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Adiwidjaja J, Spires J, Brouwer KLR. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model Predictions of Disease Mediated Changes in Drug Disposition in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Pharm Res 2024; 41:441-462. [PMID: 38351228 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to verify a virtual population representing patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to support the implementation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach for prediction of disease-related changes in drug pharmacokinetics. METHODS A virtual NAFLD patient population was developed in GastroPlus (v.9.8.2) by accounting for pathophysiological changes associated with the disease and proteomics-informed alterations in the abundance of metabolizing enzymes and transporters pertinent to drug disposition. The NAFLD population model was verified using exemplar drugs where elimination is influenced predominantly by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (chlorzoxazone, caffeine, midazolam, pioglitazone) or by transporters (rosuvastatin, 11C-metformin, morphine and the glucuronide metabolite of morphine). RESULTS PBPK model predictions of plasma concentrations of all the selected drugs and hepatic radioactivity levels of 11C-metformin were consistent with the clinically-observed data. Importantly, the PBPK simulations using the virtual NAFLD population model provided reliable estimates of the extent of changes in key pharmacokinetic parameters for the exemplar drugs, with mean predicted ratios (NAFLD patients divided by healthy individuals) within 0.80- to 1.25-fold of the clinically-reported values, except for midazolam (prediction-fold difference of 0.72). CONCLUSION A virtual NAFLD population model within the PBPK framework was successfully developed with good predictive capability of estimating disease-related changes in drug pharmacokinetics. This supports the use of a PBPK modeling approach for prediction of the pharmacokinetics of new investigational or repurposed drugs in patients with NAFLD and may help inform dose adjustments for drugs commonly used to treat comorbidities in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry Adiwidjaja
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Simulations Plus, Inc, Lancaster, CA, USA
| | | | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Ahmed A, Elsadek HM, Shalaby SM, Elnahas HM. Association of SLC22A1, SLC47A1, and KCNJ11 polymorphisms with efficacy and safety of metformin and sulfonylurea combination therapy in Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes. Res Pharm Sci 2023; 18:614-625. [PMID: 39005567 PMCID: PMC11246114 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.389949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1), encoded by the SLC47A1 gene and single nucleotide polymorphisms of organic cation transport 1, may impact metformin's responsiveness and side effects. Inward-rectifier potassium channel 6.2 (Kir 6.2) subunits encoded by KCNJ11 may affect the response to sulfonylurea. This study aimed to evaluate the association between SLC22A1 rs72552763 and rs628031, SLC47A1 rs2289669 and KCNJ11 rs5219 genetic variations with sulfonylurea and metformin combination therapy efficacy and safety in Egyptian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Experimental approach This study was conducted on 100 cases taking at least one year of sulfonylurea and metformin combination therapy. Patients were genotyped via the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Then, according to their glycated hemoglobin level, cases were subdivided into non-responders or responders. Depending on metformin-induced gastrointestinal tract side effects incidence, patients are classified as tolerant or intolerant. Findings/Results KCNJ11 rs5219 heterozygous and homozygous mutant genotypes, SLC47A1 rs2289669 heterozygous and homozygous mutant genotypes (AA and AG), and mutant alleles of both polymorphisms were significantly related with increased response to combined therapy. Individuals with the SLC22A1 (rs72552763) GAT/del genotype and the SLC22A1 (rs628031) AG and AA genotypes were at a higher risk for metformin-induced gastrointestinal tract adverse effects. Conclusion and implications The results implied a role for SLC47A1 rs2289669 and KCNJ11 rs5219 in the responsiveness to combined therapy. SLC22A1 (rs628031) and (rs72552763) polymorphisms may be associated with increased metformin adverse effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Hany M Elsadek
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Sally M Shalaby
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Hanan M Elnahas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Oyanna VO, Garcia-Torres KY, Bechtold BJ, Lynch KD, Call MR, Horváth M, Manwill PK, Graf TN, Cech NB, Oberlies NH, Paine MF, Clarke JD. Goldenseal-Mediated Inhibition of Intestinal Uptake Transporters Decreases Metformin Systemic Exposure in Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1483-1489. [PMID: 37562957 PMCID: PMC10586506 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Goldenseal is a perennial plant native to eastern North America. A recent clinical study reported goldenseal decreased metformin Cmax and area under the blood concentration versus time curve (AUC) by 27% and 23%, respectively, but half-life and renal clearance were unchanged. These observations suggested goldenseal altered processes involved in metformin absorption. The underlying mechanism(s) remain(s) unknown. One mechanism for the decreased metformin systemic exposure is inhibition by goldenseal of intestinal uptake transporters involved in metformin absorption. Goldenseal extract and three goldenseal alkaloids (berberine, (-)-β-hydrastine, hydrastinine) were tested as inhibitors of organic cation transporter (OCT) 3, plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT), and thiamine transporter (THTR) 2 using human embryonic kidney 293 cells overexpressing each transporter. The goldenseal extract, normalized to berberine content, was the strongest inhibitor of each transporter (IC50: 4.9, 13.1, and 5.8 μM for OCT3, PMAT, and THTR2, respectively). A pharmacokinetic study in mice compared the effects of berberine, (-)-β-hydrastine, goldenseal extract, and imatinib (OCT inhibitor) on orally administered metformin. Goldenseal extract and imatinib significantly decreased metformin Cmax by 31% and 25%, respectively, and had no effect on half-life. Berberine and (-)-β-hydrastine had no effect on metformin pharmacokinetics, indicating neither alkaloid alone precipitated the interaction in vivo. A follow-up murine study involving intravenous metformin and oral inhibitors examined the contributions of basolateral enteric/hepatic uptake transporters to the goldenseal-metformin interaction. Goldenseal extract and imatinib had no effect on metformin AUC and half-life, suggesting lack of inhibition of basolateral enteric/hepatic uptake transporters. Results may have implications for patients taking goldenseal with drugs that are substrates for OCT3 and THTR2. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Goldenseal is used to self-treat respiratory infections and digestive disorders. We investigated potential mechanisms for the clinical pharmacokinetic interaction observed between goldenseal and metformin, specifically inhibition by goldenseal of intestinal uptake transporters (OCT3, PMAT, THTR2) involved in metformin absorption. Goldenseal extract inhibited all three transporters in vitro and decreased metformin systemic exposure in mice. These data may have broader implications for patients co-consuming goldenseal with other drugs that are substrates for these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria O Oyanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (V.O.O., K.Y.G.-T., B.J.B., K.D.L., M.R.C., M.F.P., J.D.C.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina (P.K.M., T.N.G., N.B.C., N.H.O.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Szeged, Hungary (M.H.); and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (N.B.C., N.H.O., M.F.P., J.D.C.)
| | - Kenisha Y Garcia-Torres
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (V.O.O., K.Y.G.-T., B.J.B., K.D.L., M.R.C., M.F.P., J.D.C.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina (P.K.M., T.N.G., N.B.C., N.H.O.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Szeged, Hungary (M.H.); and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (N.B.C., N.H.O., M.F.P., J.D.C.)
| | - Baron J Bechtold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (V.O.O., K.Y.G.-T., B.J.B., K.D.L., M.R.C., M.F.P., J.D.C.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina (P.K.M., T.N.G., N.B.C., N.H.O.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Szeged, Hungary (M.H.); and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (N.B.C., N.H.O., M.F.P., J.D.C.)
| | - Katherine D Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (V.O.O., K.Y.G.-T., B.J.B., K.D.L., M.R.C., M.F.P., J.D.C.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina (P.K.M., T.N.G., N.B.C., N.H.O.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Szeged, Hungary (M.H.); and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (N.B.C., N.H.O., M.F.P., J.D.C.)
| | - M Ridge Call
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (V.O.O., K.Y.G.-T., B.J.B., K.D.L., M.R.C., M.F.P., J.D.C.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina (P.K.M., T.N.G., N.B.C., N.H.O.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Szeged, Hungary (M.H.); and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (N.B.C., N.H.O., M.F.P., J.D.C.)
| | - Miklós Horváth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (V.O.O., K.Y.G.-T., B.J.B., K.D.L., M.R.C., M.F.P., J.D.C.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina (P.K.M., T.N.G., N.B.C., N.H.O.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Szeged, Hungary (M.H.); and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (N.B.C., N.H.O., M.F.P., J.D.C.)
| | - Preston K Manwill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (V.O.O., K.Y.G.-T., B.J.B., K.D.L., M.R.C., M.F.P., J.D.C.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina (P.K.M., T.N.G., N.B.C., N.H.O.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Szeged, Hungary (M.H.); and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (N.B.C., N.H.O., M.F.P., J.D.C.)
| | - Tyler N Graf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (V.O.O., K.Y.G.-T., B.J.B., K.D.L., M.R.C., M.F.P., J.D.C.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina (P.K.M., T.N.G., N.B.C., N.H.O.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Szeged, Hungary (M.H.); and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (N.B.C., N.H.O., M.F.P., J.D.C.)
| | - Nadja B Cech
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (V.O.O., K.Y.G.-T., B.J.B., K.D.L., M.R.C., M.F.P., J.D.C.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina (P.K.M., T.N.G., N.B.C., N.H.O.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Szeged, Hungary (M.H.); and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (N.B.C., N.H.O., M.F.P., J.D.C.)
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (V.O.O., K.Y.G.-T., B.J.B., K.D.L., M.R.C., M.F.P., J.D.C.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina (P.K.M., T.N.G., N.B.C., N.H.O.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Szeged, Hungary (M.H.); and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (N.B.C., N.H.O., M.F.P., J.D.C.)
| | - Mary F Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (V.O.O., K.Y.G.-T., B.J.B., K.D.L., M.R.C., M.F.P., J.D.C.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina (P.K.M., T.N.G., N.B.C., N.H.O.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Szeged, Hungary (M.H.); and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (N.B.C., N.H.O., M.F.P., J.D.C.)
| | - John D Clarke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (V.O.O., K.Y.G.-T., B.J.B., K.D.L., M.R.C., M.F.P., J.D.C.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina (P.K.M., T.N.G., N.B.C., N.H.O.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Szeged, Hungary (M.H.); and Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington (N.B.C., N.H.O., M.F.P., J.D.C.)
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Hong S, Li S, Meng X, Li P, Wang X, Su M, Liu X, Liu L. Bile duct ligation differently regulates protein expressions of organic cation transporters in intestine, liver and kidney of rats through activation of farnesoid X receptor by cholate and bilirubin. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:227-245. [PMID: 36815051 PMCID: PMC9939304 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Body is equipped with organic cation transporters (OCTs). These OCTs mediate drug transport and are also involved in some disease process. We aimed to investigate whether liver failure alters intestinal, hepatic and renal Oct expressions using bile duct ligation (BDL) rats. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrates that BDL decreases plasma metformin exposure, associated with decreased intestinal absorption and increased urinary excretion. Western blot shows that BDL significantly downregulates intestinal Oct2 and hepatic Oct1 but upregulates renal and hepatic Oct2. In vitro cell experiments show that chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), bilirubin and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist GW4064 increase OCT2/Oct2 but decrease OCT1/Oct1, which are remarkably attenuated by glycine-β-muricholic acid and silencing FXR. Significantly lowered intestinal CDCA and increased plasma bilirubin levels contribute to different Octs regulation by BDL, which are confirmed using CDCA-treated and bilirubin-treated rats. A disease-based physiologically based pharmacokinetic model characterizing intestinal, hepatic and renal Octs was successfully developed to predict metformin pharmacokinetics in rats. In conclusion, BDL remarkably downregulates expressions of intestinal Oct2 and hepatic Oct1 protein while upregulates expressions of renal and hepatic Oct2 protein in rats, finally, decreasing plasma exposure and impairing hypoglycemic effects of metformin. BDL differently regulates Oct expressions via Fxr activation by CDCA and bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Hong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiaoyan Meng
- Tianjin Institutes of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300301, China
| | - Ping Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Mengxiang Su
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China,Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 25 83271060.
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China,Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 25 83271060.
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Malnoë D, Fardel O, Le Corre P. Involvement of Transporters in Intestinal Drug-Drug Interactions of Oral Targeted Anticancer Drugs Assessed by Changes in Drug Absorption Time. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112493. [PMID: 36432682 PMCID: PMC9696196 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Oral targeted anticancer drugs are victims of presystemic pharmacokinetic drug−drug interactions (DDI). Identification of the nature of these DDIs, i.e., enzyme-based or/and transporter-based, is challenging, since most of these drugs are substrates of intestinal and/or hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzymes and of intestinal membrane transporters. (2) Methods: Variations in mean absorption time (MAT) between DDIs and control period (MAT ratios < 0.77 or >1.30) have been proposed to implicate transporters in DDIs at the intestinal level. This methodology has been applied to a large set of oral targeted anticancer drugs (n = 54, involved in 77 DDI studies), from DDI studies available either in the international literature and/or in publicly accessible FDA files. (3) Results: Significant variations in MAT were evidenced in 33 DDI studies, 12 of which could be explained by modulation of an efflux transporter. In 21 DDI studies, modulation of efflux transporters could not explain the MAT variation, suggesting a possible relevant role of influx transporters in the intestinal absorption. (4) Conclusions: This methodology allows one to suggest the involvement of intestinal transporters in DDIs, and should be used in conjunction with in vitro methodologies to help understanding the origin of DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Malnoë
- Pôle Pharmacie, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmacie, CHU de Rennes, 35033 Rennes, France
- Laboratoire de Biopharmacie et Pharmacie Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Rennes 1, 35043 Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Le Corre
- Pôle Pharmacie, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmacie, CHU de Rennes, 35033 Rennes, France
- Laboratoire de Biopharmacie et Pharmacie Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Rennes 1, 35043 Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence:
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Interaction of Masitinib with Organic Cation Transporters. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214189. [PMID: 36430667 PMCID: PMC9693006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) such as Masitinib were reported to be useful as therapeutic options in malignant disorders and nonmalignant diseases, like coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Most kinases must be translocated into targeted cells by the action of specific transport proteins, as they are hydrophilic and not able to cross cell membranes freely. Accordingly, the efficacy of TKI in target cells is closely dependent on the expression of their transporters. Specifically, Masitinib is an organic cation and is expected to interact with organic cation transporters (OCT and Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion proteins-MATE-). The aim of this work was to characterize the interaction of Masitinib with different OCTs. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably transfected with murine or human OCT were used for the experiments. The interaction of Masitinib with OCTs was investigated using quenching experiments. The intracellular accumulation of this drug was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. Our results identified interactions of Masitinib with almost all investigated mouse (m) and human (h) OCTs and hMATE1 and indicated OCT1 and hOCT2 to be especially potent Masitinib translocators across cell membranes. Interestingly, some important differences were observed for the interaction with murine and human OCTs. In the future, investigations concerning further in vitro and in vivo properties of Masitinib and its efficacy related to transporter-related uptake mechanisms under pathophysiological conditions should be performed. Clinical trials in humans and other animals with Masitinib have already shown promising results. However, further research is necessary to understand the disease specific transport mechanisms of Masitinib to contribute to a successful and responsible therapy employment.
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The role of MicroRNA networks in tissue-specific direct and indirect effects of metformin and its application. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113130. [PMID: 35598373 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a first-line oral antidiabetic agent that results in clear benefits in relation to glucose metabolism and diabetes-related complications. The specific regulatory details and mechanisms underlying these benefits are still unclear and require further investigation. There is recent mounting evidence that metformin has pleiotropic effects on the target tissue development in metabolic organs, including adipose tissue, the gastrointestinal tract and the liver. The mechanism of actions of metformin are divided into direct effects on target tissues and indirect effects via non-targeted tissues. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous, noncoding, negative gene regulators that have emerged as important regulators of a number of diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metformin is involved in many aspects of miRNA regulation, and metformin treatment in T2DM should be associated with other miRNA targets. A large number of miRNAs regulation by metformin in target tissues with either direct or indirect effects has gradually been revealed in the context of numerous diseases and has gradually received increasing attention. This paper thoroughly reviews the current knowledge about the role of miRNA networks in the tissue-specific direct and indirect effects of metformin. Furthermore, this knowledge provides a novel theoretical basis and suggests therapeutic targets for the clinical treatment of metformin and miRNA regulators in the prevention and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes and its complications.
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Hau RK, Klein RR, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Localization of Xenobiotic Transporters Expressed at the Human Blood-Testis Barrier. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:770-780. [PMID: 35307651 PMCID: PMC9190233 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-testis barrier (BTB) is formed by basal tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells (SCs) of the seminiferous tubules and acts as a physical barrier to protect developing germ cells in the adluminal compartment from reproductive toxicants. Xenobiotics, including antivirals, male contraceptives, and cancer chemotherapeutics, are known to cross the BTB, although the mechanisms that permit barrier circumvention are generally unknown. This study used immunohistological staining of human testicular tissue to determine the site of expression for xenobiotic transporters that facilitate transport across the BTB. Organic anion transporter (OAT) 1, OAT2, and organic cation transporter, novel (OCTN) 1 primarily localized to the basal membrane of SCs, whereas OCTN2, multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 3, MRP6, and MRP7 localized to SC basal membranes and peritubular myoid cells (PMCs) surrounding the seminiferous tubules. Concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) 2 localized to Leydig cells (LCs), PMCs, and SC apicolateral membranes. Organic cation transporter (OCT) 1, OCT2, and OCT3 mostly localized to PMCs and LCs, although there was minor staining in developing germ cells for OCT3. Organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2A1, OATP2B1, and OATP3A1-v2 localized to SC basal membranes with diffuse staining for some transporters. Notably, OATP1C1 and OATP4A1 primarily localized to LCs. Positive staining for multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE) 1 was only observed throughout the adluminal compartment. Definitive staining for CNT1, OAT3, MATE2, and OATP6A1 was not observed. The location of these transporters is consistent with their involvement in the movement of xenobiotics across the BTB. Altogether, the localization of these transporters provides insight into the mechanisms of drug disposition across the BTB and will be useful in developing tools to overcome the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic difficulties presented by the BTB. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the total mRNA and protein expression of drug transporters in the testes has been explored, the localization of many transporters at the blood-testis barrier (BTB) has not been determined. This study applied immunohistological staining in human testicular tissues to identify the cellular localization of drug transporters in the testes. The observations made in this study have implications for the development of drugs that can effectively use transporters expressed at the basal membranes of Sertoli cells to bypass the BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond K Hau
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Departments of Pathology (R.R.K.) and Physiology (S.H.W.), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Robert R Klein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Departments of Pathology (R.R.K.) and Physiology (S.H.W.), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Departments of Pathology (R.R.K.) and Physiology (S.H.W.), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Departments of Pathology (R.R.K.) and Physiology (S.H.W.), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Shirasaka Y, Seki M, Hatakeyama M, Kurokawa Y, Uchiyama H, Takemura M, Yasugi Y, Kishimoto H, Tamai I, Wang J, Inoue K. Multiple Transport Mechanisms Involved in the Intestinal Absorption of Metformin: Impact on the Nonlinear Absorption Kinetics. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1531-1541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Smith SA, Ogawa SA, Chau L, Whelan KA, Hamilton KE, Chen J, Tan L, Chen EZ, Keilbaugh S, Fogt F, Bewtra M, Braun J, Xavier RJ, Clish CB, Slaff B, Weljie AM, Bushman FD, Lewis JD, Li H, Master SR, Bennett MJ, Nakagawa H, Wu GD. Mitochondrial dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease alters intestinal epithelial metabolism of hepatic acylcarnitines. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:133371. [PMID: 33141762 DOI: 10.1172/jci133371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As the interface between the gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system, there has been great interest in the maintenance of colonic epithelial integrity through mitochondrial oxidation of butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by the gut microbiota. Herein, we showed that the intestinal epithelium could also oxidize long-chain fatty acids, and that luminally delivered acylcarnitines in bile could be consumed via apical absorption by the intestinal epithelium, resulting in mitochondrial oxidation. Finally, intestinal inflammation led to mitochondrial dysfunction in the apical domain of the surface epithelium that may reduce the consumption of fatty acids, contributing to higher concentrations of fecal acylcarnitines in murine Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis and human inflammatory bowel disease. These results emphasized the importance of both the gut microbiota and the liver in the delivery of energy substrates for mitochondrial metabolism by the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sayaka A Ogawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lillian Chau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lu Tan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Z Chen
- Department of Informatics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sue Keilbaugh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Franz Fogt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meenakshi Bewtra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barry Slaff
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James D Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen R Master
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael J Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gary D Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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The Hormetic Effect of Metformin: "Less Is More"? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126297. [PMID: 34208371 PMCID: PMC8231127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MTF) is the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The euglycemic effect of MTF is due to the inhibition of hepatic glucose production. Literature reports that the principal molecular mechanism of MTF is the activation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) due to the decrement of ATP intracellular content consequent to the inhibition of Complex I, although this effect is obtained only at millimolar concentrations. Conversely, micromolar MTF seems to activate the mitochondrial electron transport chain, increasing ATP production and limiting oxidative stress. This evidence sustains the idea that MTF exerts a hormetic effect based on its concentration in the target tissue. Therefore, in this review we describe the effects of MTF on T2DM on the principal target organs, such as liver, gut, adipose tissue, endothelium, heart, and skeletal muscle. In particular, data indicate that all organs, except the gut, accumulate MTF in the micromolar range when administered in therapeutic doses, unmasking molecular mechanisms that do not depend on Complex I inhibition.
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12
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Zhang Y, Sun M, Jian S, Huang J, Xiao C, Zhang X, Hu R, Si L. mPEG 2k-PCL x Polymeric Micelles Influence Pharmacokinetics and Hypoglycemic Efficacy of Metformin through Inhibition of Organic Cation Transporters in Rats. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2586-2599. [PMID: 34102842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that nanocarriers have effects on several efflux drug transporters. To date, little is known about whether influx transporters are also modulated. Herein, we investigated the impact of amphiphilic polymer micelles on the uptake function of organic cation transporters (OCTs) and the influence on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metformin, a well-characterized substrate of OCTs. Five types of polymeric micelles (mPEG2k-PCL2k, mPEG2k-PCL3.5k, mPEG2k-PCL5k, mPEG2k-PCL7.5k, and mPEG2k-PCL10k) were prepared to evaluate the inhibition of hOCT1-3-overexpressing Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The mPEG2k-PCLx micelles played an inhibitory role above the critical micelle concentration. The inhibitory potency could be ranked as mPEG2k-PCL2k > mPEG2k-PCL3.5k > mPEG2k-PCL5k > mPEG2k-PCL7.5k > mPEG2k-PCL10k, which negatively declined with the increase of molecular weight of the hydrophobic segment. The inhibitory effects of polymeric micelles on the hOCT1 isoform were the most pronounced, with the lowest IC50 values ranging from 0.106 to 0.280 mg/mL. The mPEG2k-PCL2k micelles distinctly increased the plasma concentration of metformin and significantly decreased Vss by 35.6% (p < 0.05) after seven consecutive treatments in rats, which was interrelated with the restrained metformin distribution in the liver and kidney. The uptake inhibition of micelles on hepatic and renal rOcts also diminished the glucose-lowering effect of metformin and fasting insulin levels in the oral glucose tolerance test. Consistent with the inhibitory effects, the mRNA and protein levels of rOct1 and rOct2 were decreased in the liver, kidney, and small intestine. The present study demonstrated that mPEG2k-PCLx micelles could inhibit the transport function of OCTs, indicating a potential risk of drug-drug interactions during concomitant medication of nanomedicine with organic cationic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Minghui Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Shuxin Jian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Jiangeng Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Chuyao Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Ruhao Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Luqin Si
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan 430030, PR China
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13
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Martinec O, Biel C, de Graaf IAM, Huliciak M, de Jong KP, Staud F, Cecka F, Olinga P, Vokral I, Cerveny L. Rifampicin Induces Gene, Protein, and Activity of P-Glycoprotein (ABCB1) in Human Precision-Cut Intestinal Slices. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:684156. [PMID: 34177592 PMCID: PMC8220149 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.684156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), an ATP-binding cassette efflux transporter, limits intestinal absorption of its substrates and is a common site of drug–drug interactions. Drug-mediated induction of intestinal ABCB1 is a clinically relevant phenomenon associated with significantly decreased drug bioavailability. Currently, there are no well-established human models for evaluating its induction, so drug regulatory authorities provide no recommendations for in vitro/ex vivo testing drugs’ ABCB1-inducing activity. Human precision-cut intestinal slices (hPCISs) contain cells in their natural environment and express physiological levels of nuclear factors required for ABCB1 induction. We found that hPCISs incubated in William’s Medium E for 48 h maintained intact morphology, ATP content, and ABCB1 efflux activity. Here, we asked whether rifampicin (a model ligand of pregnane X receptor, PXR), at 30 μM, induces functional expression of ABCB1 in hPCISs over 24- and 48-h incubation (the time to allow complete induction to occur). Rifampicin significantly increased gene expression, protein levels, and efflux activity of ABCB1. Moreover, we described dynamic changes in ABCB1 transcript levels in hPCISs over 48 h incubation. We also observed that peaks of induction are achieved among donors at different times, and the extent of ABCB1 gene induction is proportional to PXR mRNA levels in the intestine. In conclusion, we showed that hPCISs incubated in conditions comparable to those used for inhibition studies can be used to evaluate drugs’ ABCB1-inducing potency in the human intestine. Thus, hPCISs may be valuable experimental tools that can be prospectively used in complex experimental evaluation of drug–drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Martinec
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Carin Biel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Inge A M de Graaf
- Graduate School of Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Huliciak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Koert P de Jong
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Filip Cecka
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ivan Vokral
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Lukas Cerveny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
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14
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Wenzel C, Drozdzik M, Oswald S. Organic Cation Transporter 1 an Intestinal Uptake Transporter: Fact or Fiction? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:648388. [PMID: 33935750 PMCID: PMC8080103 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.648388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal transporter proteins are known to affect the pharmacokinetics and in turn the efficacy and safety of many orally administered drugs in a clinically relevant manner. This knowledge is especially well-established for intestinal ATP-binding cassette transporters such as P-gp and BCRP. In contrast to this, information about intestinal uptake carriers is much more limited although many hydrophilic or ionic drugs are not expected to undergo passive diffusion but probably require specific uptake transporters. A transporter which is controversially discussed with respect to its expression, localization and function in the human intestine is the organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1). This review article provides an up-to-date summary on the available data from expression analysis as well as functional studies in vitro, animal findings and clinical observations. The current evidence suggests that OCT1 is expressed in the human intestine in small amounts (on gene and protein levels), while its cellular localization in the apical or basolateral membrane of the enterocytes remains to be finally defined, but functional data point to a secretory function of the transporter at the basolateral membrane. Thus, OCT1 should not be considered as a classical uptake transporter in the intestine but rather as an intestinal elimination pathway for cationic compounds from the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wenzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marek Drozdzik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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15
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Zhou S, Zeng S, Shu Y. Drug-Drug Interactions at Organic Cation Transporter 1. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:628705. [PMID: 33679412 PMCID: PMC7925875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.628705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between drugs and various transporters is one of the decisive factors that affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. The organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) is a member of the Solute Carrier 22A (SLC22A) family that plays a vital role in the membrane transport of organic cations including endogenous substances and xenobiotics. This article mainly discusses the drug-drug interactions (DDIs) mediated by OCT1 and their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Sujuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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16
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Intestinal membrane transporter-mediated approaches to improve oral drug delivery. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Ciarimboli G. Regulation Mechanisms of Expression and Function of Organic Cation Transporter 1. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:607613. [PMID: 33732143 PMCID: PMC7959823 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.607613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) belongs together with OCT2 and OCT3 to the solute carrier family 22 (SLC22). OCTs are involved in the movement of organic cations through the plasma membrane. In humans, OCT1 is mainly expressed in the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes, while in rodents, OCT1 is strongly represented also in the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubule cells. Considering that organic cations of endogenous origin are important neurotransmitters and that those of exogenous origin are important drugs, these transporters have significant physiological and pharmacological implications. Because of the high expression of OCTs in excretory organs, their activity has the potential to significantly impact not only local but also systemic concentration of their substrates. Even though many aspects governing OCT function, interaction with substrates, and pharmacological role have been extensively investigated, less is known about regulation of OCTs. Possible mechanisms of regulation include genetic and epigenetic modifications, rapid regulation processes induced by kinases, regulation caused by protein–protein interaction, and long-term regulation induced by specific metabolic and pathological situations. In this mini-review, the known regulatory processes of OCT1 expression and function obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies are summarized. Further research should be addressed to integrate this knowledge to known aspects of OCT1 physiology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Experimental Nephrology, Medicine Clinic D, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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18
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Metry M, Shu Y, Abrahamsson B, Cristofoletti R, Dressman JB, Groot DW, Parr A, Langguth P, Shah VP, Tajiri T, Mehta MU, Polli JE. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Metformin Hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1513-1526. [PMID: 33450218 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Data are examined regarding possible waiver of in vivo bioequivalence testing (i.e. biowaiver) for approval of metformin hydrochloride (metformin) immediate-release solid oral dosage forms. Data include metformin's Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) properties, including potential excipient interactions. Metformin is a prototypical transporter-mediated drug and is highly soluble, but only 50% of an orally administered dose is absorbed from the gut. Therefore, metformin is a BCS Class III substance. A BCS-based approval approach for major changes to marketed products and new generics is admissible if test and reference dosage forms have the identical active pharmaceutical ingredient and if in vitro dissolution from both are very rapid (i.e. at least 85% within 15 min at pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8). Recent International Council for Harmonisation BCS guidance indicates all excipients for Class III biowaivers are recommended to be qualitatively the same and quantitatively similar (except for preservatives, flavor agents, colorant, or capsule shell or film coating excipients). However, despite metformin being a prototypical transporter-mediated drug, there is no evidence that commonly used excipients impact metformin absorption, such that this restriction on excipients for BCS III drugs merits regulatory relief. Commonly used excipients in usual amounts are not likely to impact metformin absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Metry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), Division of Bioequivalence, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D W Groot
- RIVM-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Parr
- Bioceutics LCC, Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter Langguth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vinod P Shah
- International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Tomokazu Tajiri
- Astellas Pharma Inc, Analytical Research Laboratories, Yaizu, Japan
| | - Mehul U Mehta
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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19
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Substrates and Inhibitors of Organic Cation Transporters (OCTs) and Plasma Membrane Monoamine Transporter (PMAT) and Therapeutic Implications. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 266:119-167. [PMID: 34495395 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gene products of the SLC22A gene family (hOCT1, hOCT2, and hOCT3) and of the SLC29A4 gene (hPMAT or hENT4) are all polyspecific organic cation transporters. Human OCTs (including hPMAT) are expressed in peripheral tissues such as small intestine, liver, and kidney involved in the pharmacokinetics of drugs. In the human brain, all four transporters are expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), hOCT2 is additionally expressed in neurons, and hOCT3 and hPMAT in glia. More than 40% of the presently used drugs are organic cations. This chapter lists and discusses all known drugs acting as substrates or inhibitors of these four organic cation transporters, independently of whether the transporter is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) or in peripheral tissues. Of interest is their involvement in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion as well as potential OCT-associated drug-drug interactions (DDIs), with a focus on drugs that act in the CNS.
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20
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Kuhlmann I, Arnspang Pedersen S, Skov Esbech P, Bjerregaard Stage T, Hougaard Christensen MM, Brøsen K. Using a limited sampling strategy to investigate the interindividual pharmacokinetic variability in metformin: A large prospective trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:1963-1969. [PMID: 33118168 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recently a limited sampling strategy (LSS) for determination of metformin' pharmacokinetics was developed. The LSS utilizes the plasma concentration of metformin 3 and 10 hours after oral intake of a single dose to estimate the area under the concentration-time curve up to 24 hours (AUC0-24h ). The main purpose of this study was to support the feasibility of this strategy in a large prospective trial. METHODS Volunteers orally ingested two 500-mg tablets of metformin hydrochloride. A blood sample was drawn three and ten hours after the ingestion. Urine was collected for 0-10 and 10-24 hours and urine volumes recorded. The AUC0-24h was calculated using the equation AUC0-24h = 4.779 * C3 + 13.174 * C10 . Additionally, all participants were genotyped for the single-nucleotide polymorphism A270S in OCT2, g.-66 T > C in MATE1, R61C, G465R, G401S and the deletion M420del in OCT1. RESULTS In total, 212 healthy volunteers participated. The median (25th - 75th interquartile range) AUC0 - 24h , CLrenal , C3 and C10 , were 10 600 (8470-12 500) ng* hr* mL-1 , 29 (24-34) L* hour-1 , 1460 (1180-1770) and 260 (200-330) ng* mL-1 , respectively, which is in agreement with our previous results. GFRi was correlated with metformin AUC and CLrenal (P < .001). As expected, we found a great pharmacokinetic interindividual variability among the volunteers and no effect of the OCT1 genotype on the AUC0 - 24h . We were unable to reproduce our previous finding of a gene-gene interaction (OCT2 and MATE1) effect on CLrenal in this cohort. CONCLUSION This study further supports the use of the 2-point LSS algorithm in large pharmacokinetic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kuhlmann
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Skov Esbech
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tore Bjerregaard Stage
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Hougaard Christensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kim Brøsen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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21
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Nguyen JT, Tian DD, Tanna RS, Hadi DL, Bansal S, Calamia JC, Arian CM, Shireman LM, Molnár B, Horváth M, Kellogg JJ, Layton ME, White JR, Cech NB, Boyce RD, Unadkat JD, Thummel KE, Paine MF. Assessing Transporter-Mediated Natural Product-Drug Interactions Via In vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation: Clinical Evaluation With a Probe Cocktail. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:1342-1352. [PMID: 33174626 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The botanical natural product goldenseal can precipitate clinical drug interactions by inhibiting cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and CYP2D6. Besides P-glycoprotein, effects of goldenseal on other clinically relevant transporters remain unknown. Established transporter-expressing cell systems were used to determine the inhibitory effects of a goldenseal extract, standardized to the major alkaloid berberine, on transporter activity. Using recommended basic models, the extract was predicted to inhibit the efflux transporter BCRP and uptake transporters OATP1B1/3. Using a cocktail approach, effects of the goldenseal product on BCRP, OATP1B1/3, OATs, OCTs, MATEs, and CYP3A were next evaluated in 16 healthy volunteers. As expected, goldenseal increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-inf ) of midazolam (CYP3A; positive control), with a geometric mean ratio (GMR) (90% confidence interval (CI)) of 1.43 (1.35-1.53). However, goldenseal had no effects on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin (BCRP and OATP1B1/3) and furosemide (OAT1/3); decreased metformin (OCT1/2, MATE1/2-K) AUC0-inf (GMR, 0.77 (0.71-0.83)); and had no effect on metformin half-life and renal clearance. Results indicated that goldenseal altered intestinal permeability, transport, and/or other processes involved in metformin absorption, which may have unfavorable effects on glucose control. Inconsistencies between model predictions and pharmacokinetic outcomes prompt further refinement of current basic models to include differential transporter expression in relevant organs and intestinal degradation/metabolism of the precipitant(s). Such refinement should improve in vitro-in vivo prediction accuracy, contributing to a standard approach for studying transporter-mediated natural product-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Dan-Dan Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Rakshit S Tanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Deena L Hadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA.,Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Sumit Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Justina C Calamia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher M Arian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laura M Shireman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bálint Molnár
- SOLVO Biotechnology, SZTE Biológiai Epület, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Horváth
- SOLVO Biotechnology, SZTE Biológiai Epület, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Joshua J Kellogg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew E Layton
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - John R White
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Nadja B Cech
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard D Boyce
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary F Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA.,Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington, USA
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22
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Functional and Pharmacological Comparison of Human, Mouse, and Rat Organic Cation Transporter 1 toward Drug and Pesticide Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186871. [PMID: 32961667 PMCID: PMC7559834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrapolation from animal to human data is not always possible, because several essential factors, such as expression level, localization, as well as the substrate selectivity and affinity of relevant transport proteins, can differ between species. In this study, we examined the interactions of drugs and pesticides with the clinically relevant organic cation transporter hOCT1 (SLC22A1) in comparison to the orthologous transporters from mouse and rat. We determined Km-values (73 ± 7, 36 ± 13, and 57 ± 5 µM) of human, mouse and rat OCT1 for the commonly used substrate 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) and IC50-values of decynium22 (12.1 ± 0.8, 5.3 ± 0.4, and 10.5 ± 0.4 µM). For the first time, we demonstrated the interaction of the cationic fungicides imazalil, azoxystrobin, prochloraz, and propamocarb with human and rodent OCT1. Drugs such as ketoconazole, clonidine, and verapamil showed substantial inhibitory potential to human, mouse, and rat OCT1 activity. A correlation analysis of hOCT1 versus mouse and rat orthologs revealed a strong functional correlation between the three species. In conclusion, this approach shows that transporter interaction data are in many cases transferable between rodents and humans, but potential species differences for other drugs and pesticides could not be excluded, though it is recommendable to perform functional comparisons of human and rodent transporters for new molecular entities.
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23
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Abstract
The organic cation transporters (OCTs) OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, novel OCT (OCTN)1, OCTN2, multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE)1, and MATE kidney-specific 2 are polyspecific transporters exhibiting broadly overlapping substrate selectivities. They transport organic cations, zwitterions, and some uncharged compounds and operate as facilitated diffusion systems and/or antiporters. OCTs are critically involved in intestinal absorption, hepatic uptake, and renal excretion of hydrophilic drugs. They modulate the distribution of endogenous compounds such as thiamine, L-carnitine, and neurotransmitters. Sites of expression and functions of OCTs have important impact on energy metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of drugs, and on drug-drug interactions. In this work, an overview about the human OCTs is presented. Functional properties of human OCTs, including identified substrates and inhibitors of the individual transporters, are described. Sites of expression are compiled, and data on regulation of OCTs are presented. In addition, genetic variations of OCTs are listed, and data on their impact on transport, drug treatment, and diseases are reported. Moreover, recent data are summarized that indicate complex drug-drug interaction at OCTs, such as allosteric high-affinity inhibition of transport and substrate dependence of inhibitor efficacies. A hypothesis about the molecular mechanism of polyspecific substrate recognition by OCTs is presented that is based on functional studies and mutagenesis experiments in OCT1 and OCT2. This hypothesis provides a framework to imagine how observed complex drug-drug interactions at OCTs arise. Finally, preclinical in vitro tests that are performed by pharmaceutical companies to identify interaction of novel drugs with OCTs are discussed. Optimized experimental procedures are proposed that allow a gapless detection of inhibitory and transported drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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24
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Arnold YE, Kalia YN. Using Ex Vivo Porcine Jejunum to Identify Membrane Transporter Substrates: A Screening Tool for Early-Stage Drug Development. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090340. [PMID: 32927779 PMCID: PMC7555276 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust, predictive ex vivo/in vitro models to study intestinal drug absorption by passive and active transport mechanisms are scarce. Membrane transporters can significantly impact drug uptake and transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions can play a pivotal role in determining the drug safety profile. Here, the presence and activity of seven clinically relevant apical/basolateral drug transporters found in human jejunum were tested using ex vivo porcine intestine in a Ussing chamber system. Experiments using known substrates of peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP2B1), organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), multi drug resistance-associated protein 2 and 3 (MRP2 and MRP3), in the absence and presence of potent inhibitors, showed that there was a statistically significant change in apparent intestinal permeability Papp,pig (cm/s) in the presence of the corresponding inhibitor. For MRP2, a transporter reportedly present at relatively low concentration, although Papp,pig did not significantly change in the presence of the inhibitor, substrate deposition (QDEP) in the intestinal tissue was significantly increased. The activity of the seven transport proteins was successfully demonstrated and the results provided insight into their apical/basolateral localization. In conclusion, the results suggest that studies using the porcine intestine/Ussing chamber system, which could easily be integrated into the drug development process, might enable the early-stage identification of new molecular entities that are substrates of membrane transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne E. Arnold
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N. Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)22-379-3355
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25
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Guéniche N, Bruyere A, Ringeval M, Jouan E, Huguet A, Le Hégarat L, Fardel O. Differential interactions of carbamate pesticides with drug transporters. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1380-1392. [PMID: 32421406 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1771473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are now recognised to interact with drug transporters, but only few data are available on this issue for carbamate pesticides, a widely used class of agrochemicals, to which humans are highly exposed. The present study was therefore designed to determine whether four representative carbamate pesticides, i.e. the insecticides aminocarb and carbofuran, the herbicide chlorpropham and the fungicide propamocarb, may impair activities of main drug transporters implicated in pharmacokinetics. The interactions of carbamates with solute carrier and ATP-binding cassette transporters were investigated using cultured transporter-overexpressing cells, reference substrates and spectrofluorimetry-, liquid chomatography/tandem mass spectrometry- or radioactivity-based methods. Aminocarb and carbofuran exerted no or minimal effects on transporter activities, whereas chlorpropham inhibited BCRP and OAT3 activities and propamocarb decreased those of OCT1 and OCT2, but cis-stimulated that of MATE2-K. Such alterations of transporters however required chlorpropham/propamocarb concentrations in the 5-50 µM range, likely not relevant to environmental exposure. Trans-stimulation assays and propamocarb accumulation experiments additionally suggested that propamocarb is not a substrate for OCT1, OCT2 and MATE2-K. These data indicate that some carbamate pesticides can interact in vitro with some drug transporters, but only when used at concentrations higher than those expected to occur in environmentally exposed humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Guéniche
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France.,ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminant Unit, Fougères, France
| | - Arnaud Bruyere
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Mélanie Ringeval
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Elodie Jouan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Antoine Huguet
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminant Unit, Fougères, France
| | - Ludovic Le Hégarat
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminant Unit, Fougères, France
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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26
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Pharmacology of metformin - An update. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172782. [PMID: 31705902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite being a successful diabetes type 2 drug for more than a half-century in Europe, the mode of action of metformin is still debated. It is the purpose of this review to inform the reader about most recent findings for metformin with respect to its antidiabetic activity as well as proposed benefits beyond glucose control in humans. Clinical evidence now suggests that most of metformin benefits originate from its actions in the gut, involving hormone signaling by glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY. Growth differentiation factor 15, also mainly produced in the gut, was first identified as a biomarker for metformin use but is now suggested to play a significant role in e.g. weight loss of prediabetics. The pharmacokinetics of the drug in humans as basis for pharmacodynamics, resulting in high tissue levels of the intestinal wall, including the colon, proven by biopsies, is presented. A critical survey of metformin actions on mitochondria, increasing the AMP/ATP ratio but also acting as a mild uncoupler, and of postulated new cellular targets (lysosomes) is included.
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27
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Koepsell H. Multiple binding sites in organic cation transporters require sophisticated procedures to identify interactions of novel drugs. Biol Chem 2019; 400:195-207. [PMID: 30138103 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In vitro evaluation of drugs for interaction with transporters is essential during drug development. As polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCTs) are critical for pharmacokinetics of many cationic drugs, in vitro testing of human OCT1 and human OCT2 is recommended. In the currently applied tests it is determined whether uptake of one model cation in stably transfected epithelial cells is inhibited using a substrate concentration in the micromolar range. In this review experimental evidence for the existence of low- and high-affinity cation binding sites in OCTs that may interact with drugs is compiled. Most data were obtained from studies performed with rat Oct1. Whereas overlapping low-affinity cation binding sites are directly involved in transport, the high-affinity cation binding sites may induce allosteric inhibition of transport. Remarkably, high-affinity inhibition is only observed when uptake is measured using nanomolar substrate concentrations far below the respective Km values. Affinities of inhibitors are dependent on molecular structure and concentration of the employed substrate. Because the currently applied in vitro tests for identification of interaction of novel drugs with OCTs do not consider the influence of substrate structure and are not capable of identifying high-affinity inhibition, more sophisticated testing protocols are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius von Sachs Institute, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
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28
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Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Clarithromycin and Ranitidine, Probe Inhibitors of P-Glycoprotein and OCT1, to Evaluate Potential Pharmacokinetic Influence of Potential Transporter Substrates. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Abebe BT, Weiss M, Modess C, Tadken T, Wegner D, Meyer MJ, Schwantes U, Neumeister C, Scheuch E, Schulz HU, Tzvetkov M, Siegmund W. Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions Between Trospium Chloride and Ranitidine Substrates of Organic Cation Transporters in Healthy Human Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 60:312-323. [PMID: 31542894 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Trospium chloride, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is poorly absorbed with different rates from areas in the jejunum and the cecum/ascending colon. To evaluate whether organic cation transporter (OCT) 1, OCT2 and multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) 1 and MATE2-K are involved in pharmacokinetics, competitions with ranitidine, a probe inhibitor of the cation transporters, were evaluated in transfected HEK293 cells. Furthermore, a drug interaction study with trospium chloride after intravenous (2 mg) and oral dosing (30 mg) plus ranitidine (300 mg) was performed in 12 healthy subjects and evaluated by noncompartmental analysis and population pharmacokinetic modeling. Ranitidine inhibited OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2-K with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 186 ± 25 µM, 482 ± 105 µM, 134 ± 37 µM, and 35 ± 11 µM, respectively. In contrast to our hypothesis, coadministration of ranitidine did not significantly decrease oral absorption of trospium. Instead, renal clearance was lowered by ∼15% (530 ± 99 vs 460 ± 120 mL/min; P < .05). It is possible that ranitidine was not available in competitive concentrations at the major colonic absorption site, as the inhibitor is absorbed in the small intestine and undergoes degradation by microbiota. The renal effects apparently result from inhibition of MATE1 and/or MATE2-K by ranitidine as predicted by in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. However, all pharmacokinetic changes were not of clinical relevance for the drug with highly variable pharmacokinetics. Intravenous trospium significantly lowered mean absorption time and relative bioavailability of ranitidine, which was most likely caused by muscarinic receptor blocking effects on intestinal motility and water turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayew Tsega Abebe
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Weiss
- Department of Pharmacology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Modess
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tobias Tadken
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Danilo Wegner
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marleen J Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwantes
- Department Medical Science/Clinical Research, Dr. Pfleger Arzneimittel GmbH, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Neumeister
- Department Medical Science/Clinical Research, Dr. Pfleger Arzneimittel GmbH, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Scheuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Schulz
- LAFAA Laboratory for Contract Research in Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutical Analytics GmbH, Bad Schwartau, Germany
| | - Mladen Tzvetkov
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Siegmund
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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30
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Li J, Yang Z, Tuo B. Role of OCT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:6013-6022. [PMID: 31413596 PMCID: PMC6662865 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s212088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers causing death worldwide. It is difficult to detect at an early stage and most patients with advanced HCC rarely achieve satisfying therapeutic results. Accordingly, researchers have been trying to find new biomarkers for diagnosis and new methods of treatment. OCT1, a member of solute carrier super family, is highly expressed in normal liver tissues, and predominantly transports endogenous and exogenous substances, such as metabolites, drugs and toxins to hepatocytes. Studies have demonstrated that the expression of OCT1 is related to the progression and survival of HCC patients. Furthermore, sorafenib, which is regarded as the only effective molecular targeting drug for advanced HCC, is affected by OCT1 variants. In the current review, we summarized the reports about OCT1 and HCC in order to present a comprehensive overview of the relationship between OCT1 and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bijie First People's Hospital, Bijie, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
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31
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Cai H, Everett RS, Thakker DR. Efficacious dose of metformin for breast cancer therapy is determined by cation transporter expression in tumours. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2724-2735. [PMID: 31032880 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It has been extensively reported that the leading anti-diabetic drug, metformin, exerts significant anticancer effects. This hydrophilic, cationic drug requires cation transporters for cellular entry where it activates its intracellular target, the AMPK signalling pathway. However, clinical results on metformin therapy (used at antidiabetic doses) for breast cancer are ambiguous. It is likely that the antidiabetic dose is inadequate in patients that have breast tumours with low cation transporter expression, resulting in non-responsiveness to the drug. We postulate that cation transporter expression and metformin dose are key determinants in its antitumour efficacy in breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Antitumour efficacy of metformin was compared between low cation transporter-expressing MCF-7 breast tumours and MCF-7 tumours overexpressing organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3-MCF7). A dose-response relationship of metformin in combination with standard-of-care paclitaxel (for oestrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 breast tumours) or carboplatin (for triple-negative MDA-MB-468 breast tumours) was investigated in xenograft mice. KEY RESULTS Metformin had greater efficacy against tumours with higher cation transporter expression, as observed in OCT3-MCF7 versus MCF-7 tumours and MDA-MB-468 versus MCF-7 tumours. In MCF-7 tumours, a threefold higher metformin dose was required to achieve intratumoural exposure that was comparable to exposure in MDA-MB-468 tumours and enhance antitumour efficacy of standard-of-care in MCF-7 tumours versus MDA-MB-468 tumours. Antitumour efficacy correlated with intratumoural AMPK activation and metformin concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS An efficacious metformin dose for breast cancer varies among tumour subtypes based on cation transporter expression, which provides a useful guide for dose selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cai
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ruth S Everett
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dhiren R Thakker
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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32
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Dawed AY, Zhou K, van Leeuwen N, Mahajan A, Robertson N, Koivula R, Elders PJM, Rauh SP, Jones AG, Holl RW, Stingl JC, Franks PW, McCarthy MI, 't Hart LM, Pearson ER. Variation in the Plasma Membrane Monoamine Transporter (PMAT) (Encoded by SLC29A4) and Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1) (Encoded by SLC22A1) and Gastrointestinal Intolerance to Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes: An IMI DIRECT Study. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:1027-1033. [PMID: 30885951 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastrointestinal adverse effects occur in 20-30% of patients with metformin-treated type 2 diabetes, leading to premature discontinuation in 5-10% of the cases. Gastrointestinal intolerance may reflect localized high concentrations of metformin in the gut. We hypothesized that reduced transport of metformin via the plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) and organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) could increase the risk of severe gastrointestinal adverse effects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study included 286 severe metformin-intolerant and 1,128 metformin-tolerant individuals from the IMI DIRECT (Innovative Medicines Initiative: DIabetes REsearCh on patient straTification) consortium. We assessed the association of patient characteristics, concomitant medication, and the burden of mutations in the SLC29A4 and SLC22A1 genes on odds of intolerance. RESULTS Women (P < 0.001) and older people (P < 0.001) were more likely to develop metformin intolerance. Concomitant use of transporter-inhibiting drugs increased the odds of intolerance (odds ratio [OR] 1.72, P < 0.001). In an adjusted logistic regression model, the G allele at rs3889348 (SLC29A4) was associated with gastrointestinal intolerance (OR 1.34, P = 0.005). rs3889348 is the top cis-expression quantitative trait locus for SLC29A4 in gut tissue where carriers of the G allele had reduced expression. Homozygous carriers of the G allele treated with transporter-inhibiting drugs had more than three times higher odds of intolerance compared with carriers of no G allele and not treated with inhibiting drugs (OR 3.23, P < 0.001). Use of a genetic risk score derived from rs3889348 and SLC22A1 variants found that the odds of intolerance were more than twice as high in individuals who carry three or more risk alleles compared with those carrying none (OR 2.15, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that intestinal metformin transporters and concomitant medications play an important role in the gastrointestinal adverse effects of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Y Dawed
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Kaixin Zhou
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Nienke van Leeuwen
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Neil Robertson
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Robert Koivula
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.,Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Petra J M Elders
- Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simone P Rauh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Angus G Jones
- Institute of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Reinhard W Holl
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry (ZIBMT), University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany, and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia C Stingl
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paul W Franks
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
| | - Leen M 't Hart
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Harwood MD, Zhang M, Pathak SM, Neuhoff S. The Regional-Specific Relative and Absolute Expression of Gut Transporters in Adult Caucasians: A Meta-Analysis. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:854-864. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.086959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Abebe BT, Weiss M, Modess C, Roustom T, Tadken T, Wegner D, Schwantes U, Neumeister C, Schulz HU, Scheuch E, Siegmund W. Effects of the P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor Clarithromycin on the Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous and Oral Trospium Chloride: A 4-Way Crossover Drug-Drug Interaction Study in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 59:1319-1330. [PMID: 30973998 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The quaternary ammonium compound trospium chloride is poorly absorbed from 2 "absorption windows" in the jejunum and cecum/ascending colon, respectively. To confirm whether intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is involved, a 4-period, crossover drug interaction study with trospium chloride after intravenous (2 mg) and oral administration (30 mg) without and after comedication of clarithromycin (500 mg), an inhibitor for P-gp, was initiated in 12 healthy subjects. Pharmacokinetics of trospium was evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, noncompartmental evaluation, and pharmacokinetic modeling. Trospium chloride was poorly absorbed after oral administration (absolute bioavailability, ∼8%-10%). About 30% of the bioavailable dose fraction was absorbed from the "narrow window". Comedication with clarithromycin increased steady-state distribution volumes by ∼27% (P < .01). Bioavailability was not increased as hypothesized. The geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) for area under the plasma concentration-time curve, maximum concentration, and renal clearance accounted for 0.75 (0.56-1.01), 0.64 (0.45-0.89), and 1.00 (0.90-1.13), respectively. The amount of trospium absorbed from the "narrow window" was reduced in all subjects but from the "wider window" in only 9 of them. Bioavailability was strongly predicted by the maximum absorption rate of trospium in the distal "window" (rs2 = 0.910, P < .0001). In conclusion, the P-gp inhibitor clarithromycin significantly increases distribution volumes but not oral absorption of trospium. The amount absorbed from the "narrow window" was lowered in all subjects. However, the extent of all influences seems not to be of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayew Tsega Abebe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Weiss
- Department of Pharmacology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Modess
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tarek Roustom
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tobias Tadken
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Danilo Wegner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwantes
- Department Medical Science/Clinical Research, Dr. Pfleger Arzneimittel GmbH, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Neumeister
- Department Medical Science/Clinical Research, Dr. Pfleger Arzneimittel GmbH, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Schulz
- LAFAA, Laboratory for Contract Research in Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutical Analytics GmbH, Bad Schwartau, Germany
| | - Eberhard Scheuch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Siegmund
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Ningrum VDA, Istikharah R, Firmansyah R. Allele Frequency of SLC22A1 Met420del Metformin Main Transporter Encoding Gene among Javanese-Indonesian Population. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:378-383. [PMID: 30834005 PMCID: PMC6390162 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation in the genes that encode metformin transporters has been proven to cause pharmacokinetic variability and various glycemic response to metformin. Organic Cation Transporter (OCT) 1 protein encoded by the SLC22A1 gene is primarily responsible for the process of metformin influx to the hepatocytes as the target of antihyperglycemic action as well as metformin elimination through the renal. This study aimed to determine the allele frequency distribution of the SLC22A1 Met420del gene in OCT1 among the Javanese population, the largest ethnic group in Indonesia with T2DM. METHODS The research involved 100 adult patients from 9 healthcare facilities in Yogyakarta Province. The PCR-RFLP method was employed as a genotype analysis to detect polymorphism using 5'-AGGTTCACGGACTCTGTGCT-3' forward primer and 5'-AAGCTGGAGTGTGCGATCT-3' reverse primer. RESULTS No AA variant (wild type) type was found in the SLC22A1 Met420del gene, and only 4% of the subjects had Aa heterozygote type. The allele frequencies of A and a were 2.0% and 98.0% in all subjects, respectively. CONCLUSION The allele frequencies in the Javanese-Indonesian population were almost the same as those in the studies involving Japanese, Chinese-Han, and Asian-American populations. This study recommends further research on the correlation between the influence of methionine deletion at codon 420 on the variability of pharmacokinetic profiles and the glycemic response to metformin as well as the incidence of gastrointestinal intolerance due to metformin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitarani DA Ningrum
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rochmy Istikharah
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rheza Firmansyah
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Sayyed K, Camillerapp C, Le Vée M, Bruyère A, Nies AT, Abdel-Razzak Z, Fardel O. Inhibition of organic cation transporter (OCT) activities by carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 54:10-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Xue Y, Ma C, Hanna I, Pan G. Intestinal Transporter-Associated Drug Absorption and Toxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:361-405. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Hahn D, Emoto C, Euteneuer JC, Mizuno T, Vinks AA, Fukuda T. Influence of OCT1 Ontogeny and Genetic Variation on Morphine Disposition in Critically Ill Neonates: Lessons From PBPK Modeling and Clinical Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 105:761-768. [PMID: 30300922 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Morphine is commonly used for analgesia in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) despite having highly variable pharmacokinetics (PKs) between individual patients. The pharmacogenetic (PG) effect of variants at the loci of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) on age-dependent morphine clearance were evaluated in a cohort of critically ill neonatal patients using an opportunistic sampling design. Our primary results demonstrate the significant influence of OCT1 genotype (P < 0.05) and gestational age (P ≤ 0.005) on morphine PKs. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for morphine that accounted for OCT1 ontogeny and PG effect in post-term neonates adequately described the clinically observed variability in morphine PKs. This study serves as a proof of concept for genotype-dependent drug transporter ontogeny in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hahn
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Chie Emoto
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joshua C Euteneuer
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital & Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Mizuno
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexander A Vinks
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukuda
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Regulatory Science: An Update From the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Office of Clinical Pharmacology. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:21-25. [PMID: 30385284 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This commentary provides an update on the status of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Office of Clinical Pharmacology. Limitations and knowledge gaps in integration of physiologically based pharmacokinetic approach to inform regulatory decision making, as well as the importance of scientific engagement with drug developers who intend to use this approach, are highlighted.
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Mendes C, Meirelles GC, Silva MA, Ponchel G. Intestinal permeability determinants of norfloxacin in Ussing chamber model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 121:236-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Bonetti J, Zhou Y, Parent M, Clarot I, Yu H, Fries-Raeth I, Leroy P, Lartaud I, Gaucher C. Intestinal absorption of S-nitrosothiols: Permeability and transport mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:21-31. [PMID: 29935960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
S-Nitrosothiols, a class of NO donors, demonstrate potential benefits for cardiovascular diseases. Drugs for such chronic diseases require long term administration preferentially through the oral route. However, the absorption of S-nitrosothiols by the intestine, which is the first limiting barrier for their vascular bioavailability, is rarely evaluated. Using an in vitro model of intestinal barrier, based on human cells, the present work aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of intestinal transport (passive or active, paracellular or transcellular pathway) and at predicting the absorption site of three S-nitrosothiols: S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), S-nitroso-N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NACNO) and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-d-penicillamine (SNAP). These S-nitrosothiols include different skeletons carrying the nitroso group, which confer different physico-chemical characteristics and biological activities (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory). According to the values of apparent permeability coefficient, the three S-nitrosothiols belong to the medium class of permeability. The evaluation of the bidirectional apparent permeability demonstrated a passive diffusion of the three S-nitrosothiols. GSNO and NACNO preferentially cross the intestinal barrier though the transcellular pathway, while SNAP followed both the trans- and paracellular pathways. Finally, the permeability of NACNO was favoured at pH 6.4, which is close to the pH of the jejunal part of the intestine. Through this study, we determined the absorption mechanisms of S-nitrosothiols and postulated that they can be administrated through the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Zhou
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Igor Clarot
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Pierre Leroy
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France
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Elsby R, Chidlaw S, Outteridge S, Pickering S, Radcliffe A, Sullivan R, Jones H, Butler P. Mechanistic in vitro studies confirm that inhibition of the renal apical efflux transporter multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) 1, and not altered absorption, underlies the increased metformin exposure observed in clinical interactions with cimetidine, trimethoprim or pyrimethamine. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 5. [PMID: 28971610 PMCID: PMC5625161 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a common co‐medication for many diseases and the victim of clinical drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) perpetrated by cimetidine, trimethoprim and pyrimethamine, resulting in decreased active renal clearance due to inhibition of organic cation transport proteins and increased plasma exposure of metformin. To understand whether area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) increases relate to absorption, in vitro inhibitory potencies of these drugs against metformin transport by human organic cation transporter (OCT) 1, and the apical to basolateral absorptive permeability of metformin across Caco‐2 cells in the presence of therapeutic intestinal concentrations of cimetidine, trimethoprim or pyrimethamine, were determined. Whilst all inhibited OCT1, none enhanced metformin's absorptive permeability (~0.5 × 10−6 cm/sec) suggesting that DDI AUC changes are not related to absorption. Subsequently, to understand whether inhibition of renal transporters are responsible for AUC increases, in vitro inhibitory potencies against metformin transport by human OCT2, multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) 1 and MATE2‐K were determined. Ensuing IC50 values were incorporated into mechanistic static equations, alongside unbound maximal plasma concentration and transporter fraction excreted values, in order to calculate theoretical increases in metformin AUC due to inhibition by cimetidine, trimethoprim or pyrimethamine. Calculated theoretical fold‐increases in metformin exposure confirmed solitary inhibition of renal MATE1 to be the likely mechanism underlying the observed exposure changes in clinical DDIs. Interestingly, clinically observed increases in metformin AUC were predicted more closely when the renal transporter fraction excreted value derived from oral metformin administration, rather than intravenous, was utilized in theoretical calculations, likely reflecting the “flip‐flop” pharmacokinetic profile of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Elsby
- Drug Transporter Sciences, Cyprotex Discovery Ltd (an Evotec company), No 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Chidlaw
- Drug Transporter Sciences, Cyprotex Discovery Ltd (an Evotec company), No 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Outteridge
- Drug Transporter Sciences, Cyprotex Discovery Ltd (an Evotec company), No 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Pickering
- Drug Transporter Sciences, Cyprotex Discovery Ltd (an Evotec company), No 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Radcliffe
- Drug Transporter Sciences, Cyprotex Discovery Ltd (an Evotec company), No 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Sullivan
- Drug Transporter Sciences, Cyprotex Discovery Ltd (an Evotec company), No 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Jones
- Drug Transporter Sciences, Cyprotex Discovery Ltd (an Evotec company), No 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Butler
- Drug Transporter Sciences, Cyprotex Discovery Ltd (an Evotec company), No 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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Agosto MA, Anastassov IA, Robichaux MA, Wensel TG. A Large Endoplasmic Reticulum-Resident Pool of TRPM1 in Retinal ON-Bipolar Cells. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0143-18.2018. [PMID: 30027108 PMCID: PMC6051591 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0143-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical signal of light onset, a decrease in glutamate release from rod and cone photoreceptors, is processed by a postsynaptic G protein signaling cascade in ON-bipolar cells (BPCs). The metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6, along with other cascade elements, is localized synaptically at the BPC dendritic tips. The effector ion channel protein transient receptor potential melastatin-1 (TRPM1), in contrast, is located not only at the dendritic tips but also in BPC bodies and axons. Little is known about the intracellular localization of TRPM1, or its trafficking route to the dendritic tip plasma membrane. Recombinant TRPM1 expressed in mammalian cells colocalized with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) markers, with little or none detected at the plasma membrane. In mouse retina, somatic TRPM1 was similarly intracellular, and not at the plasma membrane. Labeling of ER membranes by expression of a fluorescent marker showed that in BPCs the ER extends into axons and dendrites, but not dendritic tips. In cell bodies, TRPM1 colocalized with the ER, and not with the Golgi apparatus. Fluorescence protease protection (FPP) assays with TRPM1-GFP fusions in heterologous cells revealed that the N and C termini are both accessible to the cytoplasm, consistent with the transmembrane domain topology of related TRP channels. These results indicate that the majority of TRPM1 is present in the ER, from which it can potentially be transported to the dendritic tips as needed for ON light responses. The excess of ER-resident TRPM1 relative to the amount needed at the dendritic tips suggests a potential new function for TRPM1 in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina A. Agosto
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ivan A. Anastassov
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Michael A. Robichaux
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Theodore G. Wensel
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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Role of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate in the pharmacokinetic interaction between nadolol and green tea in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 74:775-783. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-018-2436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Neelakantan H, Vance V, Wetzel MD, Wang HYL, McHardy SF, Finnerty CC, Hommel JD, Watowich SJ. Selective and membrane-permeable small molecule inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase reverse high fat diet-induced obesity in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 147:141-152. [PMID: 29155147 PMCID: PMC5826726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical need for new mechanism-of-action drugs that reduce the burden of obesity and associated chronic metabolic comorbidities. A potentially novel target to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes is nicotinamide-N-methyltransferase (NNMT), a cytosolic enzyme with newly identified roles in cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. To validate NNMT as an anti-obesity drug target, we investigated the permeability, selectivity, mechanistic, and physiological properties of a series of small molecule NNMT inhibitors. Membrane permeability of NNMT inhibitors was characterized using parallel artificial membrane permeability and Caco-2 cell assays. Selectivity was tested against structurally-related methyltransferases and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) salvage pathway enzymes. Effects of NNMT inhibitors on lipogenesis and intracellular levels of metabolites, including NNMT reaction product 1-methylnicotianamide (1-MNA) were evaluated in cultured adipocytes. Effects of a potent NNMT inhibitor on obesity measures and plasma lipid were assessed in diet-induced obese mice fed a high-fat diet. Methylquinolinium scaffolds with primary amine substitutions displayed high permeability from passive and active transport across membranes. Importantly, methylquinolinium analogues displayed high selectivity, not inhibiting related SAM-dependent methyltransferases or enzymes in the NAD+ salvage pathway. NNMT inhibitors reduced intracellular 1-MNA, increased intracellular NAD+ and S-(5'-adenosyl)-l-methionine (SAM), and suppressed lipogenesis in adipocytes. Treatment of diet-induced obese mice systemically with a potent NNMT inhibitor significantly reduced body weight and white adipose mass, decreased adipocyte size, and lowered plasma total cholesterol levels. Notably, administration of NNMT inhibitors did not impact total food intake nor produce any observable adverse effects. These results support development of small molecule NNMT inhibitors as therapeutics to reverse diet-induced obesity and validate NNMT as a viable target to treat obesity and related metabolic conditions. Increased flux of key cellular energy regulators, including NAD+ and SAM, may potentially define the therapeutic mechanism-of-action of NNMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Neelakantan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Virginia Vance
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Michael D Wetzel
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550 USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Hua-Yu Leo Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Stanton F McHardy
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Celeste C Finnerty
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550 USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Jonathan D Hommel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Stanley J Watowich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA.
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Meyer MJ, Seitz T, Brockmöller J, Tzvetkov MV. Effects of genetic polymorphisms on the OCT1 and OCT2-mediated uptake of ranitidine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189521. [PMID: 29236753 PMCID: PMC5728534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ranitidine (Zantac®) is a H2-receptor antagonist commonly used for the treatment of acid-related gastrointestinal diseases. Ranitidine was reported to be a substrate of the organic cation transporters OCT1 and OCT2. The hepatic transporter OCT1 is highly genetically variable. Twelve major alleles confer partial or complete loss of OCT1 activity. The effects of these polymorphisms are highly substrate-specific and therefore difficult to predict. The renal transporter OCT2 has a common polymorphism, Ala270Ser, which was reported to affect OCT2 activity. Aim In this study we analyzed the effects of genetic polymorphisms in OCT1 and OCT2 on the uptake of ranitidine and on its potency to inhibit uptake of other drugs. Methods and results We characterized ranitidine uptake using HEK293 and CHO cells stably transfected to overexpress wild type OCT1, OCT2, or their naturally occurring allelic variants. Ranitidine was transported by wild-type OCT1 with a Km of 62.9 μM and a vmax of 1125 pmol/min/mg protein. Alleles OCT1*5, *6, *12, and *13 completely lacked ranitidine uptake. Alleles OCT1*2, *3, *4, and *10 had vmax values decreased by more than 50%. In contrast, OCT1*8 showed an increase of vmax by 25%. The effects of OCT1 alleles on ranitidine uptake strongly correlated with the effects on morphine uptake suggesting common interaction mechanisms of both drugs with OCT1. Ranitidine inhibited the OCT1-mediated uptake of metformin and morphine at clinically relevant concentrations. The inhibitory potency for morphine uptake was affected by the OCT1*2 allele. OCT2 showed only a limited uptake of ranitidine that was not significantly affected by the Ala270Ser polymorphism. Conclusions We confirmed ranitidine as an OCT1 substrate and demonstrated that common genetic polymorphisms in OCT1 strongly affect ranitidine uptake and modulate ranitidine’s potential to cause drug-drug interactions. The effects of the frequent OCT1 polymorphisms on ranitidine pharmacokinetics in humans remain to be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Julia Meyer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tina Seitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mladen Vassilev Tzvetkov
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Keiser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology,
Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17487, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Hasan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology,
Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17487, Germany
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology,
Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17487, Germany
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Spreckelmeyer S, Estrada-Ortiz N, Prins GGH, van der Zee M, Gammelgaard B, Stürup S, de Graaf IAM, Groothuis GMM, Casini A. On the toxicity and transport mechanisms of cisplatin in kidney tissues in comparison to a gold-based cytotoxic agent. Metallomics 2017; 9:1786-1795. [PMID: 29104982 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00271h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of toxicity and cellular transport of anticancer metallodrugs, including platinum-based agents, have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we studied the toxic effects and accumulation mechanisms of cisplatin in healthy rat kidneys ex vivo, using the Precision Cut Tissue Slices (PCTS) method. In addition, for the first time, we investigated the nephrotoxic effects of an experimental anticancer cyclometallated complex [Au(pyb-H)(PTA)Cl]PF6 (PTA = 1,3,5-triazaphosphaadamantane). The viability of the kidney slices after metallodrug treatment was evaluated by ATP content determination and histomorphology analysis. A concentration dependent decrease in viability of PCKS was observed after exposure to cisplatin or the Au(iii) complex, which correlated with the increase in slice content of Pt and Au, respectively. Metal accumulation in kidney slices was analysed by ICP-MS. The involvement of OCTs and MATE transporters in the accumulation of both metal compounds in kidneys was evaluated co-incubating the tissues with cimitedine, inhibitor of OCT and MATE. Studies of mRNA expression of the markers KIM-1, villin, p53 and Bax showed that cisplatin damages proximal tubules, whereas the Au(iii) complex preferentially affects the distal tubules. However, no effect of cimetidine on the toxicity or accumulation of cisplatin and the Au(iii) complex was observed. The effect of temperature on metallodrug accumulation in kidneys suggests the involvement of a carrier-mediated uptake process, other than OCT2, for cisplatin; while carrier-mediated excretion was suggested in the cases of the Au(iii) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Spreckelmeyer
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands and Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Natalia Estrada-Ortiz
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerian G H Prins
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margot van der Zee
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bente Gammelgaard
- Dept. of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Stürup
- Dept. of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge A M de Graaf
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Casini
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands and School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF103AT Cardiff, UK.
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49
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Dawed AY, Ali A, Zhou K, Pearson ER, Franks PW. Evidence-based prioritisation and enrichment of genes interacting with metformin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2231-2239. [PMID: 28842730 PMCID: PMC6448905 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS There is an extensive body of literature suggesting the involvement of multiple loci in regulating the action of metformin; most findings lack replication, without which distinguishing true-positive from false-positive findings is difficult. To address this, we undertook evidence-based, multiple data integration to determine the validity of published evidence. METHODS We (1) built a database of published data on gene-metformin interactions using an automated text-mining approach (n = 5963 publications), (2) generated evidence scores for each reported locus, (3) from which a rank-ordered gene set was generated, and (4) determined the extent to which this gene set was enriched for glycaemic response through replication analyses in a well-powered independent genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset from the Genetics of Diabetes and Audit Research Tayside Study (GoDARTS). RESULTS From the literature search, seven genes were identified that are related to the clinical outcomes of metformin. Fifteen genes were linked with either metformin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics, and the expression profiles of a further 51 genes were found to be responsive to metformin. Gene-set enrichment analysis consisting of the three sets and two more composite sets derived from the above three showed no significant enrichment in four of the gene sets. However, we detected significant enrichment of genes in the least prioritised category (a gene set in which their expression is affected by metformin) with glycaemic response to metformin (p = 0.03). This gene set includes novel candidate genes such as SLC2A4 (p = 3.24 × 10-04) and G6PC (p = 4.77 × 10-04). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We have described a semi-automated text-mining and evidence-scoring algorithm that facilitates the organisation and extraction of useful information about gene-drug interactions. We further validated the output of this algorithm in a drug-response GWAS dataset, providing novel candidate loci for gene-metformin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Y Dawed
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Level 5, Mailbox 12, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Ashfaq Ali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kaixin Zhou
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Level 5, Mailbox 12, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Ewan R Pearson
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Level 5, Mailbox 12, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Mai Y, Afonso-Pereira F, Murdan S, Basit AW. Excipient-mediated alteration in drug bioavailability in the rat depends on the sex of the animal. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:249-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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