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Aleksic M, Meng X. Protein Haptenation and Its Role in Allergy. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:850-872. [PMID: 38834188 PMCID: PMC11187640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to numerous electrophilic chemicals either as medicines, in the workplace, in nature, or through use of many common cosmetic and household products. Covalent modification of human proteins by such chemicals, or protein haptenation, is a common occurrence in cells and may result in generation of antigenic species, leading to development of hypersensitivity reactions. Ranging in severity of symptoms from local cutaneous reactions and rhinitis to potentially life-threatening anaphylaxis and severe hypersensitivity reactions such as Stephen-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), all these reactions have the same Molecular Initiating Event (MIE), i.e. haptenation. However, not all individuals who are exposed to electrophilic chemicals develop symptoms of hypersensitivity. In the present review, we examine common chemistry behind the haptenation reactions leading to formation of neoantigens. We explore simple reactions involving single molecule additions to a nucleophilic side chain of proteins and complex reactions involving multiple electrophilic centers on a single molecule or involving more than one electrophilic molecule as well as the generation of reactive molecules from the interaction with cellular detoxification mechanisms. Besides generation of antigenic species and enabling activation of the immune system, we explore additional events which result directly from the presence of electrophilic chemicals in cells, including activation of key defense mechanisms and immediate consequences of those reactions, and explore their potential effects. We discuss the factors that work in concert with haptenation leading to the development of hypersensitivity reactions and those that may act to prevent it from developing. We also review the potential harnessing of the specificity of haptenation in the design of potent covalent therapeutic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Aleksic
- Safety
and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever,
Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44
1LQ, U.K.
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- MRC
Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical
Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K.
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2
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Li W, Vazvaei-Smith F, Dear G, Boer J, Cuyckens F, Fraier D, Liang Y, Lu D, Mangus H, Moliner P, Pedersen ML, Romeo AA, Spracklin DK, Wagner DS, Winter S, Xu XS. Metabolite Bioanalysis in Drug Development: Recommendations from the IQ Consortium Metabolite Bioanalysis Working Group. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:939-953. [PMID: 38073140 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The intent of this perspective is to share the recommendations of the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development Metabolite Bioanalysis Working Group on the fit-for-purpose metabolite bioanalysis in support of drug development and registration. This report summarizes the considerations for the trigger, timing, and rigor of bioanalysis in the various assessments to address unique challenges due to metabolites, with respect to efficacy and safety, which may arise during drug development from investigational new drug (IND) enabling studies, and phase I, phase II, and phase III clinical trials to regulatory submission. The recommended approaches ensure that important drug metabolites are identified in a timely manner and properly characterized for efficient drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Li
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Faye Vazvaei-Smith
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gordon Dear
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Ware, UK
| | - Jason Boer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Filip Cuyckens
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen R & D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Daniela Fraier
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yuexia Liang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ding Lu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heidi Mangus
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Agios Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia Moliner
- Enzymology and Metabolism, Department of Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi, Montpellier, Occitanie, France
| | - Mette Lund Pedersen
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, CVRM, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea A Romeo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Douglas K Spracklin
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - David S Wagner
- Drug Metabolism and Disposition, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Serge Winter
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohui Sophia Xu
- Clinical Bioanalysis, Translation Medicine, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Shanu-Wilson J, Coe S, Evans L, Steele J, Wrigley S. Small molecule drug metabolite synthesis and identification: why, when and how? Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103943. [PMID: 38452922 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The drug discovery and development process encompasses the interrogation of metabolites arising from the biotransformation of drugs. Here we look at why, when and how metabolites of small-molecule drugs are synthesised from the perspective of a specialist contract research organisation, with particular attention paid to projects for which regulatory oversight is relevant during this journey. To illustrate important aspects, we look at recent case studies, trends and learnings from our experience of making and identifying metabolites over the past ten years, along with with selected examples from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Shanu-Wilson
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK.
| | - Samuel Coe
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
| | - Liam Evans
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
| | - Jonathan Steele
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
| | - Stephen Wrigley
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
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4
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Tang H, Huang Y, Yuan D, Liu J. Atherosclerosis, gut microbiome, and exercise in a meta-omics perspective: a literature review. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17185. [PMID: 38584937 PMCID: PMC10999153 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, significantly impacting public health. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases account for the majority of these deaths, with atherosclerosis marking the initial and most critical phase of their pathophysiological progression. There is a complex relationship between atherosclerosis, the gut microbiome's composition and function, and the potential mediating role of exercise. The adaptability of the gut microbiome and the feasibility of exercise interventions present novel opportunities for therapeutic and preventative approaches. Methodology We conducted a comprehensive literature review using professional databases such as PubMed and Web of Science. This review focuses on the application of meta-omics techniques, particularly metagenomics and metabolomics, in studying the effects of exercise interventions on the gut microbiome and atherosclerosis. Results Meta-omics technologies offer unparalleled capabilities to explore the intricate connections between exercise, the microbiome, the metabolome, and cardiometabolic health. This review highlights the advancements in metagenomics and metabolomics, their applications in research, and examines how exercise influences the gut microbiome. We delve into the mechanisms connecting these elements from a metabolic perspective. Metagenomics provides insight into changes in microbial strains post-exercise, while metabolomics sheds light on the shifts in metabolites. Together, these approaches offer a comprehensive understanding of how exercise impacts atherosclerosis through specific mechanisms. Conclusions Exercise significantly influences atherosclerosis, with the gut microbiome serving as a critical intermediary. Meta-omics technology holds substantial promise for investigating the gut microbiome; however, its methodologies require further refinement. Additionally, there is a pressing need for more extensive cohort studies to enhance our comprehension of the connection among these element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanqing Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Didi Yuan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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5
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Zhang HJ, Yu H, Fu J, Keranmu A, Zhang ZW, Xu H, Hu JC, Lu JY, Yang XY, Bu MM, Zhai Z, Wang JY, Jiang JD, Wang Y. Biotransformation of antioxidant eriocitrin into characteristic metabolites by the gut microbiota. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:510-518. [PMID: 37705345 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2023.2251123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Eriocitrin is a flavonoid glycoside with strong antioxidant capacity that has a variety of pharmacological activities, such as hypolipidemic, anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. We found that the gut microbiota could rapidly metabolize eriocitrin. By using LC/MSn-IT-TOF, we identified three metabolites of eriocitrin metabolized in the intestinal microbiota: eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside, eriodictyol, and dihydrocaffeic acid. By comparing these two metabolic pathways of eriocitrin (the gut microbiota and liver microsomes), the intestinal microbiota may be the primary metabolic site of eriocitrin metabolism. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the study of pharmacologically active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jian Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Adili Keranmu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jia-Chun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin-Yue Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Meng-Meng Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing-Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian-Dong Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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6
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Jurva U, Sandinge AS, Baek JM, Avanthay M, Thomson RES, D'Cunha SA, Andersson S, Hayes MA, Gillam EMJ. Biocatalysis using Thermostable Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Bacterial Membranes - Comparison of Metabolic Pathways with Human Liver Microsomes and Recombinant Human Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:242-251. [PMID: 38176735 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Detailed structural characterization of small molecule metabolites is desirable during all stages of drug development, and often relies on the synthesis of metabolite standards. However, introducing structural changes into already complex, highly functionalized small molecules both regio- and stereo-selectively can be challenging using purely chemical approaches, introducing delays into the drug pipeline. An alternative is to use the cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) that produce the metabolites in vivo, taking advantage of the enzyme's inherently chiral active site to achieve regio- and stereoselectivity. Importantly, biotransformations are more sustainable: they proceed under mild conditions and avoid environmentally damaging solvents and transition metal catalysts. Recombinant enzymes avoid the need to use animal liver microsomes. However, native enzymes must be stabilized to work for extended periods or at elevated temperatures, and stabilizing mutations can alter catalytic activity. Here we assessed a set of novel, thermostable P450s in bacterial membranes, a format analogous to liver microsomes, for their ability to metabolize drugs through various pathways and compared them to human liver microsomes. Collectively, the thermostable P450s could replicate the metabolic pathways seen with human liver microsomes, including bioactivation to protein-reactive intermediates. Novel metabolites were found, suggesting the possibility of obtaining metabolites not produced by human or rodent liver microsomes. Importantly, no alteration in assay conditions from standard protocols for microsomal incubations was necessary. Thus, such bacterial membranes represent an analogous metabolite generation system to liver microsomes in terms of metabolites produced and ease of use, but which provides access to more diversity of metabolite structures. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In drug development it is often chemically challenging, to synthesize authentic metabolites of drug candidates for structural identification and evaluation of activity and safety. Biosynthesis using microsomes or recombinant human enzymes is confounded by the instability of the enzymes. Here we show that thermostable ancestral cytochrome P450 enzymes derived from P450 families responsible for human drug metabolism offer advantages over the native human forms in being more robust and over microbial enzymes in faithfully reflecting human drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Jurva
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Ann-Sofie Sandinge
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Jong Min Baek
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Mickaël Avanthay
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Raine E S Thomson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Stephlina A D'Cunha
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Li F, Yin J, Yang H, Li X, Liu X, Chai X, Niu T, Zeng S, Jia Q, Zhu F. INTEDE 2.0: the metabolic roadmap of drugs. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:D1355-D1364. [PMID: 37930837 PMCID: PMC10767827 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic roadmap of drugs (MRD) is a comprehensive atlas for understanding the stepwise and sequential metabolism of certain drug in living organisms. It plays a vital role in lead optimization, personalized medication, and ADMET research. The MRD consists of three main components: (i) the sequential catalyses of drug and its metabolites by different drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), (ii) a comprehensive collection of metabolic reactions along the entire MRD and (iii) a systematic description on efficacy & toxicity for all metabolites of a studied drug. However, there is no database available for describing the comprehensive metabolic roadmaps of drugs. Therefore, in this study, a major update of INTEDE was conducted, which provided the stepwise & sequential metabolic roadmaps for a total of 4701 drugs, and a total of 22 165 metabolic reactions containing 1088 DMEs and 18 882 drug metabolites. Additionally, the INTEDE 2.0 labeled the pharmacological properties (pharmacological activity or toxicity) of metabolites and provided their structural information. Furthermore, 3717 drug metabolism relationships were supplemented (from 7338 to 11 055). All in all, INTEDE 2.0 is highly expected to attract broad interests from related research community and serve as an essential supplement to existing pharmaceutical/biological/chemical databases. INTEDE 2.0 can now be accessible freely without any login requirement at: http://idrblab.org/intede/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jiayi Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xuedong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xu Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Tianle Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Su Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingzhong Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou 330110, China
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8
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Kotańska M, Marcinkowska M, Kuder KJ, Walczak M, Bednarski M, Siwek A, Kołaczkowski M. Metabolic and cardiovascular benefits and risks of 4-hydroxy guanabenz hydrochloride: α 2-adrenoceptor and trace amine-associated receptor 1 ligand. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1211-1229. [PMID: 37624466 PMCID: PMC10539439 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α2-adrenoceptor ligands have been investigated as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of obesity. Our previous studies have shown that guanabenz reduces the body weight of obese rats, presumably through its anorectic action. This demonstrates an additional beneficial effect on selected metabolic parameters, including glucose levels. The purpose of this present research was to determine the activity of guanabenz's metabolite-4-hydroxy guanabenz hydrochloride (4-OH-Guanabenz). METHODS We performed in silico analyses, involving molecular docking to targets of specific interest as well as other potential biological targets. In vitro investigations were conducted to assess the selectivity profile of 4-OH-Guanabenz binding to α-adrenoceptors, along with intrinsic activity studies involving α2-adrenoceptors and trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). Additionally, the effects of 4-OH-Guanabenz on the body weight of rats and selected metabolic parameters were evaluated using the diet-induced obesity model. Basic safety and pharmacokinetic parameters were also examined. RESULTS 4-OH-guanabenz is a partial agonist of α2A-adrenoceptor. The calculated EC50 value for it is 316.3 nM. It shows weak agonistic activity at TAAR1 too. The EC50 value for 4-OH-Guanabenz calculated after computer simulation is 330.6 µM. Its primary mode of action is peripheral. The penetration of 4-OH-Guanabenz into the brain is fast (tmax = 15 min), however, with a low maximum concentration of 64.5 ng/g. 4-OH-Guanabenz administered ip at a dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. to rats fed a high-fat diet causes a significant decrease in body weight (approximately 14.8% compared to the baseline weight before treatment), reduces the number of calories consumed by rats, and decreases plasma glucose and triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS The precise sequence of molecular events within the organism, linking the impact of 4-OH-Guanabenz on α2A-adrenoceptor and TAAR1 with weight reduction and the amelioration of metabolic disturbances, remains an unresolved matter necessitating further investigation. Undoubtedly, the fact that 4-OH-Guanabenz is a metabolite of a well-known drug has considerable importance, which is beneficial from an economic point of view and towards its further development as a drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Marcinkowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil J. Kuder
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Bednarski
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- Adamed Pharma Ltd, Czosnów, Poland
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Kandel S, Gracey EG, Lampe JN. Consideration of Nevirapine Analogs To Reduce Metabolically Linked Hepatotoxicity: A Cautionary Tale of the Deuteration Approach. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36. [PMID: 37769118 PMCID: PMC10583834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs) in their most deleterious form can lead to serious medical complications and potentially fatal events. Nevirapine (NVP), still widely used in developing countries for combinatorial antiretroviral and prophylactic therapies against HIV infection, represents a prototypical example of IDRs causing severe skin rashes and hepatotoxicity. Complex metabolic pathways accompanied by production of multiple reactive metabolites often complicate our understanding of IDR's origin. While assessment of NVP analogs has helped characterize the pathways involved in IDRs for NVP, which are largely driven by metabolism at the 12-methyl position, it has yet to be investigated if some of these analogs could be valuable replacement drugs with reduced reactive metabolite properties and drug-drug interaction (DDI) risks. Here, we evaluated a set of eight NVP analogs, including the deuterated 12-d3-NVP and two NVP metabolites, for their efficacy and inhibitory potencies against HIV reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT). A subset of three analogs, demonstrating >85% inhibition for HIV-RT, was further assessed for their hepatic CYP induction-driven DDI risks. This led to a closer investigation of the inactivation properties of 12-d3-NVP for hepatic CYP3A4 and a comparison of its propensity in generating reactive metabolite species. The metabolic shift triggered with 12-d3-NVP, increasing formation of the 2-hydroxy and glutathione metabolites, emphasized the importance of the dynamic balance between induction and metabolism-dependent inactivation of CYP3A4 and its impact on clearance of NVP during treatment. Unfortunately, the strategy of incorporating deuterium to reduce NVP metabolism and production of the electrophile species elicited opposite results, illustrating the great challenges involved in tackling IDRs through deuteration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jed N. Lampe
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University
of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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10
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Chen YC, Zeng WZ, Li SM, Chou JY, Tsai SE, Fuh Wong F. One-Pot Double Oxidation Synthesis of N-1-Piperidonyl Amides From N-1-Piperidinyl Amides with meta-Chloroperbenzoic Acid: Rimonabant Analogue as Model Study. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300702. [PMID: 37272609 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient one-pot oxidation synthesis of N-1-piperidonyl amides was successfully developed through the double oxidation of hydrazides (involving hydrazonium formation, azodioxy-carbonyl compounds generation, and α-carbon oxidation) by using meta-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA). The convenient oxidation method was also extended to Rimonabant analogue. The lactam oxidized Rimonabant analogue was first successfully synthesized for demonstrating the construction and characterized by NMR spectroscopic methods and the single-crystal X-ray diffraction study (ORTEP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 100, Jingmao 1st Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zheng Zeng
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, No. 100, Jingmao 1st Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Min Li
- Institute of Translation Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yu Chou
- Master Program for Pharmaceutical Manufacture, China Medical University, No. 100, Jingmao 1st Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-En Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 100, Jingmao 1st Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Fung Fuh Wong
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 100, Jingmao 1st Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City, 406040, Taiwan
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11
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Kotani N, Ito K. Translatability of in vitro potency to clinical efficacious exposure: A retrospective analysis of FDA-approved targeted small molecule oncology drugs. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:1359-1368. [PMID: 37173825 PMCID: PMC10432864 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro potency is one of the important parameters representing efficacy potential of drugs and commonly used as benchmark of efficacious exposure at early clinical development. There are limited numbers of studies which systematically investigate on how predictive in vitro potency is to estimate therapeutic drug exposure, especially those focusing on targeted anticancer agents despite the recent increase in approvals. This study aims to fill in such knowledge gaps. A total of 87 small molecule targeted drugs approved for oncology indication between 2001 and 2020 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were identified; relevant preclinical and clinical data were extracted from the public domain. Relationships between the in vitro potency and the therapeutic dose or exposure (unbound average drug concentration [Cu,av ] as the primary exposure metrics) were assessed by descriptive analyses. The Spearman's rank correlation test showed slightly better correlation of the Cu,av (ρ = 0.232, p = 0.041) rather than the daily dose (ρ = 0.186, p = 0.096) with the in vitro potency. Better correlation was observed for the drugs for hematologic malignancies compared with those for solid tumors (root mean square error: 140 [n = 28] versus 297 [n = 59]). The present study shows that in vitro potency is predictive to estimate the therapeutic drug exposure to some extent, whereas the general trend of overexposure was observed. The results suggested that in vitro potency alone is not sufficient and robust enough to estimate the clinically efficacious exposure of molecularly targeted small molecule oncology drugs. The totality of data, including both nonclinical and clinical, needs to be considered for dose optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kotani
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMusashino UniversityTokyoJapan
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMusashino UniversityTokyoJapan
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12
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Li J, Li X, Zhou X, Yang L, Sun H, Kong L, Yan G, Han Y, Wang X. In Vivo Metabolite Profiling of DMU-212 in Apc Min/+ Mice Using UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap/LTQ MS. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093828. [PMID: 37175240 PMCID: PMC10180202 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
3,4,5,4'-Trans-tetramethoxystilbene (Synonyms: DMU-212) is a resveratrol analogue with stronger antiproliferative activity and more bioavailability. However, the metabolite characterization of this component remains insufficient. An efficient strategy was proposed for the comprehensive in vivo metabolite profiling of DMU-212 after oral administration in ApcMin/+ mice based on the effectiveness of the medicine. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/orbitrap/linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap/LTQ MS) in the AcquireXTM intelligent data acquisition mode, combining the exact mass and structural information, was established for the profiling and identification of the metabolites of DMU-212 in vivo, and the possible metabolic pathways were subsequently proposed after the oral dose of 240mg/kg for 3 weeks in the colorectal adenoma (CRA) spontaneous model ApcMin/+ mice. A total of 63 metabolites of DMU-212 were tentatively identified, including 48, 48, 34 and 28 metabolites in the ApcMin/+ mice's intestinal contents, liver, serum, and colorectal tissues, respectively. The metabolic pathways, including demethylation, oxidation, desaturation, methylation, acetylation, glucuronide and cysteine conjugation were involved in the metabolism. Additionally, further verification of the representative active metabolites was employed using molecular docking analysis. This study provides important information for the further investigation of the active constituents of DMU-212 and its action mechanisms for CRA prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaohang Zhou
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade Road 111, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui Sun
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ling Kong
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guangli Yan
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xijun Wang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade Road 111, Guangzhou 510006, China
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13
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Sigler W, Oliveira A. Molecular basis of the different effects of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide on the maximum upstroke velocity and half-decay time of the cardiac action potential in guinea pig papillary muscle. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12073. [PMID: 36722655 PMCID: PMC9883003 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Procainamide (PA) and its in vivo metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), display some pharmacological differences. Although it is agreed that PA is a class IA antiarrhythmic, it has been reported that NAPA is a pure class III antiarrhythmic that affects only the repolarizing phase of the cardiac action potential. This last concept, observed exclusively in dogs, gained wide acceptance, appearing in classic pharmacology textbooks. However, evidence in species such as mice and rats indicates that NAPA can affect cardiac Na+ channels, which is unexpected for a pure class III antiarrhythmic drug. To further clarify this issue, the effects of PA (used as a reference drug) and NAPA on the maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) and half-decay time (HDT) of the cardiac action potential were examined in the isolated right papillaris magnus of the guinea pig heart. Both PA and NAPA affected Vmax at lower concentrations than required to affect HDT, and NAPA had weaker effects on both variables. Thus, NAPA displayed typical class IA antiarrhythmic behavior. Therefore, the concept that NAPA is a pure class III antiarrhythmic drug is more species-dependent than previously envisioned. In addition, we demonstrated that the differential pharmacology of PA and NAPA is explainable, in molecular terms, by steric hindrance of the effects of NAPA and the greater number of potent aromatic-aromatic and cation π interactions with Na+ or K+ cardiac channels for PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Sigler
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Bioquímicas, Faculdades Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A.C. Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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14
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Ahmad I, Kuznetsov AE, Pirzada AS, Alsharif KF, Daglia M, Khan H. Computational pharmacology and computational chemistry of 4-hydroxyisoleucine: Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and DFT-based approaches. Front Chem 2023; 11:1145974. [PMID: 37123881 PMCID: PMC10133580 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1145974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational pharmacology and chemistry of drug-like properties along with pharmacokinetic studies have made it more amenable to decide or predict a potential drug candidate. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine is a pharmacologically active natural product with prominent antidiabetic properties. In this study, ADMETLab 2.0 was used to determine its important drug-related properties. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine is compliant with important drug-like physicochemical properties and pharma giants' drug-ability rules like Lipinski's, Pfizer, and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) rules. Pharmacokinetically, it has been predicted to have satisfactory cell permeability. Blood-brain barrier permeation may add central nervous system (CNS) effects, while a very slight probability of being CYP2C9 substrate exists. None of the well-known toxicities were predicted in silico, being congruent with wet lab results, except for a "very slight risk" for respiratory toxicity predicted. The molecule is non ecotoxic as analyzed with common indicators such as bioconcentration and LC50 for fathead minnow and daphnia magna. The toxicity parameters identified 4-hydroxyisoleucine as non-toxic to androgen receptors, PPAR-γ, mitochondrial membrane receptor, heat shock element, and p53. However, out of seven parameters, not even a single toxicophore was found. The density functional theory (DFT) study provided support to the findings obtained from drug-like property predictions. Hence, it is a very logical approach to proceed further with a detailed pharmacokinetics and drug development process for 4-hydroxyisoleucine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Aleksey E. Kuznetsov
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Khalaf F. Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- International Research Centre for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Haroon Khan,
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15
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Guo X, Zhang L, Lei Z, Hou Z, Li H, Li X, Dong J, Song L, Chen D, Liu D. A simple LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of drug metabolic enzymes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1214:123536. [PMID: 36473299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to develop a LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of seven cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. METHODS A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed using multiple reaction monitoring mode with positive electrospray ionization. The method was validated with selectivity, linearity, stability, accuracy and precious. In addition, the abundance of seven CYP450 enzymes in human liver microsomes and CYP3A4 in placenta were determined using the current method. RESULTS The linear range for CYP1A2, CYP2B6 and CYP2C8 was 0.036-3.6 nM and for CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 was 0.090-9.0 nM. No interference was found between the blank matrix and each specific peptides. The accuracy and precious results were in accord with the requirement of analytical methods for biological samples in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In addition, the peptides were stable under current stability conditions. The content of CYP3A4 in placenta and the seven CYP450 enzymes in human liver microsomes were accurately quantified. CONCLUSION The developed method is sensitive and specific and can be applied to the quantification of enzymes abundance in different human derived samples like placenta and liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Guo
- Peking University Third Hospital Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Beijing, China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Peking University Third Hospital Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Medical Metabolomics Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Lei
- Peking University Third Hospital Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Beijing, China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Hou
- Peking University Third Hospital Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Beijing, China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Peking University Third Hospital Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Beijing, China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Shimadzu China Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Shimadzu China Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Song
- Peking University Third Hospital Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Beijing, China
| | - Dingding Chen
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Peking University Third Hospital Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Beijing, China.
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16
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Medical Treatment in Men with Infertility Can Be Misinterpreted as Doping Practice: A Case of Unintentional World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Code Violation. Asian J Sports Med 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm-121004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Clomiphene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), is a drug which is primarily used for the treatment of anovulatory infertility in female patients. Although as an off-label use, some authorities and physicians use this drug for the treatment of idiopathic oligoasthenospermia in male patients. Clomiphene has two isomers and multiple metabolites, and its cis isomer (Zuclomiphene) can be detected in urine for as long as eight months in some cases. Case Presentation: A 30-year-old male futsal player used clomiphene for infertility for two months. After 17 weeks from the last dose, his urine sample result came out as an adverse analytical finding for clomiphene. Despite the initial ruling on a four-year ban by the national anti-doping agency, the appeals committee reduced the athlete's ban to two years after receiving explanations from the athlete, his appropriate doping record, and the fact that no trace of other substances, such as anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) was found in the player's sample. Conclusions: In this article, the authors try to show the importance of athletes' familiarity with the anti-doping code and try to emphasize the importance of the fact that athletes should receive therapeutic use exemption (TUE) if they take any drugs with doping potential.
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17
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Structural Investigation of Betulinic Acid Plasma Metabolites by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217359. [PMID: 36364186 PMCID: PMC9656950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) has been extensively studied in recent years mainly for its antiproliferative and antitumor effect in various types of cancers. Limited data are available regarding the pharmacokinetic profile of BA, particularly its metabolic transformation in vivo. In this study, we present the screening and structural investigations by ESI Orbitrap MS in the negative ion mode and CID MS/MS of phase I and phase II metabolites detected in mouse plasma after the intraperitoneal administration of a nanoemulsion containing BA in SKH 1 female mice. Obtained results indicate that the main phase I metabolic reactions that BA undergoes are monohydroxylation, dihydroxylation, oxidation and hydrogenation, while phase II reactions involved sulfation, glucuronidation and methylation. The fragmentation pathway for BA and its plasma metabolites were elucidated by sequencing of the precursor ions by CID MS MS experiments.
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18
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Library Screening for Synergistic Combinations of FDA-Approved Drugs and Metabolites with Vancomycin against VanA-Type Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0141222. [PMID: 35969069 PMCID: PMC9603392 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01412-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health threat, and there is an urgent need for new strategies to address this issue. In a recent study, a library screening strategy was developed in which an FDA-approved drug library was screened against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in both its original (unmetabolized [UM]) and its human liver microsome metabolized (postmetabolized [PM]) forms and in the absence and presence of a resistant-to antibiotic. This allows the identification of agents with active metabolites and agents that can act synergistically with the resistant-to antibiotic. In this study, this strategy is applied to VanA-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) in the absence and presence of vancomycin. Thirteen drugs with minimum MICs that were ≤12.5 μM under any tested condition (UM/PM vs. -/+vancomycin) were identified. Seven of these appeared to act synergistically with vancomycin, and follow-up checkerboard analyses confirmed synergy (∑FICmin ≤0.5) for six of these. Ultimately four rifamycins, two pleuromutilins, mupirocin, and linezolid were confirmed as synergistic. The most synergistic agent was rifabutin (∑FICmin = 0.19). Linezolid, a protein biosynthesis inhibitor, demonstrated relatively weak synergy (∑FICmin = 0.5). Only mupirocin showed significantly improved activity after microsomal metabolism, indicative of a more active metabolite, but efforts to identify an active metabolite were unsuccessful. Spectra of activity of several hits and related agents were also determined. Gemcitabine showed activity against a number vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis strains, but this activity was substantially weaker than previously observed in MRSA. IMPORTANCE Resistance to currently used antibiotics poses a serious threat to public health. This study reports a complete screen of 1,000 FDA-approved drugs and their metabolites against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) in both the absence and presence of vancomycin. This identified potentially synergistic combinations of FDA-approved drugs with vancomycin, and a number of these were confirmed in follow-up checkerboard assays. Among intrinsically active FDA-approved drugs, gemcitabine was identified as having activity against a panel of VRE strains.
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Lakshmanan AP, Murugesan S, Al Khodor S, Terranegra A. The potential impact of a probiotic: Akkermansia muciniphila in the regulation of blood pressure—the current facts and evidence. Lab Invest 2022; 20:430. [PMID: 36153618 PMCID: PMC9509630 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) is present in the human gut microbiota from infancy and gradually increases in adulthood. The potential impact of the abundance of A. muciniphila has been studied in major cardiovascular diseases including elevated blood pressure or hypertension (HTN). HTN is a major factor in premature death worldwide, and approximately 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 years have hypertension. A. muciniphila is being considered a next-generation probiotic and though numerous studies had highlighted the positive role of A. muciniphila in lowering/controlling the HTN, however, few studies had highlighted the negative impact of increased abundance of A. muciniphila in the management of HTN. Thus, in the review, we aimed to discuss the current facts, evidence, and controversy about the role of A. muciniphila in the pathophysiology of HTN and its potential effect on HTN management/regulation, which could be beneficial in identifying the drug target for the management of HTN.
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20
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Sonawane PD, Chaudhari SR, Ganorkar SB, Patil AS, Shirkhedkar AA. A brief review on critical analytical aspects for quantification of ambroxol in biological samples. Anal Biochem 2022; 657:114888. [PMID: 36087766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ambroxol (AMB) is a member of the expectorant class, widely used as a secreolytic agent in patients to break up secretions. AMB is rapidly and effectively distributed from blood to tissue. The lungs have the highest concentration of AMB; accumulation of AMB in human lung tissue was detected at concentrations 15- to 20-fold greater than those reported in the circulation. Because of its wide range of actions and therapeutic applications may be worth looking into, particularly for respiratory symptoms, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, influenza, and rhinovirus infections. Though several analytical methodologies have been established and confirmed for the AMB analysis in matrices of pharmaceutical and biological origins, novel sustainable, and economical methods are still to be choice of protocol to increase its sensitivity, reliability, and repeatability. Therefore, the present review offers an overview of critical analytical aspects regarding the HPLC, LC-MS/MS, HPTLC, capillary electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, and electrochemical methods for quantifying AMB in pharmaceutical and biological samples. Furthermore, this review will thoroughly discuss the physicochemical properties, stability, extraction conditions, instrumentation, and operational parameters of the targeted analyte. As a result, for the first time, this review complies with vital background information and an up-to-date interpretation of research undertaken by anticipated methodologies examined and implemented for the pharmaceutical analysis AMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam D Sonawane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, MS, India.
| | - Suraj R Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, MS, India.
| | - Saurabh B Ganorkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, MS, India.
| | - Amod S Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, MS, India.
| | - Atul A Shirkhedkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, MS, India.
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Lan X, Li Y, Li H, Song S, Yuan X, Zhou H, Chen Q, Zhang J. Drug Metabolite Cluster Centers-based Strategy for Comprehensive Profiling of Neomangiferin Metabolites in vivo and in vitro and Network Pharmacology Study on Anti-inflammatory Mechanism. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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22
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Teslenko I, Watson CJW, Chen G, Lazarus P. Inhibition of the aromatase enzyme by exemestane cysteine conjugates. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:MOLPHARM-AR-2022-000545. [PMID: 35953090 PMCID: PMC9595203 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exemestane (EXE) is an aromatase inhibitor used to treat hormone-dependent breast cancer. EXE is extensively metabolized, with unchanged EXE and its active metabolite 17-dihydroexemestane (17-DHE) accounting for 17 and 12%, respectively, of total plasma EXE in vivo The major circulating EXE metabolites are the cysteine conjugates of EXE and 17-DHE, and the 17-DHE glucuronide, which together account for 70% of total plasma EXE in vivo The goal of the present study was to examine the inhibition potential of major metabolites of EXE through inhibition assays using aromatase-overexpressing cells and pooled ovarian tissues. Estrone formation was used as a measure of aromatase activity and was detected and quantified using UPLC-MS. EXE-cys, 17β-DHE, and 17β-DHE-cys all exhibited inhibition of estrone formation at both 1 µM and 10 µM concentrations, with 17β-DHE and EXE-cys showing significant inhibition of estrone formation (63% each) at 10 µM. In contrast, 17β-DHE-Gluc displayed minimal inhibition (5-8%) at both concentrations. In ovarian tissue, EXE-cys and 17β-DHE showed similar patterns of inhibition, with 49% and 47% inhibition, respectively, at 10 µM. The IC50 value for EXE-cys (16 {plus minus} 10 µM) was similar to 17β-DHE (9.2 {plus minus} 2.7 µM) and higher than EXE (1.3 {plus minus} 0.28 µM), and all three compounds showed time-dependent inhibition with IC50 shifts of 13 {plus minus} 10, 5.0 {plus minus} 2.5 and 36 {plus minus} 12-fold, respectively. Given its high circulating levels in patients taking EXE, these results suggest that EXE-cys may contribute to the pharmacologic effect of EXE in vivo Significance Statement The current study is the first to examine the major phase II metabolites of EXE (EXE-cys, 17β-DHE-cys, and 17β-DHE-Gluc) for inhibition potential against the target enzyme, aromatase (CYP19A1). EXE-cys was found to significantly inhibit aromatase in a time dependent manner. Given its high circulating levels in patients taking EXE, this phase II metabolite may play an important role in reducing circulating estrogen levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Teslenko
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, United States
| | | | - Gang Chen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, WSU College of Pharmacy, United States
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, United States
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23
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Zhou X, Li S, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Yan B, Wang H, Xiao Y. A metabolomics study of the intervention effect of Tartary buckwheat on hyperlipidemia mice. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14359. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhou
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai China
- Institute of Beautiful China and Ecological Civilization University Think Tank of Shanghai Municipality Shanghai China
| | - Senjie Li
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai China
| | - Beibei Yan
- Institute of Beautiful China and Ecological Civilization University Think Tank of Shanghai Municipality Shanghai China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ying Xiao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai China
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24
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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Cho S, Crouch R, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Maw HH, Seneviratne HK, Wang S, Wei C, Zhang D, Jackson KD. Biotransformation Novel Advances - 2021 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:207-245. [PMID: 35815654 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2097253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation field is constantly evolving with new molecular structures and discoveries of metabolic pathways that impact efficacy and safety. Recent review by Kramlinger et al (2022) nicely captures the future (and the past) of highly impactful science of biotransformation (see the first article). Based on the selected articles, this review was categorized into three sections: (1) new modalities biotransformation, (2) drug discovery biotransformation, and (3) drug development biotransformation (Table 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Rachel Crouch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, 216 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Hlaing Holly Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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25
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Wang Z, Wang C, He B, Zhang W, Liu L, Deng M, Lü M, Qi X, Liang S. Determination of Daphnetin and its 8-O-Methylated Metabolite in Rat Plasma by UFLC-MS/MS: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Li B, Wang Y, Feng Y, Yuan D, Xu R, Jiang C, Xiao X, Lu S. Design and molecular insights of drug-active metabolite based co-amorphous formulation: A case study of toltrazuril-ponazuril co-amorphous. Int J Pharm 2022; 615:121475. [PMID: 35041914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Co-amorphous supersaturated drug delivery systems are emerging as an alternative strategy to improve the water solubility of BCS II drugs. Typically, the supersaturation and stability of co-amorphous systems largely depend on the type of employed co-former. This study aims to assess the potential for active metabolites of drugs as co-former in drug-drug co-amorphous formulations. Toltrazuril (Tol) was chosen as the model drug, to which ponazuril (Pon) was added as co-former. Considering the importance of intermolecular interactions in co-amorphous systems, we performed highlighted investigations including molecular dynamics simulation and quantum mechanics calculations. The results indicated that Tol and Pon molecules were connected by N-H···O = C hydrogen bonds in the form of a complementary pairing of amide groups. Further, the solubility/dissolution and solid-state stability of the co-amorphous system were investigated. We found that co-amorphous Tol-Pon was stable for at least one month at 40 °C/75% RH, while amorphous materials underwent recrystallization within 10 days. Moreover, both drugs in the co-amorphous system exhibited enhanced "spring parachute effect" during the dissolution process. This could be attributed to the noticeably increased solid-state stabilization as well as inhibition of Pon on the crystallization of Tol from a supersaturated state. In general, our study provides some useful information and molecular insights to guide the development of drug-active metabolite-based co-amorphous formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yingyun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Ying Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Dan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Renjie Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Cuiping Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xuecheng Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Shan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
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27
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Evaluation of amentoflavone metabolites on PARP-1 inhibition and the potentiation on anti-proliferative effects of carboplatin in A549 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 56:128480. [PMID: 34843914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to determine the major metabolites of amentoflavone (AMF) and further evaluate their inhibitory effects on PARP-1. First, different fractions (Frs. 1-9), which were collected according to retention time of AMF metabolites based on UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS qualitative analysis, were evaluated on their inhibitory effects against PARP-1. Then, two mono-sulfate metabolites in the fractions with potent PARP-1 inhibitory effect were targetedly semi-synthesized. Moreover, three mono-sulfate conjugates (compound 8, 9 and 10), including one disulfate conjugate (compound 10), were isolated and their structures were fully elucidated by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and NMR. Finally, the binding mode of compound 8 (amentoflavone-4‴-O-sulfate) toward PARP-1 and its potentiation on carboplatin (CBP) in A549 cells were investigated. This study was the first report on bioactivity evaluation of AMF metabolites in rat bile on PARP-1 and the potentiation of compound 8 on carboplatin (CBP) in A549 cells in vitro. This paper also provided scientific basis for the AMF metabolites on PARP-1 inhibition and chemosensitization.
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28
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Yue Y, Zhao T, Wang Y, Ma K, Wu X, Huo F, Cheng F, Yin C. HSA-Lys-161 covalent bound fluorescent dye for in vivo blood drug dynamic imaging and tumor mapping. Chem Sci 2021; 13:218-224. [PMID: 35059170 PMCID: PMC8694392 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05484h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific combination of human serum albumin and fluorescent dye will endow superior performance to a coupled fluorescent platform for in vivo fluorescence labeling. In this study, we found that lysine-161 in human serum albumin is a covalent binding site and could spontaneously bind a ketone skeleton quinoxaline-coumarin fluorescent dye with a specific turn-on fluorescence signal for the first time. Supported by the abundant drug binding domains in human serum albumin, drugs such as ibuprofen, warfarin and clopidogrel could interact with the fluorescent dye labeled human serum albumin to feature a substantial enhancement in fluorescence intensity (6.6-fold for ibuprofen, 4.5-fold for warfarin and 5-fold for clopidogrel). The drug concentration dependent fluorescence intensity amplification realized real-time, in situ blood drug concentration monitoring in mice, utilizing ibuprofen as a model drug. The non-invasive method avoided continuous blood sample collection, which fundamentally causes suffering and consumption of experimental animals in the study of pharmacokinetics. At the same time, the coupled fluorescent probe can be efficiently enriched in tumors in mice which could map a tumor with a high-contrast red fluorescence signal and could hold great potential in clinical tumor marking and surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Laboratory for Yellow River, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Laboratory for Yellow River, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Laboratory for Yellow River, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Kaiqing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Laboratory for Yellow River, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Xingkang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Laboratory for Yellow River, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Fangjun Huo
- Research Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Fangqin Cheng
- Institute of Resources and Environment Engineering, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Caixia Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Laboratory for Yellow River, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
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29
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Gong X, Liu Y, Liu X, Li AQ, Guo KD, Zhou D, Hong Z. Analysis of gut microbiota in patients with epilepsy treated with valproate: Results from a three months observational prospective cohort study. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105340. [PMID: 34883229 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence implicates the potential effect of microbiota on the pathogenesis and course of epilepsy. However, the effects of valproate (VPA), a broad spectrum anti-epileptic drugs, on gut microbiota have not been investigated in humans. This study aimed to analyze fecal microbiota in patients with epilepsy treated with valproate. METHODS A total of 10 participants, who were newly diagnosed of cryptogenic epilepsy with treatment naïve and received 1000 mg daily doses of VPA, were recruited in our prospective study. Microbiota compositions were evaluated at baseline and after three months of VPA treatment using 16S rDNA sequencing. RESULTS VPA treatment was associated with clinical improvements in all patients, but not changes in gut microbiota richness and complexity (Shannon: p = 0.82). Microbiome composition structure differences also revealed no statistical difference in dissimilarity (Adonis: p = 0.90). No statistical difference taxa were found between two groups. However, the ratio of phyla Firmicutes to Bacteriodetes (ANOVA: p = 0.037) markedly raised after three months of VPA-treatment. A correlation matrix based on the spearman correlation distance confirmed associations between specific fecal taxa and VPA-related clinical metabolic parameters, including drug concentration in the blood, total cholesterol, triglyceride, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and weight gain. (p < 0.05) CONCLUSIONS: Among those patients treated with VPA, characterization of the gut microbiota altered, and gut microbiota associated with weight gain and clinical biochemical indexes, suggesting that microbiome composition data might involve in the mechanisms of VPA induced metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gong
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Ai Qing Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Kun Dian Guo
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Department of Neurology, Chengdu Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 611730, China.
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30
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Paragas EM, Wang Z, Korzekwa K, Nagar S. Complex Cytochrome P450 Kinetics Due to Multisubstrate Binding and Sequential Metabolism. Part 2. Modeling of Experimental Data. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:1100-1108. [PMID: 34503953 PMCID: PMC11022889 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three CYP3A4 substrates, midazolam, ticlopidine, and diazepam, display non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics, form multiple primary metabolites, and are sequentially metabolized to secondary metabolites. We generated saturation curves for these compounds and analyzed the resulting datasets using a number of single-substrate and multisubstrate binding models. These models were parameterized using rate equations and numerical solutions of the ordinary differential equations. Multisubstrate binding models provided results superior to single-substrate models, and simultaneous modeling of multiple metabolites provided better results than fitting the individual datasets independently. Although midazolam datasets could be represented using standard two-substrate models, more complex models that include explicit enzyme-product complexes were needed to model the datasets for ticlopidine and diazepam. In vivo clearance predictions improved markedly with the use of in vitro parameters from the complex models versus the Michaelis-Menten equation. The results highlight the need to use sufficiently complex kinetic schemes instead of the Michaelis-Menten equation to generate accurate kinetic parameters. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabolism of midazolam, ticlopidine, and diazepam by CYP3A4 results in multiple metabolites and sequential metabolism. This study evaluates the use of rate equations and numerical methods to characterize the in vitro enzyme kinetics. Use of complex cytochrome P450 kinetic models is necessary to obtain accurate parameter estimates for predicting in vivo disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erickson M Paragas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zeyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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31
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Wang Z, Paragas EM, Nagar S, Korzekwa K. Complex Cytochrome P450 Kinetics Due to Multisubstrate Binding and Sequential Metabolism. Part 1. Theoretical Considerations. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:1090-1099. [PMID: 34503952 PMCID: PMC11022900 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexities in P450-mediated metabolism kinetics include multisubstrate binding, multiple-product formation, and sequential metabolism. Saturation curves and intrinsic clearances were simulated for single-substrate and multisubstrate models using derived velocity equations and numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Multisubstrate models focused on sigmoidal kinetics because of their dramatic impact on clearance predictions. These models were combined with multiple-product formation and sequential metabolism, and simulations were performed with random error. Use of single-substrate models to characterize multisubstrate data can result in inaccurate kinetic parameters and poor clearance predictions. Comparing results for use of standard velocity equations with ODEs clearly shows that ODEs are more versatile and provide better parameter estimates. It would be difficult to derive concentration-velocity relationships for complex models, but these relationships can be easily modeled using numerical methods and ODEs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The impact of multisubstrate binding, multiple-product formation, and sequential metabolism on the P450 kinetics was investigated. Numerical methods are capable of characterizing complicated P450 kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erickson M Paragas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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32
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Sun S, Wesolowski SS. Biologically active metabolites in drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 48:128255. [PMID: 34245850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active metabolites are a valuable resource for development of drug candidates and lead structures for drug design. This digest highlights a selection of biologically active metabolites that have been used as new chemical entities for development or as lead structures for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Sun
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc, 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada.
| | - Steven S Wesolowski
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc, 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
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33
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Pero JE, McAtee JJ, Behm DJ, Briand J, Graczyk-Millbrandt G, Erhard K, Roberts AD, Rivero RA, Holt DA, Lawhorn BG. Identification, Synthesis, and Characterization of a Major Circulating Human Metabolite of TRPV4 Antagonist GSK2798745. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1498-1502. [PMID: 34531959 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GSK2798745, an antagonist of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) ion channel, was recently investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of cardiac and respiratory diseases. Human plasma and urine samples collected from healthy volunteers following oral administration were analyzed to identify circulating and excreted metabolites of the parent drug. One major circulating metabolite (1) was found in pooled human plasma samples, accounting for approximately half of the observed drug-related material. Isolation of metabolite 1 from urine samples followed by MS and NMR studies led to a putative structural assignment of 1 where hydroxylation of GSK2798745 occurred on the central ring, producing a penta-substituted cyclohexane structure containing three stereocenters. Two unique chemical syntheses of the proposed structure were developed to confirm the identity of metabolite 1 and provide access to gram quantities for biological characterization.
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34
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Miao Z, Lai Y, Zhao Y, Chen L, Zhou J, Li C, Wang Y. Protective Property of Scutellarin Against Liver Injury Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:710692. [PMID: 34421606 PMCID: PMC8374867 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.710692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver injury is a clinical disorder caused by toxins, drugs, and alcohol stimulation without effective therapeutic approaches thus far. Scutellarin (SCU), isolated from the edible herb Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand. -Mazz. showed potential hepatoprotective effects, but the mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, transcriptomics combined with nontargeted metabolomics and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were performed to elucidate the functional mechanisms of SCU in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)–induced liver injury in mice. The results showed that SCU exerted potential hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced liver injury by repressing CYP2E1 and IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathways, modulating the gut microbiota (especially enriching Lactobacillus), and regulating the endogenous metabolites involved in lipid metabolism and bile acid homeostasis. SCU originates from a functional food that appears to be a promising agent to guard against liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Miao
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Yong Lai
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, China
| | | | - Lingmin Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Jianeng Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, China
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35
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Luo N, Sun M, Han X, Li L, Wang L, Cheng Z. Preclinical metabolic characterization of mefunidone, a novel anti-renal fibrosis drug. Life Sci 2021; 280:119666. [PMID: 34087279 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The preclinical evaluation of innovative drugs plays an important role in the new drugs development. As a derivative of pirfenidone (PFD), mefunidone (MFD) has shown better anti-fibrosis and anti-inflammatory activity in both cell lines and animal models. To support the clinical investigations of MFD, the metabolic characterization of MFD was initially evaluated in preclinical models. MAIN METHODS The potential metabolites of MFD were analyzed by LC-MS/MS methods. The induction effect of MFD on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 was performed in primary human hepatocytes, and the inhibition of CYP enzymes by MFD was also evaluated in human liver microsomes. Finally, the pharmacokinetic profiles of MFD were assessed in SD rats after the rats had received multiple doses (62.5 mg/kg) of MFD. KEY FINDINGS MFD was metabolized in three pathways including oxidation, N-demethylation, and hydroxylation. Except for slight inhibition on the activity of CYP2D6, MFD exerted no effect on other CYP enzymes. Moreover, drug accumulation of MFD was not observed in rats after repeated dosing of MFD. SIGNIFICANCE MFD was first discovered in preclinical investigations without inducing and inhibiting metabolic enzymes. This work provides some important information about the metabolic characterization of MFD for its further clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Luo
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Xiangya Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Xiangya Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xuhua Han
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Xiangya Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Linling Li
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Xiangya Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Xiangya Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Xiangya Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
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Liu S, Yu Z. A Study of the Identification, Fragmentation Mode and Metabolic Pathways of Imatinib in Rats Using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:8434204. [PMID: 34123459 PMCID: PMC8166468 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8434204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, The metabolites, metabolic pathways, and metabolic fragmentation mode of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor- (TKI-) imatinib in rats were investigated. The samples for analysis were pretreated via solid-phase extraction, and the metabolism of imatinib in rats was studied using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Eighteen imatinib metabolites were identified in rat plasma, 21 in bile, 18 in urine, and 12 in feces. Twenty-seven of the above compounds were confirmed as metabolites of imatinib and 9 of them were newly discovered for the first time. Oxidation, hydroxylation, dealkylation, and catalytic dehydrogenation are the main metabolic pathways in phase I. For phase II, the main metabolic pathways were N-acetylation, methylation, cysteine, and glucuronidation binding. The fragment ions of imatinib and its metabolites were confirmed to be produced by the cleavage of the C-N bond at the amide bond. The newly discovered metabolite of imatinib was identified by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The metabolic pathway of imatinib and its fragmentation pattern were summarized. These results could be helpful to study the safety of imatinib for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijiang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhaojin Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Related substances method development and validation of an LCMS/MS method for quantification of selexipag and its related impurities in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe present application wish to seem at the event of validation of bio analytical method and pharmacokinetic study of selexipag and its related impurities in rat plasma using LC–MS/MS. The optimized method contains gradient elution of selexipag with a flow rate of 1 ml/min and X-Bridge phenyl column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ). A buffer of 1 mL formic acid in l liter water and acetonitrile mixture is used as mobile phase. 30 min run time was used for separation of selexipag and its related impurities with Ambrisentan as internal standard and impurity-D as active metabolite. The linearity curves are linear in between the percentages of 10 to 200% of rat plasma and R2 value of each analyte was observed as 0.999. This application denotes all the parameters like precision, accuracy, recovery and stability were got the results within the limit of USFDA guidelines. This method applies effectively for the investigation of pharmacokinetic studies using rat plasma.
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38
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Yang L, Zhao J, Liu M, Li L, Yang H, Guo C, Hu J, Xiang P, Shen B, Qiao Z, Dang Y, Shi Y. Identifying metabolites of diphenidol by liquid chromatography-quadrupole/orbitrap mass spectrometry using rat liver microsomes, human blood, and urine samples. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1127-1135. [PMID: 33554459 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, diphenidol [1,1-diphenyl-4-piperidino-1-butanol] has been one of the drugs that appears in suicide cases, but there are few research data on its metabolic pathways and main metabolites. Metabolite identification plays a key role in drug safety assessment and clinical application. In this study, in vivo and in vitro samples were analyzed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Structural elucidation of the metabolites was performed by comparing their molecular weights and product ions with those of the parent drug. As a result, 10 Phase I metabolites and 5 glucuronated Phase II metabolites were found in a blood sample and a urine sample from authentic cases. Three other Phase I metabolites were identified in the rat liver microsomes incubation solution. The results showed that the main metabolic pathways of diphenidol in the human body include hydroxylation, oxidation, dehydration, N-dealkylation, methylation, and conjugation with glucuronic acid. This study preliminarily clarified the metabolic pathways and main metabolites of diphenidol. For the development of new methods for the identification of diphenidol consumption, we recommend using M2-2 as a marker of diphenidol entering the body. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the pharmacokinetics and forensic scientific research of diphenidol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.,College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Junbo Zhao
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Guo
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Baohua Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Qiao
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghui Dang
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
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Camelo-Castillo A, Rivera-Caravaca JM, Orenes-Piñero E, Ramírez-Macías I, Roldán V, Lip GYH, Marín F. Gut Microbiota and the Quality of Oral Anticoagulation in Vitamin K Antagonists Users: A Review of Potential Implications. J Clin Med 2021; 10:715. [PMID: 33670220 PMCID: PMC7916955 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and safety of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) as oral anticoagulants (OACs) depend on the quality of anticoagulation control, as reflected by the mean time in therapeutic range (TTR). Several factors may be involved in poor TTR such as comorbidities, high inter-individual variability, interacting drugs, and non-adherence. Recent studies suggest that gut microbiota (GM) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, but the effect of the GM on anticoagulation control with VKAs is unknown. In the present review article, we propose different mechanisms by which the GM could have an impact on the quality of anticoagulation control in patients taking VKA therapy. We suggest that the potential effects of GM may be mediated first, by an indirect effect of metabolites produced by GM in the availability of VKAs drugs; second, by an effect of vitamin K-producing bacteria; and finally, by the structural modification of the molecules of VKAs. Future research will help confirm these hypotheses and may suggest profiles of bacterial signatures or microbial metabolites, to be used as biomarkers to predict the quality of anticoagulation. This could lead to the design of intervention strategies modulating gut microbiota, for example, by using probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Camelo-Castillo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), CIBERCV, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (J.M.R.-C.); (I.R.-M.)
| | - José Miguel Rivera-Caravaca
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), CIBERCV, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (J.M.R.-C.); (I.R.-M.)
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK;
| | - Esteban Orenes-Piñero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), CIBERCV, 30120 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Inmaculada Ramírez-Macías
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), CIBERCV, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (J.M.R.-C.); (I.R.-M.)
| | - Vanessa Roldán
- Department of Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Hospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer, University of Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Gregory Y. H. Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Francisco Marín
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), CIBERCV, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (J.M.R.-C.); (I.R.-M.)
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40
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Qi C, Wang P, Fu T, Lu M, Cai Y, Chen X, Cheng L. A comprehensive review for gut microbes: technologies, interventions, metabolites and diseases. Brief Funct Genomics 2021; 20:42-60. [PMID: 33554248 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes have attracted much more attentions in the recent decade since their essential roles in the development of metabolic diseases, cancer and neurological diseases. Considerable evidence indicates that the metabolism of gut microbes exert influences on intestinal homeostasis and human diseases. Here, we first reviewed two mainstream sequencing technologies involving 16s rRNA sequencing and metagenomic sequencing for gut microbes, and data analysis methods assessing alpha and beta diversity. Next, we introduced some observational studies reflecting that many factors, such as lifestyle and intake of diets, drugs, contribute to gut microbes' quantity and diversity. Then, metabolites produced by gut microbes were presented to understand that gut microbes exert on host homeostasis in the intestinal epithelium and immune system. Finally, we focused on the molecular mechanism of gut microbes on the occurrence and development of several common diseases. In-depth knowledge of the relationship among interventions, gut microbes and diseases might provide new insights in to disease prevention and treatment.
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41
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Ye Y, Guo X, He X, Zhang M, He H, Qiu D, Guo Z. High-resolution mass spectrometry-based approach for the identification and profiling of the metabolites of taletrectinib formed in liver microsomes. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1118-1126. [PMID: 33527739 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Taletrectinib is a potent, orally active, and selective ROS1/NTRK kinase inhibitor. The aim of this study was to study the metabolism of taletrectinib in rat, dog, and human liver microsomes. The biotransformation of taletrectinib was carried out using rat, dog, and human liver microsomes supplemented with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate tetrasodium salt (NADPH) and uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA). The microsomal incubations were conducted at 37°C for 60 min. The formed metabolites were identified by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) using electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode. They were identified by accurate masses and MS/MS spectra and based on their fragmentation pathways. With UHPLC-HRMS, a total of 10 metabolites including one glucuronide conjugate (M7) were structurally identified. M9 and M10 were unambiguously identified as taletrectinib alcohol and taletrectinib ketone, respectively, using reference standards. The phase I metabolic pathways of taletrectinib involved N-dealkylation, O-dealkylation, oxidative deamination, and oxygenation; the phase II metabolic pathways referred to glucuronidation. The current study investigated the in vitro metabolic fate of taletrectinib in animals and human species, which would bring us considerable benefits for the subsequent studies focusing on the pharmacological effect and toxicity of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Ye
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University & Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Guo
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University & Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University & Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - Mingwan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University & Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - Huiqing He
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University & Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - Dafa Qiu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University & Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - Ziwen Guo
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University & Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
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42
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Wallgren J, Vikingsson S, Rautio T, Nasr E, Åstrand A, Watanabe S, Kronstrand R, Gréen H, Dahlén J, Wu X, Konradsson P. Structure Elucidation of Urinary Metabolites of Fentanyl and Five Fentanyl Analogs using LC-QTOF-MS, Hepatocyte Incubations and Synthesized Reference Standards. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 44:993-1003. [PMID: 32104892 PMCID: PMC7819469 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fentanyl analogs constitute a particularly dangerous group of new psychoactive compounds responsible for many deaths around the world. Little is known about their metabolism, and studies utilizing liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF-MS) analysis of hepatocyte incubations and/or authentic urine samples do not allow for determination of the exact metabolite structures, especially when it comes to hydroxylated metabolites. In this study, seven motifs (2-, 3-, 4- and β-OH as well as 3,4-diOH, 4-OH-3-OMe and 3-OH-4-OMe) of fentanyl and five fentanyl analogs, acetylfentanyl, acrylfentanyl, cyclopropylfentanyl, isobutyrylfentanyl and 4F-isobutyrylfentanyl were synthesized. The reference standards were analyzed by LC–QTOF-MS, which enabled identification of the major metabolites formed in hepatocyte incubations of the studied fentanyls. By comparison with our previous data sets, major urinary metabolites could tentatively be identified. For all analogs, β-OH, 4-OH and 4-OH-3-OMe were identified after hepatocyte incubation. β-OH was the major hydroxylated metabolite for all studied fentanyls, except for acetylfentanyl where 4-OH was more abundant. However, the ratio 4-OH/β-OH was higher in urine samples than in hepatocyte incubations for all studied fentanyls. Also, 3-OH-4-OMe was not detected in any hepatocyte samples, indicating a clear preference for the 4-OH-3-OMe, which was also found to be more abundant in urine compared to hepatocytes. The patterns appear to be consistent across all studied fentanyls and could serve as a starting point in the development of methods and synthesis of reference standards of novel fentanyl analogs where nothing is known about the metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Wallgren
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Svante Vikingsson
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping 58758, Sweden
| | - Tobias Rautio
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Enas Nasr
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Anna Åstrand
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden
| | - Shimpei Watanabe
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping 58758, Sweden
| | - Robert Kronstrand
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping 58758, Sweden
| | - Henrik Gréen
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping 58758, Sweden
| | - Johan Dahlén
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Xiongyu Wu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Peter Konradsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
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Noguchi S, Okochi M, Atsuta H, Kimura R, Fukumoto A, Takahashi K, Nishimura T, Tomi M. Substrate recognition of renally eliminated angiotensin II receptor blockers by organic anion transporter 4. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 36:100363. [PMID: 33189558 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion transporter (OAT) 4, which is localized at the apical membrane of human renal proximal tubules, transports olmesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). Many ARBs, including olmesartan, undergo partial tubular secretion as active forms, and inhibit OAT4-mediated uptake activity. Here, we examined the substrate recognition of various ARBs by OAT4 in order to assess whether OAT4 might be involved in the renal handling of ARBs. Concentration-dependent OAT4-mediated uptake of azilsartan, candesartan, carboxylosartan, losartan, and valsartan was observed with Km values of 6.6, 31, 7.2, 13, and 1.7 μM, respectively, in the absence of extracellular Cl-. In the presence of extracellular Cl-, OAT4-mediated uptake of dianionic ARBs (azilsartan, candesartan, carboxylosartan, and valsartan) was lower and reached a steady state faster than in the absence of extracellular Cl-. Thus, OAT4 is proposed to use extracellular Cl- as a counterpart for anion efflux. Our results suggest that OAT4 may play a role in the excretion of azilsartan, candesartan, carboxylosartan, and valsartan, as well as olmesartan. In contrast, OAT4-mediated uptake of losartan, a monoanionic ARB, was little affected by extracellular Cl-, suggesting that only OAT4-mediated dianion transport is Cl--sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Noguchi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Moeko Okochi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hayumi Atsuta
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Rika Kimura
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Ayaka Fukumoto
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- Division of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishimura
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tomi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
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Computer-Aided Estimation of Biological Activity Profiles of Drug-Like Compounds Taking into Account Their Metabolism in Human Body. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207492. [PMID: 33050610 PMCID: PMC7593915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pharmaceutical substances interact with several or even many molecular targets in the organism, determining the complex profiles of their biological activity. Moreover, due to biotransformation in the human body, they form one or several metabolites with different biological activity profiles. Therefore, the development and rational use of novel drugs requires the analysis of their biological activity profiles, taking into account metabolism in the human body. In silico methods are currently widely used for estimating new drug-like compounds' interactions with pharmacological targets and predicting their metabolic transformations. In this study, we consider the estimation of the biological activity profiles of organic compounds, taking into account the action of both the parent molecule and its metabolites in the human body. We used an external dataset that consists of 864 parent compounds with known metabolites. It is shown that the complex assessment of active pharmaceutical ingredients' interactions with the human organism increases the quality of computer-aided estimates. The toxic and adverse effects showed the most significant difference: reaching 0.16 for recall and 0.14 for precision.
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45
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Longuespée R, Theile D, Fresnais M, Burhenne J, Weiss J, Haefeli WE. Approaching sites of action of drugs in clinical pharmacology: New analytical options and their challenges. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:858-874. [PMID: 32881012 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical pharmacology is an important discipline for drug development aiming to define pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and optimum exposure to drugs, i.e. the concentration-response relationship and its modulators. For this purpose, information on drug concentrations at the anatomical, cellular and molecular sites of action is particularly valuable. In pharmacological assays, the limited accessibility of target cells in readily available samples (i.e. blood) often hampers mass spectrometry-based monitoring of the absolute quantity of a compound and the determination of its molecular action at the cellular level. Recently, new sample collection methods have been developed for the specific capture of rare circulating cells, especially for the diagnosis of circulating tumour cells. In parallel, new advances and developments in mass spectrometric instrumentation now allow analyses to be scaled down to the cellular level. Together, these developments may permit the monitoring of minute drug quantities and show their effect at the cellular level. In turn, such PK/PD associations on a cellular level would not only enrich our pharmacological knowledge of a given compound but also expand the basis for PK/PD simulations. In this review, we describe novel concepts supporting clinical pharmacology at the anatomical, cellular and molecular sites of action, and highlight the new challenges in mass spectrometry-based monitoring. Moreover, we present methods to tackle these challenges and define future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Longuespée
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Theile
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margaux Fresnais
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Burhenne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter E Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Hasan M, Azim KF, Imran MAS, Chowdhury IM, Urme SRA, Parvez MSA, Uddin MB, Ahmed SSU. Comprehensive genome based analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus for identifying novel drug and vaccine molecules: Subtractive proteomics and vaccinomics approach. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237181. [PMID: 32813697 PMCID: PMC7444560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus has become a significant public health concern. The development of effective drugs and vaccines against Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the current research priority. Thus, we aimed to find out effective drug and vaccine targets using a comprehensive genome-based analysis. A total of 4822 proteins were screened from V. parahaemolyticus proteome. Among 16 novel cytoplasmic proteins, ‘VIBPA Type II secretion system protein L’ and ‘VIBPA Putative fimbrial protein Z’ were subjected to molecular docking with 350 human metabolites, which revealed that Eliglustat, Simvastatin and Hydroxocobalamin were the top drug molecules considering free binding energy. On the contrary, ‘Sensor histidine protein kinase UhpB’ and ‘Flagellar hook-associated protein of 25 novel membrane proteins were subjected to T-cell and B-cell epitope prediction, antigenicity testing, transmembrane topology screening, allergenicity and toxicity assessment, population coverage analysis and molecular docking analysis to generate the most immunogenic epitopes. Three subunit vaccines were constructed by the combination of highly antigenic epitopes along with suitable adjuvant, PADRE sequence and linkers. The designed vaccine constructs (V1, V2, V3) were analyzed by their physiochemical properties and molecular docking with MHC molecules- results suggested that the V1 is superior. Besides, the binding affinity of human TLR-1/2 heterodimer and construct V1 could be biologically significant in the development of the vaccine repertoire. The vaccine-receptor complex exhibited deformability at a minimum level that also strengthened our prediction. The optimized codons of the designed construct was cloned into pET28a(+) vector of E. coli strain K12. However, the predicted drug molecules and vaccine constructs could be further studied using model animals to combat V. parahaemolyticus associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Faizul Azim
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdus Shukur Imran
- Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Ishtiak Malique Chowdhury
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Sorwer Alam Parvez
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Bashir Uddin
- Department of Medicine, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
- * E-mail: (BU); (SSUD)
| | - Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
- * E-mail: (BU); (SSUD)
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Wu Z, Zhan Y, Wang L, Tong J, Zhang L, Lin M, Jin X, Jiang L, Lou Y, Qiu Y. Identification of osalmid metabolic profile and active metabolites with anti-tumor activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110556. [PMID: 32763815 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) catalyzes the essential step in the formation of all four deoxynucleotides. Upregulated activity of RR plays an active role in tumor progression. As the regulatory subunit of RR, ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 (RRM2) is regarded as one of the effective therapeutic targets for DNA replication-dependent diseases, such as cancers. Recent studies have revealed that osalmid significantly inhibits the activity of RRM2, but the metabolic profile of osalmid remains unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to clarify the metabolic profile including metabolites, isoenzymes and metabolic pathways of osalmid. The anti-human hepatocellular carcinoma activity and mechanism of metabolites were further investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) was used for identifying metabolites and for characterizing phase I and phase II metabolic pathways with recombinant enzymes or in human liver microsomes of osalmid. The eHiTS docking system was used for potential RRM2 inhibitor screening among metabolites. Cytotoxicity assays were performed for evaluating cell proliferation inhibitory activity of metabolites. Cell cycle assays and cell apoptosis assays were assessed by flow cytometry. Western blotting analysis of RRM2, cyclin D1, p21, p53, phosphorylated p53, Bcl-2 and Bax was performed to explore the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma mechanism of the active metabolites. RESULTS Ten metabolites of osalmid were identified, and none of them have been reported previously. Hydroxylation, glucuronidation, sulfonation, acetylation and degradation were recognized as the main metabolic processes of osalmid. Isozymes of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, UGT1A1, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, UGT2B7 and UGT2B15 were involved in phase I and phase II metabolism of osalmid. Metabolites M7, M8 and M10 showed higher binding affinities with the RRM2 active site than osalmid. Metabolite M7 exhibited potent inhibitory activity to hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines by both competitive inhibition and down-regulation of RRM2. Moreover, M7 significantly induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by activating p53-related pathways. CONCLUSIONS The metabolic profile of osalmid was identified. M7 significantly inhibited human hepatocellular carcinoma progression by inhibiting RRM2 activity. Furthermore, M7 induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by activating p53-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yaqiong Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiepeng Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengjia Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuehang Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lushun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunqing Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China.
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Genc Bilgicli H, Ergon D, Taslimi P, Tüzün B, Akyazı Kuru İ, Zengin M, Gülçin İ. Novel propanolamine derivatives attached to 2-metoxifenol moiety: Synthesis, characterization, biological properties, and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:103969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Spracklin DK, Chen D, Bergman AJ, Callegari E, Obach RS. Mini-Review: Comprehensive Drug Disposition Knowledge Generated in the Modern Human Radiolabeled ADME Study. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2020; 9:428-434. [PMID: 32562380 PMCID: PMC7438806 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human radiolabeled absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) study offers a quantitative and comprehensive overall picture of the disposition of a drug, including excretion pattern and metabolite profiles in circulation and excreta. The data gathered from the ADME study are highly informative for developing a cohesive strategy for clinical pharmacology studies. Elements of standard ADME study designs are described. An exciting new development in human ADME studies is the application of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) as the detection technique for carbon-14, in replacement of radioactivity measurements. This technology permits administration of 100-fold to 1,000-fold lower amounts of carbon-14, and thus opens the door to the application of new study designs. A new ADME study design, termed the AMS-Enabled Human ADME study, is described. In this design, both oral and intravenous administration are assessed in a single clinical study with a two-period crossover. In addition to all of the standard ADME study end points (e.g., mass balance and quantitative metabolite profiles), the AMS-Enabled ADME study can provide the fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters of clearance, volume of distribution, absolute oral bioavailability, and even estimates of the fraction of the dose absorbed. Thus, we have entered a new era of human ADME study design that can yield vastly more informative and complete data sets enabling a superior understanding of overall drug disposition.
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Li F, Han X, Chen Y, Wang S, Cheng Z, Hu G, Liu W, Zhu Q. In vitro metabolic characterization of orbitazine, a novel derivative of the PAC-1 anticancer agent. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1199-1210. [PMID: 32583524 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The in vitro evaluation of new drugs is an important step in the drug development pipeline. Orbitazine is a derivative of PAC-1 that has substituted the functional group homopiperazine ring with a piperazine ring. The purpose of this study was to assess the metabolic profile of orbitazine. METHODS Metabolism was characterized in vitro by incubating liver microsomes with metabolize orbitazine or the classical metabolic enzyme substrates. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and LC-MS/MS were used to identify the parent drugs and metabolites of orbitazine or metabolic enzyme substrates. KEY FINDINGS There was no difference in metabolic stability or metabolites across different species. The metabolites included a debenzyl compound and several hydroxyl compounds, defined as M1(316), M2(440), M3(422), M4(422) and M5(422). We found that orbitazine was metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 in a human liver microsomes incubation system. Orbitazine had no significant inhibitory effect on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, or CYP2C19 in human liver microsomes, but showed a dose-dependent inhibition of CYP2C8, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4; and there was no orbitazine-mediated induction of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP3A4 or mRNA expression in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS This in vitro data on the metabolism of orbitazine may provide valuable information to support further clinical progression as a potential therapeutic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuhua Han
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanfen Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gaoyun Hu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qubo Zhu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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