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Gerasimova TP, Zagidullin AA, Nikolaeva AN, Fayzullin RR, Saitova AM, Miluykov VA, Grimme S, Katsyuba SA. Structural flexibility of favipiravir and its structural analogues in solutions: experimental and computational insight. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3668-3683. [PMID: 38623758 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00404c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Combined UV-vis and quantum chemical studies of the structural flexibility and tautomerism of 6-R-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazine carboxamides in solutions revealed that their keto-enol transformations are accompanied by the deprotonation of enol tautomers and the formation of the corresponding anionic species. Both the solvent and the 6-R substituent strongly influence the relative abundance of the above forms in solutions. Anions are not formed in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), but the probability of deprotonation in neutral water and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) increases in the order R = H < F < NO2. Only enol tautomers of all solutes are found in DCE. DMF stabilizes keto forms only moderately and assists much strongly in the deprotonation of all three compounds. Water tends to stabilize both keto tautomers and deprotonated anions: the keto form dominates in the case of R = H (antiviral drug T-1105), the anions are found exclusively for R = NO2, and the aqueous solution of another antiviral drug, favipiravir (R = F), contains both the keto tautomer and the anionic form. The results of quantum chemical free energy calculations are in agreement with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana P Gerasimova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Almaz A Zagidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Anastasiia N Nikolaeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Robert R Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Aliya M Saitova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Vasili A Miluykov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sergey A Katsyuba
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
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2
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Shumyantseva VV, Bulko TV, Chistov AA, Kolesanova EF, Agafonova LE. Pharmacogenomic Studies of Antiviral Drug Favipiravir. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:503. [PMID: 38675164 PMCID: PMC11053860 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we conducted a study of the interaction between DNA and favipiravir (FAV). This chemotherapeutic compound is an antiviral drug for the treatment of COVID-19 and other infections caused by RNA viruses. This paper examines the electroanalytical characteristics of FAV. The determined concentrations correspond to therapeutically significant ones in the range of 50-500 µM (R2 = 0.943). We have shown that FAV can be electro-oxidized around the potential of +0.96 V ÷ +0.98 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). A mechanism for electrochemical oxidation of FAV was proposed. The effect of the drug on DNA was recorded as changes in the intensity of electrochemical oxidation of heterocyclic nucleobases (guanine, adenine and thymine) using screen-printed graphite electrodes modified with single-walled carbon nanotubes and titanium oxide nanoparticles. In this work, the binding constants (Kb) of FAV/dsDNA complexes for guanine, adenine and thymine were calculated. The values of the DNA-mediated electrochemical decline coefficient were calculated as the ratio of the intensity of signals for the electrochemical oxidation of guanine, adenine and thymine in the presence of FAV to the intensity of signals for the electro-oxidation of these bases without drug (S, %). Based on the analysis of electrochemical parameters, values of binding constants and spectral data, intercalation was proposed as the principal mechanism of the antiviral drug FAV interaction with DNA. The interaction with calf thymus DNA also confirmed the intercalation mechanism. However, an additional mode of interaction, such as a damage effect together with electrostatic interactions, was revealed in a prolonged exposure of DNA to FAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V. Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.A.C.); (E.F.K.); (L.E.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Bulko
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.A.C.); (E.F.K.); (L.E.A.)
| | - Alexey A. Chistov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.A.C.); (E.F.K.); (L.E.A.)
| | - Ekaterina F. Kolesanova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.A.C.); (E.F.K.); (L.E.A.)
| | - Lyubov E. Agafonova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Build 8, Moscow 119121, Russia; (T.V.B.); (A.A.C.); (E.F.K.); (L.E.A.)
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3
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Wong SN, Li S, Low KH, Chan HW, Zhang X, Chow S, Hui B, Chow PCY, Chow SF. Development of favipiravir dry powders for intranasal delivery: An integrated cocrystal and particle engineering approach via spray freeze drying. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123896. [PMID: 38346602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of pharmaceutical cocrystals in intranasal applications remains largely unexplored despite progressive advancements in cocrystal research. We present the application of spray freeze drying (SFD) in successful fabrication of a favipiravir-pyridinecarboxamide cocrystal nasal powder formulation for potential treatment of broad-spectrum antiviral infections. Preliminary screening via mechanochemistry revealed that favipiravir (FAV) can cocrystallize with isonicotinamide (INA), but not nicotinamide (NCT) and picolinamide (PIC) notwithstanding their structural similarity. The cocrystal formation was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and unit cell determination through Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray analysis. FAV-INA crystalized in a monoclinic space group P21/c with a unit cell volume of 1223.54(3) Å3, accommodating one FAV molecule and one INA molecule in the asymmetric unit. The cocrystal was further reproduced as intranasal dry powders by SFD, of which the morphology, particle size, in vitro drug release, and nasal deposition were assessed. The non-porous flake shaped FAV-INA powders exhibited a mean particle size of 19.79 ± 2.61 μm, rendering its suitability for intranasal delivery. Compared with raw FAV, FAV-INA displayed a 3-fold higher cumulative fraction of drug permeated in Franz diffusion cells at 45 min (p = 0.001). Dose fraction of FAV-INA deposited in the nasal fraction of a customized 3D-printed nasal cast reached over 80 %, whereas the fine particle fraction remained below 6 % at a flow rate of 15 L/min, suggesting high nasal deposition whilst minimal lung deposition. FAV-INA was safe in RPMI 2650 nasal and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells without any in vitro cytotoxicity observed. This study demonstrated that combining the merits of cocrystallization and particle engineering via SFD can propel the development of advanced dry powder formulations for intranasal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Nga Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Si Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ho Wan Chan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Stephanie Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Bo Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Shing Fung Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Latosińska M, Latosińska JN. Favipiravir Analogues as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase, Combined Quantum Chemical Modeling, Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship, and Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2024; 29:441. [PMID: 38257352 PMCID: PMC10818557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Our study was motivated by the urgent need to develop or improve antivirals for effective therapy targeting RNA viruses. We hypothesized that analogues of favipiravir (FVP), an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), could provide more effective nucleic acid recognition and binding processes while reducing side effects such as cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, and embryotoxicity. We proposed a set of FVP analogues together with their forms of triphosphate as new SARS-CoV-2 RdRp inhibitors. The main aim of our study was to investigate changes in the mechanism and binding capacity resulting from these modifications. Using three different approaches, QTAIM, QSPR, and MD, the differences in the reactivity, toxicity, binding efficiency, and ability to be incorporated by RdRp were assessed. Two new quantum chemical reactivity descriptors, the relative electro-donating and electro-accepting power, were defined and successfully applied. Moreover, a new quantitative method for comparing binding modes was developed based on mathematical metrics and an atypical radar plot. These methods provide deep insight into the set of desirable properties responsible for inhibiting RdRp, allowing ligands to be conveniently screened. The proposed modification of the FVP structure seems to improve its binding ability and enhance the productive mode of binding. In particular, two of the FVP analogues (the trifluoro- and cyano-) bind very strongly to the RNA template, RNA primer, cofactors, and RdRp, and thus may constitute a very good alternative to FVP.
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Shah PL, Orton CM, Grinsztejn B, Donaldson GC, Crabtree Ramírez B, Tonkin J, Santos BR, Cardoso SW, Ritchie AI, Conway F, Riberio MPD, Wiseman DJ, Tana A, Vijayakumar B, Caneja C, Leaper C, Mann B, Samson A, Bhavsar PK, Boffito M, Johnson MR, Pozniak A, Pelly M, Shabbir N, Connolly S, Cartier A, Jaffer S, Winpenny C, Daby D, Pepper S, Adamson C, Carungcong J, Nundlall K, Fedele S, Samson-Fessale P, Schoolmeesters A, Gomes de Almeida Martins L, Bull R, Correia Da Costa P, Bautista C, Eleanor Flores M, Maheswaran S, Macabodbod L, Houseman R, Svensson ML, Sayan A, Fung C, Garner J, Lai D, Nelson M, Moore L, Gidwani S, Davies G, Ouma B, Salinos C, Salha J, Yassein R, Abbasi A, Oblak M, Steward A, Thankachen M, Barker A, Fernandes C, Beatriz V, Flores L, Soler-Carracedo A, Rocca A, Maheswaran S, Martella C, Lloyd C, Nolan C, Horsford L, Martins L, Thomas L, Winstanley M, Bourke M, Branch N, Orhan O, Morton R, Saunder S, Patil S, Hughes S, Zhe W, De Leon A, Farah A, Rya G, Alizadeh K, Leong K, Trepte L, Goel N, McGown P, Kirwan U, Vilela Baião T, Marins L, Nazer S, Malaguthi de Souza R, Feitosa M, Lessa F, Silva de Magalhães E, Costenaro J, de Cassia Alves Lira R, Carolina A, Cauduro de Castro A, Machado Da Silva A, Kliemann D, De Cassia Alves Lira R, Walker G, Norton D, Lowthorpe V, Ivan M, Lillie P, Easom N, Sierra Madero J, López Iñiguez Á, Patricia Muñuzuri Nájera G, Paola Alarcón Murra C, Alanis Vega A, Muñoz Trejo T, Pérez Rodríguez O. Favipiravir in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 (PIONEER trial): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised controlled trial of early intervention versus standard care. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2023; 11:415-424. [PMID: 36528039 PMCID: PMC9891737 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has overwhelmed health services globally. Oral antiviral therapies are licensed worldwide, but indications and efficacy rates vary. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral favipiravir in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. METHODS We conducted a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial of oral favipiravir in adult patients who were newly admitted to hospital with proven or suspected COVID-19 across five sites in the UK (n=2), Brazil (n=2) and Mexico (n=1). Using a permuted block design, eligible and consenting participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive oral favipiravir (1800 mg twice daily for 1 day; 800 mg twice daily for 9 days) plus standard care, or standard care alone. All caregivers and patients were aware of allocation and those analysing data were aware of the treatment groups. The prespecified primary outcome was the time from randomisation to recovery, censored at 28 days, which was assessed using an intention-to-treat approach. Post-hoc analyses were used to assess the efficacy of favipiravir in patients aged younger than 60 years, and in patients aged 60 years and older. The trial was registered with clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04373733. FINDINGS Between May 5, 2020 and May 26, 2021, we assessed 503 patients for eligibility, of whom 499 were randomly assigned to favipiravir and standard care (n=251) or standard care alone (n=248). There was no significant difference between those who received favipiravir and standard care, relative to those who received standard care alone in time to recovery in the overall study population (hazard ratio [HR] 1·06 [95% CI 0·89-1·27]; n=499; p=0·52). Post-hoc analyses showed a faster rate of recovery in patients younger than 60 years who received favipiravir and standard care versus those who had standard care alone (HR 1·35 [1·06-1·72]; n=247; p=0·01). 36 serious adverse events were observed in 27 (11%) of 251 patients administered favipiravir and standard care, and 33 events were observed in 27 (11%) of 248 patients receiving standard care alone, with infectious, respiratory, and cardiovascular events being the most numerous. There was no significant between-group difference in serious adverse events per patient (p=0·87). INTERPRETATION Favipiravir does not improve clinical outcomes in all patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, however, patients younger than 60 years might have a beneficial clinical response. The indiscriminate use of favipiravir globally should be cautioned, and further high-quality studies of antiviral agents, and their potential treatment combinations, are warranted in COVID-19. FUNDING LifeArc and CW+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallav L Shah
- Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK,Correspondence to: Prof Pallav L Shah, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Christopher M Orton
- Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gavin C Donaldson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - James Tonkin
- Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Breno R Santos
- Departamento de Infectología, Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição–Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandra W Cardoso
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrew I Ritchie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Conway
- Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria P D Riberio
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dexter J Wiseman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anand Tana
- Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Bavithra Vijayakumar
- Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cielito Caneja
- Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Craig Leaper
- Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Bobby Mann
- Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anda Samson
- Department of Infection, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | - Pankaj K Bhavsar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marta Boffito
- Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anton Pozniak
- Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael Pelly
- Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Sugiki T, Ito A, Hatanaka Y, Tsukamoto M, Murata T, Miyanishi K, Kagawa A, Fujiwara T, Kitagawa M, Morita Y, Negoro M. Real-time monitoring of enzyme-catalyzed phosphoribosylation of anti-influenza prodrug favipiravir by time-lapse nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4888. [PMID: 36468685 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Favipiravir (brand name Avigan), a widely known anti-influenza prodrug, is metabolized by endogenous enzymes of host cells to generate the active form, which exerts inhibition of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity; first, favipiravir is converted to its phosphoribosylated form, favipiravir-ribofuranosyl-5'-monophosphate (favipiravir-RMP), by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). Because this phosphoribosylation reaction is the rate-determining step in the generation of the active metabolite, quantitative and real-time monitoring of the HGPRT-catalyzed reaction is essential to understanding the pharmacokinetics of favipiravir. However, assay methods enabling such monitoring have not been established. 19 F- or 31 P-based nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are powerful techniques for observation of intermolecular interactions, chemical reactions, and metabolism of molecules of interest, given that NMR signals of the heteronuclei sensitively reflect changes in the chemical environment of these moieties. Here, we demonstrated direct, sensitive, target-selective, nondestructive, and real-time observation of HGPRT-catalyzed conversion of favipiravir to favipiravir-RMP by performing time-lapse 19 F-NMR monitoring of the fluorine atom of favipiravir. In addition, we showed that 31 P-NMR can be used for real-time observation of the identical reaction by monitoring phosphorus atoms of the phosphoribosyl group of favipiravir-RMP and of the pyrophosphate product of that reaction. Furthermore, we demonstrated that NMR approaches permit the determination of general parameters of enzymatic activity such as Vmax and Km . This method not only can be widely employed in enzyme assays, but also may be of use in the screening and development of new favipiravir-analog antiviral prodrugs that can be phosphoribosylated more efficiently by HGPRT, which would increase the intracellular concentration of the drug's active form. The techniques demonstrated in this study would allow more detailed investigation of the pharmacokinetics of fluorinated drugs, and might significantly contribute to opening new avenues for widespread pharmaceutical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Analytical Instrument Facility, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murata
- Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koichiro Miyanishi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akinori Kagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Fujiwara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kitagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Morita
- Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Negoro
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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7
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Cha HM, Kim UI, Ahn SB, Lee MK, Lee H, Bang H, Jang Y, Kim SS, Bae MA, Kim K, Kim M. Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Gemcitabine Derivatives against Influenza Virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1033-1045. [PMID: 36912867 PMCID: PMC10081574 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analogue of deoxycytidine and has been reported to be a broad-spectrum antiviral agent against both DNA and RNA viruses. Screening of a nucleos(t)ide analogue-focused library identified gemcitabine and its derivatives (compounds 1, 2a, and 3a) blocking influenza virus infection. To improve their antiviral selectivity by reducing cytotoxicity, 14 additional derivatives were synthesized in which the pyridine rings of 2a and 3a were chemically modified. Structure-and-activity and structure-and-toxicity relationship studies demonstrated that compounds 2e and 2h were most potent against influenza A and B viruses but minimally cytotoxic. It is noteworthy that in contrast to cytotoxic gemcitabine, they inhibited viral infection with 90% effective concentrations of 14.5-34.3 and 11.4-15.9 μM, respectively, maintaining viability of mock-infected cells over 90% at 300 μM. Resulting antiviral selectivity was comparable to that of a clinically approved nucleoside analogue, favipiravir. The cell-based viral polymerase assay proved the mode-of-action of 2e and 2h targeting viral RNA replication and/or transcription. In a murine influenza A virus-infection model, intraperitoneal administration of 2h not only reduced viral RNA level in the lungs but also alleviated infection-mediated pulmonary infiltrates. In addition, it inhibited replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 infection in human lung cells at subtoxic concentrations. The present study could provide a medicinal chemistry framework for the synthesis of a new class of viral polymerase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Min Cha
- Infectious
Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Graduate
School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic
of Korea
| | - Uk-Il Kim
- ST
Pharm Co., Ltd., Seoul 06194, Republic of Korea
- College
of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bin Ahn
- Infectious
Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Graduate
School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic
of Korea
| | - Myoung Kyu Lee
- Infectious
Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Haemi Lee
- Infectious
Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yejin Jang
- Infectious
Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soon Kim
- Drug
Discovery Platform Research Center, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- Drug
Discovery Platform Research Center, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- ST
Pharm Co., Ltd., Seoul 06194, Republic of Korea
| | - Meehyein Kim
- Infectious
Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Graduate
School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic
of Korea
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8
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Shannon A, Canard B. Kill or corrupt: Mechanisms of action and drug-resistance of nucleotide analogues against SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105501. [PMID: 36567022 PMCID: PMC9773703 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside/tide analogues (NAs) have long been used in the fight against viral diseases, and now present a promising option for the treatment of COVID-19. Once activated to the 5'-triphosphate state, NAs act by targeting the viral RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase for incorporation into the viral RNA genome. Incorporated analogues can either 'kill' (terminate) synthesis, or 'corrupt' (genetically or chemically) the RNA. Against coronaviruses, the use of NAs has been further complicated by the presence of a virally encoded exonuclease domain (nsp14) with proofreading and repair capacities. Here, we describe the mechanism of action of four promising anti-COVID-19 NAs; remdesivir, molnupiravir, favipiravir and bemnifosbuvir. Their distinct mechanisms of action best exemplify the concept of 'killers' and 'corruptors'. We review available data regarding their ability to be incorporated and excised, and discuss the specific structural features that dictate their overall potency, toxicity, and mutagenic potential. This should guide the synthesis of novel analogues, lend insight into the potential for resistance mutations, and provide a rational basis for upcoming combinations therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Shannon
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Bruno Canard
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
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9
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Zhang J, He M, Xie Q, Su A, Yang K, Liu L, Liang J, Li Z, Huang X, Hu J, Liu Q, Song B, Hu C, Chen L, Wang Y. Predicting In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activities of Antivirals by Intracellular Bioavailability and Biochemical Activity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45023-45035. [PMID: 36530252 PMCID: PMC9753181 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellular drug response (concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum cellular effect, EC50) can be predicted by the intracellular bioavailability (F ic) and biochemical activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50) of drugs. In an ideal model, the cellular negative log of EC50 (pEC50) equals the sum of log F ic and the negative log of IC50 (pIC50). Here, we measured F ic's of remdesivir, favipiravir, and hydroxychloroquine in various cells and calculated their anti-SARS-CoV-2 EC50's. The predicted EC50's are close to the observed EC50's in vitro. When the lung concentrations of antiviral drugs are higher than the predicted EC50's in alveolar type 2 cells, the antiviral drugs inhibit virus replication in vivo, and vice versa. Overall, our results indicate that both in vitro and in vivo antiviral activities of drugs can be predicted by their intracellular bioavailability and biochemical activity without using virus. This virus-free strategy can help medicinal chemists and pharmacologists to screen antivirals during early drug discovery, especially for researchers who are not able to work in the high-level biosafety lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Zhang
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Mingfeng He
- Institute
of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, Foshan528000, China
| | - Qian Xie
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
- Key
Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry
of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Ailing Su
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Kuangyang Yang
- Institute
of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, Foshan528000, China
| | - Lichu Liu
- Institute
of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, Foshan528000, China
| | - Jianhui Liang
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
- Key
Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry
of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Ziqi Li
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xiuxin Huang
- The
First Clinical College of Changsha Medical College, Changsha410219, China
| | - Jianshu Hu
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QT, UK
| | - Qian Liu
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Bing Song
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key
Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry
of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of
Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes
and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center
for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen518055, China
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10
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Stevaert A, Groaz E, Naesens L. Nucleoside analogs for management of respiratory virus infections: mechanism of action and clinical efficacy. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 57:101279. [PMID: 36403338 PMCID: PMC9671222 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of nucleoside analogs to treat respiratory virus infections, with remdesivir being the first compound to receive worldwide authorization and three other nucleoside analogs (i.e. favipiravir, molnupiravir, and bemnifosbuvir) in the pipeline. Here, we summarize the current knowledge concerning their clinical efficacy in suppressing the virus and reducing the need for hospitalization or respiratory support. We also mention trials of favipiravir and lumicitabine, for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, respectively. Besides, we outline how nucleoside analogs interact with the polymerases of respiratory viruses, to cause lethal virus mutagenesis or disturbance of viral RNA synthesis. In this way, we aim to convey the key findings on this rapidly evolving class of respiratory virus medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Stevaert
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1043, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1041, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1043, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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11
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Administration of the antiviral agent T-1105 fully protects pigs from foot-and-mouth disease infection. Antiviral Res 2022; 208:105425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Konstantinova ID, L.Andronova V, Fateev IV, Esipov RS. Favipiravir and Its Structural Analogs: Antiviral Activity and Synthesis Methods. Acta Naturae 2022; 14:16-38. [PMID: 35923566 PMCID: PMC9307979 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
1,4-Pyrazine-3-carboxamide-based antiviral compounds have been under intensive study for the last 20 years. One of these compounds, favipiravir (6-fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide, T-705), is approved for use against the influenza infection in a number of countries. Now, favipiravir is being actively used against COVID-19. This review describes the in vivo metabolism of favipiravir, the mechanism of its antiviral activity, clinical findings, toxic properties, and the chemical synthesis routes for its production. We provide data on the synthesis and antiviral activity of structural analogs of favipiravir, including nucleosides and nucleotides based on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. D. Konstantinova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - V. L.Andronova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
- FSBI «National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya» of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - I. V. Fateev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - R. S. Esipov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
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13
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Recent Advances in Influenza, HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Infection Prevention and Drug Treatment—The Need for Precision Medicine. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses, and in particular, RNA viruses, dominate the WHO’s current list of ten global health threats. Of these, we review the widespread and most common HIV, influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2 infections, as well as their possible prevention by vaccination and treatments by pharmacotherapeutic approaches. Beyond the vaccination, we discuss the virus-targeting and host-targeting drugs approved in the last five years, in the case of SARS-CoV-2 in the last one year, as well as new drug candidates and lead molecules that have been published in the same periods. We share our views on vaccination and pharmacotherapy, their mutually reinforcing strategic significance in combating pandemics, and the pros and cons of host and virus-targeted drug therapy. The COVID-19 pandemic has provided evidence of our limited armamentarium to fight emerging viral diseases. Novel broad-spectrum vaccines as well as drugs that could even be applied as prophylactic treatments or in early phases of the viremia, possibly through oral administration, are needed in all three areas. To meet these needs, the use of multi-data-based precision medicine in the practice and innovation of vaccination and drug therapy is inevitable.
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14
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Hanai Y, Yoshizawa S, Matsuo K, Uekusa S, Miyazaki T, Nishimura K, Mabuchi T, Ohashi H, Ishii Y, Tateda K, Yoshio T, Nishizawa K. Evaluation of risk factors for uric acid elevation in COVID-19 patients treated with favipiravir. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 102:115640. [PMID: 35193798 PMCID: PMC8782729 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this retrospective study was to identify the clinical risk factor associated with uric acid elevation in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients treated with favipiravir. Uric acid elevation was defined as an unexplained increase of ≥1.5 times in the patient's uric acid level from baseline. Twenty-nine COVID-19 patients were included in the study. Uric acid elevation developed during favipiravir therapy in 12 (41.4%) patients and the median onset time was 4.5 days after starting favipiravir. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the favipiravir dosage (adjusted OR = 1.69 [1.02–2.81], P = 0.044) and younger patient age (adjusted OR = 0.91 [0.83–0.99], P = 0.040) were significant clinical risk factors for uric acid elevation. No significant between-group difference was noted in the uric acid elevation and non-elevation groups in the clinical recovery after favipiravir therapy. The uric acid levels of patients administered with favipiravir should be monitored closely.
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15
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Zenchenko AA, Drenichev MS, Il’icheva IA, Mikhailov SN. Antiviral and Antimicrobial Nucleoside Derivatives: Structural Features and Mechanisms of Action. Mol Biol 2021; 55:786-812. [PMID: 34955556 PMCID: PMC8682041 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of new viruses and resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms has become a powerful stimulus in the search for new drugs. Nucleosides are a promising class of natural compounds, and more than a hundred drugs have already been created based on them, including antiviral, antibacterial and antitumor agents. The review considers the structural and functional features and mechanisms of action of known nucleoside analogs with antiviral, antibacterial or antiprotozoal activity. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms that determine the antiviral effect of nucleoside analogs containing hydrophobic fragments. Depending on the structure and position of the hydrophobic substituent, such nucleosides can either block the process of penetration of viruses into cells or inhibit the stage of genome replication. The mechanisms of inhibition of viral enzymes by compounds of nucleoside and non-nucleoside nature have been compared. The stages of creation of antiparasitic drugs, which are based on the peculiarities of metabolic transformations of nucleosides in humans body and parasites, have been considered. A new approach to the creation of drugs is described, based on the use of prodrugs of modified nucleosides, which, as a result of metabolic processes, are converted into an effective drug directly in the target organ or tissue. This strategy makes it possible to reduce the general toxicity of the drug to humans and to increase the effectiveness of its action on cells infected by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Zenchenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - M. S. Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - I. A. Il’icheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - S. N. Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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16
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Enhancing the Antiviral Potency of Nucleobases for Potential Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Therapies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122508. [PMID: 34960780 PMCID: PMC8705664 DOI: 10.3390/v13122508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad-spectrum antiviral therapies hold promise as a first-line defense against emerging viruses by blunting illness severity and spread until vaccines and virus-specific antivirals are developed. The nucleobase favipiravir, often discussed as a broad-spectrum inhibitor, was not effective in recent clinical trials involving patients infected with Ebola virus or SARS-CoV-2. A drawback of favipiravir use is its rapid clearance before conversion to its active nucleoside-5′-triphosphate form. In this work, we report a synergistic reduction of flavivirus (dengue, Zika), orthomyxovirus (influenza A), and coronavirus (HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2) replication when the nucleobases favipiravir or T-1105 were combined with the antimetabolite 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (6MMPr). The 6MMPr/T-1105 combination increased the C-U and G-A mutation frequency compared to treatment with T-1105 or 6MMPr alone. A further analysis revealed that the 6MMPr/T-1105 co-treatment reduced cellular purine nucleotide triphosphate synthesis and increased conversion of the antiviral nucleobase to its nucleoside-5′-monophosphate, -diphosphate, and -triphosphate forms. The 6MMPr co-treatment specifically increased production of the active antiviral form of the nucleobases (but not corresponding nucleosides) while also reducing levels of competing cellular NTPs to produce the synergistic effect. This in-depth work establishes a foundation for development of small molecules as possible co-treatments with nucleobases like favipiravir in response to emerging RNA virus infections.
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17
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Gaonkar SL, D D, Hakkimane SS. Favipiravir (6‐Fluoro‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrazinecarboxamide) a Broad Spectrum Inhibitor of Viral RNA Polymerase in COVID‐19 Treatment. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh L. Gaonkar
- Department of Chemistry Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal 576104 Karnataka India
| | - Deepika D
- Department of Chemistry Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal 576104 Karnataka India
| | - Sushruta S. Hakkimane
- Department of Biotechnology Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal 576104 Karnataka India
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18
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A broad influenza virus inhibitor acting via IMP dehydrogenase and in synergism with ribavirin. Antiviral Res 2021; 196:105208. [PMID: 34793841 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To suppress serious influenza infections in persons showing insufficient protection from the vaccines, antiviral drugs are of vital importance. There is a need for novel agents with broad activity against influenza A (IAV) and B (IBV) viruses and with targets that differ from those of the current antivirals. We here report a new small molecule influenza virus inhibitor referred to as CPD A (chemical name: N-(pyridin-3-yl)thiophene-2-carboxamide). In an influenza virus minigenome assay, this non-nucleoside compound inhibited RNA synthesis of IAV and IBV with EC50 values of 2.3 μM and 2.6 μM, respectively. Robust in vitro activity was noted against a broad panel of IAV (H1N1 and H3N2) and IBV strains, with a median EC50 value of 0.20 μM, which is 185-fold below the 50% cytotoxic concentration. The action point in the viral replication cycle was located between 1 and 5 h p.i., showing a similar profile as ribavirin. Like this nucleoside analogue, CPD A was shown to cause strong depletion of the cellular GTP pool and, accordingly, its antiviral activity was antagonized when this pool was restored with exogenous guanosine. This aligns with the observed inhibition in a cell-based IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) assay, which seems to require metabolic activation of CPD A since no direct inhibition was seen in an enzymatic IMPDH assay. The combination of CPD A with ribavirin, another IMPDH inhibitor, proved strongly synergistic. To conclude, we established CPD A as a new inhibitor of influenza A and B virus replication and RNA synthesis, and support the potential of IMPDH inhibitors for influenza therapy with acceptable safety profile.
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19
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Al-Ardhi FM, Novotny L, Alhunayan A, Al-Tannak NF. Comparison of remdesivir and favipiravir - the anti-Covid-19 agents mimicking purine RNA constituents. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2021; 166:12-20. [PMID: 34782799 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2021.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
By December 2019, humanity was challenged by a new infectious respiratory disease named coronavirus disease of 2019 or COVID-19. This is a viral infection based on the presence of the previously non-problematic coronavirus with assigned number 2. This virus causes severe acute respiratory distress and is known now as SARS-CoV2. Since SARS-CoV2 is an RNA virus, remdesivir and favipiravir, both broad-spectrum RNA polymerase inhibitors, were repurposed for treating COVID-19 patients. Remdesivir and favipiravir are antimetabolites, and they are structurally related to the naturally occurring structural elements of RNA. Both agents are prodrugs and must be activated intracellularly to exert their effects through numerous and different mechanisms of action. Efforts have been exerted to determine their efficacy and safety against COVID-19 through clinical trials. Clinical trials have shown an association of remdesivir with increased frequency of adverse effects (in comparison to favipiravir). Nevertheless, the data obtained with remdesivir resulted in its approval by the FDA on the 22nd of October 2020 for COVID-19 treatment. At present, remdesivir is being recommended by several treatment guidelines for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. The evidence in favor of favipiravir is compromised by the small number and low-quality of trials conducted. Favipiravir has shown various benefits when administered in mild and moderate cases of COVID-19, while remdesivir was more beneficial in more severe cases of the disease. Since the two agents are suitable for different groups of patients, both drugs can play a significant role in fighting this pandemic. The goal of this work is to summarize the information available on two antimetabolites - remdesivir and favipiravir - and to compare clinical experience obtained so far with these two agents in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiha M Al-Ardhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Ladislav Novotny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Adel Alhunayan
- Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Naser F Al-Tannak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
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20
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Kumar S, Çalışkan DM, Janowski J, Faist A, Conrad BCG, Lange J, Ludwig S, Brunotte L. Beyond Vaccines: Clinical Status of Prospective COVID-19 Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752227. [PMID: 34659259 PMCID: PMC8519339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since November 2019 the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused nearly 200 million infection and more than 4 million deaths globally (Updated information from the World Health Organization, as on 2nd Aug 2021). Within only one year into the pandemic, several vaccines were designed and reached approval for the immunization of the world population. The remarkable protective effects of the manufactured vaccines are demonstrated in countries with high vaccination rates, such as Israel and UK. However, limited production capacities, poor distribution infrastructures and political hesitations still hamper the availability of vaccines in many countries. In addition, due to the emergency of SARS-CoV-2 variants with immune escape properties towards the vaccines the global numbers of new infections as well as patients developing severe COVID-19, remains high. New studies reported that about 8% of infected individuals develop long term symptoms with strong personal restrictions on private as well as professional level, which contributes to the long socioeconomic problems caused by this pandemic. Until today, emergency use-approved treatment options for COVID-19 are limited to the antiviral Remdesivir, a nucleoside analogue targeting the viral polymerase, the glucocorticosteroide Dexamethasone as well as neutralizing antibodies. The therapeutic benefits of these treatments are under ongoing debate and clinical studies assessing the efficiency of these treatments are still underway. To identify new therapeutic treatments for COVID-19, now and by the post-pandemic era, diverse experimental approaches are under scientific evaluation in companies and scientific research teams all over the world. To accelerate clinical translation of promising candidates, repurposing approaches of known approved drugs are specifically fostered but also novel technologies are being developed and are under investigation. This review summarizes the recent developments from the lab bench as well as the clinical status of emerging therapeutic candidates and discusses possible therapeutic entry points for the treatment strategies with regard to the biology of SARS-CoV-2 and the clinical course of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Kumar
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- EvoPAD Research Training Group 2220, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Duygu Merve Çalışkan
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- EvoPAD Research Training Group 2220, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Josua Janowski
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- SP BioSciences Graduate Program, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Aileen Faist
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- CiM-IMPRS Graduate Program, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Julius Lange
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- EvoPAD Research Training Group 2220, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- CiM-IMPRS Graduate Program, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Medical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Medical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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21
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Zhou YW, Xie Y, Tang LS, Pu D, Zhu YJ, Liu JY, Ma XL. Therapeutic targets and interventional strategies in COVID-19: mechanisms and clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:317. [PMID: 34446699 PMCID: PMC8390046 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the limitations of the present efforts on drug discovery against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the lack of the understanding of the biological regulation mechanisms underlying COVID-19, alternative or novel therapeutic targets for COVID-19 treatment are still urgently required. SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity dysfunction are the two main courses driving the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Both the virus and host factors are potential targets for antiviral therapy. Hence, in this study, the current therapeutic strategies of COVID-19 have been classified into "target virus" and "target host" categories. Repurposing drugs, emerging approaches, and promising potential targets are the implementations of the above two strategies. First, a comprehensive review of the highly acclaimed old drugs was performed according to evidence-based medicine to provide recommendations for clinicians. Additionally, their unavailability in the fight against COVID-19 was analyzed. Next, a profound analysis of the emerging approaches was conducted, particularly all licensed vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) enrolled in clinical trials against primary SARS-CoV-2 and mutant strains. Furthermore, the pros and cons of the present licensed vaccines were compared from different perspectives. Finally, the most promising potential targets were reviewed, and the update of the progress of treatments has been summarized based on these reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Dermatovenerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lian-Sha Tang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dan Pu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ya-Juan Zhu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ji-Yan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Xue-Lei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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22
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Begum F, Srivastava AK, Ray U. Repurposing nonnucleoside antivirals against SARS-CoV2 NSP12 (RNA dependent RNA polymerase): In silico-molecular insight. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 571:26-31. [PMID: 34303192 PMCID: PMC8282484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 has necessitated expedited research efforts towards finding potential antiviral targets and drug development measures. While new drug discovery is time consuming, drug repurposing has been a promising area for elaborate virtual screening and identification of existing FDA approved drugs that could possibly be used for targeting against functions of various proteins of SARS-CoV-2 virus. RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is an important enzyme for the virus that mediates replication of the viral RNA. Inhibition of RdRp could inhibit viral RNA replication and thus new virus particle production. Here, we screened non-nucleoside antivirals and found three out of them to be strongest in binding to RdRp out of which two retained binding even using molecular dynamic simulations. We propose these two drugs as potential RdRp inhibitors which need further in-depth testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feroza Begum
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C., Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Amit Kumar Srivastava
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C., Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Upasana Ray
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C., Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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23
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Jang Y, Han J, Li X, Shin H, Cho WJ, Kim M. Antiviral Activity of Isoquinolone Derivatives against Influenza Viruses and Their Cytotoxicity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070650. [PMID: 34358078 PMCID: PMC8308780 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are one of the major causative agents for human respiratory infections. Currently, vaccines and antivirals approved for preventing and treating viral infections are available. However, limited protection efficacy and frequent emergence of drug-resistant viruses stand for a need for the development of antivirals with different chemical skeletons from existing drugs. Screening of a chemical library identified an isoquinolone compound (1) as a hit with 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) between 0.2 and 0.6 µM against the influenza A and B viruses. However, it exhibited severe cytotoxic effects with a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 39.0 µM in canine kidney epithelial cells. To address this cytotoxic issue, we synthesized an additional 22 chemical derivatives. Through structure-activity, as well as structure-cytotoxicity relationship studies, we discovered compound 21 that has higher EC50 values ranging from 9.9 to 18.5 µM, but greatly alleviated cytotoxicity with a CC50 value over 300 µM. Mode-of-action and cell type-dependent antiviral experiments indicated that it targets viral polymerase activity and functions also in human cells. Here, we present a new class of viral polymerase inhibitors with a core skeleton of isoquinolone, of which antiviral activity could be better improved through following design and synthesis of its derivatives for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Jang
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.J.); (H.S.)
| | - Jinhe Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (J.H.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoli Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (J.H.); (X.L.)
| | - Hyunjin Shin
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.J.); (H.S.)
| | - Won-Jea Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (J.H.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.-J.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Meehyein Kim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.J.); (H.S.)
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Correspondence: (W.-J.C.); (M.K.)
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24
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Oruç MA, Öz H, Öztürk O. Investigation of the disease process and drug combinations in patients with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 using favipiravir. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14167. [PMID: 33743543 PMCID: PMC8250050 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS It is aimed to investigate the disease processes and drug combinations in patients who received favipiravir treatment. METHODS This cross-sectional, analytical and retrospective study included all patients aged ≥18 years (n = 502) who were hospitalised in Samsun, Turkey, for COVID-19 and were given favipiravir from the date between 25 March 2020 and 3 June 2020. RESULTS In total, 58.6% (n = 294) of the patients were male and 24.5% (n = 123) were between the ages of 71 and 80 years. During the first case process, the mortality rate was 19.9%, whereas the rate of those who were discharged as is/followed up at home for 14 days was 37.3%. During the second case process, the mortality rate was 6.2%, and the rate of those who was discharged as is/followed up at home for 14 days was 65.6%. The mean length of hospital stay was 10.61 ± 8.17 days for the first and 7.97 ± 4.16 days for the second hospitalisation; this difference was significant. Mortality risk of those who used Tocilizumab or vitamin C beside Favipiravir was higher than those who did not. The length of hospital stay was higher in patients using tocilizumab than in those who did not (P < .001). CONCLUSION Administration of favipiravir later in the course of the disease makes it difficult to achieve the true efficacy expected from the drug and also makes it difficult for other combination drugs to contribute to survival. Favipiravir may also be effective in case of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Ali Oruç
- Department of Family MedicineFaculty of MedicineAhi Evran UniversityKirsehirTurkey
| | - Hatice Öz
- Public HealthSamsun Provincial Health DirectorateSamsunTurkey
| | - Onur Öztürk
- Department of Family MedicineSBU Samsun Education and Research HospitalSamsunTurkey
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25
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Mayor J, Engler O, Rothenberger S. Antiviral Efficacy of Ribavirin and Favipiravir against Hantaan Virus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061306. [PMID: 34203936 PMCID: PMC8232603 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological changes, population movements and increasing urbanization promote the expansion of hantaviruses, placing humans at high risk of virus transmission and consequent diseases. The currently limited therapeutic options make the development of antiviral strategies an urgent need. Ribavirin is the only antiviral used currently to treat hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by Hantaan virus (HTNV), even though severe side effects are associated with this drug. We therefore investigated the antiviral activity of favipiravir, a new antiviral agent against RNA viruses. Both ribavirin and favipiravir demonstrated similar potent antiviral activity on HTNV infection. When combined, the efficacy of ribavirin is enhanced through the addition of low dose favipiravir, highlighting the possibility to provide better treatment than is currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mayor
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland;
| | - Olivier Engler
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland;
| | - Sylvia Rothenberger
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-213145103
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26
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Hisada T, Kitanosono T, Yamashita Y, Kobayashi S. Zeolite Catalysis Enables Efficient Pyrazinone Synthesis in Water. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Hisada
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taku Kitanosono
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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27
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Matz K, Emanuel J, Callison J, Gardner D, Rosenke R, Mercado-Hernandez R, Williamson BN, Feldmann H, Marzi A. Favipiravir (T-705) Protects IFNAR -/- Mice against Lethal Zika Virus Infection in a Sex-Dependent Manner. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061178. [PMID: 34072604 PMCID: PMC8227069 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is an important human pathogen that has caused epidemics in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Americas. No licensed treatments for ZIKV disease are currently available. Favipiravir (T-705; 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) and ribavirin (1-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) are nucleoside analogs that have exhibited antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of RNA viruses, including some flaviviruses. In this study, we strengthened evidence for favipiravir and ribavirin inhibition of ZIKV replication in vitro. Testing in IFNAR−/− mice revealed that daily treatments of favipiravir were sufficient to provide protection against lethal ZIKV challenge in a dose-dependent manner but did not completely abrogate disease. Ribavirin, on the other hand, had no beneficial effect against ZIKV infection in this model and under the conditions examined. Combined treatment of ribavirin and favipiravir did not show improved outcomes over ribavirin alone. Surprisingly, outcome of favipiravir treatment was sex-dependent, with 87% of female but only 25% of male mice surviving lethal ZIKV infection. Since virus mutations were not associated with outcome, a sex-specific host response likely explains the observed sex difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha Matz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (K.M.); (J.E.); (J.C.); (R.M.-H.), (B.N.W.), (H.F.)
| | - Jackson Emanuel
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (K.M.); (J.E.); (J.C.); (R.M.-H.), (B.N.W.), (H.F.)
| | - Julie Callison
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (K.M.); (J.E.); (J.C.); (R.M.-H.), (B.N.W.), (H.F.)
| | - Don Gardner
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (D.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Rebecca Rosenke
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (D.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Reinaldo Mercado-Hernandez
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (K.M.); (J.E.); (J.C.); (R.M.-H.), (B.N.W.), (H.F.)
| | - Brandi N. Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (K.M.); (J.E.); (J.C.); (R.M.-H.), (B.N.W.), (H.F.)
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (K.M.); (J.E.); (J.C.); (R.M.-H.), (B.N.W.), (H.F.)
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (K.M.); (J.E.); (J.C.); (R.M.-H.), (B.N.W.), (H.F.)
- Correspondence:
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28
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Allahverdiyeva S, Yunusoğlu O, Yardım Y, Şentürk Z. First electrochemical evaluation of favipiravir used as an antiviral option in the treatment of COVID-19: A study of its enhanced voltammetric determination in cationic surfactant media using a boron-doped diamond electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1159:338418. [PMID: 33867032 PMCID: PMC7971419 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Favipiravir, a promising antiviral agent, is undergoing clinical trials for the potential treatment of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This is the first report for the electrochemical activity of favipiravir and its electroanalytical sensing. For this purpose, the effect of cationic surfactant, CTAB was demonstrated on the enhanced accumulation of favipiravir at the surface of cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond (CPT-BDD) electrode. At first, the electrochemical properties of favipiravir were investigated in the surfactant-free solutions by the means of cyclic voltammetry. The compound presented a single oxidation step which is irreversible and adsorption controlled. A systematic study of various operational conditions, such as electrode pretreatment, pH of the supporting electrolyte, concentration of CTAB, accumulation variables, and instrumental parameters on the adsorptive stripping response, was examined using square-wave voltammetry. An oxidation signal at around +1.21 V in Britton-Robinson buffer at pH 8.0 containing 6 × 10-4 M CTAB allowed to the adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of favipiravir (after 60 s accumulation step at open-circuit condition). The process could be used in the concentration range with two linear segments of 0.01-0.1 μg mL-1 (6.4 × 10-8-6.4 × 10-7 M) and 0.1-20.0 μg mL-1 (6.4 × 10-7-1.3 × 10-4 M). The limit of detection values were found to be 0.0028 μg mL-1 (1.8 × 10-8 M), and 0.023 μg mL-1 (1.5 × 10-7 M) for the first and second segments of calibration graph, respectively. The feasibility of developed methodology was tested to the analysis of the commercial tablet formulations and model human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Allahverdiyeva
- Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, 65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Oruc Yunusoğlu
- Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Yardım
- Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 65080, Van, Turkey,Corresponding author
| | - Zühre Şentürk
- Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 65080, Van, Turkey,Corresponding author
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29
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Zhirnov OP, Chernyshova AI. Favipiravir: the hidden threat of mutagenic action. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND IMMUNOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral drug favipiravir (FVP), which is a structural analogue of guanosine, undergoes chemical transformation in infected cells by cellular enzymes into a nucleotide form — favipiravir ribose triphosphate (FVPRTP). FVP-RTP is able to bind to viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and integrate into the viral RNA chain, causing a significant mutagenic effect through G→A and С→U transitions in the viral RNA genome. Besides the virus inhibiting effect, the increased synthesis of mutant virions under the action of FPV possess a threat of the emergence of novel threatening viral strains with high pathogenicity for humans and animals and acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic compound. There are three ways to minimize this mutagenic effect of FP. (1) Synthesis of new FPV modifications lacking the ability to integrate into the synthesized viral RNA molecule. (2) The combined use of FPV with antiviral chemotherapeutic drugs of a different mechanism of action directed at various viral and/or host cell targets. (3) Permanent application of high therapeutic doses of FPV under the strict medical control to enhance the lethal mutagenic effect on an infectious virus in the recipient organism to prevent the multiplication of its mutant forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. P. Zhirnov
- The Russian-German Academy of Medico-Social and Biotechnological Sciences;
The D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, The N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology
| | - A. I. Chernyshova
- The D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, The N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology;
The I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
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30
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Hanioka N, Saito K, Isobe T, Ohkawara S, Jinno H, Tanaka-Kagawa T. Favipiravir biotransformation in liver cytosol: Species and sex differences in humans, monkeys, rats, and mice. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:218-225. [PMID: 33754379 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Favipiravir is an antiviral agent effective against several RNA viruses that is converted into an inactive oxidative metabolite (M1), mainly by aldehyde oxidase, in humans. In the present study, the biotransformation of favipiravir into M1 in male and female humans, monkeys, rats, and mice was examined in an in vitro system using liver cytosolic fractions. The kinetics for M1 formation followed the Michaelis-Menten model in all species. The Km , Vmax , and CLint values in humans were 602 µM, 466 pmol/min/mg protein, and 776 nl/min/mg protein in males, respectively, and 713 µM, 404 pmol/min/mg protein, and 567 nl/min/mg protein in females, respectively. Species differences in CLint values were monkeys > humans > mice > rats in both males and females, and the variations for males and females were 120- and 96-fold, respectively. Sex differences in CLint values were males > females in humans and mice, females > males in monkeys and rats, and marked variation (4.3-fold) was noted in mice. This suggests that the roles of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic metabolism of favipiravir differ extensively depending on the species and sex, and this study will aid in the assessment of the antiviral activities of favipiravir against novel and/or variant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumitsu Hanioka
- Department of Health Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keita Saito
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Isobe
- Department of Health Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Susumu Ohkawara
- Department of Health Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideto Jinno
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Influenza infection poses significant risk for solid organ transplant recipients who often experience more severe infection with increased rates of complications, including those relating to the allograft. Although symptoms of influenza experienced by transplant recipients are similar to that of the general population, fever is not a ubiquitous symptom and lymphopenia is common. Annual inactivated influenza vaccine is recommended for all transplant recipients. Newer strategies such as using a higher dose vaccine or multiple doses in the same season appear to provide greater immunogenicity. Neuraminidase inhibitors are the mainstay of treatment and chemoprophylaxis although resistance may occur in the transplant setting. Influenza therapeutics are advancing, including the recent licensure of baloxavir; however, many remain to be evaluated in transplant recipients and are not yet in routine clinical use. Further population-based studies spanning multiple influenza seasons are needed to enhance our understanding of influenza epidemiology in solid organ transplant recipients. Specific assessment of newer influenza therapeutics in transplant recipients and refinement of prevention strategies are vital to reducing morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Marinelli
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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32
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Favipiravir Does Not Inhibit Chikungunya Virus Replication in Mosquito Cells and Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050944. [PMID: 33925738 PMCID: PMC8145424 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir (T-705) is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that inhibits RNA viruses after intracellular conversion into its active form, T-705 ribofuranosyl 5'-triphosphate. We previously showed that T-705 is able to significantly inhibit the replication of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, in mammalian cells and in mouse models. In contrast, the effect of T-705 on CHIKV infection and replication in the mosquito vector is unknown. Since the antiviral activity of T-705 has been shown to be cell line-dependent, we studied here its antiviral efficacy in Aedes-derived mosquito cells and in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Interestingly, T-705 was devoid of anti-CHIKV activity in mosquito cells, despite being effective against CHIKV in Vero cells. By investigating the metabolic activation profile, we showed that, unlike Vero cells, mosquito cells were not able to convert T-705 into its active form. To explore whether alternative metabolization pathways might exist in vivo, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were infected with CHIKV and administered T-705 via an artificial blood meal. Virus titrations of whole mosquitoes showed that T-705 was not able to reduce CHIKV infection in mosquitoes. Combined, these in vitro and in vivo data indicate that T-705 lacks antiviral activity in mosquitoes due to inadequate metabolic activation in this animal species.
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33
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Geraghty RJ, Aliota MT, Bonnac LF. Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Strategies and Nucleoside Analogues. Viruses 2021; 13:667. [PMID: 33924302 PMCID: PMC8069527 DOI: 10.3390/v13040667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence or re-emergence of viruses with epidemic and/or pandemic potential, such as Ebola, Zika, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 and 2 (SARS and SARS-CoV-2) viruses, or new strains of influenza represents significant human health threats due to the absence of available treatments. Vaccines represent a key answer to control these viruses. However, in the case of a public health emergency, vaccine development, safety, and partial efficacy concerns may hinder their prompt deployment. Thus, developing broad-spectrum antiviral molecules for a fast response is essential to face an outbreak crisis as well as for bioweapon countermeasures. So far, broad-spectrum antivirals include two main categories: the family of drugs targeting the host-cell machinery essential for virus infection and replication, and the family of drugs directly targeting viruses. Among the molecules directly targeting viruses, nucleoside analogues form an essential class of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. In this review, we will discuss the interest for broad-spectrum antiviral strategies and their limitations, with an emphasis on virus-targeted, broad-spectrum, antiviral nucleoside analogues and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Geraghty
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Matthew T. Aliota
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Laurent F. Bonnac
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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34
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Ali F, Hussain S, Zhu YZ. A therapeutic journey of potential drugs against COVID-19. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1876-1894. [PMID: 33845740 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210412161157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (CoVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) scrambles the world by infecting millions of peoples all over the globe. It has caused tremendous morbidity, mortality and greatly impacted the lives and economy worldwide as an outcome of mandatory quarantines or isolations. Despite the worsening trends of COVID-19, no drugs are validated to have significant efficacy in clinical treatment of COVID-19 patients in large-scale studies. Physicians and researchers throughout the world are working to understand the pathophysiology to expose the conceivable handling regimens and to determine the effective vaccines and/or therapeutic agents. Some of them re-purposed drugs for clinical trials which were primarily known to be effective against the RNA viruses including MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1. In the absence of a proven efficacy therapy, the current management use therapies based on antivirals, anti-inflammatory drugs, convalescent plasma, anti-parasitic agents in both oral and parenteral formulation, oxygen therapy and heparin support. What is needed at this hour, however, is a definitive drug therapy or vaccine. Different countries are rushing to find this, and various trials are already underway. We aimed to summarized the potential therapeutic strategies as a treatment options for COVID-19 that could be helpful to stop further spread of SARS-CoV-2 by effecting its structural components or modulation of immune response and also discusses the leading drugs/vaccines, which were considered as potential agents for controlling this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayaz Ali
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa 999078, Macau SAR. China
| | - Shahid Hussain
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biosciences, Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad. Pakistan
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa 999078, Macau SAR. China
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35
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Sorouri F, Emamgholipour Z, Keykhaee M, Najafi A, Firoozpour L, Sabzevari O, Sharifzadeh M, Foroumadi A, Khoobi M. The situation of small molecules targeting key proteins to combat SARS-CoV-2: Synthesis, metabolic pathway, mechanism of action, and potential therapeutic applications. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:273-311. [PMID: 33687881 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210308144302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the global epidemic and high mortality of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), there is an immediate need to discover drugs that can help before a vaccine becomes available. Given that the process of producing new drugs is so long, the strategy of repurposing existing drugs is one of the promising options for the urgent treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19 disease. Although FDA has approved Remdesivir for the use in hospitalized adults and pediatric patients suffering from COVID-19, no fully effective and reliable drug has been yet identified worldwide to treat COVID-19 specifically. Thus, scientists are still trying to find antivirals specific to COVID-19. This work reviews the chemical structure, metabolic pathway, mechanism of action of existing drugs with potential therapeutic applications for COVID-19. Further, we summarized the molecular docking stimulation of the medications related to key protein targets. These already drugs could be developed for further clinical trials to supply suitable therapeutic options for patients suffering from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Sorouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Zahra Emamgholipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Maryam Keykhaee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Alireza Najafi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Loghman Firoozpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Omid Sabzevari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
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Sood S, Bhatia GK, Seth P, Kumar P, Kaur J, Gupta V, Punia S, Tuli HS. Efficacy and Safety of New and Emerging Drugs for COVID-19: Favipiravir and Dexamethasone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:49-54. [PMID: 33619447 PMCID: PMC7889701 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-021-00253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The widespread respiratory disease of virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2019 (SAR-CoV-2) had infected more than 200 countries and caused pandemic and havoc in the world. Recent Findings The genome of the virus was sequenced rapidly to study its mechanism, epidemiology, drugs, and vaccines. Many drugs and vaccines are being studied by researchers to treat and prevent the SARS-CoV-2. Favipiravir and dexamethasone are repurposed drugs which showed therapeutic potential and pharmaceutical efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Summary The review describes the path of favipiravir and dexamethasone from chemistry to mechanisms of action to combat SARS-CoV-2. In addition, the potential side effects are also summarized to study their potential to control corona virus 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sood
- Department of Biotechnology, Mukand Lal National College, Yamuna Nagar, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Bhatia
- Department of Physics, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
| | - Prachi Seth
- Department of Biotechnology, Mukand Lal National College, Yamuna Nagar, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organisation (ARO), 7505101 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Vidisha Gupta
- Department of Zoology, Mukand Lal National College, Yamuna Nagar, India
| | - Sandeep Punia
- Department of Biotechnology, Multani Mal Modi College, Patiala, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
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37
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Jia X, Ganter B, Meier C. Improving properties of the nucleobase analogs T-705/T-1105 as potential antiviral. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 57:1-47. [PMID: 34728864 PMCID: PMC8553380 DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this minireview we describe our work on the improvement of the nucleobase analogs Favipiravir (T-705) und its non-fluorinated derivative T-1105 as influenza and SARS-CoV-2 active compounds. Both nucleobases were converted into nucleotides and then included in our nucleotide prodrugs technologies cycloSal-monophosphates, DiPPro-nucleoside diphosphates and TriPPPro-nucleoside triphosphates. Particularly the DiPPro-derivatives of T-1105-RDP proved to be very active against influenza viruses. T-1105-derivatives in general were found to be more antivirally active as compared to their T-705 counterpart. This may be due to the low chemical stability of all ribosylated derivatives of T-705. The ribosyltriphosphate derivative of T-1105 was studied for the potential to act as a inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and was found to be an extremely potent compound causing lethal mutagenesis. The pronucleotide technologies, the chemical synthesis, the biophysical properties and the biological effects of the compounds will be addressed as well.
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38
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Umar Y. Theoretical studies of the rotational and tautomeric states, electronic and spectroscopic properties of favipiravir and its structural analogues: a potential drug for the treatment of COVID-19. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2020.1848982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunusa Umar
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia
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39
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Ospanov M, León F, Jenis J, Khan IKA, Ibrahim MA. Challenges and future directions of potential natural products leads against 2019-nCoV outbreak. CURRENT PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 24:100180. [PMID: 33052305 PMCID: PMC7543902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpb.2020.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Except for Remdesivir® no other drug or vaccine has yet been approved to treat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the virus known as, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Remdesivir® an small molecule and nucleic acid analogue, it is used to treat adults and children with laboratory confirmed COVID-19, only administrated in hospital settings. Small molecules and particularly natural products count for almost fifty percent of the commercially available drugs, several of them are marketed antiviral agents and those can be a potential agent to treat COVID-19 infections. This short review rationalized different key natural products with known activity against coronaviruses as potential leads against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirambek Ospanov
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
- The Research Center for Medicinal Plants, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi ave. 71, 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Janar Jenis
- The Research Center for Medicinal Plants, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi ave. 71, 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - IKhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
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40
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Parveen RS, Hegde S, Nayak V. Investigational Drugs for the COVID 19 Pandemic – A Concise Review. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2020.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Sherin Parveen
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal , Karnataka, -576104, India
| | - Sherya Hegde
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal , Karnataka, -576104, India
| | - Veena Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal , Karnataka, -576104, India
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41
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Liu XH, Zhang X, Lu ZH, Zhu YS, Wang T. Potential molecular targets of nonstructural proteins for the development of antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111035. [PMID: 33254013 PMCID: PMC7671653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 has posed significant threats to public health worldwide. Target-based drug development is a promising approach against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nonstructural proteins may play critical roles from drug design perspectives. Insights into NSPs of different viruses could streamline novel drug development.
Outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 have produced high pathogenicity and mortality rates in human populations. However, to meet the increasing demand for treatment of these pathogenic coronaviruses, accelerating novel antiviral drug development as much as possible has become a public concern. Target-based drug development may be a promising approach to achieve this goal. In this review, the relevant features of potential molecular targets in human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are highlighted, including the viral protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and methyltransferases. Additionally, recent advances in the development of antivirals based on these targets are summarized. This review is expected to provide new insights and potential strategies for the development of novel antiviral drugs to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huan Liu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Lu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - You-Shuang Zhu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
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42
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Hushmandi K, Bokaie S, Hashemi M, Moghadam ER, Raei M, Hashemi F, Bagheri M, Habtemariam S, Nabavi SM. A review of medications used to control and improve the signs and symptoms of COVID-19 patients. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173568. [PMID: 32956644 PMCID: PMC7501068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, an unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia associated with a novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan City, Hubei province, China. The virus that caused the disease was officially named by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). According to the high transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2, it became a global pandemic and public health emergency within few months. Since SARS-CoV-2 is genetically 80% homologous with the SARS-CoVs family, it is hypothesized that medications developed for the treatment of SARS-CoVs may be useful in the control and management of SARS-CoV-2. In this regard, some medication being tested in clinical trials and in vitro studies include anti-viral RNA polymerase inhibitors, HIV-protease inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents, angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE 2) blockers, and some other novel medications. In this communication, we reviewed the general characteristics of medications, medical usage, mechanism of action, as well as SARS-CoV-2 related trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saied Bokaie
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farid Hashemi
- Kazerun Health Technology Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Bagheri
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories and Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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43
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Faheem, Kumar BK, Sekhar KVGC, Kunjiappan S, Jamalis J, Balaña-Fouce R, Tekwani BL, Sankaranarayanan M. Druggable targets of SARS-CoV-2 and treatment opportunities for COVID-19. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104269. [PMID: 32947136 PMCID: PMC7476961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 has been declared a pandemic by the WHO is causing havoc across the entire world. As of May end, about 6 million people have been affected, and 367 166 have died from COVID-19. Recent studies suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 genome shares about 80% similarity with the SARS-CoV-1 while their protein RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) shares 96% sequence similarity. Remdesivir, an RdRp inhibitor, exhibited potent activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. 3-Chymotrypsin like protease (also known as Mpro) and papain-like protease, have emerged as the potential therapeutic targets for drug discovery against coronaviruses owing to their crucial role in viral entry and host-cell invasion. Crystal structures of therapeutically important SARS-CoV-2 target proteins, namely, RdRp, Mpro, endoribonuclease Nsp15/NendoU and receptor binding domain of CoV-2 spike protein has been resolved, which have facilitated the structure-based design and discovery of new inhibitors. Furthermore, studies have indicated that the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 use the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor for its attachment similar to SARS-CoV-1, which is followed by priming of spike protein by Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) which can be targeted by a proven inhibitor of TMPRSS2, camostat. The current treatment strategy includes repurposing of existing drugs that were found to be effective against other RNA viruses like SARS, MERS, and Ebola. This review presents a critical analysis of druggable targets of SARS CoV-2, new drug discovery, development, and treatment opportunities for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kondapalli Venkata Gowri Chandra Sekhar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, R.R. Dist., Hyderabad, 500078 Telangana, India
| | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, TamilNadu, India
| | - Joazaizulfazli Jamalis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | | | - Babu L Tekwani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
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44
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Allen CNS, Arjona SP, Santerre M, Sawaya BE. Potential use of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors against SARS-CoV2 infection. ALL LIFE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2020.1835741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charles N. S. Allen
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, FELS Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sterling P. Arjona
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, FELS Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maryline Santerre
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, FELS Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bassel E. Sawaya
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, FELS Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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45
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Veselovská L, Pohl R, Tloušt′ová E, Gurská S, Džubák P, Hajdúch M, Hocek M. Pyrido-Fused Deazapurine Bases: Synthesis and Glycosylation of 4-Substituted 9 H-Pyrido[2',3':4,5]- and Pyrido[4',3':4,5]pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidines. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:26278-26286. [PMID: 33073155 PMCID: PMC7557996 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two isomeric sets of 4-substituted pyridopyrrolopyrimidine nucleobases were prepared through nucleophilic substitutions or cross-coupling reactions of 4-chloropyridopyrrolopyrimidines. The corresponding 4-amino-pyridopyrrolopyrimidines were glycosylated with 5-O-tritylribose using the modified Mitsunobu protocol. Several examples of the title heterocycles showed blue or green fluorescence. Testing of the pyridopyrrolopyrimidine nucleobases for the cytotoxic effect revealed micromolar activity of 4-benzofuryl derivatives in both series, preferentially in multidrug-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Veselovská
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušt′ová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Gurská
- Institute
of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Hnìvotínská
5, CZ-77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Džubák
- Institute
of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Hnìvotínská
5, CZ-77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute
of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Hnìvotínská
5, CZ-77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Al-Horani RA, Kar S. Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutics That Target the Post-Entry Stages of the Viral Life Cycle: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2020; 12:E1092. [PMID: 32993173 PMCID: PMC7600245 DOI: 10.3390/v12101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to challenge health care systems around the world. Scientists and pharmaceutical companies have promptly responded by advancing potential therapeutics into clinical trials at an exponential rate. Initial encouraging results have been realized using remdesivir and dexamethasone. Yet, the research continues so as to identify better clinically relevant therapeutics that act either as prophylactics to prevent the infection or as treatments to limit the severity of COVID-19 and substantially decrease the mortality rate. Previously, we reviewed the potential therapeutics in clinical trials that block the early stage of the viral life cycle. In this review, we summarize potential anti-COVID-19 therapeutics that block/inhibit the post-entry stages of the viral life cycle. The review presents not only the chemical structures and mechanisms of the potential therapeutics under clinical investigation, i.e., listed in clinicaltrials.gov, but it also describes the relevant results of clinical trials. Their anti-inflammatory/immune-modulatory effects are also described. The reviewed therapeutics include small molecules, polypeptides, and monoclonal antibodies. At the molecular level, the therapeutics target viral proteins or processes that facilitate the post-entry stages of the viral infection. Frequent targets are the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and the viral proteases such as papain-like protease (PLpro) and main protease (Mpro). Overall, we aim at presenting up-to-date details of anti-COVID-19 therapeutics so as to catalyze their potential effective use in fighting the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A. Al-Horani
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
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47
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Abstract
Pyrazine-based compounds are of great importance in medicinal chemistry. Due to their heteroaromatic nature, they uniquely combine properties of heteroatoms (polar interactions) with the properties of aromatic moieties (nonpolar interactions). This review summarizes results of a systematic analysis of RCSB PDB database focused on important binding interactions of pyrazine-based ligands cocrystallized in protein targets. The most frequent interaction of pyrazine was hydrogen bond to pyrazine nitrogen atom as an acceptor, followed by weak hydrogen bond with pyrazine hydrogen as donor. We also identified intramolecular hydrogen bonds within pyrazine ligands, π-interactions, coordination to metal ions, and few halogen bonds in chloropyrazines. In many cases the binding mode of the pyrazine fragment was complex, involving a combination of several interactions. We conclude that pyrazine as a molecular fragment should not be perceived as a simple aromatic isostere but rather as a readily interacting moiety of drug-like molecules with high potential for interactions to proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Juhás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zitko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Robson F, Khan KS, Le TK, Paris C, Demirbag S, Barfuss P, Rocchi P, Ng WL. Coronavirus RNA Proofreading: Molecular Basis and Therapeutic Targeting. Mol Cell 2020; 79:710-727. [PMID: 32853546 PMCID: PMC7402271 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that is wreaking havoc on worldwide public health and economies has heightened awareness about the lack of effective antiviral treatments for human coronaviruses (CoVs). Many current antivirals, notably nucleoside analogs (NAs), exert their effect by incorporation into viral genomes and subsequent disruption of viral replication and fidelity. The development of anti-CoV drugs has long been hindered by the capacity of CoVs to proofread and remove mismatched nucleotides during genome replication and transcription. Here, we review the molecular basis of the CoV proofreading complex and evaluate its potential as a drug target. We also consider existing nucleoside analogs and novel genomic techniques as potential anti-CoV therapeutics that could be used individually or in combination to target the proofreading mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Robson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Khadija Shahed Khan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Thi Khanh Le
- Life Science Department, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Hanoi, Vietnam; Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University U105, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Clément Paris
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University U105, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Sinem Demirbag
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Peter Barfuss
- Université Paris-Est, Cermics (ENPC), INRIA, 77455 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Palma Rocchi
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille University U105, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Wai-Lung Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Migaud M, Gandotra S, Chand HS, Gillespie MN, Thannickal VJ, Langley RJ. Metabolomics to Predict Antiviral Drug Efficacy in COVID-19. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:396-398. [PMID: 32574504 PMCID: PMC7462337 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0206le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
There is no experimental information about the tautomerism of Favipiravir (T-705). Therefore, its tautomeric state was predicted by using density functional theory in gas phase and in solution (toluene, acetonitrile and water). The results have shown that, in neutral state, the enol form is strongly dominating in both gas phase and solution. The carboxamide group is easily protonated in the presence of acid, which leads to shift of the tautomeric equilibrium toward the keto tautomer. In order to validate the theoretical predictions, 2-hydroxy pyridine and 2-hydroxy pyrazine were also included in the set of studied compounds. The available experimental data about their tautomerism are in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions, which validate the conclusions made for T-705.
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