic heteroaromatic acetic acids as potent CRTh2 antagonists II: lead optimization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5123-6. [PMID: 25437505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) and structure-kinetic relationship (SKR) studies in the bicyclic heteroaromatic series of CRTh2 antagonists led to the identification of several molecules that possessed both excellent binding and cellular potencies along with long receptor residence times. A small substituent in the bicyclic core provided an order of magnitude jump in dissociation half-lives. Selected optimized compounds demonstrated suitable pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Alonso
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Andrés
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Bravo
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Calbet
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul R Eastwood
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Esteve
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Ferrer
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Gómez
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacob González
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Mir
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imma Moreno
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Petit
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard S Roberts
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Sevilla
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Vidal
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Vidal
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Vilaseca
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Zanuy
- Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Andrés M, Buil MA, Calbet M, Casado O, Castro J, Eastwood PR, Eichhorn P, Ferrer M, Forns P, Moreno I, Petit S, Roberts RS. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) and structure-kinetic relationships (SKR) of pyrrolopiperidinone acetic acids as CRTh2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5111-7. [PMID: 25437503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolopiperidinone acetic acids (PPAs) were identified as highly potent CRTh2 receptor antagonists. In addition, many of these compounds displayed slow-dissociation kinetics from the receptor. Structure-kinetic relationship (SKR) studies allowed optimisation of the kinetics to give potent analogues with long receptor residence half-lives of up to 23 h. Low permeability was a general feature of this series, however oral bioavailability could be achieved through the use of ester prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Andrés
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Antonia Buil
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Calbet
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Casado
- Almirall-Barcelona Science Park Unit, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Castro
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul R Eastwood
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Ferrer
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Forns
- Almirall-Barcelona Science Park Unit, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Imma Moreno
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Petit
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard S Roberts
- Drug Discovery Division, Almirall R&D Centre, Laureano Miró, 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Cook D, Brown D, Alexander R, March R, Morgan P, Satterthwaite G, Pangalos MN. Lessons learned from the fate of AstraZeneca's drug pipeline: a five-dimensional framework. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:419-31. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 872] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Castillo J, Dimov V. Investigational drugs for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:823-36. [PMID: 24708183 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.907271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Allergic rhinitis is characterized by paroxysms of sneezing, rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction. Its prevalence is increasing in industrialized countries worldwide and imposes a significant economic burden as a result of reduced school performance, work productivity and medical expenses. Allergic rhinitis impairs the quality of life of those affected, and current treatment regimens are inadequate for those whose symptoms are severe or refractory to standard drug therapies. They mainly include symptom control with intranasal glucocorticoids, oral and intranasal antihistamines. AREAS COVERED This article provides a review of the most current literature on research that has focused on improving the efficacy of current treatment regimens and developing new drugs. It also provides the reader with an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis, including the inflammatory mediators and cell types involved, which has led to novel treatment options that are under investigation. These new drugs aim to alter the immunologic response to allergens in order to achieve greater clinical efficacy. EXPERT OPINION It is our opinion that despite developments in new therapies, a multidrug approach is vital for successful treatment of allergic rhinitis. Furthermore, immunotherapy in the form of sublingual immunotherapy is a promising additional therapeutic approach that will potentially make immunotherapy available to a wider selection of eligible patients with allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamee Castillo
- University of Chicago, Department of Internal Medicine , 5841 S. Maryland Ave. MC 7082, Chicago, IL 60637 , USA
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32
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Gong B, Shi J, Wang X, Yan Y, Li Q, Meng Y, Xu HE, Yi W. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Regioselective Direct C-2 Alkenylation of Indoles Assisted by the Removable N-(2-Pyrimidyl) Group. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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33
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Schmidt JA, Bell FM, Akam E, Marshall C, Dainty IA, Heinemann A, Dougall IG, Bonnert RV, Sargent CA. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of AZD1981, an orally available selective DP2 antagonist in clinical development for asthma. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1626-38. [PMID: 23146091 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The discovery of DP2 as a second receptor for PGD2 has prompted the search for antagonists as potential novel therapies based on the associations between PGD2 and disease. Here we describe the biochemical and pharmacological properties of 4-(acetylamino)-3-[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]-2-methyl-1H-indole-1-acetic acid (AZD1981), a novel DP2 receptor antagonist. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Binding to DP2 , functional receptor pharmacology and selectivity were studied in both human and animal systems. KEY RESULTS AZD1981 displaced radio-labelled PGD2 from human recombinant DP2 with high potency (pIC50 = 8.4). Binding was reversible, non-competitive and highly selective against a panel of more than 340 other enzymes and receptors, including DP1 (>1000-fold selective). AZD1981 inhibited DP2 -mediated shape change and CD11b up-regulation in human eosinophils, shape change in basophils and chemotaxis of human eosinophils and Th2 cells with similar potency. AZD1981 exhibited good cross-species binding activity against mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit and dog DP2 . Evaluation in mouse, rat or rabbit cell systems was not possible as they did not respond to DP2 agonists. Agonist responses were seen in guinea pig and dog, and AZD1981 blocked DP2 -mediated eosinophil shape change. Such responses were more robust in the guinea pig, where AZD1981 also blocked DP2 -dependent eosinophil emigration from bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS AZD1981 is a DP2 antagonist that blocks functional responses in eosinophils, Th2 cells and basophils. It exhibited similar potency irrespective of the cell type, DP2 agonist or species used. This selective orally active agent is currently under clinical evaluation as a potential therapeutic agent in respiratory diseases including asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Schmidt
- Department of Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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Norman P. Update on the status of DP2 receptor antagonists; from proof of concept through clinical failures to promising new drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 23:55-66. [PMID: 24073896 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.839658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The identification of PGD2 as the cognate ligand for the DP2 (formerly CRTH2) receptor and the apparent role of that receptor in allergic disease has led to considerable interest in the development of DP2 receptor antagonists for the treatment of asthma. Around 20 DP2 receptor antagonists have progressed into development. AREAS COVERED The DP2 antagonists in clinical development and those whose development has been discontinued are discussed in detail. This article highlights the former and examines the available clinical data in respect of both groups of antagonists. It draws upon data that are available from clinical trial registries as well as data that have been presented. EXPERT OPINION The unpromising clinical outcomes obtained with setipiprant, vidupiprant and AZD-1981, and the reason why development of OC-459 appears stalled, are all considered. An assessment of the nine DP2 antagonists currently in clinical development highlights the apparent advantages of ADC-3680 and MK-1029. The scope for licensing opportunities in this field is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Norman
- Norman Consulting , 18 Pink Lane, Burnham, Bucks, SL1 8JW , UK
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35
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Sykes L, Herbert BR, Macintyre DA, Hunte E, Ponnampalam S, Johnson MR, Teoh TG, Bennett PR. The CRTH2 agonist Pyl A prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced fetal death but induces preterm labour. Immunology 2013; 139:352-65. [PMID: 23374103 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J(2) (15dPGJ(2)) delays inflammation-induced preterm labour in the mouse and improves pup survival through the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by a mechanism yet to be elucidated. 15dPGJ(2) is an agonist of the second prostaglandin D(2) receptor, chemoattractant receptor homologous to the T helper 2 cell (CRTH2). In human T helper cells CRTH2 agonists induce the production of the anti-inflammatory interleukins IL-10 and IL-4. We hypothesized that CRTH2 is involved in the protective effect of 15dPGJ(2) in inflammation-induced preterm labour in the murine model. We therefore studied the effects of a specific small molecule CRTH2 agonist on preterm labour and pup survival. An intrauterine injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered to CD1 mice at embryonic day 16, ± CRTH2 agonist/vehicle controls. Mice were killed at 4.5 hr to assess fetal wellbeing and to harvest myometrium and pup brain for analysis of NF-κB, and T helper type 1/2 interleukins. To examine the effects of the CRTH2 agonist on LPS-induced preterm labour, mice were allowed to labour spontaneously. Direct effects of the CRTH2 agonist on uterine contractility were examined ex vivo on contracting myometrial strips. The CRTH2 agonist increased fetal survival from 20 to 100% in LPS-treated mice, and inhibited circular muscle contractility ex vivo. However, it augmented LPS-induced labour and significantly increased myometrial NF-κB, IL-1β, KC-GRO, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α. This suggests that the action of 15dPGJ(2) is not via CRTH2 and therefore small molecule CRTH2 agonists are not likely to be beneficial for the prevention of inflammation-induced preterm labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Sykes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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36
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2-(1H-Pyrazol-4-yl)acetic acids as CRTh2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3349-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Townley RG, Agrawal S. CRTH2 antagonists in the treatment of allergic responses involving TH2 cells, basophils, and eosinophils. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013. [PMID: 23176872 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Townley
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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38
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Inhibition of antigen-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs by a selective antagonist of "chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells" (CRTH2). Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:434-40. [PMID: 23624353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on T helper type 2 cells (CRTH2) is a PGD2 receptor found on eosinophils, basophils, and Th2 type T cells which exhibits chemotaxis and functions in activation cascades. However, while a number of CRTH2 antagonists, including ramatroban, are known to exert activity in certain animal models, activity in a guinea pig model of EA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness has not been demonstrated. The newly developed CRTH2 antagonist ASP5642 has shown antagonistic activity against human and guinea pig CRTH2 in previous studies and has also been found effective in treating guinea pig models of airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. While previous studies have used animals such as rats and mice to evaluate CRTH2 antagonist effects, ours is the first attempt to evaluate CRTH2 function in a guinea pig asthma model, which may prove useful in evaluating the compound's effects in humans, given the comparable airway function between the two species taken together, these data from the present study strongly suggest the utility of ASP5642 in investigating the role of CRTH2 in inflammatory responses and as a drug treatment for human asthma.
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Mauser PJ, House A, Jones H, Correll C, Boyce C, Chapman RW. Pharmacological characterization of the late phase reduction in lung functions and correlations with microvascular leakage and lung edema in allergen-challenged Brown Norway rats. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26:677-84. [PMID: 23523662 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Late phase airflow obstruction and reduction in forced vital capacity are characteristic features of human asthma. Airway microvascular leakage and lung edema are also present in the inflammatory phase of asthma, but the impact of this vascular response on lung functions has not been precisely defined. This study was designed to evaluate the role of increased lung microvascular leakage and edema on the late phase changes in forced vital capacity (FVC) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) in allergen-challenged Brown Norway rats using pharmacological inhibitors of the allergic inflammatory response. Rats were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin aerosol and forced expiratory lung functions (FVC, PEF) and wet and dry lung weights were measured 48 h after antigen challenge. Ovalbumin challenge reduced FVC (63% reduction) and PEF (33% reduction) and increased wet (65% increase) and dry (51% increase) lung weights. The antigen-induced reduction in FVC and PEF was completely inhibited by oral treatment with betamethasone and partially attenuated by inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism including indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor), 7-TM and MK-7246 (CRTH2 antagonists) and montelukast (CysLT1 receptor antagonist). Antagonists of histamine H1 receptors (mepyramine) and 5-HT receptors (methysergide) had no significant effects indicating that these pre-formed mast cell mediators were not involved. There was a highly significant (P < 0.005) correlation for the inhibition of FVC reduction and increase in wet and dry lung weights by these pharmacological agents. These results strongly support the hypothesis that lung microvascular leakage and the associated lung edema contribute to the reduction in forced expiratory lung functions in antigen-challenged Brown Norway rats and identify an important role for the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism in these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Mauser
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015, Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033-0539, USA.
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40
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Busse WW, Wenzel SE, Meltzer EO, Kerwin EM, Liu MC, Zhang N, Chon Y, Budelsky AL, Lin J, Lin SL. Safety and efficacy of the prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonist AMG 853 in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:339-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) plays a key role in many of the physiological markings of allergic inflammation including vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, vascular permeability and lymphocyte recruitment. The action of this molecule is elicited through its two primary receptors, DP and CRTH2. Activation of CRTH2 leads to lymphocyte chemotaxis, potentiation of histamine release from basophils, production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) by Th2 cells, eosinophil degranulation and prevention of Th2 cell apoptosis. As such, antagonism of CRTH2 has been reported to ameliorate the symptoms associated with various allergen challenge animal models including murine antigen induced lung inflammation, murine cigarette smoke induced lung inflammation, murine allergic rhinitis, guinea pig PGD2-induced airflow obstruction, guinea pig airway hyper-responsiveness, sheep airway hyper-responsiveness and murine contact hypersensitivity. CRTH2 antagonists fall into four broad categories: tricyclic ramatroban analogues, indole acetic acids, phenyl/phenoxy acetic acids and non-acid-containing tetrahydroquinolines. Numerous CRTH2 antagonists have been advanced into the clinic and early reports from two Phase II trials suggest promising activity in the alleviation of atopic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. NATHAN TUMEY
- Pfizer Global R&D Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, MS 8220-3563, 445 Eastern Point Rd Groton, CT 06340 USA
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42
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Wang YH, Trucksis M, McElwee JJ, Wong PH, Maciolek C, Thompson CD, Prueksaritanont T, Garrett GC, Declercq R, Vets E, Willson KJ, Smith RC, Klappenbach JA, Opiteck GJ, Tsou JA, Gibson C, Laethem T, Panorchan P, Iwamoto M, Shaw PM, Wagner JA, Harrelson JC. UGT2B17 genetic polymorphisms dramatically affect the pharmacokinetics of MK-7246 in healthy subjects in a first-in-human study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 92:96-102. [PMID: 22669291 PMCID: PMC3380185 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2012.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MK-7246, an antagonist of the chemoattractant receptor on T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, is being developed for the treatment of respiratory diseases. In a first-in-human study, we investigated whether genetic polymorphisms contributed to the marked intersubject variability in the pharmacokinetics of MK-7246 and its glucuronide metabolite M3. Results from in vitro enzyme kinetic studies suggested that UGT2B17 is probably the major enzyme responsible for MK-7246 metabolism in both the liver and the intestine. As compared with those with the UGT2B17*1/*1 wild-type genotype, UGT2B17*2/*2 carriers, who possess no UGT2B17 protein, had 25- and 82-fold greater mean dose-normalized values of area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) and peak concentration of MK-7246, respectively, and a 24-fold lower M3-to-MK-7246 AUC ratio. The apparent half-life of MK-7246 was not as variable between these two genotypes. Therefore, the highly variable pharmacokinetics of MK-7246 is attributable primarily to the impact of UGT2B17 genetic polymorphisms and extensive first-pass metabolism of MK-7246.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Wang
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Kaila N, Huang A, Moretto A, Follows B, Janz K, Lowe M, Thomason J, Mansour TS, Hubeau C, Page K, Morgan P, Fish S, Xu X, Williams C, Saiah E. Diazine indole acetic acids as potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antagonists of chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) for the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5088-109. [PMID: 22651823 DOI: 10.1021/jm300007n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New classes of CRTH2 antagonists, the pyridazine linker containing indole acetic acids, are described. The initial hit 1 had good potency but poor permeability, metabolic stability, and PK. Initial optimization led to compounds of type 2 with low oxidative metabolism but poor oral bioavailability. Poor permeability was identified as a liability for these compounds. Addition of a linker between the indole and diazine moieties afforded a series with good potency, low rates of metabolism, moderate permeability, and good oral bioavailability in rodents. 32 was identified as the development track candidate. It was potent in cell based, binding, and whole blood assays and exhibited good PK profile. It was efficacious in mouse models of contact hypersensitivity (1 mg/kg b.i.d.) and house dust (20 mg/kg q.d.) when dosed orally. In sheep asthma, administration at 1 mg/kg iv completely blocked the LAR and AHR and attenuated the EAR phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Kaila
- BioTherapeutics Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States.
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Abstract
The recognition that asthma is primarily an inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with T helper type 2 (T(H)2) cell-dependent promotion of IgE production and recruitment of mast cells and eosinophils has provided the rationale for disease control using inhaled corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory drugs. As more has been discovered about the cytokine, chemokine and inflammatory pathways that are associated with T(H)2-driven adaptive immunity, attempts have been made to selectively inhibit these in the hope of discovering new therapeutics as predicted from animal models of allergic inflammation. The limited success of this approach, together with the recognition that asthma is more than allergic inflammation, has drawn attention to the innate immune response in this disease. Recent advances in our understanding of the sentinel role played by innate immunity provides new targets for disease prevention and treatment. These include pathways of innate stimulation by environmental or endogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to influence the activation and trafficking of DCs, innate sources of cytokines, and the identification of new T cell subsets and lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Holgate
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, UK.
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Molinaro C, Bulger PG, Lee EE, Kosjek B, Lau S, Gauvreau D, Howard ME, Wallace DJ, O’Shea PD. CRTH2 Antagonist MK-7246: A Synthetic Evolution from Discovery through Development. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2299-309. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202620r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Molinaro
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Paul G. Bulger
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Birgit Kosjek
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | | | - Melissa E. Howard
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Debra J. Wallace
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Paul D. O’Shea
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Pettipher R, Whittaker M. Update on the development of antagonists of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). From lead optimization to clinical proof-of-concept in asthma and allergic rhinitis. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2915-31. [PMID: 22224640 DOI: 10.1021/jm2013997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Pettipher
- Oxagen Ltd., 91 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY, UK.
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Bain G, King CD, Brittain J, Hartung JP, Dearmond I, Stearns B, Truong YP, Hutchinson JH, Evans JF, Holme K. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of AM211: a novel and potent antagonist of the prostaglandin D2 receptor type 2. J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 52:1482-93. [PMID: 22110163 DOI: 10.1177/0091270011421912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prostaglandin D(2) receptor type 2 (DP2) and its ligand, PGD(2), have been implicated in the development of asthma and other inflammatory diseases. The authors evaluated the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety of [2'-(3-benzyl-1-ethyl-ureidomethyl)-6-methoxy-4'-trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-3-yl]-acetic acid sodium salt (AM211), a novel and potent DP2 antagonist, in healthy participants. Single and multiple doses of AM211 demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of eosinophil shape change in blood with near-complete inhibition observed at trough after dosing 200 mg once daily for 7 days. Maximum plasma concentrations and exposures of AM211 increased in a greater-than-dose-proportional manner after single and multiple dosing. After multiple dosing, the exposures on day 7 were higher than on day 1 with accumulation ratio values ranging from 1.4 to 1.5. Mean terminal half-life values ranged from 14 to 25 hours across the dose range of 100 to 600 mg. AM211 was well tolerated at all doses in both the single- and multiple-dose cohorts. These data support additional clinical studies to evaluate AM211 in asthma and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bain
- Amira Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Fang C, Corrigan CJ, Ying S. Identifying and testing potential new anti-asthma agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1027-44. [PMID: 22646862 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.608659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhaled corticosteroids alone or with long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABA) are the basic treatment for stable asthma. While the majority of patients are controllable, some patients retain chronic severe disease and develop permanent alterations in airway function. For patients such as these it is important to better understand the mechanisms of asthma so that alternative approaches can be developed. AREA COVERED Based on data from in vitro cell culture, animal models and clinical trials, this review discusses potential agents targeting either key effector cells, mediators and their receptors in asthma pathogenesis or their signaling cascade molecules. EXPERT OPINION As targeting single Th2 cytokines and their receptors has been shown to have limited clinical benefit, it is important to identify and test potential new therapeutic agents. Recent studies suggest that blockade of IgE synthesis, its interaction with its receptors and downstream signaling, identification of molecular targets in innate immune and airways structural cells, and fresh anti-neutrophil strategies should be prominent among these. Further studies are required to clarify the relationship between airways remodeling and asthma severity so that appropriate patients may be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailong Fang
- Guy's Hospital, King's College London, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma , Department of Asthma , Allergy and Respiratory Science, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, London SE1 9RT , UK +44 207 188 3392 ;
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Bain G, Lorrain DS, Stebbins KJ, Broadhead AR, Santini AM, Prodanovich P, Darlington J, King CD, Lee C, Baccei C, Stearns B, Troung Y, Hutchinson JH, Prasit P, Evans JF. Pharmacology of AM211, a Potent and Selective Prostaglandin D2 Receptor Type 2 Antagonist That Is Active in Animal Models of Allergic Inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:290-301. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.180430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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