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Chung J, Jernigan J, Menees KB, Lee JK. RGS10 mitigates high glucose-induced microglial inflammation via the reactive oxidative stress pathway and enhances synuclein clearance in microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1374298. [PMID: 38812790 PMCID: PMC11133718 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1374298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a critical role in maintaining brain homeostasis but become dysregulated in neurodegenerative diseases. Regulator of G-protein Signaling 10 (RGS10), one of the most abundant homeostasis proteins in microglia, decreases with aging and functions as a negative regulator of microglia activation. RGS10-deficient mice exhibit impaired glucose tolerance, and high-fat diet induces insulin resistance in these mice. In this study, we investigated whether RGS10 modulates microglia activation in response to hyperglycemic conditions, complementing our previous findings of its role in inflammatory stimuli. In RGS10 knockdown (KD) BV2 cells, TNF production increased significantly in response to high glucose, particularly under proinflammatory conditions. Additionally, glucose uptake and GLUT1 mRNA levels were significantly elevated in RGS10 KD BV2 cells. These cells produced higher ROS and displayed reduced sensitivity to the antioxidant N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) when exposed to high glucose. Notably, both BV2 cells and primary microglia that lack RGS10 exhibited impaired uptake of alpha-synuclein aggregates. These findings suggest that RGS10 acts as a negative regulator of microglia activation not only in response to inflammation but also under hyperglycemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jae-Kyung Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
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2
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Caldiran F, Deveci K, Cacan E. Epigenetic insights into Familial Mediterranean Fever: Increased RGS10 expression and histone modifications accompanies inflammation in familial Mediterranean fever disease. Gene 2024; 906:148222. [PMID: 38331118 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive autoinflammatory disease characterized by recurring fever, erythema, joint pain, and abdominal discomfort during acute episodes. While FMF patients typically share MEFV gene mutations, they display varying clinical manifestations, suggesting the involvement of modifying genes, epigenetic mechanisms, or environmental factors. G protein regulator signal 10 (RGS10), a member of the RGS protein family, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in autoinflammatory diseases. There are no studies on the role of plays in FMF pathogenesis or histone modification in FMF. AIMS This study aimed to shed light on the epigenetic regulation of FMF from several perspectives. The relationship between RGS10 DNA hypermethylation in FMF clinical parameters and the regulation of 22 histone modifications were examined in FMF attack patients and the control group. METHODS Sixty FMF (remission/attack) and thirty healthy individuals were included in the study. First, RNA was isolated from the blood of patients/controls, and the expression of RGS10 was examined. Then, DNA was isolated from the patients, and gene-specific hypermethylation was investigated using the bisulfite conversion method. Finally, histone extraction was performed for FMF patients and controls and 22 histone H3 modifications were determined. In addition, using ADEX bioinformatics tools, RGS10 expression and methylation profiles were detected in different autoinflammatory diseases. RESULTS This study indicate that RGS10 expression decreased in attack-free/attack patients than control, attributed to DNA methylation. In addition, there were a positive correlation between FMF patients and attack, WBC, neutrophil, MCHC and MPV. Moreover, higher H3K4 me3, H3K9 me2, and H3K14ac levels were observed in patients with FMF attacks. This research also showed a consistent decrease in RGS10 expression in patients with SjS, SSc, and T1D compared with controls. I also obtained five prognosis-related CpGs (cg17527393, cg19653161, cg20445950, cg18938673 and cg13975098) of RGS10 in patients with SjS, RA, SSc, SLE and T1D. CONCLUSION The present study provides insights into the complex relationship between RGS10, epigenetic modifications, and immune responses in FMF. While RGS10 may initially enhance immune responses, genetic mutations and epigenetic changes associated with FMF acute episode may override this regulatory effect, resulting in increased inflammation and clinical symptoms. Moreover, our study revealed elevated levels of specific histone modifications in the context of FMF, suggesting significant epigenetic changes that could contribute to the disease pathogenesis. Understanding these associations opens new avenues for research and potential therapeutic interventions, potentially involving epigenetic therapies targeting histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyzanur Caldiran
- Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Tokat, Turkey.
| | - Koksal Deveci
- Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ercan Cacan
- Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Tokat, Turkey
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3
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Zhang W, Jiao B, Yu S, Zhang C, Zhang K, Liu B, Zhang X. Histone deacetylase as emerging pharmacological therapeutic target for neuropathic pain: From epigenetic to selective drugs. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14745. [PMID: 38715326 PMCID: PMC11077000 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain remains a formidable challenge for modern medicine. The first-line pharmacological therapies exhibit limited efficacy and unfavorable side effect profiles, highlighting an unmet need for effective therapeutic medications. The past decades have witnessed an explosion in efforts to translate epigenetic concepts into pain therapy and shed light on epigenetics as a promising avenue for pain research. Recently, the aberrant activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) has emerged as a key mechanism contributing to the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. AIMS In this review, we highlight the distinctive role of specific HDAC subtypes in a cell-specific manner in pain nociception, and outline the recent experimental evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of HDACi in neuropathic pain. METHODS We have summarized studies of HDAC in neuropathic pain in Pubmed. RESULTS HDACs, widely distributed in the neuronal and non-neuronal cells of the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord, regulate gene expression by deacetylation of histone or non-histone proteins and involving in increased neuronal excitability and neuroinflammation, thus promoting peripheral and central sensitization. Importantly, pharmacological manipulation of aberrant acetylation using HDAC-targeted inhibitors (HDACi) has shown promising pain-relieving properties in various preclinical models of neuropathic pain. Yet, many of which exhibit low-specificity that may induce off-target toxicities, underscoring the necessity for the development of isoform-selective HDACi in pain management. CONCLUSIONS Abnormally elevated HDACs promote neuronal excitability and neuroinflammation by epigenetically modulating pivotal gene expression in neuronal and immune cells, contributing to peripheral and central sensitization in the progression of neuropathic pain, and HDACi showed significant efficacy and great potential for alleviating neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric AnesthesiaTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Bo Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric AnesthesiaTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Shangchen Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric AnesthesiaTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric AnesthesiaTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric AnesthesiaTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Baowen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric AnesthesiaTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric AnesthesiaTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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4
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Dean PT, Hooks SB. Pleiotropic effects of the COX-2/PGE2 axis in the glioblastoma tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1116014. [PMID: 36776369 PMCID: PMC9909545 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1116014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of malignant glioma. The GBM tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem of heterogeneous cells and signaling factors. Glioma associated macrophages and microglia (GAMs) constitute a significant portion of the TME, suggesting that their functional attributes play a crucial role in cancer homeostasis. In GBM, an elevated GAM population is associated with poor prognosis and therapeutic resistance. Neoplastic cells recruit these myeloid populations through release of chemoattractant factors and dysregulate their induction of inflammatory programs. GAMs become protumoral advocates through production a variety of cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and growth factors that can drive cancer proliferation, invasion, immune evasion, and angiogenesis. Among these inflammatory factors, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its downstream product, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), are highly enriched in GBM and their overexpression is positively correlated with poor prognosis in patients. Both tumor cells and GAMs have the ability to signal through the COX-2 PGE2 axis and respond in an autocrine/paracrine manner. In the GBM TME, enhanced signaling through the COX-2/PGE2 axis leads to pleotropic effects that impact GAM dynamics and drive tumor progression.
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5
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RGS10 suppression by DNA methylation is associated with low survival rates in colorectal carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 236:154007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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6
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Chan WC, Tan L, Liu J, Yang Q, Wang J, Wang M, Yue Y, Hao L, Man Y. Inhibition of Rgs10 aggravates periodontitis with collagen-induced arthritis via the NF-κB pathway. Oral Dis 2022; 29:1802-1811. [PMID: 35122384 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of the Rgs10-associated nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling pathway in periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS Porphyromonas gingivalis and collagen were locally applied to mice to establish in vivo periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis models, respectively. Both agents were administered together to establish the comorbid group. All models were treated with adeno-associated virus-green fluorescent protein (AAV-GFP) or adeno-associated virus small hairpin Rgs10 (AAV-sh-Rgs10). In vivo expression of Rgs10 and inflammatory cytokines was analysed, along with exploration of the NF-κB signalling pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse-derived RAW264.7 cells, with and without treatment of small interfering RNA (siRNA; Rgs10-Mus-MSS245072). RESULTS In the comorbidity mouse group (mice with both periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis), inhibition of Rgs10 exacerbated periodontitis, along with upregulation of phospho-RelA (pP65), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in the NF-κB signalling pathway. Similarly, treatment of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with siRNA resulted in the inhibition of Rgs10, along with upregulation of pP65, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression in vitro. CONCLUSION Inhibition of Rgs10 in mice with periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis can promote the progression of periodontitis, indicating the potential therapeutic role of Rgs10 in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Chan
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangyu Tan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yue
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Man
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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7
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Lu J, He X, Zhang L, Zhang R, Li W. Acetylation in Tumor Immune Evasion Regulation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:771588. [PMID: 34880761 PMCID: PMC8645962 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.771588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylation is considered as one of the most common types of epigenetic modifications, and aberrant histone acetylation modifications are associated with the pathological process of cancer through the regulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Recent studies have shown that immune system function and tumor immunity can also be affected by acetylation modifications. A comprehensive understanding of the role of acetylation function in cancer is essential, which may help to develop new therapies to improve the prognosis of cancer patients. In this review, we mainly discussed the functions of acetylase and deacetylase in tumor, immune system and tumor immunity, and listed the information of drugs targeting these enzymes in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Wenzheng Li
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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8
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a common symptom in many diseases of the somatosensory
nervous system, which severely affects the patient’s quality of life.
Epigenetics are heritable alterations in gene expression that do not cause
permanent changes in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications can affect gene
expression and function and can also mediate crosstalk between genes and the
environment. Increasing evidence shows that epigenetic modifications, including
DNA methylation, histone modification, non-coding RNA, and RNA modification, are
involved in the development and maintenance of NP. In this review, we focus on
the current knowledge of epigenetic modifications in the development and
maintenance of NP. Then, we illustrate different facets of epigenetic
modifications that regulate gene expression and their crosstalk. Finally, we
discuss the burgeoning evidence supporting the potential of emerging epigenetic
therapies, which has been valuable in understanding mechanisms and offers novel
and potent targets for NP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danzhi Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of
Foshan, Foshan, China
- Sun Yet-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun
Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of
Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Simin Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuhu Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiling Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinshu Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Jun Zhou, Department of Anesthesiology, The
Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630,
China.
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9
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Liao Y, Kuang C, Bao Z, He Y, Gu L, Tao Q, Qiu X, Dipritu G, Kong X, Zhang L, Peng J, Jiang Y, Yin S. Nucleo-cytoplasmic RNA distribution responsible for maintaining neuroinflammatory microenvironment. RNA Biol 2021; 18:866-880. [PMID: 34843419 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.2004684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular localization of transcripts is highly associated with regulation of gene expression, synthesis of protein, and also the development of the human brain cortex. Although many mechanisms are prevalent in the occurrence of neuroinflammation, the mechanisms based on differences in subcellular localization of transcripts have not been explored. To characterize the dynamic profile of nuclear and cytoplasmic transcripts during the progress of haemorrhage-induced neuroinflammation, we isolated nucleo-cytoplasmic RNA fractions of oxyhaemoglobin (oxy-Hb) treated microglia cells and sequenced both fractions. We discovered that cytoplasmic retained genes were the major forces to maintain the neuroinflammatory microenvironment with 10 hub genes and 40 conserved genes were identified. Moreover, antisense RNA Gm44096 and lincRNA Gm47270, which co-expressed with a crowd of inflammatory genes in the cytoplasm, were discovered as regulatory strategies for sustaining the neuroinflammatory microenvironment. Thus, our study provides a new perspective on understanding haemorrhage-induced neuroinflammation and also reveals a mechanism of lncRNA responsible for maintaining the neuroinflammatory microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chenghao Kuang
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zheng Bao
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yijing He
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Long Gu
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qianke Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiancheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ghosh Dipritu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xi Kong
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shigang Yin
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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10
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Qiu M, Xu E, Zhan L. Epigenetic Regulations of Microglia/Macrophage Polarization in Ischemic Stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:697416. [PMID: 34707480 PMCID: PMC8542724 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.697416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Microglia/macrophages (MMs)-mediated neuroinflammation contributes significantly to the pathological process of ischemic brain injury. Microglia, serving as resident innate immune cells in the central nervous system, undergo pro-inflammatory phenotype or anti-inflammatory phenotype in response to the microenvironmental changes after cerebral ischemia. Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetics modifications, reversible modifications of the phenotype without changing the DNA sequence, could play a pivotal role in regulation of MM polarization. However, the knowledge of the mechanism of epigenetic regulations of MM polarization after cerebral ischemia is still limited. In this review, we present the recent advances in the mechanisms of epigenetics involved in regulating MM polarization, including histone modification, non-coding RNA, and DNA methylation. In addition, we discuss the potential of epigenetic-mediated MM polarization as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke. It is valuable to identify the underlying mechanisms between epigenetics and MM polarization, which may provide a promising treatment strategy for neuronal damage after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqian Qiu
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - En Xu
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixuan Zhan
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Zhang S, Zhan L, Li X, Yang Z, Luo Y, Zhao H. Preclinical and clinical progress for HDAC as a putative target for epigenetic remodeling and functionality of immune cells. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3381-3400. [PMID: 34512154 PMCID: PMC8416716 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.62001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic changes are difficult to reverse; thus, epigenetic aberrations, including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs, with potential reversibility, have attracted attention as pharmaceutical targets. The current paradigm is that histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate gene expression via deacetylation of histone and nonhistone proteins or by forming corepressor complexes with transcription factors. The emergence of epigenetic tools related to HDACs can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic markers. HDAC inhibitors that block specific or a series of HDACs have proven to be a powerful therapeutic treatment for immune-related diseases. Here, we summarize the various roles of HDACs and HDAC inhibitors in the development and function of innate and adaptive immune cells and their implications for various diseases and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zhang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjun Zhan
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhong Yang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
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12
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Houser MC, Caudle WM, Chang J, Kannarkat GT, Yang Y, Kelly SD, Oliver D, Joers V, Shannon KM, Keshavarzian A, Tansey MG. Experimental colitis promotes sustained, sex-dependent, T-cell-associated neuroinflammation and parkinsonian neuropathology. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:139. [PMID: 34412704 PMCID: PMC8375080 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains uncertain, but genetic, epidemiological, and physiological overlap between PD and inflammatory bowel disease suggests that gut inflammation could promote dysfunction of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Mechanisms behind this pathological gut-brain effect and their interactions with sex and with environmental factors are not well understood but may represent targets for therapeutic intervention. Methods We sought to identify active inflammatory mechanisms which could potentially contribute to neuroinflammation and neurological disease in colon biopsies and peripheral blood immune cells from PD patients. Then, in mouse models, we assessed whether dextran sodium sulfate-mediated colitis could exert lingering effects on dopaminergic pathways in the brain and whether colitis increased vulnerability to a subsequent exposure to the dopaminergic neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). We assessed the involvement of inflammatory mechanisms identified in the PD patients in colitis-related neurological dysfunction in male and female mice, utilizing mice lacking the Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 10 (RGS10)—an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)—to model enhanced NFκB activity, and mice in which CD8+ T-cells were depleted. Results High levels of inflammatory markers including CD8B and NFκB p65 were found in colon biopsies from PD patients, and reduced levels of RGS10 were found in immune cells in the blood. Male mice that experienced colitis exhibited sustained reductions in tyrosine hydroxylase but not in dopamine as well as sustained CD8+ T-cell infiltration and elevated Ifng expression in the brain. CD8+ T-cell depletion prevented colitis-associated reductions in dopaminergic markers in males. In both sexes, colitis potentiated the effects of MPTP. RGS10 deficiency increased baseline intestinal inflammation, colitis severity, and neuropathology. Conclusions This study identifies peripheral inflammatory mechanisms in PD patients and explores their potential to impact central dopaminergic pathways in mice. Our findings implicate a sex-specific interaction between gastrointestinal inflammation and neurologic vulnerability that could contribute to PD pathogenesis, and they establish the importance of CD8+ T-cells in this process in male mice. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40478-021-01240-4.
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Almutairi F, Tucker SL, Sarr D, Rada B. PI3K/ NF-κB-dependent TNF-α and HDAC activities facilitate LPS-induced RGS10 suppression in pulmonary macrophages. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110099. [PMID: 34339853 PMCID: PMC8406451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulator of G-protein signaling 10 (RGS10) is a member of the superfamily of RGS proteins that canonically act as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). RGS proteins accelerate GTP hydrolysis on the G-protein α subunits and result in termination of signaling pathways downstream of G protein-coupled receptors. Beyond its GAP function, RGS10 has emerged as an anti-inflammatory protein by inhibiting LPS-mediated NF-κB activation and expression of inflammatory cytokines, in particular TNF-α. Although RGS10 is abundantly expressed in resting macrophages, previous studies have shown that RGS10 expression is suppressed in macrophages following Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation by LPS. However, the molecular mechanism by which LPS induces Rgs10 silencing has not been clearly defined. The goal of the current study was to determine whether LPS silences Rgs10 expression through an NF-κB-mediated proinflammatory mechanism in pulmonary macrophages, a unique type of innate immune cells. We demonstrate that Rgs10 transcript and RGS10 protein levels are suppressed upon LPS treatment in the murine MH-S alveolar macrophage cell line. We show that pharmacological inhibition of PI3K/ NF-κB/p300 (NF-κB co-activator)/TNF-α signaling cascade and the activities of HDAC (1-3) enzymes block LPS-induced silencing of Rgs10 in MH-S cells as well as microglial BV2 cells and BMDMs. Further, loss of RGS10 generated by using CRISPR/Cas9 amplifies NF-κB phosphorylation and inflammatory gene expression following LPS treatment in MH-S cells. Together, our findings strongly provide critical insight into the molecular mechanism underlying RGS10 suppression by LPS in pulmonary macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Almutairi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Samantha L Tucker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Demba Sarr
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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14
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Epigenetic Modulation of Microglia Function and Phenotypes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:9912686. [PMID: 34194489 PMCID: PMC8181095 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9912686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is one of the most remarkable hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including AD, PD, and ALS. Accumulating evidence indicates that microglia play both neuroprotective and detrimental roles in the onset and progression of NDDs. Yet, the specific mechanisms of action surrounding microglia are not clear. Modulation of microglia function and phenotypes appears to be a potential strategy to reverse NDDs. Until recently, research into the epigenetic mechanisms of diseases has been gradually developed, making it possible to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the epigenetic regulation of microglia in NDDs. This review highlights the function and phenotypes of microglia, elucidates the relationship between microglia, epigenetic modifications, and NDDs, as well as the possible mechanisms underlying the epigenetic modulation of microglia in NDDs with a focus on potential intervention strategies.
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15
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Ren J, Wei W, Tan L, Yang Q, Lu Q, Ding H, Yue Y, Tian Y, Hao L, Wang M, Li J. Inhibition of regulator of G protein signaling 10, aggravates rheumatoid arthritis progression by promoting NF-κB signaling pathway. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:236-246. [PMID: 33836352 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory arthropathy, with evidence pointing to an immune-mediated etiology that propagates chronic inflammation. Although targeted immune therapeutics and aggressive treatment strategies have substantially improved, a complete understanding of the associated pathological mechanisms of the disease remains elusive. This study aimed at investigating whether regulator of G protein signaling 10 (RGS10) could affect rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathology by regulating the immune response. A DBA/J1 mouse model of RA was established and evaluated for disease severity. RGS10 expression was inhibited by adeno-associated virus in vivo. Moreover, small interfering RNA was used to downregulate RGS10 expression in raw 264.7 cells in vitro. Results showed that RGS10 inhibition augmented RA severity, and attenuated the increase in expression of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, activated NF-κB signaling pathways were detected following RGS10 inhibition. These results revealed that RGS10 inhibition directly aggravated the RA pathological process by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, RGS10 is a promising novel therapeutic target for RA treatment with a potential clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangyu Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyu Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Handong Ding
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yue
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinle Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Wendimu MY, Alqinyah M, Vella S, Dean P, Almutairi F, Davila-Rivera R, Rayatpisheh S, Wohlschlegel J, Moreno S, Hooks SB. RGS10 physically and functionally interacts with STIM2 and requires store-operated calcium entry to regulate pro-inflammatory gene expression in microglia. Cell Signal 2021; 83:109974. [PMID: 33705894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic activation of microglia is a driving factor in the progression of neuroinflammatory diseases, and mechanisms that regulate microglial inflammatory signaling are potential targets for novel therapeutics. Regulator of G protein Signaling 10 is the most abundant RGS protein in microglia, where it suppresses inflammatory gene expression and reduces microglia-mediated neurotoxicity. In particular, microglial RGS10 downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators including cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the mechanism by which RGS10 affects inflammatory signaling is unknown and is independent of its canonical G protein targeted mechanism. Here, we sought to identify non-canonical RGS10 interacting partners that mediate its anti-inflammatory mechanism. Through RGS10 co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry, we identified STIM2, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized calcium sensor and a component of the store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) machinery, as a novel RGS10 interacting protein in microglia. Direct immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed RGS10-STIM2 interaction in multiple microglia and macrophage cell lines, as well as in primary cells, with no interaction observed with the homologue STIM1. We further determined that STIM2, Orai channels, and the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin are essential for LPS-induced COX-2 production in microglia, and this pathway is required for the inhibitory effect of RGS10 on COX-2. Additionally, our data demonstrated that RGS10 suppresses SOCE triggered by ER calcium depletion and that ER calcium depletion, which induces SOCE, amplifies pro-inflammatory genes. In addition to COX-2, we also show that RGS10 suppresses the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia in response to thrombin and LPS stimulation, and all of these effects require SOCE. Collectively, the physical and functional links between RGS10 and STIM2 suggest a complex regulatory network connecting RGS10, SOCE, and pro-inflammatory gene expression in microglia, with broad implications in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menbere Y Wendimu
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Alqinyah
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Stephen Vella
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Phillip Dean
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Faris Almutairi
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Roseanne Davila-Rivera
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Shima Rayatpisheh
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, United States of America
| | - James Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, United States of America
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Shelley B Hooks
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America.
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17
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Kucuk B, Kibar B, Cacan E. A broad analysis in clinical and in vitro models on regulator of G-protein signalling 10 regulation that is associated with ovarian cancer progression and chemoresistance. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:413-422. [PMID: 33354811 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the deadliest types of gynaecological cancers and more than half of the patients die within 5 years after diagnosis. Recurrence in advanced staged patients after chemotherapy is associated with increased chemoresistance, which results in poor prognosis. Regulator of G-protein signalling 10 (RGS10) negatively regulates cell proliferation, migration and survival by attenuating G-protein coupled-receptors mediated signalling pathways. Recent studies have shown that loss of RGS10 expression is significantly associated with proliferation and cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: In this study, we analysed differential RGS10 expression levels using public microarray datasets from clinical and in vitro ovarian cancer samples. We validated that cancer progression and chemotherapy exposure change RGS10 expression. We enriched our study to evaluate the relationship between chemoresistance and differential RGS10 expression against ovarian cancer potential chemotherapeutic agent, palbociclib. Results showed that palbociclib treatment reduced cell viability, despite significantly decreased RGS10 expression in chemoresistant cells. Overall, the results confirmed that cancer progression and chemoresistance are significantly associated with the down-regulation of RGS10 while some chemotherapeutics seem to be beneficial in decreasing chemoresistance in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Kucuk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Beyza Kibar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ercan Cacan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
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18
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DeHelian D, Gupta S, Wu J, Thorsheim C, Estevez B, Cooper M, Litts K, Lee-Sundlov MM, Hoffmeister KM, Poncz M, Ma P, Brass LF. RGS10 and RGS18 differentially limit platelet activation, promote platelet production, and prolong platelet survival. Blood 2020; 136:1773-1782. [PMID: 32542378 PMCID: PMC7544544 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are critical mediators of platelet activation whose signaling can be modulated by members of the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family. The 2 most abundant RGS proteins in human and mouse platelets are RGS10 and RGS18. While each has been studied individually, critical questions remain about the overall impact of this mode of regulation in platelets. Here, we report that mice missing both proteins show reduced platelet survival and a 40% decrease in platelet count that can be partially reversed with aspirin and a P2Y12 antagonist. Their platelets have increased basal (TREM)-like transcript-1 expression, a leftward shift in the dose/response for a thrombin receptor-activating peptide, an increased maximum response to adenosine 5'-diphosphate and TxA2, and a greatly exaggerated response to penetrating injuries in vivo. Neither of the individual knockouts displays this constellation of findings. RGS10-/- platelets have an enhanced response to agonists in vitro, but platelet count and survival are normal. RGS18-/- mice have a 15% reduction in platelet count that is not affected by antiplatelet agents, nearly normal responses to platelet agonists, and normal platelet survival. Megakaryocyte number and ploidy are normal in all 3 mouse lines, but platelet recovery from severe acute thrombocytopenia is slower in RGS18-/- and RGS10-/-18-/- mice. Collectively, these results show that RGS10 and RGS18 have complementary roles in platelets. Removing both at the same time discloses the extent to which this regulatory mechanism normally controls platelet reactivity in vivo, modulates the hemostatic response to injury, promotes platelet production, and prolongs platelet survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel DeHelian
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shuchi Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Chelsea Thorsheim
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brian Estevez
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA
| | - Matthew Cooper
- Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kelly Litts
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Melissa M Lee-Sundlov
- Department of Biochemistry and
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI; and
| | - Karin M Hoffmeister
- Department of Biochemistry and
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI; and
| | - Mortimer Poncz
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA
| | - Peisong Ma
- Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lawrence F Brass
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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19
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Nakamura Y, Kimura S, Takada N, Takemura M, Iwamoto M, Hisaoka-Nakashima K, Nakata Y, Morioka N. Stimulation of toll-like receptor 4 downregulates the expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors via histone deacetylase in rodent microglia. Neurochem Int 2020; 138:104751. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Almutairi F, Lee JK, Rada B. Regulator of G protein signaling 10: Structure, expression and functions in cellular physiology and diseases. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109765. [PMID: 32882407 PMCID: PMC7579743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulator of G protein signaling 10 (RGS10) belongs to the superfamily of RGS proteins, defined by the presence of a conserved RGS domain that canonically binds and deactivates heterotrimeric G-proteins. RGS proteins act as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), which accelerate GTP hydrolysis on the G-protein α subunits and result in termination of signaling pathways downstream of G protein-coupled receptors. RGS10 is the smallest protein of the D/R12 subfamily and selectively interacts with Gαi proteins. It is widely expressed in many cells and tissues, with the highest expression found in the brain and immune cells. RGS10 expression is transcriptionally regulated via epigenetic mechanisms. Although RGS10 lacks multiple of the defined regulatory domains found in other RGS proteins, RGS10 contains post-translational modification sites regulating its expression, localization, and function. Additionally, RGS10 is a critical protein in the regulation of physiological processes in multiple cells, where dysregulation of its expression has been implicated in various diseases including Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, osteopetrosis, chemoresistant ovarian cancer and cardiac hypertrophy. This review summarizes RGS10 features and its regulatory mechanisms, and discusses the known functions of RGS10 in cellular physiology and pathogenesis of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Almutairi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jae-Kyung Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Regulators of G protein signalling as pharmacological targets for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105148. [PMID: 32858121 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain, a specific type of chronic pain resulting from persistent nervous tissue lesions, is a debilitating condition that affects about 7% of the population. This condition remains particularly difficult to treat because of the poor understanding of its underlying mechanisms. Drugs currently used to alleviate this chronic pain syndrome are of limited benefit due to their lack of efficacy and the elevated risk of side effects, especially after a prolonged period of treatment. Although drugs targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) also have several limitations, such as progressive loss of efficacy due to receptor desensitization or unavoidable side effects due to wide receptor distribution, the identification of several molecular partners that contribute to the fine-tuning of receptor activity has raised new opportunities for the development of alternative therapeutic approaches. Regulators of G protein signalling (RGS) act intracellularly by influencing the coupling process and activity of G proteins, and are amongst the best-characterized physiological modulators of GPCR. Changes in RGS expression have been documented in a range of models of neuropathic pain, or after prolonged treatment with diverse analgesics, and could participate in altered pain processing as well as impaired physiological or pharmacological control of nociceptive signals. The present review summarizes the experimental data that implicates RGS in the development of pain with focus on the pathological mechanisms of neuropathic pain, including the impact of neuropathic lesions on RGS expression and, reciprocally, the influence of modifying RGS on GPCRs involved in the modulation of nociception as well as on the outcome of pain. In this context, we address the question of the relevance of RGS as promising targets in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Zhang XW, Feng N, Wang LC, Liu D, Hua YM, Zhang C, Tu PF, Zeng KW. Small-molecule arone protects from neuroinflammation in LPS-activated microglia BV-2 cells by targeting histone-remodeling chaperone ASF1a. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yuan G, Yang S, Ng A, Fu C, Oursler MJ, Xing L, Yang S. RGS12 Is a Novel Critical NF-κB Activator in Inflammatory Arthritis. iScience 2020; 23:101172. [PMID: 32512384 PMCID: PMC7281782 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory disease, which currently lacks effective treatment. Here, we discovered that the Regulator of G Protein Signaling 12 (RGS12) plays a key role in regulating inflammation. Transcriptional and protein analysis revealed that RGS12 was upregulated in human and mouse RA macrophages. Deletion of RGS12 in myeloid lineage or globally inhibits the development of collagen-induced arthritis including joint swelling and bone destruction. Mechanistically, RGS12 associates with NF-κB(p65) to activate its phosphorylation and nuclear translocation through PTB domain, and NF-κB(p65) regulates RGS12 expression in a transcriptional manner. The nuclear translocation ability of NF-κB(p65) and RGS12 can both be enhanced by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2). Furthermore, ablation of RGS12 via RNA interference significantly blocks the inflammatory process in vivo and in vitro. These results demonstrate that RGS12 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongsheng Yuan
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuting Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Ng
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Chuanyun Fu
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Merry Jo Oursler
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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24
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Sakloth F, Polizu C, Bertherat F, Zachariou V. Regulators of G Protein Signaling in Analgesia and Addiction. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:739-750. [PMID: 32474445 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.119206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins are multifunctional proteins expressed in peripheral and neuronal cells, playing critical roles in development, physiologic processes, and pharmacological responses. RGS proteins primarily act as GTPase accelerators for activated Gα subunits of G-protein coupled receptors, but they may also modulate signal transduction by several other mechanisms. Over the last two decades, preclinical work identified members of the RGS family with unique and critical roles in intracellular responses to drugs of abuse. New information has emerged on the mechanisms by which RGS proteins modulate the efficacy of opioid analgesics in a brain region- and agonist-selective fashion. There has also been progress in the understanding of the protein complexes and signal transduction pathways regulated by RGS proteins in addiction and analgesia circuits. In this review, we summarize findings on the mechanisms by which RGS proteins modulate functional responses to opioids in models of analgesia and addiction. We also discuss reports on the regulation and function of RGS proteins in models of psychostimulant addiction. Using information from preclinical studies performed over the last 20 years, we highlight the diverse mechanisms by which RGS protein complexes control plasticity in response to opioid and psychostimulant drug exposure; we further discuss how the understanding of these pathways may lead to new opportunities for therapeutic interventions in G protein pathways. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins are signal transduction modulators, expressed widely in various tissues, including brain regions mediating addiction and analgesia. Evidence from preclinical work suggests that members of the RGS family act by unique mechanisms in specific brain regions to control drug-induced plasticity. This review highlights interesting findings on the regulation and function of RGS proteins in models of analgesia and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Sakloth
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute (F.S., C.P., F.B., V.Z.) and Department of Pharmacological Sciences (V.Z.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Claire Polizu
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute (F.S., C.P., F.B., V.Z.) and Department of Pharmacological Sciences (V.Z.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Feodora Bertherat
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute (F.S., C.P., F.B., V.Z.) and Department of Pharmacological Sciences (V.Z.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Venetia Zachariou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute (F.S., C.P., F.B., V.Z.) and Department of Pharmacological Sciences (V.Z.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Haage V, Elmadany N, Roll L, Faissner A, Gutmann DH, Semtner M, Kettenmann H. Tenascin C regulates multiple microglial functions involving TLR4 signaling and HDAC1. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:470-483. [PMID: 31271872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenascin C (Tnc) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, expressed in the CNS during development, as well as in the setting of inflammation, fibrosis and cancer, which operates as an activator of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Although TLR4 is highly expressed in microglia, the effect of Tnc on microglia has not been elucidated to date. Herein, we demonstrate that Tnc regulates microglial phagocytic activity at an early postnatal age (P4), and that this process is partially dependent on microglial TLR4 expression. We further show that Tnc regulates proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production, chemotaxis and phagocytosis in primary microglia in a TLR4-dependent fashion. Moreover, Tnc induces histone-deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression in microglia, such that HDAC1 inhibition by MS-275 decreases Tnc-induced microglial IL-6 and TNF-α production. Finally, Tnc-/- cortical microglia have reduced HDAC1 expression levels at P4. Taken together, these findings establish Tnc as a regulator of microglia function during early postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Haage
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Nirmeen Elmadany
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Lars Roll
- Zellmorphologie und Molekulare Neurobiologie, Fakultät für Biologie und Biotechnologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Nordrhein-Wastfalen 44801, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Zellmorphologie und Molekulare Neurobiologie, Fakultät für Biologie und Biotechnologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Nordrhein-Wastfalen 44801, Germany
| | - David H Gutmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marcus Semtner
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany.
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Alqinyah M, Almutairi F, Wendimu MY, Hooks SB. RGS10 Regulates the Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha through a G Protein-Independent Mechanism. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:1103-1113. [PMID: 30049816 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.111674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The small regulator of G protein signaling protein RGS10 is a key regulator of neuroinflammation and ovarian cancer cell survival; however, the mechanism for RGS10 function in these cells is unknown and has not been linked to specific G protein pathways. RGS10 is highly enriched in microglia, and loss of RGS10 expression in microglia amplifies production of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and enhances microglia-induced neurotoxicity. RGS10 also regulates cell survival and chemoresistance of ovarian cancer cells. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated production of prostaglandins such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a key factor in both neuroinflammation and cancer chemoresistance, suggesting it may be involved in RGS10 function in both cell types, but a connection between RGS10 and COX-2 has not been reported. To address these questions, we completed a mechanistic study to characterize RGS10 regulation of TNFα and COX-2 and to determine if these effects are mediated through a G protein-dependent mechanism. Our data show for the first time that loss of RGS10 expression significantly elevates stimulated COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in microglia. Furthermore, the elevated inflammatory signaling resulting from RGS10 loss was not affected by Gαi inhibition, and a RGS10 mutant that is unable to bind activated G proteins was as effective as wild type in inhibiting TNFα expression. Similarly, suppression of RGS10 in ovarian cancer cells enhanced TNFα and COX-2 expression, and this effect did not require Gi activity. Together, our data strongly indicate that RGS10 inhibits COX-2 expression by a G protein-independent mechanism to regulate inflammatory signaling in microglia and ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alqinyah
- Hooks Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Faris Almutairi
- Hooks Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Menbere Y Wendimu
- Hooks Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Shelley B Hooks
- Hooks Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Zammataro M, Merlo S, Barresi M, Parenti C, Hu H, Sortino MA, Chiechio S. Chronic Treatment with Fluoxetine Induces Sex-Dependent Analgesic Effects and Modulates HDAC2 and mGlu2 Expression in Female Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:743. [PMID: 29104538 PMCID: PMC5654865 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender and sex differences in pain recognition and drug responses have been reported in clinical trials and experimental models of pain. Among antidepressants, contradictory results have been observed in patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This study evaluated sex differences in response to the SSRI fluoxetine after chronic administration in the mouse formalin test. Adult male and female CD1 mice were intraperitoneally injected with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) for 21 days and subjected to pain assessment. Fluoxetine treatment reduced the second phase of the formalin test only in female mice without producing behavioral changes in males. We also observed that fluoxetine was able to specifically increase the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor type-2 (mGlu2) in females. Also a reduced expression of the epigenetic modifying enzyme, histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and dorsal horn (DH) together with an increase histone 3 acetylation (H3) level was observed in females but not in males. With this study we provide evidence that fluoxetine induces sex specific changes in HDAC2 and mGlu2 expression in the DH of the spinal cord and in DRGs and suggests a molecular explanation for the analgesic effects in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Zammataro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sara Merlo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Carmela Parenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maria A Sortino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Santina Chiechio
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Alqinyah M, Hooks SB. Regulating the regulators: Epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational regulation of RGS proteins. Cell Signal 2017; 42:77-87. [PMID: 29042285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) are a family of proteins classically known to accelerate the intrinsic GTPase activity of G proteins, which results in accelerated inactivation of heterotrimeric G proteins and inhibition of G protein coupled receptor signaling. RGS proteins play major roles in essential cellular processes, and dysregulation of RGS protein expression is implicated in multiple diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The expression of RGS proteins is highly dynamic and is regulated by epigenetic, transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. This review summarizes studies that report dysregulation of RGS protein expression in disease states, and presents examples of drugs that regulate RGS protein expression. Additionally, this review discusses, in detail, the transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms regulating RGS protein expression, and further assesses the therapeutic potential of targeting these mechanisms. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the expression of RGS proteins is essential for the development of therapeutics that indirectly modulate G protein signaling by regulating expression of RGS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alqinyah
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shelley B Hooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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