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Underwood O, Fritzwanker S, Glenn J, Blum NK, Batista-Gondin A, Drube J, Hoffmann C, Briddon SJ, Schulz S, Canals M. Key phosphorylation sites for robust β-arrestin2 binding at the MOR revisited. Commun Biol 2024; 7:933. [PMID: 39095612 PMCID: PMC11297201 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Desensitisation of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) is proposed to underlie the initiation of opioid analgesic tolerance and previous work has shown that agonist-induced phosphorylation of the MOR C-tail contributes to this desensitisation. Moreover, phosphorylation is important for β-arrestin recruitment to the receptor, and ligands of different efficacies induce distinct phosphorylation barcodes. The C-tail 370TREHPSTANT379 motif harbours Ser/Thr residues important for these regulatory functions. 375Ser is the primary phosphorylation site of a ligand-dependent, hierarchical, and sequential process, whereby flanking 370Thr, 376Thr and 379Thr get subsequently and rapidly phosphorylated. Here we used GRK KO cells, phosphosite specific antibodies and site-directed mutagenesis to evaluate the contribution of the different GRK subfamilies to ligand-induced phosphorylation barcodes and β-arrestin2 recruitment. We show that both GRK2/3 and GRK5/6 subfamilies promote phosphorylation of 370Thr and 375Ser. Importantly, only GRK2/3 induce phosphorylation of 376Thr and 379Thr, and we identify these residues as key sites to promote robust β-arrestin recruitment to the MOR. These data provide insight into the mechanisms of MOR regulation and suggest that the cellular complement of GRK subfamilies plays an important role in determining the tissue responses of opioid agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Underwood
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Sebastian Fritzwanker
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Glenn
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Nina Kathleen Blum
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Arisbel Batista-Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julia Drube
- Institut fur Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB - Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institut fur Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB - Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
- 7TM Antibodies GmbH, Hans-Knöll-Straße 6, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, Midlands, UK.
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2
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Manning JJ, Finlay DB, Glass M. GPCR kinase subtype requirements for arrestin-2 and -3 translocation to the cannabinoid CB 1 receptor and the consequences on G protein signalling. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 224:116190. [PMID: 38604257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Arrestins are key negative regulators of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) through mediation of G protein desensitisation and receptor internalisation. Arrestins can also contribute to signal transduction by scaffolding downstream signalling effectors for activation. GPCR kinase (GRK) enzymes phosphorylate the intracellular C-terminal domain, or intracellular loop regions of GPCRs to promote arrestin interaction. There are seven different GRK subtypes, which may uniquely phosphorylate the C-terminal tail in a type of 'phosphorylation barcode,' potentially differentially contributing to arrestin translocation and arrestin-dependent signalling. Such contributions may be exploited to develop arrestin-biased ligands. Here, we examine the effect of different GRK subtypes on the ability to promote translocation of arrestin-2 and arrestin-3 to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1) with a range of ligands. We find that most GRK subtypes (including visual GRK1) can enhance arrestin-2 and -3 translocation to CB1, and that GRK-dependent changes in arrestin-2 and arrestin-3 translocation were broadly shared for most agonists tested. GRK2/3 generally enhanced arrestin translocation more than the other GRK subtypes, with some small differences between ligands. We also explore the interplay between G protein activity and GRK2/3-dependent arrestin translocation, highlighting that high-efficacy G protein agonists will cause GRK2/3 dependent arrestin translocation. This study supports the hypothesis that arrestin-biased ligands for CB1 must engage GRK5/6 rather than GRK2/3, and G protein-biased ligands must have inherently low efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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3
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Blythe EE, von Zastrow M. β-Arrestin-independent endosomal cAMP signaling by a polypeptide hormone GPCR. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:323-332. [PMID: 37749347 PMCID: PMC10907292 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) initiate a second phase of stimulatory heterotrimeric G protein (Gs)-coupled cAMP signaling after endocytosis. The prevailing current view is that the endosomal signal is inherently β-arrestin-dependent because β-arrestin is necessary for receptor internalization and, for some GPCRs, to prolong the endosomal signal. Here we revise this view by showing that the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 (VIPR1), a secretin-family polypeptide hormone receptor, does not require β-arrestin to internalize or to generate an endosomal signal. β-Arrestin instead resolves the plasma membrane and endosomal signaling phases into sequential cAMP peaks by desensitizing the plasma membrane phase without affecting the endosomal phase. This appears to occur through the formation of functionally distinct VIPR1-β-arrestin complexes at each location that differ in their phosphorylation dependence. We conclude that endosomal GPCR signaling can occur in the absence of β-arrestin and that β-arrestin sculpts the spatiotemporal profile of cellular GPCR-G protein signaling through location-specific remodeling of GPCR-β-arrestin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Blythe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Quantitative Biology Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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4
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Mansour HM, El-Khatib AS. Exploring Parkinson-associated kinases for CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing: beyond alpha-synuclein. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102114. [PMID: 37924981 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substania nigra (SN) and is associated with progressive motor impairment. PD is classified into familial and sporadic forms. The first genetic association studies in PD reported the involvement of Synuclein alpha (SNCA) mutations in the pathobiology of familial PD. Subsequent studies suggested mutations in PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), PARKIN, leucine repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2), and DJ-1 causing familial PD. In addition, kinase dysregulation has been embroiled in the pathogenesis of PD. The genome-editing mechanism CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) has recently influenced industry and scientific discoveries and is expected to expedite neurodegenerative disease research. This review will discuss the structure, function, and history of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. Moreover, it summarizes genes-encoding kinases involved in PD pathogenesis and targeted by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, including LRRK2, PINK1, Protein kinase C-delta (PKC-γ), and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We provide an overview of novel kinases to be targeted by the CRISPR/Cas9 system such as G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), cyclin-G-associated kinases (GAKs), cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), c-ABL, and rearranged during transfection (RET) receptors. Additionally, we will explain the off-target effects of CRISPR/Cas9 system and how to address them. Also, we will shed light on the associated challenges and future directions that are enabling the efficient use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in kinases research in PD. In conclusion, gene editing, in addition to gene therapy, might be a possible promising strategy for PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Mansour
- Central Administration of Biological, Innovative Products, and Clinical Studies, Egyptian Drug Authority, EDA, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Aiman S El-Khatib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Sánchez-Soto M, Boldizsar NM, Schardien KA, Madaras NS, Willette BKA, Inbody LR, Dasaro C, Moritz AE, Drube J, Haider RS, Free RB, Hoffman C, Sibley DR. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 Selectively Enhances β-Arrestin Recruitment to the D 2 Dopamine Receptor through Mechanisms That Are Independent of Receptor Phosphorylation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1552. [PMID: 37892234 PMCID: PMC10605370 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) signals through both G proteins and β-arrestins to regulate important physiological processes, such as movement, reward circuitry, emotion, and cognition. β-arrestins are believed to interact with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the phosphorylated C-terminal tail or intracellular loops. GPCR kinases (GRKs) are the primary drivers of GPCR phosphorylation, and for many receptors, receptor phosphorylation is indispensable for β-arrestin recruitment. However, GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation is not required for β-arrestin recruitment to the D2R, and the role of GRKs in D2R-β-arrestin interactions remains largely unexplored. In this study, we used GRK knockout cells engineered using CRISPR-Cas9 technology to determine the extent to which β-arrestin recruitment to the D2R is GRK-dependent. Genetic elimination of all GRK expression decreased, but did not eliminate, agonist-stimulated β-arrestin recruitment to the D2R or its subsequent internalization. However, these processes were rescued upon the re-introduction of various GRK isoforms in the cells with GRK2/3 also enhancing dopamine potency. Further, treatment with compound 101, a pharmacological inhibitor of GRK2/3 isoforms, decreased β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization, highlighting the importance of this GRK subfamily for D2R-β-arrestin interactions. These results were recapitulated using a phosphorylation-deficient D2R mutant, emphasizing that GRKs can enhance β-arrestin recruitment and activation independently of receptor phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sánchez-Soto
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (R.B.F.)
| | - Noelia M. Boldizsar
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (R.B.F.)
| | - Kayla A. Schardien
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (R.B.F.)
| | - Nora S. Madaras
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (R.B.F.)
| | - Blair K. A. Willette
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (R.B.F.)
| | - Laura R. Inbody
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (R.B.F.)
| | - Christopher Dasaro
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (R.B.F.)
| | - Amy E. Moritz
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (R.B.F.)
| | - Julia Drube
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany (R.S.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Raphael S. Haider
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany (R.S.H.); (C.H.)
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Protein and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - R. Benjamin Free
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (R.B.F.)
| | - Carsten Hoffman
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany (R.S.H.); (C.H.)
| | - David R. Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA (R.B.F.)
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6
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Alonazi A, Nash CA, Wang CH, Christofidou E, Challiss RAJ, Willets JM. GRK2 expression and catalytic activity are essential for vasoconstrictor/ERK-stimulated arterial smooth muscle proliferation. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115795. [PMID: 37690571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged vasoconstrictor signalling found in hypertension, increases arterial contraction, and alters vessel architecture by stimulating arterial smooth muscle cell (ASMC) growth, underpinning the development of re-stenosis lesions and vascular remodelling. Vasoconstrictors interact with their cognate G protein coupled receptors activating a variety of signalling pathways to promote smooth muscle proliferation. Here, angiotensin II (AngII) and endothelin 1 (ET1), but not UTP stimulates ASMC proliferation. Moreover, siRNA-mediated depletion of endogenous GRK2 expression, or GRK2 inhibitors, compound 101 or paroxetine, prevented AngII and ET1-promoted ASMC growth. Depletion of GRK2 expression or inhibition of GRK2 activity ablated the prolonged phase of AngII and ET-stimulated ERK signalling, while enhancing and prolonging UTP-stimulated ERK signalling. Increased GRK2 expression enhanced and prolonged AngII and ET1-stimulated ERK signalling, but suppressed UTP-stimulated ERK signalling. In ASMC prepared from 6-week-old WKY and SHR, AngII and ET1-stimulated proliferation rates were similar, however, in cultures prepared from 12-week-old rats AngII and ET1-stimulated growth was enhanced in SHR-derived ASMC, which was reversed following depletion of GRK2 expression. Furthermore, in ASMC cultures isolated from 6-week-old WKY and SHR rats, AngII and ET1-stimulated ERK signals were similar, while in cultures from 12-week-old rats ERK signals were both enhanced and prolonged in SHR-derived ASMC, and were reversed to those seen in age-matched WKY-derived ASMC following pre-treatment of SHR-derived ASMC with compound 101. These data indicate that the presence of GRK2 and its catalytic activity are essential to enable pro-proliferative vasoconstrictors to promote growth via recruitment and activation of the ERK signalling pathway in ASMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Alonazi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box 145111, Saudi Arabia(1)
| | - Craig A Nash
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chuan-Han Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Christofidou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; Tumor Viruses and Cancer Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Panepistimiou 1, Aglantzia 2109, Nicosia, Cyprus(1)
| | - R A John Challiss
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathon M Willets
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
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7
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Bouchet CA, McPherson KB, Coutens B, Janowsky A, Ingram SL. Monoacylglycerol Lipase Protects the Presynaptic Cannabinoid 1 Receptor from Desensitization by Endocannabinoids after Persistent Inflammation. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5458-5467. [PMID: 37414560 PMCID: PMC10376933 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0037-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid-targeted pain therapies are increasing with the expansion of cannabis legalization, however, their efficacy may be limited by pain-induced adaptations in the cannabinoid system. Cannabinoid receptor subtype 1 (CB1R) inhibition of spontaneous, GABAergic miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) and evoked IPSCs (eIPSCs) in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) were compared in slices from naive and inflamed male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) injections into the hindpaw induced persistent inflammation. In naive rats, exogenous cannabinoid agonists robustly reduce both eIPSCs and mIPSCs. After 5-7 d of inflammation, the effects of exogenous cannabinoids are significantly reduced because of CB1R desensitization via GRK2/3, as function is recovered in the presence of the GRK2/3 inhibitor, Compound 101 (Cmp101). Inhibition of GABA release by presynaptic μ-opioid receptors in the vlPAG does not desensitize with persistent inflammation. Unexpectedly, while CB1R desensitization significantly reduces the inhibition produced by exogenous agonists, depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition protocols that promote 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) synthesis exhibit prolonged CB1R activation after inflammation. 2-AG tone is detected in slices from CFA-treated rats when GRK2/3 is blocked, suggesting an increase in 2-AG synthesis after persistent inflammation. Inhibiting 2-AG degradation with the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor JZL184 during inflammation results in the desensitization of CB1Rs by endocannabinoids that is reversed with Cmp101. Collectively, these data indicate that persistent inflammation primes CB1Rs for desensitization, and MAGL degradation of 2-AG protects CB1Rs from desensitization in inflamed rats. These adaptations with inflammation have important implications for the development of cannabinoid-based pain therapeutics targeting MAGL and CB1Rs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Presynaptic G-protein-coupled receptors are resistant to desensitization. Here we find that persistent inflammation increases endocannabinoid levels, priming presynaptic cannabinoid 1 receptors for desensitization on subsequent addition of exogenous agonists. Despite the reduced efficacy of exogenous agonists, endocannabinoids have prolonged efficacy after persistent inflammation. Endocannabinoids readily induce cannabinoid 1 receptor desensitization if their degradation is blocked, indicating that endocannabinoid concentrations are maintained at subdesensitizing levels and that degradation is critical for maintaining endocannabinoid regulation of presynaptic GABA release in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray during inflammatory states. These adaptations with inflammation have important implications for the development of cannabinoid-based pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Bouchet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vollum Institute, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Kylie B McPherson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Basile Coutens
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Departments of Psychiatry, and Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Susan L Ingram
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Chen H, Ouyang L, Wang Y. Targeting GRK2 and GRK5 for treating chronic degenerative diseases: Advances and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Anto S, Sathish V, Sun C, O'Rourke ST. Apelin-Induced Relaxation of Coronary Arteries Is Impaired in a Model of Second-Hand Cigarette Smoke Exposure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 80:842-851. [PMID: 35976142 PMCID: PMC9729429 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Apelin, an endogenous ligand for APJ receptors, causes nitric oxide (NO)-dependent relaxation of coronary arteries. Little is known about the effects of apelin/APJ receptor signaling in the coronary circulation under pathological conditions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the vasorelaxing effect of apelin is impaired by cigarette smoke extract (CSE), an established model for second-hand smoke exposure. Isolated rat coronary arteries were treated with 2% CSE for 4 hours. Apelin-induced relaxation of coronary arteries was abolished by CSE exposure, while relaxations to acetylcholine (ACh) (endothelium-dependent relaxation) and to diethyl amine NONOate (NO donor) were similar in control and CSE-treated arteries. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that apelin increased eNOS ser1177 phosphorylation under control conditions but had no effect after exposure to CSE. Moreover, GRK2 expression was increased in CSE-exposed coronary endothelial cells. Pretreatment with CMPD101, a GRK2 inhibitor, improved the relaxation response to apelin in CSE-exposed coronary arteries. CSE treatment failed to inhibit relaxations evoked by CMF-019, an APJ receptor biased agonist that has little effect on GRK2. In arteries exposed to CSE, apelin impaired the response to ACh but not to diethyl amine NONOate. ACh-induced relaxation was unaffected by CMF-019 in either control or CSE-treated coronary arteries. The results suggest that APJ receptor signaling using the GRK2 pathway contributes to both loss of relaxation to apelin itself and the ability of apelin to inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation to ACh in CSE-exposed coronary arteries, likely because of impaired production of NO from endothelial cells. These changes in apelin/APJ receptor signaling under pathological conditions (eg, exposure to second-hand smoke) could create an environment that favors increased vasomotor tone in coronary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Anto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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10
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Xiang G, Acosta-Ruiz A, Radoux-Mergault A, Kristt M, Kim J, Moon JD, Broichhagen J, Inoue A, Lee FS, Stoeber M, Dittman JS, Levitz J. Control of Gα q signaling dynamics and GPCR cross-talk by GRKs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq3363. [PMID: 36427324 PMCID: PMC9699688 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Numerous processes contribute to the regulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), but relatively little is known about rapid mechanisms that control signaling on the seconds time scale or regulate cross-talk between receptors. Here, we reveal that the ability of some GPCR kinases (GRKs) to bind Gαq both drives acute signaling desensitization and regulates functional interactions between GPCRs. GRK2/3-mediated acute desensitization occurs within seconds, is rapidly reversible, and can occur upon local, subcellular activation. This rapid desensitization is kinase independent, insensitive to pharmacological inhibition, and generalizable across receptor families and effectors. We also find that the ability of GRK2 to bind G proteins also enables it to regulate the extent and timing of Gαq-dependent signaling cross-talk between GPCRs. Last, we find that G protein/GRK2 interactions enable a novel form of GPCR trafficking cross-talk. Together, this work reveals potent forms of Gαq-dependent GPCR regulation with wide-ranging pharmacological and physiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Melanie Kristt
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jared D. Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Francis S. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Stoeber
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy S. Dittman
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Kaufmann J, Blum NK, Nagel F, Schuler A, Drube J, Degenhart C, Engel J, Eickhoff JE, Dasgupta P, Fritzwanker S, Guastadisegni M, Schulte C, Miess-Tanneberg E, Maric HM, Spetea M, Kliewer A, Baumann M, Klebl B, Reinscheid RK, Hoffmann C, Schulz S. A bead-based GPCR phosphorylation immunoassay for high-throughput ligand profiling and GRK inhibitor screening. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1206. [PMID: 36352263 PMCID: PMC9646841 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of agonist-driven phosphorylation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can provide valuable insights into the receptor activation state and ligand pharmacology. However, to date, assessment of GPCR phosphorylation using high-throughput applications has been challenging. We have developed and validated a bead-based immunoassay for the quantitative assessment of agonist-induced GPCR phosphorylation that can be performed entirely in multiwell cell culture plates. The assay involves immunoprecipitation of affinity-tagged receptors using magnetic beads followed by protein detection using phosphorylation state-specific and phosphorylation state-independent anti-GPCR antibodies. As proof of concept, five prototypical GPCRs (MOP, C5a1, D1, SST2, CB2) were treated with different agonizts and antagonists, and concentration-response curves were generated. We then extended our approach to establish selective cellular GPCR kinase (GRK) inhibitor assays, which led to the rapid identification of a selective GRK5/6 inhibitor (LDC8988) and a highly potent pan-GRK inhibitor (LDC9728). In conclusion, this versatile GPCR phosphorylation assay can be used extensively for ligand profiling and inhibitor screening. A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) phosphorylation assay for cell culture plates can be used for ligand profiling and inhibitor screening, as evidenced by the identification of two GRK inhibitor compounds.
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12
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How Arrestins and GRKs Regulate the Function of Long Chain Fatty Acid Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012237. [PMID: 36293091 PMCID: PMC9602559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FFA1 and FFA4, two G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by long chain fatty acids, play crucial roles in mediating many biological functions in the body. As a result, these fatty acid receptors have gained considerable attention due to their potential to be targeted for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. However, the relative contribution of canonical G protein-mediated signalling versus the effects of agonist-induced phosphorylation and interactions with β-arrestins have yet to be fully defined. Recently, several reports have highlighted the ability of β-arrestins and GRKs to interact with and modulate different functions of both FFA1 and FFA4, suggesting that it is indeed important to consider these interactions when studying the roles of FFA1 and FFA4 in both normal physiology and in different disease settings. Here, we discuss what is currently known and show the importance of understanding fully how β-arrestins and GRKs regulate the function of long chain fatty acid receptors.
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13
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Jiang H, Galtes D, Wang J, Rockman HA. G protein-coupled receptor signaling: transducers and effectors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C731-C748. [PMID: 35816644 PMCID: PMC9448338 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00210.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of considerable interest due to their importance in a wide range of physiological functions and in a large number of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs as therapeutic entities. With continued study of their function and mechanism of action, there is a greater understanding of how effector molecules interact with a receptor to initiate downstream effector signaling. This review aims to explore the signaling pathways, dynamic structures, and physiological relevance in the cardiovascular system of the three most important GPCR signaling effectors: heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCR kinases (GRKs), and β-arrestins. We will first summarize their prominent roles in GPCR pharmacology before transitioning into less well-explored areas. As new technologies are developed and applied to studying GPCR structure and their downstream effectors, there is increasing appreciation for the elegance of the regulatory mechanisms that mediate intracellular signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniella Galtes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jialu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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14
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Zhuo Y, Crecelius JM, Marchese A. G protein-coupled receptor kinase phosphorylation of distal C-tail sites specifies βarrestin1-mediated signaling by chemokine receptor CXCR4. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102351. [PMID: 35940305 PMCID: PMC9465349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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15
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Brackley AD, Jeske NA. Paroxetine increases delta opioid responsiveness in sensory neurons. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0063-22.2022. [PMID: 35882549 PMCID: PMC9347309 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0063-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved delta opioid receptor (DOR)-selective agonists, despite having fewer side effects in rodents and non-human primates compared to traditional mu opioid receptor (MOR) therapeutics (Vanderah, 2010). Targeting peripheral receptors is an attractive strategy to reduce abuse potential. However, peripheral opioid receptors do not readily respond to agonists unless primed by inflammation, which would limit their efficacy in non-inflammatory pain patients (Stein et al., 1989). It was recently identified that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) maintains DOR incompetence in non-inflamed nociceptors (Brackley et al., 2016; Brackley et al., 2017). Here, we report that paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and potent GRK2 inhibitor (Thal et al., 2012), reduces chronic GRK2 association with membrane DOR, thereby enhancing peripheral DOR-mediated analgesic competence in the absence of inflammation. Interestingly, paroxetine's effects on GRK2 in vivo are limited to peripheral tissues in the male rat. The effects of paroxetine on DOR competence are notably antagonized by GRK2 overexpression. This is the first study to suggest that paroxetine induces peripheral DOR analgesic competence through a GRK2-dependent mechanism, improving analgesic efficacy in non-inflamed tissue. Because paroxetine targets the protein that governs peripheral opioid receptor responsiveness, and does so in the absence of inflammation, we propose that paroxetine may be suitable as a co-therapy with peripherally-restrictive doses of opioids to improve analgesic efficacy in non-inflammatory pain conditions.Significance StatementOpioids that target MOR represent the gold-standard for analgesic healthcare, despite widespread abuse potential and the ongoing opioid-epidemic. Work herein uncovers the therapeutic potential of targeting peripheral DOR for analgesic utility with an FDA-approved GRK2 inhibitor paroxetine to boost efficacy and reduce side effect profiles. Analgesic pain management targeting DOR with increased efficacy through adjuvant paroxetine treatment could reduce over-reliance on MOR agonist opioids for pain relief and usher in new options for analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathaniel A Jeske
- Departments of Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX, USA
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX, USA
- Pharmacology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX, USA
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16
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Todd NK, Huang Y, Lee JY, Doruker P, Krieger JM, Salisbury R, MacDonald M, Bahar I, Thathiah A. GPCR kinases generate an APH1A phosphorylation barcode to regulate amyloid-β generation. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111110. [PMID: 35858570 PMCID: PMC9373432 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) are associated with the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, GRKs have not been directly implicated in regulation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) pathogenic cascade in AD. Here, we determine that GRKs phosphorylate a non-canonical substrate, anterior pharynx-defective 1A (APH1A), an integral component of the γ-secretase complex. Significantly, we show that GRKs generate distinct phosphorylation barcodes in intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) and the C terminus of APH1A, which differentially regulate recruitment of the scaffolding protein β-arrestin 2 (βarr2) to APH1A and γ-secretase-mediated Aβ generation. Further molecular dynamics simulation studies reveal an interaction between the βarr2 finger loop domain and ICL2 and ICL3 of APH1A, similar to a GPCR-β-arrestin complex, which regulates γ-secretase activity. Collectively, these studies provide insight into the molecular and structural determinants of the APH1A-βarr2 interaction that critically regulate Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Todd
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yunhong Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Pemra Doruker
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - James M Krieger
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ryan Salisbury
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Matthew MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amantha Thathiah
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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17
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GRK2 regulates ADP signaling in platelets via P2Y1 and P2Y12. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4524-4536. [PMID: 35793439 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of GRK2 in regulating cardiac function has been well documented for over three decades. Therefore, targeting GRK2 has been extensively studied as a novel approach to treat cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about its role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Here we provide the first evidence that GRK2 limits platelet activation and regulates the hemostatic response to injury. Deletion of GRK2 in mouse platelets causes increased platelet accumulation following laser-induced injury in cremaster muscle arterioles, shortens tail bleeding time, and enhances thrombosis in ADP-induced pulmonary thromboembolism and in FeCl3-induced carotid injury. GRK2-/- platelets have increased integrin activation, P-selectin exposure, and platelet aggregation in response to ADP stimulation. Furthermore, GRK2-/- platelets retain the ability to aggregate in response to ADP re-stimulation, indicating that GRK2 contributes to ADP receptor desensitization. Underlying these changes in GRK2-/- platelets is an increase in Ca2+ mobilization, RAP1 activation, and Akt phosphorylation stimulated by ADP, and an attenuated rise of cAMP levels in response to ADP in the presence of prostaglandin I2. P2Y12 antagonist treatment eliminates the phenotypic difference in platelet accumulation between WT and GRK2-/- mice at the site of injury. Pharmacologic inhibition of GRK2 activity in human platelets increases platelet activation in response to ADP. Finally, we show that GRK2 binds to endogenous Gβγ subunits during platelet activation. Collectively, these results show that GRK2 regulates ADP signaling via P2Y1 and P2Y12, interacts with Gβγ, and functions as a signaling hub in platelets for modulating the hemostatic response to injury.
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18
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Marsango S, Ward RJ, Jenkins L, Butcher AJ, Al Mahmud Z, Dwomoh L, Nagel F, Schulz S, Tikhonova IG, Tobin AB, Milligan G. Selective phosphorylation of threonine residues defines GPR84-arrestin interactions of biased ligands. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101932. [PMID: 35427647 PMCID: PMC9118924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR84 is an immune cell-expressed, proinflammatory receptor currently being assessed as a therapeutic target in conditions including fibrosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Although it was previously shown that the orthosteric GPR84 activators 2-HTP and 6-OAU promoted its interactions with arrestin-3, a G protein-biased agonist DL-175 did not. Here, we show that replacement of all 21 serine and threonine residues within i-loop 3 of GPR84, but not the two serines in the C-terminal tail, eliminated the incorporation of [32P] and greatly reduced receptor-arrestin-3 interactions promoted by 2-HTP. GPR84 was phosphorylated constitutively on residues Ser221 and Ser224, while various other amino acids are phosphorylated in response to 2-HTP. Consistent with this, an antiserum able to identify pSer221/pSer224 recognized GPR84 from cells treated with and without activators, whereas an antiserum able to identify pThr263/pThr264 only recognized GPR84 after exposure to 2-HTP and not DL-175. Two distinct GPR84 antagonists as well as inhibition of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2/3 prevented phosphorylation of pThr263/pThr264, but neither strategy affected constitutive phosphorylation of Ser221/Ser224. Furthermore, mutation of residues Thr263 and Thr264 to alanine generated a variant of GPR84 also limited in 2-HTP-induced interactions with arrestin-2 and -3. By contrast, this mutant was unaffected in its capacity to reduce cAMP levels. Taken together, these results define a key pair of threonine residues, regulated only by subsets of GPR84 small molecule activators and by GRK2/3 that define effective interactions with arrestins and provide novel tools to monitor the phosphorylation and functional status of GPR84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marsango
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Ward
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Jenkins
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Butcher
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zobaer Al Mahmud
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Dwomoh
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- 7TM Antibodies GmbH, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Irina G Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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19
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Khalid E, Chang JP. Receptor-proximal effectors mediating GnRH actions in the goldfish pituitary: Involvement of G protein subunits and GRKs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 319:113991. [PMID: 35157923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.113991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In goldfish (Carassius auratus), two endogenous isoforms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) secretion. These isoforms, GnRH2 and GnRH3, act on a shared population of cell-surface GnRH receptors (GnRHRs) expressed on both gonadotrophs and somatotrophs, and can signal through unique, yet partially overlapping, suites of intracellular effectors, in a phenomenon known as functional selectivity or biased signalling. In this study, G-protein alpha (Gα) subunits were targeted with two inhibitors, YM-254890 and BIM-46187, to ascertain the contribution of specific G-protein subunits in GnRH signalling. Results with the Gαq/11-specific inhibitor YM-254890 on primary cultures of goldfish pituitary cells revealed the use of these subunits in GnRH control of both LH and GH release, as well as GnRH-induced elevations in phospho-ERK levels. Results with the pan-Gα inhibitor BIM-46187 matched those using YM-254890 in LH release but GH responses differed, indicating additional, non-Gαq/11 subunits may be involved in somatotrophs. BIM-46187 also elevated unstimulated LH and GH release suggesting that Gα subunits regulate basal hormone secretion. Furthermore, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK2/3) inhibition reduced LH responses to GnRH2 and GnRH3, and selectively enhanced GnRH2-stimulated GH release, indicating differential use of GRK2/3 in GnRH actions on gonadotrophs and somatotrophs. These findings in a primary untransformed system provide the first direct evidence to establish Gαq/11 as an obligate driver of GnRH signalling in goldfish pituitary cells, and additionally describe the differential agonist- and cell type-selective involvement of GRK2/3 in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enezi Khalid
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada
| | - John P Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada.
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20
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Cheng H, Guo P, Su T, Jiang C, Zhu Z, Wei W, Zhang L, Wang Q. G protein-coupled receptor kinase type 2 and β-arrestin2: Key players in immune cell functions and inflammation. Cell Signal 2022; 95:110337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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BRET-Based Biosensors to Measure Agonist Efficacies in Histamine H 1 Receptor-Mediated G Protein Activation, Signaling and Interactions with GRKs and β-Arrestins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063184. [PMID: 35328605 PMCID: PMC8953162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The histamine H1 receptor (H1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and plays a key role in allergic reactions upon activation by histamine which is locally released from mast cells and basophils. Consequently, H1R is a well-established therapeutic target for antihistamines that relieve allergy symptoms. H1R signals via heterotrimeric Gq proteins and is phosphorylated by GPCR kinase (GRK) subtypes 2, 5, and 6, consequently facilitating the subsequent recruitment of β-arrestin1 and/or 2. Stimulation of a GPCR with structurally different agonists can result in preferential engagement of one or more of these intracellular signaling molecules. To evaluate this so-called biased agonism for H1R, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based biosensors were applied to measure H1R signaling through heterotrimeric Gq proteins, second messengers (inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and Ca2+), and receptor-protein interactions (GRKs and β-arrestins) in response to histamine, 2-phenylhistamines, and histaprodifens in a similar cellular background. Although differences in efficacy were observed for these agonists between some functional readouts as compared to reference agonist histamine, subsequent data analysis using an operational model of agonism revealed only signaling bias of the agonist Br-phHA-HA in recruiting β-arrestin2 to H1R over Gq biosensor activation.
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22
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Agonist-induced phosphorylation of orthologues of the orphan receptor GPR35 functions as an activation sensor. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101655. [PMID: 35101446 PMCID: PMC8892012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) is poorly characterized but nevertheless has been revealed to have diverse roles in areas including lower gut inflammation and pain. The development of novel reagents and tools will greatly enhance analysis of GPR35 functions in health and disease. Here, we used mass spectrometry, mutagenesis, and [32P] orthophosphate labeling to identify that all five hydroxy-amino acids in the C-terminal tail of human GPR35a became phosphorylated in response to agonist occupancy of the receptor and that, apart from Ser294, each of these contributed to interactions with arretin-3, which inhibits further G protein-coupled receptor signaling. We found that Ser303 was key to such interactions; the serine corresponding to human GPR35a residue 303 also played a dominant role in arrestin-3 interactions for both mouse and rat GPR35. We also demonstrated that fully phospho-site–deficient mutants of human GPR35a and mouse GPR35 failed to interact effectively with arrestin-3, and the human phospho-deficient variant was not internalized from the surface of cells in response to agonist treatment. Even in cells stably expressing species orthologues of GPR35, a substantial proportion of the expressed protein(s) was determined to be immature. Finally, phospho-site–specific antisera targeting the region encompassing Ser303 in human (Ser301 in mouse) GPR35a identified only the mature forms of GPR35 and provided effective sensors of the activation status of the receptors both in immunoblotting and immunocytochemical studies. Such antisera may be useful tools to evaluate target engagement in drug discovery and target validation programs.
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23
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Gazdarica M, Noda J, Durydivka O, Novosadova V, Mackie K, Pin JP, Prezeau L, Blahos J. SGIP1 modulates kinetics and interactions of the cannabinoid receptor 1 and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 signalosome. J Neurochem 2021; 160:625-642. [PMID: 34970999 PMCID: PMC9306533 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R), a G protein‐coupled receptor, plays a fundamental role in synaptic plasticity. Abnormal activity and deregulation of CB1R signaling result in a broad spectrum of pathological conditions. CB1R signaling is regulated by receptor desensitization including phosphorylation of residues within the intracellular C terminus by G protein‐coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) that may lead to endocytosis. Furthermore, CB1R signaling is regulated by the protein Src homology 3‐domain growth factor receptor‐bound 2‐like (SGIP1) that hinders receptor internalization, while enhancing CB1R association with β‐arrestin. It has been postulated that phosphorylation of two clusters of serine/threonine residues, 425SMGDS429 and 460TMSVSTDTS468, within the CB1R C‐tail controls dynamics of the association between receptor and its interaction partners involved in desensitization. Several molecular determinants of these events are still not well understood. We hypothesized that the dynamics of these interactions are modulated by SGIP1. Using a panel of CB1Rs mutated in the aforementioned serine and threonine residues, together with an array of Bioluminescence energy transfer‐based (BRET) sensors, we discovered that GRK3 forms complexes with Gβγ subunits of G proteins that largely independent of GRK3’s interaction with CB1R. Furthermore, CB1R interacts only with activated GRK3. Interestingly, phosphorylation of two specific residues on CB1R triggers GRK3 dissociation from the desensitized receptor. SGIP1 increases the association of GRK3 with Gβγ subunits of G proteins, and with CB1R. Altogether, our data suggest that the CB1R signalosome complex is dynamically controlled by sequential phosphorylation of the receptor C‐tail and is also modified by SGIP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Gazdarica
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.,Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Judith Noda
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Oleh Durydivka
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Novosadova
- The Czech Center for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Molecular Bioscience, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St, Bloomington, IN, USA, 47405
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Prezeau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Jaroslav Blahos
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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24
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Patel M, Matti C, Grimsey NL, Legler DF, Javitch JA, Finlay DB, Glass M. Delineating the interactions between the cannabinoid CB 2 receptor and its regulatory effectors; β-arrestins and G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2223-2239. [PMID: 34811740 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2 ) is a promising therapeutic target for modulating inflammation. However, little is known surrounding the mechanisms underpinning CB2 desensitisation and regulation, particularly the role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). Here, we evaluated the role of six GRK isoforms in β-arrestin recruitment to CB2 . Mutagenesis of several distal C-terminal aspartic acid residues was also performed in an attempt to delineate additional structural elements involved in the regulation of CB2 . EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In CB2 -expressing HEK 293 cells, β-arrestin translocation was measured using real-time BRET assays. G protein dissociation BRET assays were performed to assess the activation and desensitisation of CB2 in the presence of β-arrestin 2. KEY RESULTS Overexpression of GRK isoforms 1-6 failed to considerably improve translocation of either β-arrestin 1 or β-arrestin 2 to CB2 . Consistent with this, inhibition of endogenous GRK2/3 did not substantially reduce β-arrestin 2 translocation. Mutagenesis of C-terminal aspartic acid residues resulted in attenuation of β-arrestin 2 translocation, which translated to a reduction in desensitisation of G protein activation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that CB2 does not adhere to the classical GPCR regulatory paradigm, entailing GRK- and β-arrestin-mediated desensitisation. Instead, C-terminal aspartic acid residues may act as phospho-mimics to induce β-arrestin activation. This study provides novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of CB2 , which may aid in our understanding of drug tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christoph Matti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Natasha L Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, United States
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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25
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Uehling DE, Joseph B, Chung KC, Zhang AX, Ler S, Prakesch MA, Poda G, Grouleff J, Aman A, Kiyota T, Leung-Hagesteijn C, Konda JD, Marcellus R, Griffin C, Subramaniam R, Abibi A, Strathdee CA, Isaac MB, Al-Awar R, Tiedemann RE. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of 4-Aminoquinazolines as Potent Inhibitors of the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 6 (GRK6) for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11129-11147. [PMID: 34291633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both previous and additional genetic knockdown studies reported herein implicate G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) as a critical kinase required for the survival of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Therefore, we sought to develop a small molecule GRK6 inhibitor as an MM therapeutic. From a focused library of known kinase inhibitors, we identified two hits with moderate biochemical potencies against GRK6. From these hits, we developed potent (IC50 < 10 nM) analogues with selectivity against off-target kinases. Further optimization led to the discovery of an analogue (18) with an IC50 value of 6 nM against GRK6 and selectivity against a panel of 85 kinases. Compound 18 has potent cellular target engagement and antiproliferative activity against MM cells and is synergistic with bortezomib. In summary, we demonstrate that targeting GRK6 with small molecule inhibitors represents a promising approach for MM and identify 18 as a novel, potent, and selective GRK6 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Uehling
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Babu Joseph
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Kim Chan Chung
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrew X Zhang
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Spencer Ler
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Michael A Prakesch
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Gennady Poda
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Julie Grouleff
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ahmed Aman
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Taira Kiyota
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Chungyee Leung-Hagesteijn
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - John David Konda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Richard Marcellus
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Carly Griffin
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ratheesh Subramaniam
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ayome Abibi
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Craig A Strathdee
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Methvin B Isaac
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rodger E Tiedemann
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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26
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Han C, Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Cui D, Luo T, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Li H, Wang C, Xu D, Ma Y, Wei W. Targeted inhibition of GRK2 kinase domain by CP-25 to reverse fibroblast-like synoviocytes dysfunction and improve collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1835-1852. [PMID: 34386323 PMCID: PMC8343125 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease and is mainly characterized by abnormal proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). The up-regulated cellular membrane expression of G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) of FLS plays a critical role in RA progression, the increase of GRK2 translocation activity promotes dysfunctional prostaglandin E4 receptor (EP4) signaling and FLS abnormal proliferation. Recently, although our group found that paeoniflorin-6ʹ-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25), a novel compound, could reverse FLS dysfunction via GRK2, little is known as to how GRK2 translocation activity is suppressed. Our findings revealed that GRK2 expression up-regulated and EP4 expression down-regulated in synovial tissues of RA patients and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level increased in arthritis. CP-25 could down-regulate GRK2 expression, up-regulate EP4 expression, and improve synovitis of CIA rats. CP-25 and GRK2 inhibitors (paroxetine or GSK180736A) inhibited the abnormal proliferation of FLS in RA patients and CIA rats by down-regulating GRK2 translocation to EP4 receptor. The results of microscale thermophoresis (MST), cellular thermal shift assay, and inhibition of kinase activity assay indicated that CP-25 could directly target GRK2, increase the protein stability of GRK2 in cells, and inhibit GRK2 kinase activity. The docking of CP-25 and GRK2 suggested that the kinase domain of GRK2 might be an important active pocket for CP-25. G201, K220, K230, A321, and D335 in kinase domain of GRK2 might form hydrogen bonds with CP-25. Site-directed mutagenesis and co-immunoprecipitation assay further revealed that CP-25 down-regulated the interaction of GRK2 and EP4 via controlling the key amino acid residue of Ala321 of GRK2. Our data demonstrate that FLS proliferation is regulated by GRK2 translocation to EP4. Targeted inhibition of GRK2 kinase domain by CP-25 improves FLS function and represents an innovative drug for the treatment of RA by targeting GRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Han
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
- Public Health and Preventive Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuwen Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Dongqian Cui
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Dexiang Xu
- Public Health and Preventive Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 551 65161209.
| | - Yang Ma
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 551 65161209.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 551 65161209.
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27
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Zhou Y, Liang Y. Involvement of GRK2 in modulating nalfurafine-induced reduction of excessive alcohol drinking in mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136092. [PMID: 34197905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Though it is well known that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 [GRK2] is involved in regulation of mu opioid receptor [MOR] desensitization and morphine-related behaviors, the potential role of GRK2 in regulation of kappa opioid receptor [KOR] functions in vivo has not been established yet. A couple of recent studies have found that GRK2 activity desensitizes KOR functions via decreasing G protein-coupled signaling with sensitizing arrestin-coupled signaling. Nalfurafine, a G protein-biased KOR full agonist, produces an inhibitory effect on alcohol intake in mice, with fewer side effects (sedation, aversion, or anxiety/depression-like behaviors). Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, we first identified that nuclear transcript level of grk2 [adrbk1] (but not other grks) was significantly up-regulated in mouse nucleus accumbens shell (NAcs) after chronic excessive alcohol drinking, suggesting alcohol specifically increased NAcs grk2 expression. We then tested whether selective GRK2/3 inhibitor CMPD101 could alter alcohol intake and found that CMPD101 alone had no effect on alcohol drinking. Therefore, we hypothesized that the grk2 increase in the NAcs could modulate the nalfurafine effect on alcohol intake via interacting with the G protein-mediated KOR signaling. Nalfurafine decreased alcohol drinking in a dose-related manner, and pretreatment with CMPD101 enhanced the reduction in alcohol intake induced by nalfurafine, indicating an involvement of GRK2/3 blockade in modulating G protein-biased KOR agonism of nalfurafine. Together, our study provides initial evidence relevant to the transcriptional change of grk2 gene in the NAc shell after excessive alcohol drinking. Pharmacological GRK2/3 blockade enhanced nalfurafine's efficacy, suggesting a GRK2/3-mediated mechanism, probably through the G protein-mediated KOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, USA.
| | - Yupu Liang
- Research Bioinformatics, CCTS, The Rockefeller University, NY, USA
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28
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Rodriguez-Contreras D, Condon AF, Buck DC, Asad N, Dore TM, Verbeek DS, Tijssen MAJ, Shinde U, Williams JT, Neve KA. Signaling-Biased and Constitutively Active Dopamine D2 Receptor Variant. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1873-1884. [PMID: 33974399 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A dopamine D2 receptor mutation was recently identified in a family with a novel hyperkinetic movement disorder. Compared to the wild type D2 receptor, the novel allelic variant D2-I212F activates a Gαi1β1γ2 heterotrimer with higher potency and modestly enhanced basal activity in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and has decreased capacity to recruit arrestin3. We now report that omitting overexpressed G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) decreased the potency and efficacy of quinpirole for arrestin recruitment. The relative efficacy of quinpirole for arrestin recruitment to D2-I212F compared to D2-WT was considerably lower without overexpressed GRK2 than with added GRK2. D2-I212F exhibited higher basal activation of GαoA than Gαi1 but little or no increase in the potency of quinpirole relative to D2-WT. Other signs of D2-I212F constitutive activity for G protein-mediated signaling, in addition to basal activation of Gαi/o, were enhanced basal inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation that was reversed by the inverse agonists sulpiride and spiperone and a ∼4-fold increase in the apparent affinity of D2-I212F for quinpirole, determined from competition binding assays. In mouse midbrain slices, inhibition of tonic current by the inverse agonist sulpiride in dopamine neurons expressing D2-I212F was consistent with our hypothesis of enhanced constitutive activity and sensitivity to dopamine relative to D2-WT. Molecular dynamics simulations with D2 receptor models suggested that an ionic lock between the cytoplasmic ends of the third and sixth α-helices that constrains many G protein-coupled receptors in an inactive conformation spontaneously breaks in D2-I212F. Overall, these results confirm that D2-I212F is a constitutively active and signaling-biased D2 receptor mutant and also suggest that the effect of the likely pathogenic variant in a given brain region will depend on the nature of G protein and GRK expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Rodriguez-Contreras
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Alec F. Condon
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - David C. Buck
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Naeem Asad
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothy M. Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dineke S. Verbeek
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders and Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina A. J. Tijssen
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders and Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ujwal Shinde
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - John T. Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Kim A. Neve
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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29
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Chaudhary PK, Kim S. The GRKs Reactome: Role in Cell Biology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073375. [PMID: 33806057 PMCID: PMC8036551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are protein kinases that function in concert with arrestins in the regulation of a diverse class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signaling. Although GRKs and arrestins are key participants in the regulation of GPCR cascades, the complex regulatory mechanisms of GRK expression, its alternation, and their function are not thoroughly understood. Several studies together with the work from our lab in recent years have revealed the critical role of these kinases in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including cardiovascular biology, inflammation and immunity, neurodegeneration, thrombosis, and hemostasis. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying functional interactions with multiple receptor proteins and how these interactions take part in the development of various pathobiological processes may give rise to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the current research linking the role of GRKs to various aspects of cell biology, pathology, and therapeutics, with a particular focus on thrombosis and hemostasis.
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30
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Signal transduction in primary cilia - analyzing and manipulating GPCR and second messenger signaling. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107836. [PMID: 33744260 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium projects from the surface of most vertebrate cells, where it senses extracellular signals to regulate diverse cellular processes during tissue development and homeostasis. Dysfunction of primary cilia underlies the pathogenesis of severe diseases, commonly referred to as ciliopathies. Primary cilia contain a unique protein repertoire that is distinct from the cell body and the plasma membrane, enabling the spatially controlled transduction of extracellular cues. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key in sensing environmental stimuli that are transmitted via second messenger signaling into a cellular response. Here, we will give an overview of the role of GPCR signaling in primary cilia, and how ciliary GPCR signaling can be targeted by pharmacology, chemogenetics, and optogenetics.
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31
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Differential Involvement of ACKR3 C-Tail in β-Arrestin Recruitment, Trafficking and Internalization. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030618. [PMID: 33799570 PMCID: PMC8002179 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike classical GPCRs, this receptor does not activate G proteins in most cell types but recruits β-arrestins upon activation. ACKR3 plays an important role in cancer and vascular diseases. As recruitment of β-arrestins is triggered by phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail of GPCRs, we studied the role of different potential phosphorylation sites within the ACKR3 C-tail to further delineate the molecular mechanism of internalization and trafficking of this GPCR. Methods: We used various bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based sensors and techniques in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293T cells expressing WT or phosphorylation site mutants of ACKR3 to measure CXCL12-induced recruitment of β-arrestins and G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), receptor internalization and trafficking. Results: Upon CXCL12 stimulation, ACKR3 recruits both β-arrestin 1 and 2 with equivalent kinetic profiles. We identified interactions with GRK2, 3 and 5, with GRK2 and 3 being important for β-arrestin recruitment. Upon activation, ACKR3 internalizes and recycles back to the cell membrane. We demonstrate that β-arrestin recruitment to the receptor is mainly determined by a single cluster of phosphorylated residues on the C-tail of ACKR3, and that residue T352 and in part S355 are important residues for β-arrestin1 recruitment. Phosphorylation of the C-tail appears essential for ligand-induced internalization and important for differential β-arrestin recruitment. GRK2 and 3 play a key role in receptor internalization. Moreover, ACKR3 can still internalize when β-arrestin recruitment is impaired or in the absence of β-arrestins, using alternative internalization pathways. Our data indicate that distinct residues within the C-tail of ACKR3 differentially regulate CXCL12-induced β-arrestin recruitment, ACKR3 trafficking and internalization.
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32
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Arcones AC, Vila-Bedmar R, Mirasierra M, Cruces-Sande M, Vallejo M, Jones B, Tomas A, Mayor F, Murga C. GRK2 regulates GLP-1R-mediated early phase insulin secretion in vivo. BMC Biol 2021; 19:40. [PMID: 33658023 PMCID: PMC7931601 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00966-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cell is finely modulated by different signals to allow an adequate control of glucose homeostasis. Incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) act as key physiological potentiators of insulin release through binding to the G protein-coupled receptor GLP-1R. Another key regulator of insulin signaling is the Ser/Thr kinase G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2). However, whether GRK2 affects insulin secretion or if GRK2 can control incretin actions in vivo remains to be analyzed. RESULTS Using GRK2 hemizygous mice, isolated pancreatic islets, and model β-cell lines, we have uncovered a relevant physiological role for GRK2 as a regulator of incretin-mediated insulin secretion in vivo. Feeding, oral glucose gavage, or administration of GLP-1R agonists in animals with reduced GRK2 levels (GRK2+/- mice) resulted in enhanced early phase insulin release without affecting late phase secretion. In contrast, intraperitoneal glucose-induced insulin release was not affected. This effect was recapitulated in isolated islets and correlated with the increased size or priming efficacy of the readily releasable pool (RRP) of insulin granules that was observed in GRK2+/- mice. Using nanoBRET in β-cell lines, we found that stimulation of GLP-1R promoted GRK2 association to this receptor and that GRK2 protein and kinase activity were required for subsequent β-arrestin recruitment. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data suggest that GRK2 is an important negative modulator of GLP-1R-mediated insulin secretion and that GRK2-interfering strategies may favor β-cell insulin secretion specifically during the early phase, an effect that may carry interesting therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba C Arcones
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) UAM-CSIC; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Vila-Bedmar
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mirasierra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cruces-Sande
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) UAM-CSIC; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Vallejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) UAM-CSIC; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Murga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) UAM-CSIC; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Paroxetine-Overview of the Molecular Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041662. [PMID: 33562229 PMCID: PMC7914979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 21st century and especially during a pandemic, the diagnosis and treatment of depression is an essential part of the daily practice of many family doctors. It mainly affects patients in the age category 15–44 years, regardless of gender. Anxiety disorders are often diagnosed in children and adolescents. Social phobias can account for up to 13% of these diagnoses. Social anxiety manifests itself in fear of negative social assessment and humiliation, which disrupts the quality of social functioning. Treatment of the above-mentioned disorders is based on psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Serious side effects or mortality from antidepressant drug overdose are currently rare. Recent studies indicate that paroxetine (ATC code: N06AB), belonging to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, has promising therapeutic effects and is used off-label in children and adolescents. The purpose of this review is to describe the interaction of paroxetine with several molecular targets in various points of view including the basic chemical and pharmaceutical properties. The central point of the review is focused on the pharmacodynamic analysis based on the molecular mechanism of binding paroxetine to various therapeutic targets.
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Xie Z, Yang X, Duan Y, Han J, Liao C. Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Nononcologic Diseases. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1283-1345. [PMID: 33481605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Great successes have been achieved in developing small-molecule kinase inhibitors as anticancer therapeutic agents. However, kinase deregulation plays essential roles not only in cancer but also in almost all major disease areas. Accumulating evidence has revealed that kinases are promising drug targets for different diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system disorders, viral infections, and malaria. Indeed, the first small-molecule kinase inhibitor for treatment of a nononcologic disease was approved in 2011 by the U.S. FDA. To date, 10 such inhibitors have been approved, and more are in clinical trials for applications other than cancer. This Perspective discusses a number of kinases and their small-molecule inhibitors for the treatment of diseases in nononcologic therapeutic fields. The opportunities and challenges in developing such inhibitors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouling Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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35
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GRKs as Key Modulators of Opioid Receptor Function. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112400. [PMID: 33147802 PMCID: PMC7692057 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the link between agonist-induced phosphorylation of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and the associated physiological effects is critical for the development of novel analgesic drugs and is particularly important for understanding the mechanisms responsible for opioid-induced tolerance and addiction. The family of G protein receptor kinases (GRKs) play a pivotal role in such processes, mediating phosphorylation of residues at the C-tail of opioid receptors. Numerous strategies, such as phosphosite specific antibodies and mass spectrometry have allowed the detection of phosphorylated residues and the use of mutant knock-in mice have shed light on the role of GRK regulation in opioid receptor physiology. Here we review our current understanding on the role of GRKs in the actions of opioid receptors, with a particular focus on the MOR, the target of most commonly used opioid analgesics such as morphine or fentanyl.
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Møller TC, Pedersen MF, van Senten JR, Seiersen SD, Mathiesen JM, Bouvier M, Bräuner-Osborne H. Dissecting the roles of GRK2 and GRK3 in μ-opioid receptor internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment using CRISPR/Cas9-edited HEK293 cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17395. [PMID: 33060647 PMCID: PMC7567791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recruit β-arrestins and internalize upon agonist stimulation. For the μ-opioid receptor (μ-OR), this process has been linked to development of opioid tolerance. GPCR kinases (GRKs), particularly GRK2 and GRK3, have been shown to be important for μ-OR recruitment of β-arrestin and internalization. However, the contribution of GRK2 and GRK3 to β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization, remain to be determined in their complete absence. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing we established HEK293 cells with knockout of GRK2, GRK3 or both to dissect their individual contributions in β-arrestin2 recruitment and μ-OR internalization upon stimulation with four different agonists. We showed that GRK2/3 removal reduced agonist-induced μ-OR internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment substantially and we found GRK2 to be more important for these processes than GRK3. Furthermore, we observed a sustained and GRK2/3 independent component of β-arrestin2 recruitment to the plasma membrane upon μ-OR activation. Rescue expression experiments restored GRK2/3 functions. Inhibition of GRK2/3 using the small molecule inhibitor CMPD101 showed a high similarity between the genetic and pharmacological approaches, cross-validating the specificity of both. However, off-target effects were observed at high CMPD101 concentrations. These GRK2/3 KO cell lines should prove useful for a wide range of studies on GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mie F Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey R van Senten
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie D Seiersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper M Mathiesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Forster L, Grätz L, Mönnich D, Bernhardt G, Pockes S. A Split Luciferase Complementation Assay for the Quantification of β-Arrestin2 Recruitment to Dopamine D 2-Like Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176103. [PMID: 32847148 PMCID: PMC7503597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations on functional selectivity of GPCR ligands have become increasingly important to identify compounds with a potentially more beneficial side effect profile. In order to discriminate between individual signaling pathways, the determination of β-arrestin2 recruitment, in addition to G-protein activation, is of great value. In this study, we established a sensitive split luciferase-based assay with the ability to quantify β-arrestin2 recruitment to D2long and D3 receptors and measure time-resolved β-arrestin2 recruitment to the D2long receptor after agonist stimulation. We were able to characterize several standard (inverse) agonists as well as antagonists at the D2longR and D3R subtypes, whereas for the D4.4R, no β-arrestin2 recruitment was detected, confirming previous reports. Extensive radioligand binding studies and comparisons with the respective wild-type receptors confirm that the attachment of the Emerald luciferase fragment to the receptors does not affect the integrity of the receptor proteins. Studies on the involvement of GRK2/3 and PKC on the β-arrestin recruitment to the D2longR and D3R, as well as at the D1R using different kinase inhibitors, showed that the assay could also contribute to the elucidation of signaling mechanisms. Its broad applicability, which provides concentration-dependent and kinetic information on receptor/β-arrestin2 interactions, renders this homogeneous assay a valuable method for the identification of biased agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Forster
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (S.P.); Tel.: +49-941-943-4796 (L.F.); +49-941-943-4825 (S.P.)
| | | | | | | | - Steffen Pockes
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (S.P.); Tel.: +49-941-943-4796 (L.F.); +49-941-943-4825 (S.P.)
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38
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Design of substrates and inhibitors of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) based on its phosphorylation reaction. Amino Acids 2020; 52:863-870. [PMID: 32577910 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family consists of seven cytosolic serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinases, and among them, GRK2 is involved in the regulation of an enormous range of both G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and non-GPCR substrates that participate in or regulate many critical cellular processes. GRK2 dysfunction is associated with multiple diseases, including cancers, brain diseases, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and therefore GRK2-specific substrates/inhibitors are needed not only for studies of GRK2-mediated cellular functions but also for GRK2-targeted drug development. Here, we first review the structure, regulation and functions of GRK2, and its synthetic substrates and inhibitors. We then highlight recent work on synthetic peptide substrates/inhibitors as promising tools for fundamental studies of the physiological functions of GRK2, and as candidates for applications in clinical diagnostics.
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Leff ER, Arttamangkul S, Williams JT. Chronic Treatment with Morphine Disrupts Acute Kinase-Dependent Desensitization of GPCRs. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:497-507. [PMID: 32362586 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.119362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on studies using mutations of the µ-opioid receptor (MOR), phosphorylation of multiple sites on the C-terminus has been recognized as a critical step underlying acute desensitization and the development of cellular tolerance. The aim of this study is to explore which kinases mediate desensitization of MOR in brain slices from drug-naïve and morphine-treated animals. Whole-cell recordings from locus coeruleus neurons were made, and the agonist-induced increase in potassium conductance was measured. In slices from naïve animals, pharmacological inhibition of G-protein receptor kinase (GRK2/3) with compound 101 blocked acute desensitization. Following chronic treatment with morphine, compound 101 was less effective at blocking acute desensitization. Compound 101 blocked receptor internalization in tissue from both naïve and morphine-treated animals, suggesting that GRK2/3 remained active. Kinase inhibitors aimed at blocking protein kinase C and c-Jun N-terminal kinase had no effect on desensitization in tissue taken from naïve animals. However, in slices taken from morphine-treated animals, the combination of these blockers along with compound 101 was required to block acute desensitization. Acute desensitization of the potassium conductance induced by the somatostatin receptor was also blocked by compound 101 in slices from naïve but not morphine-treated animals. As was observed with MOR, it was necessary to use the combination of kinase inhibitors to block desensitization of the somatostatin receptor in slices from morphine-treated animals. The results show that chronic treatment with morphine results in a surprising and heterologous adaptation in kinase-dependent desensitization. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The results show that chronic treatment with morphine induced heterologous adaptations in kinase regulation of G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization. Although the canonical mechanism for acute desensitization through phosphorylation by G protein-coupled receptor kinase is supported in tissue taken from naïve animals, following chronic treatment with morphine, the acute kinase-dependent desensitization of GPCRs is disrupted such that additional kinases, including protein kinase C and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, contribute to desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Leff
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - John T Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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40
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Bouley RA, Weinberg ZY, Waldschmidt HV, Yen YC, Larsen SD, Puthenveedu MA, Tesmer JJG. A New Paroxetine-Based GRK2 Inhibitor Reduces Internalization of the μ-Opioid Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 97:392-401. [PMID: 32234810 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) play a key role in terminating signals initiated by agonist-bound GPCRs. However, chronic stimulation of GPCRs, such as that which occurs during heart failure, leads to the overexpression of GRKs and maladaptive downregulation of GPCRs on the cell surface. We previously reported the discovery of potent and selective families of GRK inhibitors based on either the paroxetine or GSK180736A scaffold. A new inhibitor, CCG258747, which is based on paroxetine, demonstrates increased potency against the GRK2 subfamily and favorable pharmacokinetic parameters in mice. CCG258747 and the closely related compound CCG258208 also showed high selectivity for the GRK2 subfamily in a kinome panel of 104 kinases. We developed a cell-based assay to screen the ability of CCG258747 and 10 other inhibitors with different GRK subfamily selectivities and with either the paroxetine or GSK180736A scaffold to block internalization of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). CCG258747 showed the best efficacy in blocking MOR internalization among the compounds tested. Furthermore, we show that compounds based on paroxetine had much better cell permeability than those based on GSK180736A, which explains why GSK180736A-based inhibitors, although being potent in vitro, do not always show efficacy in cell-based assays. This study validates the paroxetine scaffold as the most effective for GRK inhibition in living cells, confirming that GRK2 predominantly drives internalization of MOR in the cell lines we tested and underscores the utility of high-resolution cell-based assays for assessment of compound efficacy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are attractive targets for developing therapeutics for heart failure. We have synthesized a new GRK2 subfamily-selective inhibitor, CCG258747, which has nanomolar potency against GRK2 and excellent selectivity over other kinases. A live-cell receptor internalization assay was used to test the ability of GRK2 inhibitors to impart efficacy on a GRK-dependent process in cells. Our data indicate that CCG258747 blocked the internalization of the μ-opioid receptor most efficaciously because it has the ability to cross cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee A Bouley
- Life Sciences Institute (R.A.B., H.V.W.), Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (H.V.W., S.D.L.) and Pharmacology (R.A.B., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy (H.V.W., S.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (Y.-C.Y., J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Zara Y Weinberg
- Life Sciences Institute (R.A.B., H.V.W.), Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (H.V.W., S.D.L.) and Pharmacology (R.A.B., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy (H.V.W., S.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (Y.-C.Y., J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Helen V Waldschmidt
- Life Sciences Institute (R.A.B., H.V.W.), Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (H.V.W., S.D.L.) and Pharmacology (R.A.B., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy (H.V.W., S.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (Y.-C.Y., J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Yu-Chen Yen
- Life Sciences Institute (R.A.B., H.V.W.), Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (H.V.W., S.D.L.) and Pharmacology (R.A.B., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy (H.V.W., S.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (Y.-C.Y., J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Life Sciences Institute (R.A.B., H.V.W.), Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (H.V.W., S.D.L.) and Pharmacology (R.A.B., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy (H.V.W., S.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (Y.-C.Y., J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Manojkumar A Puthenveedu
- Life Sciences Institute (R.A.B., H.V.W.), Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (H.V.W., S.D.L.) and Pharmacology (R.A.B., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy (H.V.W., S.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (Y.-C.Y., J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Life Sciences Institute (R.A.B., H.V.W.), Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (H.V.W., S.D.L.) and Pharmacology (R.A.B., Z.Y.W., M.A.P.), and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy (H.V.W., S.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (Y.-C.Y., J.J.G.T.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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41
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Birdsong WT, Williams JT. Recent Progress in Opioid Research from an Electrophysiological Perspective. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:401-409. [PMID: 32198208 PMCID: PMC7562972 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.119040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological approaches provide powerful tools to further our understanding of how different opioids affect signaling through opioid receptors; how opioid receptors modulate circuitry involved in processes such as pain, respiration, addiction, and feeding; and how receptor signaling and circuits are altered by physiologic challenges, such as injury, stress, and chronic opioid treatment. The use of genetic manipulations to alter or remove μ-opioid receptors (MORs) with anatomic and cell type specificity and the ability to activate or inhibit specific circuits through opto- or chemogenetic approaches are being used in combination with electrophysiological, pharmacological, and systems-level physiology experiments to expand our understanding of the beneficial and maladaptive roles of opioids and opioid receptor signaling. New approaches for studying endogenous opioid peptide signaling and release and the dynamics of these systems in response to chronic opioid use, pain, and stress will add another layer to our understanding of the intricacies of opioid modulation of brain circuits. This understanding may lead to new targets or approaches for drug development or treatment regimens that may affect both acute and long-term effects of manipulating the activity of circuits involved in opioid-mediated physiology and behaviors. This review will discuss recent advancements in our understanding of the role of phosphorylation in regulating MOR signaling, as well as our understanding of circuits and signaling pathways mediating physiologic behaviors such as respiratory control, and discuss how electrophysiological tools combined with new technologies have and will continue to advance the field of opioid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Birdsong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (W.T.B.) and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (J.T.W.)
| | - John T Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (W.T.B.) and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (J.T.W.)
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42
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Roles of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and Rab5 in α 1B-adrenergic receptor function and internalization. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 867:172846. [PMID: 31811856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cells expressing eGFP-tagged Rab5 (wild-type or the GDP-Rab5 mutant) and the DsRed-tagged α1B-adrenergic receptors were employed and the roles of GRK2 were studied utilizing paroxetine and the dominant-negative mutant of GRK2 (DN-GRK2). The following parameters were studied: a) FRET (as an index of α1B-adrenergic receptor-Rab5 interaction): b) intracellular accumulation of DsRed fluorescence (receptor internalization); c) α1B-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation, and d) noradrenaline-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration. Noradrenaline increased α1B-adrenergic receptor-Rab5 interaction, which was blocked by paroxetine and by expression of the dominant-negative GRK2 mutant. Similarly, paroxetine and expression of the DN-GRK2 or the GDP-Rab5 mutants markedly decreased receptor internalization, α1B-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation, and attenuated the ability of the adrenergic agonist to induce homologous desensitization (calcium signaling). The S406, 410,412A α1B-adrenergic receptor mutant did not reproduce the actions of GRK2 inhibition. The data indicate that GRK2 and Rab5 play key roles in α1B-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation, internalization, and desensitization. The possibility that Rab5 might form part of a signaling complex is suggested, as well as that GDP-Rab5 might interfere with the ability of GRK2 to catalyze α1B-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation.
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Abstract
As basic research into GPCR signaling and its association with disease has come into fruition, greater clarity has emerged with regards to how these receptors may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. As a diverse group of receptor proteins, which regulate a variety of intracellular signaling pathways, research in this area has been slow to yield tangible therapeutic agents for the treatment of a number of diseases including cancer. However, recently such research has gained momentum based on a series of studies that have sought to define GPCR proteins dynamics through the elucidation of their crystal structures. In this chapter, we define the approaches that have been adopted in developing better therapeutics directed against the specific parts of the receptor proteins, such as the extracellular and the intracellular domains, including the ligands and auxiliary proteins that bind them. Finally, we also briefly outline how GPCR-derived signaling transduction pathways hold great potential as additional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Soond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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44
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Garrido-Suárez BB, Garrido G, Piñeros O, Delgado-Hernández R. Mangiferin: Possible uses in the prevention and treatment of mixed osteoarthritic pain. Phytother Res 2019; 34:505-525. [PMID: 31755173 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) pain has been proposed to be a mixed pain state, because in some patients, central nervous system factors are superimposed upon the more traditional peripheral factors. In addition, a considerable amount of preclinical and clinical evidence has shown that, accompanying the central neuroplasticity changes and partially driven by a peripheral nociceptive input, a real neuropathic component occurs that are particularly linked to disease severity and progression. Hence, innovative strategies targeting neuroprotection and particularly neuroinflammation to prevent and treat OA pain could be introduced. Mangiferin (MG) is a glucosylxanthone that is broadly distributed in higher plants, such as Mangifera indica L. Previous studies have documented its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory properties. In this paper, we propose its potential utility as a multitargeted compound for mixed OA pain, even in the context of multimodal pharmacotherapy. This hypothesis is supported by three main aspects: the cumulus of preclinical evidence around this xanthone, some preliminary clinical results using formulations containing MG in clinical musculoskeletal or neuropathic pain, and by speculations regarding its possible mechanism of action according to recent advances in OA pain knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara B Garrido-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gabino Garrido
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Octavio Piñeros
- Departamento de Investigaciones, Universidad de Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - René Delgado-Hernández
- Centro de Estudio para las Investigaciones y Evaluaciones Biológicas, Instituto de Farmacia y Alimentos, Universidad de La Habana, Havana, Cuba
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45
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Penela P, Ribas C, Sánchez-Madrid F, Mayor F. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) as a multifunctional signaling hub. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4423-4446. [PMID: 31432234 PMCID: PMC6841920 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a versatile protein that acts as a signaling hub by modulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and also via phosphorylation or scaffolding interactions with an extensive number of non-GPCR cellular partners. GRK2 multifunctionality arises from its multidomain structure and from complex mechanisms of regulation of its expression levels, activity, and localization within the cell, what allows the precise spatio-temporal shaping of GRK2 targets. A better understanding of the GRK2 interactome and its modulation mechanisms is helping to identify the GRK2-interacting proteins and its substrates involved in the participation of this kinase in different cellular processes and pathophysiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Ribas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Cell-Cell Communication Laboratory, Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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46
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DiCello JJ, Rajasekhar P, Eriksson EM, Saito A, Gondin AB, Veldhuis NA, Canals M, Carbone SE, Poole DP. Clathrin and GRK2/3 inhibitors block δ-opioid receptor internalization in myenteric neurons and inhibit neuromuscular transmission in the mouse colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G79-G89. [PMID: 31091149 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00085.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a major mechanism through which cellular signaling by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is terminated. However, recent studies demonstrate that GPCRs are internalized in an active state and continue to signal from within endosomes, resulting in effects on cellular function that are distinct to those arising at the cell surface. Endocytosis inhibitors are commonly used to define the importance of GPCR internalization for physiological and pathophysiological processes. Here, we provide the first detailed examination of the effects of these inhibitors on neurogenic contractions of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, a key preliminary step to evaluate the importance of GPCR endocytosis for gut function. Inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (Pitstop2, PS2) or G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2/3-dependent phosphorylation (Takeda compound 101, Cmpd101), significantly reduced GPCR internalization. However, they also attenuated cholinergic contractions through different mechanisms. PS2 abolished contractile responses by colonic muscle to SNC80 and morphine, which strongly and weakly internalize δ-opioid and μ-opioid receptors, respectively. PS2 did not affect the increased myogenic contractile activity following removal of an inhibitory neural influence (tetrodotoxin) but suppressed electrically evoked neurogenic contractions. Ca2+ signaling by myenteric neurons in response to exogenous ATP was unaffected by PS2, suggesting inhibitory actions on neurotransmitter release rather than neurotransmission. In contrast, Cmpd101 attenuated contractions to the cholinergic agonist carbachol, indicating direct effects on smooth muscle. We conclude that, although PS2 and Cmpd101 are effective blockers of GPCR endocytosis in enteric neurons, these inhibitors are unsuitable for the study of neurally mediated gut function due to their inhibitory effects on neuromuscular transmission and smooth muscle contractility.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Internalization of activated G protein-coupled receptors is a major determinant of the type and duration of subsequent downstream signaling events. Inhibitors of endocytosis effectively block opioid receptor internalization in enteric neurons. The clathrin-dependent endocytosis inhibitor Pitstop2 blocks effects of opioids on neurogenic contractions of the colon in an internalization-independent manner. These inhibitors also significantly impact cholinergic neuromuscular transmission. We conclude that these tools are unsuitable for examination of the contribution of neuronal G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis to gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J DiCello
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pradeep Rajasekhar
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily M Eriksson
- Divisions of Population Health & Immunity and Infection and Immunity, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ayame Saito
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simona E Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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47
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Bencivenga L, Liccardo D, Napolitano C, Visaggi L, Rengo G, Leosco D. β-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling and Heart Failure: From Bench to Bedside. Heart Fail Clin 2019; 15:409-419. [PMID: 31079699 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in management and therapeutic approach in the last decades, heart failure is still associated with high mortality rates. The sustained enhancement in the sympathetic nervous system tone, observed in patients with heart failure, causes alteration in β-adrenergic receptor signaling and function. This latter phenomenon is the result of several heart failure-related molecular abnormalities involving adrenergic receptors, G-protein-coupled receptor kinases, and β-arrestins. This article summarizes novel encouraging preclinical strategies to reactivate β-adrenergic receptor signaling in heart failure, including pharmacologic and gene therapy approaches, and attempts to translate acquired notions into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bencivenga
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Geriatrics, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Daniela Liccardo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Geriatrics, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Carmen Napolitano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Geriatrics, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Lucia Visaggi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Geriatrics, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Geriatrics, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy; Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit (ICS Maugeri SpA SB), Telese Terme, Italy
| | - Dario Leosco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Geriatrics, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
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48
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Yang M, Lin Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. High-glucose induces cardiac myocytes apoptosis through Foxo1 /GRK2 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:154-158. [PMID: 30952428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High glucose-induced cardiac myocytes apoptosis has been well demonstrated, but the mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we found that exposure of cardiac H9c2 cells to high glucose promoted Foxo1 and GRK2 expression, and induced autophagy. Further investigation showed that high glucose simultaneously increased the expression of cytoplasmic and nuclear Foxo1. Inhibition of Foxo1 reduced GRK2 expression and blocked autophagy, enhancing high glucose-induced apoptosis. GRK2 knockdown did not significantly affect Foxo1 expression and autophagy, but attenuated high glucose-induced apoptosis. Intriguingly, GRK2 knockdown reduced ROS generation. NAC treatment not only reduced the levels of cytoplasmic and nuclear Foxo1, but also inhibited GRK2 expression and autophagy, remarkably reducing high glucose-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagy did not notably affect the expression of Foxo1 and GRK2, but enlarged high glucose-induced apoptosis. ChIP assay and Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that Foxo1 positively regulated GRK2 transcription. These results suggested that Foxo1 was involved in glucose-induced apoptosis by regulating GRK2 expression and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Yanliang Lin
- Center Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Yulin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
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49
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Littmann T, Buschauer A, Bernhardt G. Split luciferase-based assay for simultaneous analyses of the ligand concentration- and time-dependent recruitment of β-arrestin2. Anal Biochem 2019; 573:8-16. [PMID: 30853375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional selectivity of agonists has gained increasing interest in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) research, e.g. due to expectations of drugs with reduced adverse effects. Different agonist-dependent GPCR conformations are conceived to selectively activate a balanced or imbalanced intracellular signalling response, involving e.g. different Gα subtypes, Gβγ-subunits and β-arrestins. To discriminate between the different signalling pathways (bias), sensitive techniques are needed that do not interfere with signalling. We applied split luciferase complementation to the GPCR/β-arrestin2 interaction and thoroughly analysed the influence of its implementation on intracellular signalling. This led to an assay enabling the functional characterization of ligands at the hH1R, the hM1,5R and the hNTS1R in live HEK293T cells. As demonstrated at the hM1,5R, the assay was sensitive enough to identify iperoxo as a superagonist. Time-dependent analyses of the recruitment of β-arrestin2 became possible, allowing the identification of class A and class B GPCRs, due to the differential duration of their interaction with β-arrestin2 and their recycling to the cell membrane. The developed β-arrestin2 recruitment assay, which provides concentration- and time-dependent information on the interaction between GPCRs and β-arrestin2 upon stimulation of the receptor, should be broadly applicable and of high value for the analysis of agonist bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Littmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Armin Buschauer
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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50
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Murga C, Arcones AC, Cruces-Sande M, Briones AM, Salaices M, Mayor F. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:112. [PMID: 30837878 PMCID: PMC6390810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a central signaling node involved in the modulation of many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and also displaying regulatory functions in other cell signaling routes. GRK2 levels and activity have been reported to be enhanced in patients or in preclinical models of several relevant pathological situations, such as heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, obesity and insulin resistance conditions, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and to contribute to disease progression by a variety of mechanisms related to its multifunctional roles. Therefore, targeting GRK2 by different strategies emerges as a potentially relevant approach to treat cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, or NAFLD, pathological conditions which are frequently interconnected and present as co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Murga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba C Arcones
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cruces-Sande
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Briones
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Salaices
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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