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Hillhouse TM, Partridge KJ, Garrett PI, Honeycutt SC, Porter JH. Effects of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine in assays of acute pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behaviors in mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301848. [PMID: 38640139 PMCID: PMC11029659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ketamine has been shown to produce analgesia in various acute and chronic pain states; however, abuse liability concerns have limited its utility. The ketamine metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) has been shown to produce antidepressant-like effects similar to ketamine without abuse liability concerns. (2R,6R)-HNK produces sustained analgesia in models of chronic pain, but has yet to be evaluated in models of acute pain. The present study evaluated the efficacy of acute (2R,6R)-HNK administration (one injection) in assays of pain-stimulated (52- and 56-degree hot plate test and acetic acid writhing) and pain-depressed behavior (locomotor activity and rearing) in male and female C57BL/6 mice. In assays of pain-stimulated behaviors, (2R,6R)-HNK (1-32 mg/kg) failed to produce antinociception in the 52- and 56-degree hot plate and acetic acid writhing assays. In assays of pain-depressed behaviors, 0.56% acetic acid produced a robust depression of locomotor activity and rearing that was not blocked by pretreatment of (2R,6R)-HNK (3.2-32 mg/kg). The positive controls morphine (hot plate test) and ketoprofen (acetic acid writhing, locomotor activity, and rearing) blocked pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behaviors. Finally, the effects of intermittent (2R,6R)-HNK administration were evaluated in 52-degree hot plate and pain-depressed locomotor activity and rearing. Intermittent administration of (2R,6R)-HNK also did not produce antinociceptive effects in the hot plate or pain-depressed locomotor activity assays. These results suggest that (2R,6R)-HNK is unlikely to have efficacy in treating acute pain; however, the efficacy of (2R,6R)-HNK in chronic pain states should continue to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Hillhouse
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Green Bay, Green Bay, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn J. Partridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Green Bay, Green Bay, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Patrick I. Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah C. Honeycutt
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph H. Porter
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Northern Michigan, Marquette, Michigan, United States of America
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McAllister BB, Stokes-Heck S, Harding EK, van den Hoogen NJ, Trang T. Targeting Pannexin-1 Channels: Addressing the 'Gap' in Chronic Pain. CNS Drugs 2024; 38:77-91. [PMID: 38353876 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-024-01061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Chronic pain complicates many diseases and is notoriously difficult to treat. In search of new therapeutic targets, pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels have sparked intense interest as a key mechanism involved in a variety of chronic pain conditions. Panx1 channels are transmembrane proteins that release ions and small molecules, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). They are expressed along important nodes of the pain pathway, modulating activity of diverse cell types implicated in the development and progression of chronic pain caused by injury or pathology. This review highlights advances that have unlocked the core structure and machinery controlling Panx1 function with a focus on understanding and treating chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan B McAllister
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sierra Stokes-Heck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Erika K Harding
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nynke J van den Hoogen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tuan Trang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Dedek C, Azadgoleh MA, Prescott SA. Reproducible and fully automated testing of nocifensive behavior in mice. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100650. [PMID: 37992707 PMCID: PMC10783627 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Pain in rodents is often inferred from their withdrawal from noxious stimulation. Threshold stimulus intensity or response latency is used to quantify pain sensitivity. This usually involves applying stimuli by hand and measuring responses by eye, which limits reproducibility and throughput. We describe a device that standardizes and automates pain testing by providing computer-controlled aiming, stimulation, and response measurement. Optogenetic and thermal stimuli are applied using blue and infrared light, respectively. Precise mechanical stimulation is also demonstrated. Reflectance of red light is used to measure paw withdrawal with millisecond precision. We show that consistent stimulus delivery is crucial for resolving stimulus-dependent variations in withdrawal and for testing with sustained stimuli. Moreover, substage video reveals "spontaneous" behaviors for consideration alongside withdrawal metrics to better assess the pain experience. The entire process was automated using machine learning. RAMalgo (reproducible automated multimodal algometry) improves the standardization, comprehensiveness, and throughput of preclinical pain testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dedek
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Mehdi A Azadgoleh
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Steven A Prescott
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Negus SS, Akbarali HI, Kang M, Lee YK, Marsh SA, Santos EJ, Zhang Y. Role of mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist efficacy as a determinant of opioid antinociception in a novel assay of pain-depressed behavior in female and male mice. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1281698. [PMID: 37886350 PMCID: PMC10598607 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1281698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intermediate efficacy mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists have potential to retain analgesic effectiveness while improving safety, but the optimal MOR efficacy for effective and safe opioid analgesia is unknown. Preclinical assays of pain-depressed behavior can assess effects of opioids and other candidate analgesics on pain-related behavioral depression, which is a common manifestation of clinically relevant pain and target of pain treatment. Accordingly, the present study goal was to validate a novel assay of pain-depressed locomotor behavior in mice and evaluate the role of MOR efficacy as a determinant of opioid analgesic effects and related safety measures. Methods Male and female ICR mice were tested in a locomotor chamber consisting of 2 compartments connected by a doorway that contained a 1-inch-tall barrier. Dependent measures during 15-min behavioral sessions included crosses between compartments (which required vertical activity to surmount the barrier) and total movement counts (which required horizontal activity to break photobeams in each compartment). Results and Discussion Intraperitoneal injection of lactic acid (IP acid) produced a concentration- and time-dependent depression of both endpoints. Optimal blockade of IP acid-induced behavioral depression with minimal motor impairment was achieved with intermediate-efficacy MOR treatments that also produced less gastrointestinal-transit inhibition and respiratory depression than the high-efficacy MOR agonist fentanyl. Sex differences in treatment effects were rare. Overall, these findings validate a novel procedure for evaluating opioids and other candidate analgesic effects on pain-related behavioral depression in mice and support continued research with intermediate-efficacy MOR agonists as a strategy to retain opioid analgesic effectiveness with improved safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Hamid I. Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Minho Kang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Young K. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Samuel A. Marsh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Edna J. Santos
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Olson KM, Devereaux AL, Chatterjee P, Saldaña-Shumaker SL, Shafer A, Plotkin A, Kandasamy R, MacKerell AD, Traynor JR, Cunningham CW. Nitro-benzylideneoxymorphone, a bifunctional mu and delta opioid receptor ligand with high mu opioid receptor efficacy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1230053. [PMID: 37469877 PMCID: PMC10352325 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1230053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: There is a major societal need for analgesics with less tolerance, dependence, and abuse liability. Preclinical rodent studies suggest that bifunctional ligands with both mu (MOPr) and delta (DOPr) opioid peptide receptor activity may produce analgesia with reduced tolerance and other side effects. This study explores the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of our previously reported MOPr/DOPr lead, benzylideneoxymorphone (BOM) with C7-methylene-substituted analogs. Methods: Analogs were synthesized and tested in vitro for opioid receptor binding and efficacy. One compound, nitro-BOM (NBOM, 12) was evaluated for antinociceptive effects in the warm water tail withdrawal assay in C57BL/6 mice. Acute and chronic antinociception was determined, as was toxicologic effects on chronic administration. Molecular modeling experiments were performed using the Site Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation (SILCS) method. Results: NBOM was found to be a potent MOPr agonist/DOPr partial agonist that produces high-efficacy antinociception. Antinociceptive tolerance was observed, as was weight loss; this toxicity was only observed with NBOM and not with BOM. Modeling supports the hypothesis that the increased MOPr efficacy of NBOM is due to the substituted benzylidene ring occupying a nonpolar region within the MOPr agonist state. Discussion: Though antinociceptive tolerance and non-specific toxicity was observed on repeated administration, NBOM provides an important new tool for understanding MOPr/DOPr pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrea L. Devereaux
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Mequon, WI, United States
| | - Payal Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Savanah L. Saldaña-Shumaker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Mequon, WI, United States
| | - Amanda Shafer
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Adam Plotkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Mequon, WI, United States
| | - Ram Kandasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Psychology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, United States
| | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John R. Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christopher W. Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Mequon, WI, United States
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Kopruszinski CM, Watanabe M, Martinez AL, Moreira de Souza LH, Dodick DW, Moutal A, Neugebauer V, Porreca F, Navratilova E. Kappa opioid receptor agonists produce sexually dimorphic and prolactin-dependent hyperalgesic priming. Pain 2023; 164:e263-e273. [PMID: 36625833 PMCID: PMC10285741 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Repeated stress produces hyperalgesic priming in preclinical models, but underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. As stress engages kappa opioid receptors (KORs), we hypothesized that repeated administration of KOR agonists might mimic, in part, stress-induced hyperalgesic priming. The potential contribution of circulating prolactin (PRL) and dysregulation of the expression of PRL receptor (PRLR) isoforms in sensory neurons after KOR agonist administration was also investigated. Mice received 3 daily doses of U-69593 or nalfurafine as a "first-hit" stimulus followed by assessment of periorbital tactile allodynia. Sixteen days after the first KOR agonist administration, animals received a subthreshold dose of inhalational umbellulone, a TRPA1 agonist, as the second-hit stimulus and periorbital allodynia was assessed. Cabergoline, a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, was used to inhibit circulating PRL in additional cohorts. Prolactin receptor isoforms were quantified in the V1 region of the trigeminal ganglion after repeated doses of U-69593. In both sexes, KOR agonists increased circulating PRL and produced allodynia that resolved within 14 days. Hyperalgesic priming, revealed by umbellulone-induced allodynia in animals previously treated with the KOR agonists, also occurred in both sexes. However, repeated U-69593 downregulated the PRLR long isoform in trigeminal neurons only in female mice. Umbellulone-induced allodynia was prevented by cabergoline co-treatment during priming with KOR agonists in female, but not male, mice. Hyperalgesic priming therefore occurs in both sexes after either biased or nonbiased KOR agonists. However, a PRL/PRLR-dependence is observed only in female nociceptors possibly contributing to pain in stress-related pain disorders in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Kopruszinski
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States. Moutal is now with the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Moe Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States. Moutal is now with the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ashley L. Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States. Moutal is now with the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Luiz Henrique Moreira de Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States. Moutal is now with the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David W. Dodick
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States. Moutal is now with the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Volker Neugebauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States. Moutal is now with the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Edita Navratilova
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States. Moutal is now with the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Santos EJ, Giddings AN, Kandil FA, Negus SS. Climbing behavior by mice as an endpoint for preclinical assessment of drug effects in the absence and presence of pain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1150236. [PMID: 37139343 PMCID: PMC10149664 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1150236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated climbing in mice as a tool to assess the expression and treatment of pain-related behavioral depression in male and female ICR mice. Mice were videotaped during 10-min sessions in a vertical plexiglass cylinder with wire mesh walls, and "Time Climbing" was scored by observers blind to treatments. Initial validation studies demonstrated that baseline climbing was stable across repeated days of testing and depressed by intraperitoneal injection of dilute lactic acid (IP acid) as an acute pain stimulus. Additionally, IP acid-induced depression of climbing was blocked by the positive-control non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ketoprofen but not by the negative control kappa opioid receptor agonist U69593. Subsequent studies examined effects of single-molecule opioids (fentanyl, buprenorphine, naltrexone) and of fixed-proportion fentanyl/naltrexone mixtures (10:1, 3.2:1, and 1:1) that vary in their efficacy at the mu opioid receptor (MOR). Opioids administered alone produced a dose- and efficacy-dependent decrease in climbing, and fentanyl/naltrexone-mixture data indicated that climbing in mice is especially sensitive to disruption by even low-efficacy MOR activation. Opioids administered as a pretreatment to IP acid failed to block IP acid-induced depression of climbing. Taken together, these findings support the utility of climbing in mice as an endpoint to evaluate candidate-analgesic effectiveness both to (a) produce undesirable behavioral disruption when the test drug is administered alone, and (b) produce a therapeutic blockade of pain-related behavioral depression. The failure of MOR agonists to block IP acid-induced depression of climbing likely reflects the high sensitivity of climbing to disruption by MOR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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8
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Vezza T, Molina-Tijeras JA, González-Cano R, Rodríguez-Nogales A, García F, Gálvez J, Cobos EJ. Minocycline Prevents the Development of Key Features of Inflammation and Pain in DSS-induced Colitis in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:304-319. [PMID: 36183969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abdominal pain is a common feature in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, and greatly compromises their quality of life. Therefore, the identification of new therapeutic tools to reduce visceral pain is one of the main goals for IBD therapy. Minocycline, a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic, has gained attention in the scientific community because of its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of this antibiotic as a therapy for the management of visceral pain in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Preemptive treatment with minocycline markedly reduced histological features of intestinal inflammation and the expression of inflammatory markers (Tlr4, Tnfα, Il1ß, Ptgs2, Inos, Cxcl2, and Icam1), and attenuated the decrease of markers of epithelial integrity (Tjp1, Ocln, Muc2, and Muc3). In fact, minocycline restored normal epithelial permeability in colitic mice. Treatment with the antibiotic also reversed the changes in the gut microbiota profile induced by colitis. All these ameliorative effects of minocycline on both inflammation and dysbiosis correlated with a decrease in ongoing pain and referred hyperalgesia, and with the improvement of physical activity induced by the antibiotic in colitic mice. Minocycline might constitute a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of IBD-induced pain. PERSPECTIVE: This study found that the intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of minocycline ameliorate DSS-associated pain in mice. Therefore, minocycline might constitute a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IBD-induced pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vezza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Alberto Molina-Tijeras
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael González-Cano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Alba Rodríguez-Nogales
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.
| | - Federico García
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Clinical Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Red de Investigación en SIDA, Granada, Spain
| | - Julio Gálvez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD)
| | - Enrique J Cobos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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9
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The Protective Effect of Social Reward on Opioid and Psychostimulant Reward and Relapse: Behavior, Pharmacology, and Brain Regions. J Neurosci 2022; 42:9298-9314. [PMID: 36517252 PMCID: PMC9794371 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0931-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, most modern neuroscience research on addiction using animal models did not incorporate manipulations of social factors. Social factors play a critical role in human addiction: social isolation and exclusion can promote drug use and relapse, while social connections and inclusion tend to be protective. Here, we discuss the state of the literature on social factors in animal models of opioid and psychostimulant preference, self-administration, and relapse. We first summarize results from rodent studies on behavioral, pharmacological, and circuit mechanisms of the protective effect of traditional experimenter-controlled social interaction procedures on opioid and psychostimulant conditioned place preference, self-administration, and relapse. Next, we summarize behavioral and brain-mechanism results from studies using newer operant social-interaction procedures that inhibit opioid and psychostimulant self-administration and relapse. We conclude by discussing how the reviewed studies point to future directions for the addiction field and other neuroscience and psychiatric fields, and their implications for mechanistic understanding of addiction and development of new treatments.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this review, we propose that incorporating social factors into modern neuroscience research on addiction could improve mechanistic accounts of addiction and help close gaps in translating discovery to treatment. We first summarize rodent studies on behavioral, pharmacological, and circuit mechanisms of the protective effect of both traditional experimenter-controlled and newer operant social-interaction procedures. We then discuss potential future directions and clinical implications.
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10
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Mogil JS. The history of pain measurement in humans and animals. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:1031058. [PMID: 36185770 PMCID: PMC9522466 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1031058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain needs to be measured in order to be studied and managed. Pain measurement strategies in both humans and non-human animals have varied widely over the years and continue to evolve. This review describes the historical development of human and animal algesiometry.
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11
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Giacoletti G, Price T, Hoelz LVB, Shremo Msdi A, Cossin S, Vazquez-Falto K, Amorim Fernandes TV, Santos de Pontes V, Wang H, Boechat N, Nornoo A, Brust TF. A Selective Adenylyl Cyclase 1 Inhibitor Relieves Pain Without Causing Tolerance. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:935588. [PMID: 35899113 PMCID: PMC9310748 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.935588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the ten different adenylyl cyclase isoforms, studies with knockout animals indicate that inhibition of AC1 can relieve pain and reduce behaviors linked to opioid dependence. We previously identified ST034307 as a selective inhibitor of AC1. The development of an AC1-selective inhibitor now provides the opportunity to further study the therapeutic potential of inhibiting this protein in pre-clinical animal models of pain and related adverse reactions. In the present study we have shown that ST034307 relives pain in mouse models of formalin-induced inflammatory pain, acid-induced visceral pain, and acid-depressed nesting. In addition, ST034307 did not cause analgesic tolerance after chronic dosing. We were unable to detect ST034307 in mouse brain following subcutaneous injections but showed a significant reduction in cAMP concentration in dorsal root ganglia of the animals. Considering the unprecedented selectivity of ST034307, we also report the predicted molecular interaction between ST034307 and AC1. Our results indicate that AC1 inhibitors represent a promising new class of analgesic agents that treat pain and do not result in tolerance or cause disruption of normal behavior in mice. In addition, we outline a unique binding site for ST034307 at the interface of the enzyme’s catalytic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Giacoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Tatum Price
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Lucas V. B. Hoelz
- Laboratório de Síntese de Fármacos—LASFAR, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos—FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Abdulwhab Shremo Msdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Samantha Cossin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Katerina Vazquez-Falto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Tácio V. Amorim Fernandes
- Laboratório de Síntese de Fármacos—LASFAR, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos—FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia—INMETRO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Santos de Pontes
- Laboratório de Síntese de Fármacos—LASFAR, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos—FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Nubia Boechat
- Laboratório de Síntese de Fármacos—LASFAR, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos—FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adwoa Nornoo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Tarsis F. Brust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Tarsis F. Brust,
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12
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de la Puente B, Zamanillo D, Romero L, Carceller A, Vela JM, Merlos M, Portillo-Salido E. Comprehensive Preclinical Assessment of Sensory, Functional, Motivational-Affective, and Neurochemical Outcomes in Neuropathic Pain: The Case of the Sigma-1 Receptor. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:240-254. [PMID: 35434530 PMCID: PMC9003638 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain remains a major health problem and is currently facing slow drug innovation. New drug treatments should address not only the sensory-discriminative but also functional and motivational-affective components of chronic pain. In a mouse model of neuropathic pain induced by partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL), we analyzed sensory and functional-like outcomes by hindpaw mechanical stimulation and automated gait analysis (CatWalk). We characterized over time a reward-seeking task based on diminished motivation for natural reinforcers (anhedonic-like behavior). To differentiate the appetitive ("wanting") and consummatory ("liking") aspects of motivational behavior, we quantified the latency and number of approaches to eat white chocolate, as well as the eating duration and amount consumed. We explored a putative chronic pain-induced dysregulation of monoamine function by measuring monoamine levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a well-known brain reward area. Finally, we investigated the role of sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) modulation, a nonopioid target, in these multiple dimensions by genetic deletion and pharmacological dose-response studies. After 6 weeks, PSNL increased the approach latency and reduced the consumption of white chocolate in 20-25% of the mice, while around 50-60% had one or the other parameter affected independently. After 10 weeks, sham-operated mice also displayed anhedonic-like behavior. PSNL was associated with reduced extracellular baseline dopamine and increased norepinephrine in the NAc and with a suppression of increased dopamine and serotonin efflux in response to the rewarding stimulus. Genetic and pharmacological blockade of σ1R relieved these multiple alterations in nerve-injured mice. We comprehensively describe sensory, functional, and depression-like impairment of key components of motivated behavior associated with nerve injury. We provide a neurochemical substrate for the depressed mesocorticolimbic reward processing in chronic pain, with a potentially increased translational value. Our results also highlight σ1R for the therapeutic intervention of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Zamanillo
- Welab Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luz Romero
- Welab Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Carceller
- Welab Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Miguel Vela
- Welab Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Merlos
- Welab Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Rodriguez CEB, Ouyang L, Kandasamy R. Antinociceptive effects of minor cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids in Cannabis. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:130-157. [PMID: 33709984 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for centuries for its medicinal properties. Given the dangerous and unpleasant side effects of existing analgesics, the chemical constituents of Cannabis have garnered significant interest for their antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. To date, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) remain the two most widely studied constituents of Cannabis in animals. These studies have led to formulations of THC and CBD for human use; however, chronic pain patients also use different strains of Cannabis (sativa, indica and ruderalis) to alleviate their pain. These strains contain major cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD, but they also contain a wide variety of cannabinoid and noncannabinoid constituents. Although the analgesic effects of Cannabis are attributed to major cannabinoids, evidence indicates other constituents such as minor cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids also produce antinociception against animal models of acute, inflammatory, neuropathic, muscle and orofacial pain. In some cases, these constituents produce antinociception that is equivalent or greater compared to that produced by traditional analgesics. Thus, a better understanding of the extent to which these constituents produce antinociception alone in animals is necessary. The purposes of this review are to (1) introduce the different minor cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids found in Cannabis and (2) discuss evidence of their antinociceptive properties in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Erwin B Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, California, USA
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14
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Tappe-Theodor A, Negus SS, Martin TJ. Editorial: Preclinical Animal Models and Measures of Pain: Improving Predictive Validity for Analgesic Drug Development. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:867786. [PMID: 35399151 PMCID: PMC8985925 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.867786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Tappe-Theodor
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Thomas J. Martin
- Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas J. Martin
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15
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French AR, van Rijn RM. An updated assessment of the translational promise of G-protein-biased kappa opioid receptor agonists to treat pain and other indications without debilitating adverse effects. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106091. [PMID: 35101565 PMCID: PMC8923989 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (κOR) agonists lack the abuse liability and respiratory depression effects of clinically used mu opioid receptor (μOR) analgesics and are hypothesized to be safer alternatives. However, κOR agonists have limiting adverse effects of their own, including aversion, sedation, and mood effects, that have hampered their clinical translation. Studies performed over the last 15 years have suggested that these adverse effects could result from activation of distinct intracellular signaling pathways that are dependent on β-arrestin, whereas signaling downstream of G protein activation produces antinociception. This led to the hypothesis that agonists biased away from β-arrestin signaling would have improved therapeutic windows over traditional unbiased agonists and allow for clinical development of analgesic G-protein-biased κOR agonists. Given a recent controversy regarding the benefits of G-protein-biased μOR agonists, it is timely to reassess the therapeutic promise of G-protein-biased κOR agonists. Here we review recent discoveries from preclinical κOR studies and critically evaluate the therapeutic windows of G-protein-biased κOR agonists in each of the adverse effects above. Overall, we find that G-protein-biased κOR agonists generally have improved therapeutic window relative to unbiased agonists, although frequently study design limits strong conclusions in this regard. However, a steady flow of newly developed biased κOR agonists paired with recently engineered behavioral and molecular tools puts the κOR field in a prime position to make major advances in our understanding of κOR function and fulfill the promise of translating a new generation of biased κOR agonists to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R French
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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16
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Moerke MJ, Negus SS, Banks ML. Lack of effect of the nociceptin opioid peptide agonist Ro 64-6198 on pain-depressed behavior and heroin choice in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 231:109255. [PMID: 34998256 PMCID: PMC8810604 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE One objective of the National Institutes of Health Helping to End Addiction Long-term (HEAL) initiative is to accelerate research on safer and more effective medications for both pain and opioid use disorder. Ligands that activate the nociceptin opioid peptide receptor (NOP) constitute one class of candidate drugs for both applications. The present preclinical study determined the effectiveness of the NOP agonist Ro 64-6198 to produce antinociception in a pain-depressed behavior procedure and attenuate opioid self-administration in a heroin-vs-food choice procedure. METHODS In Experiment 1, Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were equipped with microelectrodes and trained to respond for electrical brain stimulation in an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure. The potency, time course, and receptor mechanism of effects produced by R0 64-6198 alone (0.32-3.2 mg/kg) on ICSS were examined, followed by evaluation of 0.32-1.0 mg/kg Ro 64-6198 effectiveness to block lactic acid-induced depression of ICSS. In Experiment 2, rats self-administered heroin under a heroin-vs-food choice procedure during a regimen of repeated, daily intraperitoneal administration of vehicle or Ro 64-6198 (1-3.2 mg/kg/day). RESULTS Ro 64-6198 produced dose- and time-dependent ICSS depression that was blocked by the selective NOP antagonist SB612111 but not by naltrexone. Ro 64-6198 failed to block acid-induced depression of ICSS. Repeated Ro 64-6198 pretreatment also failed to attenuate heroin-vs-food choice up to doses that significantly decreased operant behavior. CONCLUSIONS These results do not support the utility of Ro 64-6198 as a stand-alone medication for either acute pain or opioid use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Jo Moerke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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17
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Baldwin AN, Banks ML, Marsh SA, Townsend EA, Venniro M, Shaham Y, Negus SS. Acute pain-related depression of operant responding maintained by social interaction or food in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:561-572. [PMID: 35043215 PMCID: PMC10053137 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Clinically relevant pain is often associated with functional impairment and behavioral depression, including depression of social behavior. Moreover, recovery of function is a major goal in pain treatment. We used a recently developed model of operant responding for social interaction in rats to evaluate the vulnerability of social behavior to an experimental pain manipulation and the sensitivity of pain-depressed social behavior to treatment with clinically effective analgesics. METHODS Sprague-Dawley male and female rats were trained to lever press for social access to another rat, and responding was evaluated after treatment with (a) intraperitoneal injection of dilute lactic acid (IP acid; 0.18-5.6%) administered alone as a visceral noxious stimulus, (b) the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist morphine (0.32-10 mg/kg) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ketoprofen (10 mg/kg) administered alone, or (c) morphine or ketoprofen administered before IP acid. For comparison, the same treatments were evaluated in separate rats trained to lever press for food delivery. RESULTS Both IP acid alone and morphine alone more potently decreased responding maintained by social interaction than by food, whereas ketoprofen did not affect responding for either reinforcer. In general, analgesics were most effective to rescue operant responding when relatively low IP acid concentrations produced significant but submaximal behavioral depression; however, morphine was not effective to rescue responding for social interaction. CONCLUSIONS Operant responding maintained by social interaction was more sensitive to pain-related disruption and less responsive to opioid analgesic rescue than food-maintained operant responding. Social behavior may be especially vulnerable to depression by pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Baldwin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S A Marsh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - E A Townsend
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M Venniro
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Y Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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18
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Salcido CA, Argenbright CM, Aguirre T, Trujillo AD, Fuchs PN. The Use of an FR1 Schedule Operant Approach-Avoidance Paradigm to Measure the Aversiveness of Neuropathic and Inflammatory Pain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 2:793958. [PMID: 35295429 PMCID: PMC8915719 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.793958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a subjective, private, yet universal phenomenon that depends on a unique combination of sensory, affective, and evaluative characteristics. Although preclinical models have been used to understand much of pain physiology, the inability to communicate with animals limits affective and evaluative feedback and has constrained traditional behavioral methods to adequately represent and study the multidimensional pain experience. Therefore, this study sought to characterize the affective component of pain within a novel operant approach-avoidance paradigm (AAP) to determine which type of pain (inflammatory and neuropathic) may be more aversive. To reveal the possible differences in pain aversiveness within the AAP paradigm, animals received bilateral inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions and were given the choice to a) forgo appetitive reward by not receiving noxious stimulus of either inflammatory or neuropathic conditions or b) receive noxious stimulus in exchange for an appetitive reward. Although all pain conditions produced significant hypersensitivity, the AAP results revealed there was no preference in the stimulation of a specific paw in the bilateral pain conditions. The finding suggests that despite unique clinical pain characteristics for inflammatory and neuropathic conditions, the lack of observable differences in the pain conditions may not necessarily equate to the overall similarity in aversiveness, but rather that the fixed ratio (FR1) paradigm presentation allowed appetitive reward to be more salient, highlighting the complexities of competing motivational drives of pain and hunger when satiating hunger is always guaranteed. Thus, future studies should seek to further tease apart this relationship with a different schedule and food-controlled methodologies. The development of such preclinical approaches can thoroughly investigate the intricacy of competing drives and likely reveal important information regarding the complexity of pain, enhancing our understanding of pain perception in individuals suffering from comorbid pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina A. Salcido
- University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Cassie M. Argenbright
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Tiffany Aguirre
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Alex D. Trujillo
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Perry N. Fuchs
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
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19
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Britch SC, Craft RM. No antinociceptive synergy between morphine and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in male and female rats with persistent inflammatory pain. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:630-639. [PMID: 34561365 PMCID: PMC8578411 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated antinociceptive synergy between morphine and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in animals, but whether such synergy occurs against all types of pain and in humans is unclear. Because a majority of chronic pain patients are women, and sex differences in morphine and THC potencies have been observed in rodents, the present study examined sex-specific effects of morphine and THC given alone and in combination, in rats with persistent inflammatory pain. On day 1, baseline mechanical and thermal response thresholds, hindpaw weight-bearing, locomotor activity, and hindpaw thickness were determined. Inflammation was then induced via hindpaw injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Three days later, morphine (s.c.), THC (i.p) or a morphine-THC combination (1:1, 3:1 and 1:3 dose ratios) was administered, and behavioral testing was conducted at 30-240 min postinjection. Morphine alone was antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic, with no sex differences, but at some doses increased weight-bearing on the CFA-treated paw more in males than females. THC alone reduced mechanical allodynia with similar potency in both sexes, but reduced thermal hyperalgesia and locomotor activity with greater potency in females than males. All morphine-THC combinations reduced allodynia and hyperalgesia, but isobolographic analysis of mechanical allodynia data showed no significant morphine-THC synergy in either sex. Additionally, whereas morphine alone was antinociceptive at doses that did not suppress locomotion, morphine-THC combinations suppressed locomotion and did not increase weight-bearing on the inflamed paw. These results suggest that THC is unlikely to be a beneficial adjuvant when given in combination with morphine for reducing established inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevie C Britch
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Rebecca M Craft
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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20
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Payne E, Harrington K, Richard P, Brackin R, Davis R, Couture S, Liff J, Asmus F, Mutina E, Fisher A, Giuvelis D, Sannajust S, Rostama B, King T, Mattei LM, Lee JJ, Friedman ES, Bittinger K, May M, Stevenson GW. Effects of Vancomycin on Persistent Pain-Stimulated and Pain-Depressed Behaviors in Female Fischer Rats With or Without Voluntary Access to Running Wheels. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2021; 22:1530-1544. [PMID: 34029686 PMCID: PMC8578155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present experiments determined the effects of the narrow-spectrum antibiotic vancomycin on inflammatory pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behaviors in rats. Persistent inflammatory pain was modeled using dilute formalin (0.5%). Two weeks of oral vancomycin administered in drinking water attenuated Phase II formalin pain-stimulated behavior, and prevented formalin pain-depressed wheel running. Fecal microbiota transplantation produced a non-significant trend toward reversal of the vancomycin effect on pain-stimulated behavior. Vancomycin depleted Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes populations in the gut while having a partial sparing effect on Lactobacillus species and Clostridiales. The vancomycin treatment effect was associated with an altered profile in amino acid concentrations in the gut with increases in arginine, glycine, alanine, proline, valine, leucine, and decreases in tyrosine and methionine. These results indicate that vancomycin may have therapeutic effects against persistent inflammatory pain conditions that are distal to the gut. PERSPECTIVE: The narrow-spectrum antibiotic vancomycin reduces pain-related behaviors in the formalin model of inflammatory pain. These data suggest that manipulation of the gut microbiome may be one method to attenuate inflammatory pain amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Payne
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Kylee Harrington
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Philomena Richard
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Rebecca Brackin
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Ravin Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Sarah Couture
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Jacob Liff
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Francesca Asmus
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Elizabeth Mutina
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Anyssa Fisher
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Denise Giuvelis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Sebastien Sannajust
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Bahman Rostama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, 04005; Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Tamara King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, 04005; Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Lisa M Mattei
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Elliot S Friedman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Meghan May
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, 04005; Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Glenn W Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005; Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005.
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21
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Teng G, Zhang F, Li Z, Zhang C, Zhang L, Chen L, Zhou T, Yue L, Zhang J. Quantitative Electrophysiological Evaluation of the Analgesic Efficacy of Two Lappaconitine Derivatives: A Window into Antinociceptive Drug Mechanisms. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1555-1569. [PMID: 34550562 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative evaluation of analgesic efficacy improves understanding of the antinociceptive mechanisms of new analgesics and provides important guidance for their development. Lappaconitine (LA), a potent analgesic drug extracted from the root of natural Aconitum species, has been clinically used for years because of its effective analgesic and non-addictive properties. However, being limited to ethological experiments, previous studies have mainly investigated the analgesic effect of LA at the behavioral level, and the associated antinociceptive mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, electrocorticogram (ECoG) technology was used to investigate the analgesic effects of two homologous derivatives of LA, Lappaconitine hydrobromide (LAH) and Lappaconitine trifluoroacetate (LAF), on Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to nociceptive laser stimuli, and to further explore their antinociceptive mechanisms. We found that both LAH and LAF were effective in reducing pain, as manifested in the remarkable reduction of nocifensive behaviors and laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) amplitudes (N2 and P2 waves, and gamma-band oscillations), and significantly prolonged latencies of the LEP-N2/P2. These changes in LEPs reflect the similar antinociceptive mechanism of LAF and LAH, i.e., inhibition of the fast signaling pathways. In addition, there were no changes in the auditory-evoked potential (AEP-N1 component) before and after LAF or LAH treatment, suggesting that neither drug had a central anesthetic effect. Importantly, compared with LAH, LAF was superior in its effects on the magnitudes of gamma-band oscillations and the resting-state spectra, which may be associated with their differences in the octanol/water partition coefficient, degree of dissociation, toxicity, and glycine receptor regulation. Altogether, jointly applying nociceptive laser stimuli and ECoG recordings in rats, we provide solid neural evidence for the analgesic efficacy and antinociceptive mechanisms of derivatives of LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Teng
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.,The Rural Development Academy, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Fengrui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lele Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.,The Rural Development Academy, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.,The Rural Development Academy, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Lupeng Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Ji Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China. .,The Rural Development Academy, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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22
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Garner JB, Marshall LS, Boyer NM, Alapatt V, Miller LL. Effects of Ketoprofen and Morphine on Pain-Related Depression of Nestlet Shredding in Male and Female Mice. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2021; 2. [PMID: 34485976 PMCID: PMC8415797 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.673940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary goal in pain treatment is restoration of behaviors that are disrupted by pain. Measures of pain interference indicate the degree to which pain interferes with activities in pain patients, and these measures are used to evaluate the effects of analgesic drugs. As a result of the emphasis on the expression and treatment of functional impairment in clinical settings, preclinical pain researchers have attempted to develop procedures for evaluation of pain-related functional impairment in laboratory animals. The goal of the present study was to develop and validate a low cost procedure for the objective evaluation of pain-related depression of home cage behavior in mice. On test days, a 5 × 5 cm Nestlet was weighed prior to being suspended from the wire lid of the home cage of individually housed male and female ICR mice. Over the course of experimental sessions, mice removed pieces of the suspended Nestlet, and began to build a nest with the material they removed. Thus, the weight of the pieces of Nestlet that remained suspended at various time points in the session provided an indicator of the rate of this behavior. The results indicate that Nestlet shredding was stable with repeated testing, and shredding was depressed by intra-peritoneal injection of 0.32% lactic acid. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen blocked 0.32% lactic acid-induced depression of shredding, but did not block depression of shredding by a pharmacological stimulus, the kappa opioid receptor agonist U69,593. The μ-opioid receptor agonist morphine did not block 0.32% lactic acid-induced depression of shredding when tested up to doses that depressed shredding in the absence of lactic acid. When noxious stimulus intensity was reduced by decreasing the lactic acid concentration to 0.18%, morphine was effective at blocking pain-related depression of behavior. In summary, the data from the present study support consideration of the Nestlet shredding procedure for use in studies examining mechanisms, expression, and treatment of pain-related functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamani B Garner
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Laura S Marshall
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Nathaniel M Boyer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Vinaya Alapatt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Laurence L Miller
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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23
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Gregus AM, Levine IS, Eddinger KA, Yaksh TL, Buczynski MW. Sex differences in neuroimmune and glial mechanisms of pain. Pain 2021; 162:2186-2200. [PMID: 34256379 PMCID: PMC8277970 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pain is the primary motivation for seeking medical care. Although pain may subside as inflammation resolves or an injury heals, it is increasingly evident that persistency of the pain state can occur with significant regularity. Chronic pain requires aggressive management to minimize its physiological consequences and diminish its impact on quality of life. Although opioids commonly are prescribed for intractable pain, concerns regarding reduced efficacy, as well as risks of tolerance and dependence, misuse, diversion, and overdose mortality rates limit their utility. Advances in development of nonopioid interventions hinge on our appreciation of underlying mechanisms of pain hypersensitivity. For instance, the contributory role of immunity and the associated presence of autoimmune syndromes has become of particular interest. Males and females exhibit fundamental differences in innate and adaptive immune responses, some of which are present throughout life, whereas others manifest with reproductive maturation. In general, the incidence of chronic pain conditions, particularly those with likely autoimmune covariates, is significantly higher in women. Accordingly, evidence is now accruing in support of neuroimmune interactions driving sex differences in the development and maintenance of pain hypersensitivity and chronicity. This review highlights known sexual dimorphisms of neuroimmune signaling in pain states modeled in rodents, which may yield potential high-value sex-specific targets to inform future analgesic drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Gregus
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ian S Levine
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Tony L Yaksh
- Departments of Anesthesiology and
- Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Matthew W Buczynski
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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24
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Lack of effect of different pain-related manipulations on opioid self-administration, reinstatement of opioid seeking, and opioid choice in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1885-1897. [PMID: 33765177 PMCID: PMC10041878 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Pain-related factors increase the risk for opioid addiction, and pain may function as a negative reinforcer to increase opioid taking and seeking. However, experimental pain-related manipulations generally do not increase opioid self-administration in rodents. This discrepancy may reflect insufficient learning of pain-relief contingencies or confounding effects of pain-related behavioral impairments. Here, we determined if pairing noxious stimuli with opioid self-administration would promote pain-related reinstatement of opioid seeking or increase opioid choice over food. METHODS In Experiment 1, rats self-administered fentanyl in the presence or absence of repeated intraplantar capsaicin injections in distinct contexts to model context-specific exposure to cutaneous nociception. After capsaicin-free extinction in both contexts, we tested if capsaicin would reinstate fentanyl seeking. In Experiment 2, rats self-administered heroin after intraperitoneal (i.p.) lactic acid injections to model acute visceral inflammatory pain. After lactic acid-free extinction, we tested if lactic acid would reinstate heroin seeking. In Experiment 3, we tested if repeated i.p. lactic acid or intraplantar Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA; to model sustained inflammatory pain) would increase fentanyl choice over food. RESULTS In Experiments 1-2, neither capsaicin nor lactic acid reinstated opioid seeking after extinction, and lactic acid did not increase heroin-induced reinstatement. In Experiment 3, lactic acid and CFA decreased reinforcement rate without affecting fentanyl choice. CONCLUSIONS Results extend the range of conditions across which pain-related manipulations fail to increase opioid seeking in rats and suggest that enhanced opioid-addiction risk in humans with chronic pain involves factors other than enhanced opioid reinforcement and relapse.
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25
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Soliman N, Haroutounian S, Hohmann AG, Krane E, Liao J, Macleod M, Segelcke D, Sena C, Thomas J, Vollert J, Wever K, Alaverdyan H, Barakat A, Barthlow T, Bozer ALH, Davidson A, Diaz-delCastillo M, Dolgorukova A, Ferdousi MI, Healy C, Hong S, Hopkins M, James A, Leake HB, Malewicz NM, Mansfield M, Mardon AK, Mattimoe D, McLoone DP, Noes-Holt G, Pogatzki-Zahn EM, Power E, Pradier B, Romanos-Sirakis E, Segelcke A, Vinagre R, Yanes JA, Zhang J, Zhang XY, Finn DP, Rice AS. Systematic review and meta-analysis of cannabinoids, cannabis-based medicines, and endocannabinoid system modulators tested for antinociceptive effects in animal models of injury-related or pathological persistent pain. Pain 2021; 162:S26-S44. [PMID: 33729209 PMCID: PMC8216112 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We report a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that assessed the antinociceptive efficacy of cannabinoids, cannabis-based medicines, and endocannabinoid system modulators on pain-associated behavioural outcomes in animal models of pathological or injury-related persistent pain. In April 2019, we systematically searched 3 online databases and used crowd science and machine learning to identify studies for inclusion. We calculated a standardised mean difference effect size for each comparison and performed a random-effects meta-analysis. We assessed the impact of study design characteristics and reporting of mitigations to reduce the risk of bias. We meta-analysed 374 studies in which 171 interventions were assessed for antinociceptive efficacy in rodent models of pathological or injury-related pain. Most experiments were conducted in male animals (86%). Antinociceptive efficacy was most frequently measured by attenuation of hypersensitivity to evoked limb withdrawal. Selective cannabinoid type 1, cannabinoid type 2, nonselective cannabinoid receptor agonists (including delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonists (predominantly palmitoylethanolamide) significantly attenuated pain-associated behaviours in a broad range of inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors, monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors, and cannabidiol significantly attenuated pain-associated behaviours in neuropathic pain models but yielded mixed results in inflammatory pain models. The reporting of criteria to reduce the risk of bias was low; therefore, the studies have an unclear risk of bias. The value of future studies could be enhanced by improving the reporting of methodological criteria, the clinical relevance of the models, and behavioural assessments. Notwithstanding, the evidence supports the hypothesis of cannabinoid-induced analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Soliman
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Haroutounian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Andrea G. Hohmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience and Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Elliot Krane
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, & Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jing Liao
- CAMARADES, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Macleod
- CAMARADES, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Segelcke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christopher Sena
- CAMARADES, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Thomas
- EPPI-Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Vollert
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley Wever
- SYRCLE at Central Animal Laboratory, Radbound University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Harutyun Alaverdyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Ahmed Barakat
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Tyler Barthlow
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amber L. Harris Bozer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX, United States
| | | | - Marta Diaz-delCastillo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antonina Dolgorukova
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mehnaz I. Ferdousi
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, Human Biology Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Catherine Healy
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, Human Biology Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Simon Hong
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Mary Hopkins
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, Human Biology Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Arul James
- Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley B. Leake
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nathalie M. Malewicz
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Medical Faculty of Ruhr-University Bochum, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil gGmbH, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Mansfield
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Social Care, Pain Research Cluster, Ageing, Acute and Long Term Conditions Research Group, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia K. Mardon
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Darragh Mattimoe
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, Human Biology Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel P. McLoone
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, Human Biology Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gith Noes-Holt
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esther M. Pogatzki-Zahn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Emer Power
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, Human Biology Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bruno Pradier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Eleny Romanos-Sirakis
- Staten Island University Hospital Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, United States
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | | | - Rafael Vinagre
- Visiting Scholar, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Julio A. Yanes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- King's College London GKT School of Medical Education, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xue Ying Zhang
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, Human Biology Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrew S.C. Rice
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Defensor EB, Lim MA, Schaevitz LR. Biomonitoring and Digital Data Technology as an Opportunity for Enhancing Animal Study Translation. ILAR J 2021; 62:223-231. [PMID: 34097730 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of animal studies to translate to effective clinical therapeutics has driven efforts to identify underlying cause and develop solutions that improve the reproducibility and translatability of preclinical research. Common issues revolve around study design, analysis, and reporting as well as standardization between preclinical and clinical endpoints. To address these needs, recent advancements in digital technology, including biomonitoring of digital biomarkers, development of software systems and database technologies, as well as application of artificial intelligence to preclinical datasets can be used to increase the translational relevance of preclinical animal research. In this review, we will describe how a number of innovative digital technologies are being applied to overcome recurring challenges in study design, execution, and data sharing as well as improving scientific outcome measures. Examples of how these technologies are applied to specific therapeutic areas are provided. Digital technologies can enhance the quality of preclinical research and encourage scientific collaboration, thus accelerating the development of novel therapeutics.
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27
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Nass SR, Steele FF, Ware TB, Libby AH, Hsu KL, Kinsey SG. Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibition Using JZL184 Attenuates Paw Inflammation and Functional Deficits in a Mouse Model of Inflammatory Arthritis. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021; 6:233-241. [PMID: 34042520 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experience joint swelling and cartilage destruction resulting in chronic pain, functional disability, and compromised joint function. Current RA treatments, including glucocorticoid receptor agonists, produce adverse side effects and lack prolonged treatment efficacy. Cannabinoids (i.e., cannabis-like signaling molecules) exert anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects with limited side effects compared to traditional immunosuppressants, making them excellent targets for the development of new arthritic therapeutics. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibition reduces inflammation in mouse models of acute inflammation, through cannabinoid receptor dependent and independent pathways. The current study investigated the efficacy of inhibiting synthetic and catabolic enzymes that regulate the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in blocking paw inflammation, pain-related behaviors, and functional loss caused by collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods: Male DB1A mice subjected to CIA were administered the glucocorticoid agonist dexamethasone (DEX), MAGL inhibitor JZL184 (8 or 40 mg/kg, s.c.), alone or in combination, or diacylglycerol lipase β (DAGLβ) inhibitor KT109 (40 mg/kg, s.c.). CIA-induced deficits were assayed by arthritic clinical scoring, paw thickness measurements, and behavioral tests of pain and paw function. Results: DEX or dual administration with JZL184 reduced paw thickness and clinical scores, and JZL184 dose-dependently attenuated grip strength and balance beam deficits caused by CIA. Traditional measures of pain-induced behaviors (hyperalgesia and allodynia) were inconsistent. The antiarthritic effects of JZL184 (40 mg/kg) were largely blocked by coadministration of the CB2 antagonist SR144528, and the DAGLβ inhibitor KT109 had no effect on CIA, indicating that these effects likely occurred through CB2 activation. Conclusions: MAGL inhibition reduced paw inflammation and pain-depressed behavioral signs of arthritis, likely through an endocannabinoid mechanism requiring CB2. These data support the development of MAGL as a target for therapeutic treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Nass
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Floyd F Steele
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Timothy B Ware
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Adam H Libby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Steven G Kinsey
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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28
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Zhang H, Lecker I, Collymore C, Dokova A, Pham MC, Rosen SF, Crawhall-Duk H, Zain M, Valencia M, Filippini HF, Li J, D'Souza AJ, Cho C, Michailidis V, Whissell PD, Patel I, Steenland HW, Virginia Lee WJ, Moayedi M, Sterley TL, Bains JS, Stratton JA, Matyas JR, Biernaskie J, Dubins D, Vukobradovic I, Bezginov A, Flenniken AM, Martin LJ, Mogil JS, Bonin RP. Cage-lid hanging behavior as a translationally relevant measure of pain in mice. Pain 2021; 162:1416-1425. [PMID: 33230005 PMCID: PMC8054539 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The development of new analgesic drugs has been hampered by the inability to translate preclinical findings to humans. This failure is due in part to the weak connection between commonly used pain outcome measures in rodents and the clinical symptoms of chronic pain. Most rodent studies rely on the use of experimenter-evoked measures of pain and assess behavior under ethologically unnatural conditions, which limits the translational potential of preclinical research. Here, we addressed this problem by conducting an unbiased, prospective study of behavioral changes in mice within a natural homecage environment using conventional preclinical pain assays. Unexpectedly, we observed that cage-lid hanging, a species-specific elective behavior, was the only homecage behavior reliably impacted by pain assays. Noxious stimuli reduced hanging behavior in an intensity-dependent manner, and the reduction in hanging could be restored by analgesics. Finally, we developed an automated approach to assess hanging behavior. Collectively, our results indicate that the depression of hanging behavior is a novel, ethologically valid, and translationally relevant pain outcome measure in mice that could facilitate the study of pain and analgesic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hantao Zhang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Irene Lecker
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chereen Collymore
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Animal Care and Veterinary Services, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anastassia Dokova
- Departments of Psychology and Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sarah F. Rosen
- Departments of Psychology and Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hayley Crawhall-Duk
- Departments of Psychology and Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maham Zain
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Megan Valencia
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jerry Li
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abigail J. D'Souza
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chulmin Cho
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Vassilia Michailidis
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Paul D. Whissell
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ingita Patel
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Wai-Jane Virginia Lee
- Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Massieh Moayedi
- Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Toni-Lee Sterley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jaideep S. Bains
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John R. Matyas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David Dubins
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Loren J. Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S. Mogil
- Departments of Psychology and Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert P. Bonin
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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29
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Diester CM, Lichtman AH, Negus SS. Behavioral Battery for Testing Candidate Analgesics in Mice. II. Effects of Endocannabinoid Catabolic Enzyme Inhibitors and ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:242-253. [PMID: 33622769 PMCID: PMC8058502 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced signaling of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system through inhibition of the catabolic enzymes monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has received increasing interest for development of candidate analgesics. This study compared effects of MAGL and FAAH inhibitors with effects of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) using a battery of pain-stimulated, pain-depressed, and pain-independent behaviors in male and female mice. Intraperitoneal injection of dilute lactic acid (IP acid) served as an acute visceral noxious stimulus to stimulate two behaviors (stretching, facial grimace) and depress two behaviors (rearing, nesting). Nesting and locomotion were also assessed in the absence of IP acid as pain-independent behaviors. THC and a spectrum of six eCB catabolic enzyme inhibitors ranging from MAGL- to FAAH-selective were assessed for effectiveness to alleviate pain-related behaviors at doses that did not alter pain-independent behaviors. The MAGL-selective inhibitor MJN110 produced the most effective antinociceptive profile, with 1.0 mg/kg alleviating IP acid effects on stretching, grimace, and nesting without altering pain-independent behaviors. MJN110 effects on IP acid-depressed nesting had a slow onset and long duration (40 minutes to 6 hours), were blocked by rimonabant, and tended to be greater in females. As inhibitors increased in FAAH selectivity, antinociceptive effectiveness decreased. PF3845, the most FAAH-selective inhibitor, produced no antinociception up to doses that disrupted locomotion. THC decreased IP acid-stimulated stretching and grimace at doses that did not alter pain-independent behaviors; however, it did not alleviate IP acid-induced depression of rearing or nesting. These results support further consideration of MAGL-selective inhibitors as candidate analgesics for acute inflammatory pain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study characterized a spectrum of endocannabinoid catabolic enzyme inhibitors ranging in selectivity from monoacylglycerol lipase-selective to fatty acid amide hydrolase-selective in a battery of pain-stimulated, pain-depressed, and pain-independent behaviors previously pharmacologically characterized in a companion paper. This battery provides a method for prioritizing candidate analgesics by effectiveness to alleviate pain-related behaviors at doses that do not alter pain-independent behaviors, with inclusion of pain-depressed behaviors increasing translational validity and decreasing susceptibility to motor-depressant false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Diester
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (C.M.D., A.H.L., S.S.N.), School of Pharmacy (A.H.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - A H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (C.M.D., A.H.L., S.S.N.), School of Pharmacy (A.H.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - S S Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (C.M.D., A.H.L., S.S.N.), School of Pharmacy (A.H.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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30
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Nazarian A, Negus SS, Martin TJ. Factors mediating pain-related risk for opioid use disorder. Neuropharmacology 2021; 186:108476. [PMID: 33524407 PMCID: PMC7954943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a complex experience with far-reaching organismal influences ranging from biological factors to those that are psychological and social. Such influences can serve as pain-related risk factors that represent susceptibilities to opioid use disorder. This review evaluates various pain-related risk factors to form a consensus on those that facilitate opioid abuse. Epidemiological findings represent a high degree of co-occurrence between chronic pain and opioid use disorder that is, in part, driven by an increase in the availability of opioid analgesics and the diversion of their use in a non-medical context. Brain imaging studies in individuals with chronic pain that use/abuse opioids suggest abuse-related mechanisms that are rooted within mesocorticolimbic processing. Preclinical studies suggest that pain states have a limited impact on increasing the rewarding effects of opioids. Indeed, many findings indicate a reduction in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of opioids during pain states. An increase in opioid use may be facilitated by an increase in the availability of opioids and a decrease in access to non-opioid reinforcers that require mobility or social interaction. Moreover, chronic pain and substance abuse conditions are known to impair cognitive function, resulting in deficits in attention and decision making that may promote opioid abuse. A better understanding of pain-related risk factors can improve our knowledge in the development of OUD in persons with pain conditions and can help identify appropriate treatment strategies. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse.'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbi Nazarian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Thomas J Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Atigari DV, Paton KF, Uprety R, Váradi A, Alder AF, Scouller B, Miller JH, Majumdar S, Kivell BM. The mixed kappa and delta opioid receptor agonist, MP1104, attenuates chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. Neuropharmacology 2021; 185:108445. [PMID: 33383089 PMCID: PMC8344368 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatments for chronic pain without abuse liability are urgently needed. One in 5 adults suffer chronic pain and half of these patients report inefficient treatment. Mu opioid receptor agonists (MOP), including oxycodone, tramadol and morphine, are often prescribed to treat chronic pain, however, use of drugs targeting MOP can lead to drug dependency, tolerance and overdose deaths. Kappa opioid receptor (KOP) agonists have antinociceptive effects without abuse potential; however, they have not been utilised clinically due to dysphoria and sedation. We hypothesise that mixed opioid receptor agonists targeting the KOP and delta opioid receptor (DOP) would have a wider therapeutic index, with the rewarding effects of DOP negating the negative effects of KOP. MP1104, an analogue of 3-Iodobenzoyl naltrexamine, is a novel mixed opioid receptor agonist with potent antinociceptive effects mediated via KOP and DOP in mice without rewarding or aversive effects. In this study, we show MP1104 has potent, long-acting antinociceptive effects in the warm-water tail-withdrawal assay in male and female mice and rats; and is longer acting than morphine. In the paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain model in mice, MP1104 reduced both mechanical and cold allodynia and unlike morphine, did not produce tolerance when administered daily for 23 days. Moreover, MP1104 did not induce sedative effects in the open-field locomotor activity test, respiratory depression in mice using whole-body plethysmography, or have cross-tolerance with morphine. This data supports the therapeutic development of mixed opioid receptor agonists, particularly mixed KOP/DOP agonists, as non-addictive pain medications with reduced tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vivian Atigari
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kelly Frances Paton
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rajendra Uprety
- Molecular Pharmacology Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, New York, USA
| | - András Váradi
- Molecular Pharmacology Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, New York, USA
| | - Amy Frances Alder
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Brittany Scouller
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - John H Miller
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bronwyn Maree Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Diester CM, Santos EJ, Moerke MJ, Negus SS. Behavioral Battery for Testing Candidate Analgesics in Mice. I. Validation with Positive and Negative Controls. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:232-241. [PMID: 33622770 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated a battery of pain-stimulated, pain-depressed, and pain-independent behaviors for preclinical pharmacological assessment of candidate analgesics in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of dilute lactic acid (IP acid) served as an acute visceral noxious stimulus to produce four pain-related behaviors in male and female ICR mice: stimulation of 1) stretching, 2) facial grimace, 3) depression of rearing, and 4) depression of nesting. Additionally, nesting and locomotion in the absence of the noxious stimulus were used to assess pain-independent drug effects. These six behaviors were used to compare effects of two mechanistically distinct but clinically effective positive controls (ketoprofen and oxycodone) and two negative controls that are not clinically approved as analgesics but produce either general motor depression (diazepam) or motor stimulation (amphetamine). We predicted that analgesics would alleviate all IP acid effects at doses that did not alter pain-independent behaviors, whereas negative controls would not. Consistent with this prediction, ketoprofen (0.1-32 mg/kg) produced the expected analgesic profile, whereas oxycodone (0.32-3.2 mg/kg) alleviated all IP acid effects except depression of rearing at doses lower than those that altered pain-independent behaviors. For the negative controls, diazepam (1-10 mg/kg) failed to block IP acid-induced depression of either rearing or nesting and only decreased IP acid-stimulated behaviors at doses that also decreased pain-independent behaviors. Amphetamine (0.32-3.2 mg/kg) alleviated all IP acid effects but only at doses that also stimulated locomotion. These results support utility of this model as a framework to evaluate candidate-analgesic effects in a battery of complementary pain-stimulated, pain-depressed, and pain-independent behavioral endpoints. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Preclinical assays of pain and analgesia often yield false-positive effects with candidate analgesics. This study used two positive-control analgesics (ketoprofen, oxycodone) and two active negative controls (diazepam, amphetamine) to validate a strategy for distinguishing analgesics from nonanalgesics by profiling drug effects in a battery of complementary pain-stimulated, pain-depressed, and pain-independent behaviors in male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Diester
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - E J Santos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - M J Moerke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - S S Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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The Distinct Functions of Dopaminergic Receptors on Pain Modulation: A Narrative Review. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:6682275. [PMID: 33688340 PMCID: PMC7920737 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6682275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is considered an economic burden on society as it often results in disability, job loss, and early retirement. Opioids are the most common analgesics prescribed for the management of moderate to severe pain. However, chronic exposure to these drugs can result in opioid tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. On pain modulation strategies, exploiting the multitarget drugs with the ability of the superadditive or synergistic interactions attracts more attention. In the present report, we have reviewed the analgesic effects of different dopamine receptors, particularly D1 and D2 receptors, in different regions of the central nervous system, including the spinal cord, striatum, nucleus accumbens (NAc), and periaqueductal gray (PAG). According to the evidence, these regions are not only involved in pain modulation but also express a high density of DA receptors. The findings can be categorized as follows: (1) D2-like receptors may exert a higher analgesic potency, but D1-like receptors act in different manners across several mechanisms in the mentioned regions; (2) in the spinal cord and striatum, antinociception of DA is mainly mediated by D2-like receptors, while in the NAc and PAG, both D1- and D2-like receptors are involved as analgesic targets; and (3) D2-like receptor agonists can act as adjuvants of μ-opioid receptor agonists to potentiate analgesic effects and provide a better approach to pain relief.
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Evaluation of Antinociceptive Effects of Chitosan-Coated Liposomes Entrapping the Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist U50,488 in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57020138. [PMID: 33557245 PMCID: PMC7913921 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The selective kappa opioid receptor agonist U50,488 was reported to have analgesic, cough suppressant, diuretic and other beneficial properties. The aim of our study was to analyze the effects of some original chitosan-coated liposomes entrapping U50,488 in somatic and visceral nociceptive sensitivity in mice. Materials and Methods: The influence on the somatic pain was assessed using a tail flick test by counting the tail reactivity to thermal noxious stimulation. The nociceptive visceral estimation was performed using the writhing test in order to evaluate the behavioral manifestations occurring as a reaction to the chemical noxious peritoneal irritation with 0.6% acetic acid (10 mL/kbw). The animals were treated orally, at the same time, with a single dose of: distilled water 0.1 mL/10 gbw; 50 mg/kbw U50,488; 50 mg/kbw U50,488 entrapped in chitosan-coated liposomes, according to the group they were randomly assigned. Results: The use of chitosan-coated liposomesas carriers for U50,488 induced antinociceptive effects that began to manifest after 2 h, andwere prolonged but with a lower intensity than those caused by the free selective kappa opioid in both tests. Conclusion: In this experimental model, the oral administration of nanovesicles containing the selective kappa opioid agonist U50,488 determined a prolonged analgesic outcome in the tail flick test, as well as in the writhing test.
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Negus SS, Marsh SA, Townsend EA. Resistance of Food-Maintained Operant Responding to Mechanical Punishment in Rats: Further Evidence for Weak "Affective/Motivational Pain" in Rat Models of Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:615782. [PMID: 33584295 PMCID: PMC7878562 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.615782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically relevant chronic pain is often associated with functional impairment and behavioral depression as an “affective/motivational” sign of pain; however preclinical animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain often produce weak evidence of impaired function. We hypothesized that hindpaw mechanical stimulation produced by a requirement to rear on a textured “NOX” plate would punish operant responding in rats treated with intraplantar complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA, a model of inflammatory pain) or the chemotherapeutic paclitaxel (PTX, a model of neuropathic pain) and produce sustained pain-related depression of operant behavior. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were trained under a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of food-maintained operant responding, then treated with CFA (100 µL in left hindpaw), PTX (2.0 mg/kg IP on alternate days for four total injections; 6.6 mg/kg IV on alternate days for three total injections), or saline vehicle. PR break points and mechanical thresholds for paw withdrawal from von Frey filaments were then tracked for 28 days. Subsequently, rats were tested with the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone to assess latent sensitization and with the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist U69593 to assess KOR function. CFA produced significant mechanical hypersensitivity for 3 weeks but decreased PR breakpoints for only 1 day. Both IP and IV PTX produced mechanical hypersensitivity for at least three weeks; however, only IV PTX decreased PR breakpoints, and this decrease was not alleviated by morphine. After recovery, naltrexone reinstated mechanical hypersensitivity in CFA- but not PTX-treated rats, and it did not reinstate depression of breakpoints in any group. U69593 dose-dependently decreased PR breakpoints in all groups with no difference between control vs. CFA/PTX groups. These results suggest that rearing on a textured NOX plate was not sufficient to punish operant responding in CFA- and PTX-treated rats despite the presence of sustained mechanical hypersensitivity. The rapid recovery of operant responding could not be attributed to latent sensitization, KOR downregulation, or behavioral tolerance. These results extend the range of conditions under which putative chronic pain manipulations produce weak evidence for depression of operant responding as a sign of the “affective/motivational” component of pain in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - S A Marsh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - E A Townsend
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Li J, Zain M, Bonin RP. Differential modulation of thermal preference after sensitization by optogenetic or pharmacological activation of heat-sensitive nociceptors. Mol Pain 2021; 17:17448069211000910. [PMID: 33719729 PMCID: PMC7960897 DOI: 10.1177/17448069211000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Common approaches to studying mechanisms of chronic pain and sensory changes in pre-clinical animal models involve measurement of acute, reflexive withdrawal responses evoked by noxious stimuli. These methods typically do not capture more subtle changes in sensory processing nor report on the consequent behavioral changes. In addition, data collection and analysis protocols are often labour-intensive and require direct investigator interactions, potentially introducing bias. In this study, we develop and characterize a low-cost, easily assembled behavioral assay that yields self-reported temperature preference from mice that is responsive to peripheral sensitization. This system uses a partially automated and freely available analysis pipeline to streamline the data collection process and enable objective analysis. We found that after intraplantar administration of the TrpV1 agonist, capsaicin, mice preferred to stay in cooler temperatures than saline injected mice. We further observed that gabapentin, a non-opioid analgesic commonly prescribed to treat chronic pain, reversed this aversion to higher temperatures. In contrast, optogenetic activation of the central terminals of TrpV1+ primary afferents via in vivo spinal light delivery did not induce a similar change in thermal preference, indicating a possible role for peripheral nociceptor activity in the modulation of temperature preference. We conclude that this easily produced and robust sensory assay provides an alternative approach to investigate the contribution of central and peripheral mechanisms of sensory processing that does not rely on reflexive responses evoked by noxious stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Li
- Department of Human Biology: Neuroscience and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maham Zain
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert P Bonin
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Preclinical models that assess "pain" in rodents typically measure increases in behaviors produced by a "pain stimulus." A large literature exists showing that kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists can decrease these "pain-stimulated behaviors" following many different pain stimuli. Despite showing apparent antinociceptive properties in these preclinical models, KOR agonists failed as analgesics in clinical trials. Recent studies that assessed decreases in behavior due to a pain stimulus show that KOR agonists are not effective in restoring these "pain-depressed behaviors" to normal levels, which agrees with the lack of effectiveness for KOR agonists in clinical trials. One current explanation for the failure of previous KOR agonists in clinical trials is that those agonists activated beta-arrestin signaling and that KOR agonists with a greater bias for G protein signaling will be more successful. However, neither G protein-biased agonists nor beta-arrestin-biased agonists are very effective in assays of pain-depressed behavior, which suggests that novel biased agonists may still not be effective analgesics. This review provides a concise account of the effectiveness of KOR agonists in preclinical models of pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behaviors following the administration of different pain stimuli. Based on the previous results, it may be appropriate to include both behaviors when testing the analgesic potential of KOR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Lazenka
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, USA.
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Yaksh TL. Frontiers in Pain Research: A Scope of Its Focus and Content. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2020; 1:601528. [PMID: 35295691 PMCID: PMC8915630 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2020.601528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Islam A, Rahman MA, Brenner MB, Moore A, Kellmyer A, Buechler HM, DiGiorgio F, Verchio VR, McCracken L, Sumi M, Hartley R, Lizza JR, Moura-Letts G, Fischer BD, Keck TM. Abuse Liability, Anti-Nociceptive, and Discriminative Stimulus Properties of IBNtxA. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:907-920. [DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bradford D. Fischer
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, 401 Broadway, Camden, New Jersey 08103, United States
| | - Thomas M. Keck
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, 401 Broadway, Camden, New Jersey 08103, United States
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Paton KF, Atigari DV, Kaska S, Prisinzano T, Kivell BM. Strategies for Developing κ Opioid Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Pain with Fewer Side Effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:332-348. [PMID: 32913006 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant need to find effective, nonaddictive pain medications. κ Opioid receptor (KOPr) agonists have been studied for decades but have recently received increased attention because of their analgesic effects and lack of abuse potential. However, a range of side effects have limited the clinical development of these drugs. There are several strategies currently used to develop safer and more effective KOPr agonists. These strategies include identifying G-protein-biased agonists, developing peripherally restricted KOPr agonists without centrally mediated side effects, and developing mixed opioid agonists, which target multiple receptors at specific ratios to balance side-effect profiles and reduce tolerance. Here, we review the latest developments in research related to KOPr agonists for the treatment of pain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review discusses strategies for developing safer κ opioid receptor (KOPr) agonists with therapeutic potential for the treatment of pain. Although one strategy is to modify selective KOPr agonists to create peripherally restricted or G-protein-biased structures, another approach is to combine KOPr agonists with μ, δ, or nociceptin opioid receptor activation to obtain mixed opioid receptor agonists, therefore negating the adverse effects and retaining the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly F Paton
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
| | - Diana V Atigari
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
| | - Sophia Kaska
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
| | - Thomas Prisinzano
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
| | - Bronwyn M Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
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Altarifi AA, Moerke MJ, Alsalem MI, Negus SS. Preclinical assessment of tramadol abuse potential: Effects of acute and repeated tramadol on intracranial self-stimulation in rats. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:269881120944153. [PMID: 32842842 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120944153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tramadol is a widely used analgesic that activates mu-opioid receptors (MOR) and inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. This mixed pharmacology may limit both its own abuse potential and its modulation of abuse potential of other MOR agonists. AIMS This study used an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure to compare abuse-related effects produced by acute or repeated treatment with tramadol or morphine in rats. Abuse potential in ICSS procedures is indicated by a drug-induced increase (or 'facilitation') of ICSS responding. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with electrodes targeting the medial forebrain bundle and trained to respond on a lever for pulses of electrical brain stimulation. Tramadol effects were evaluated after acute administration (3.2-32 mg/kg) in the absence or presence of the opioid antagonist naltrexone, the CYP2D6 hepatic-enzyme inhibitor quinine or a combination of both. Additionally, both tramadol and morphine were also tested before and after repeated tramadol (32 mg/kg/day for six days) or repeated morphine (3.2 mg/kg/day for six days). RESULTS Acute tramadol produced primarily ICSS rate-decreasing effects that were antagonised by naltrexone but not by quinine or naltrexone + quinine. Tramadol also produced little or no ICSS facilitation after repeated tramadol or repeated morphine, and repeated tramadol did not enhance ICSS facilitation by morphine. By contrast, morphine-induced ICSS facilitation was enhanced by repeated morphine treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that tramadol has lower abuse potential than other abused MOR agonists and that repeated tramadol exposure produces relatively little enhancement of abuse potential of other MOR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Altarifi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Megan J Moerke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Mohammad I Alsalem
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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Paton KF, Biggerstaff A, Kaska S, Crowley RS, La Flamme AC, Prisinzano TE, Kivell BM. Evaluation of Biased and Balanced Salvinorin A Analogs in Preclinical Models of Pain. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:765. [PMID: 32792903 PMCID: PMC7385413 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for safer, non-addictive analgesics, kappa opioid receptor (KOPr) agonists are a potential target, as unlike mu-opioid analgesics, they do not have abuse potential. Salvinorin A (SalA) is a potent and selective KOPr agonist, however, clinical utility is limited by the short duration of action and aversive side effects. Biasing KOPr signaling toward G-protein activation has been highlighted as a key cellular mechanism to reduce the side effects of KOPr agonists. The present study investigated KOPr signaling bias and the acute antinociceptive effects and side effects of two novel analogs of SalA, 16-Bromo SalA and 16-Ethynyl SalA. 16-Bromo SalA showed G-protein signaling bias, whereas 16-Ethynyl SalA displayed balanced signaling properties. In the dose-response tail-withdrawal assay, SalA, 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA were more potent than the traditional KOPr agonist U50,488, and 16-Ethynyl SalA was more efficacious. 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA both had a longer duration of action in the warm water tail-withdrawal assay, and 16-Ethynyl had greater antinociceptive effect in the hot-plate assay, compared to SalA. In the intraplantar 2% formaldehyde test, 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA significantly reduced both nociceptive and inflammatory pain-related behaviors. Moreover, 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA had no anxiogenic effects in the marble burying task, and 16-Bromo SalA did not alter behavior in the elevated zero maze. Overall, 16-Ethynyl SalA significantly attenuated acute pain-related behaviors in multiple preclinical models, while the biased KOPr agonist, 16-Bromo SalA, displayed modest antinociceptive effects, and lacked anxiogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly F Paton
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Faculty of Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Biggerstaff
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Faculty of Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sophia Kaska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Rachel S Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Anne C La Flamme
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Faculty of Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Bronwyn M Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Faculty of Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Mogil JS, Pang DSJ, Silva Dutra GG, Chambers CT. The development and use of facial grimace scales for pain measurement in animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:480-493. [PMID: 32682741 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement via facial expression in verbal and especially non-verbal human populations, "grimace scales" were first developed a decade ago for use in rodents and now exist for 10 different mammalian species. This review details the background context, historical development, features (including duration), psychometric properties, modulatory factors, and impact of animal grimace scales for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Mogil
- Depts. of Psychology and Anesthesia, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Daniel S J Pang
- Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Guanaes Silva Dutra
- Depts. of Psychology and Anesthesia, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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44
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Legakis LP, Karim-Nejad L, Negus SS. Effects of repeated treatment with monoamine-transporter-inhibitor antidepressants on pain-related depression of intracranial self-stimulation in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2201-2212. [PMID: 32382785 PMCID: PMC7308219 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Synaptic neurotransmission with dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT) is terminated primarily by reuptake into presynaptic terminals via the DA, NE, and 5-HT transporters (DAT/NET/SERT, respectively). Monoamine transporter inhibitors constitute one class of drugs used to treat both depression and pain, and therapeutic effects by these compounds often require repeated treatment for days or weeks. OBJECTIVES The present study compared antinociceptive effects produced by repeated treatment with monoamine transporter inhibitors in a preclinical assay of pain-related depression of positively reinforced operant responding. METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats equipped with microelectrodes targeting a brain-reward area responded for pulses of electrical brain stimulation in an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure. Intraperitoneal injection of dilute lactic acid served as a noxious stimulus that repeatedly depressed ICSS and also produced weight loss during 7 days of repeated acid administration. RESULTS Acid-induced depression of both ICSS and body weight were completely blocked by repeated pretreatment with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketorolac. The DAT-selective inhibitor bupropion also fully blocked acid-induced ICSS depression and weight loss throughout all 7 days of treatment. The NET-selective inhibitor nortriptyline and the SERT-selective inhibitor citalopram were generally less effective, but both drugs blocked acid-induced ICSS depression by the end of the 7-day treatment. Acid-induced depression of ICSS and body weight were not blocked by the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist U69593 or the KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine. CONCLUSIONS These results support effectiveness of bupropion to alleviate signs of pain-related behavioral depression in rats and further suggest that nortriptyline and citalopram produce significant but less reliable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Legakis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - L Karim-Nejad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - S S Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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45
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Mehanna M, Domiati S, Nakkash Chmaisse H, El Mallah A. Analgesia additive interaction between tadalafil and morphine in an experimental animal model. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:771-776. [PMID: 32516551 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since both morphine and tadalafil have been proven to exert some of their analgesic activity through modulation of the NO-cGMP pathway, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the pharmacologic interaction between tadalafil and morphine to decrease the dose of morphine and subsequently its side effects. The assessment was carried out through isobolographic analysis relative to ED50s of both morphine and tadalafil obtained by tail-flick test on BALB/c mice. Morphine and tadalafil ED50s calculated from the dose-response curves were 8303 and 2080 μg/kg, respectively. The experimental ED50 values of morphine and tadalafil in their mixture were 4800 and 1210 μg/kg, respectively. Those results showed an additive interaction between morphine and tadalafil presented by a total fraction value for the mixture of 1160 μg/kg. This outcome can be interpreted by the fact that both drugs share common pathways, namely, NO-cGMP and opioid receptors. As a conclusion, the morphine and tadalafil combination showed an additive effect against acute pain, which is mediated through the central nervous system, thus providing a rationale for combining them to decrease morphine dose and thus minimizing its side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mehanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souraya Domiati
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hania Nakkash Chmaisse
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed El Mallah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Eckard ML, Trexler KR, Kotson BT, Anderson KG, Kinsey SG. Precipitated Δ9-THC withdrawal reduces motivation for sucrose reinforcement in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 195:172966. [PMID: 32526216 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Withdrawal from Δ9-tetrahyrocannibidol (THC) is associated with a host of dysphoric symptoms that increase probability of relapse. To date, many animal models of THC withdrawal rely on withdrawal-induced somatic withdrawal signs leaving withdrawal-suppressed behavior relatively unexplored. As compared with withdrawal-induced behaviors, ongoing behavior that is suppressed by withdrawal is a useful behavioral endpoint because it 1) more effectively models the subjective aspects of withdrawal and 2) identifies pharmacotherapies that restore behavior to baseline levels, rather than eliminate behavior induced by withdrawal. The current study assessed effects of spontaneous and rimonabant-precipitated THC withdrawal in mice responding on a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of sucrose water reinforcement. Once behavior stabilized, male and female mice were administered THC (10 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle for five or six days. THC was either discontinued and behavior monitored for three days during abstinence, or the CB1 antagonist rimonabant (2 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to precipitate withdrawal. Whereas spontaneous THC withdrawal had no effect on PR performance, THC-treated mice were differentially sensitive to rimonabant administration via large decreases in break point, overall response rate, and run rate relative to vehicle-treated mice. Importantly, pretreatment with the CB1 positive allosteric modulator ZCZ011 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not prevent precipitated-withdrawal-induced behavioral impairment. These extend findings of earlier studies suggesting operant baselines are useful tools to study subjective effects of cannabinoid withdrawal. Additionally, operant baselines allow withdrawal pharmacotherapies to be tested in a restoration-of-function context, which may be more sensitive, selective, and clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Eckard
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - K R Trexler
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - B T Kotson
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - K G Anderson
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - S G Kinsey
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA; School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Caporoso J, Moses M, Koper K, Tillman TS, Jiang L, Brandon N, Chen Q, Tang P, Xu Y. A Thermal Place Preference Test for Discovery of Neuropathic Pain Drugs. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1006-1012. [PMID: 32191433 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing potent non-opioid pain medications is an integral part of the battle to conquer both chronic pain and the current opioid crisis. Although most screening approaches use in vitro surrogate targets, in vivo screening of analgesic candidates is a necessary preclinical step in drug discovery. Here, we report the design of a new automated behavioral testing apparatus based on the principle of a thermal place preference test (TPPT). This new design can detect, quantify, and differentiate behavioral responses to cold stimuli between sham and chronic constriction injury (CCI) rodents with up to 12 animals tested simultaneously. At an optimized temperature pair of 12.5 °C vs 30.0 °C (±0.5 °C), the TPPT design has captured the antinociceptive effects of morphine and pregabalin on CCI rats in individual 10 min tests. Moreover, it can differentiate analgesic effects by morphine or pregabalin from anxiolytic effects by diazepam. The results, along with the relatively low cost to construct the apparatus and moderately high throughput, make our TPPT design applicable for behavioral studies of chronic pain in rodents and for high-throughput in vivo screening of the next generation of pain medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Caporoso
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Mark Moses
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kerryann Koper
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Tommy S. Tillman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Lingling Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Nicole Brandon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Pei Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Stevenson GW, Giuvelis D, Cormier J, Cone K, Atherton P, Krivitsky R, Warner E, St Laurent B, Dutra J, Bidlack JM, Szabò L, Polt R, Bilsky EJ. Behavioral pharmacology of the mixed-action delta-selective opioid receptor agonist BBI-11008: studies on acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, respiration, and drug self-administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1195-1208. [PMID: 31912192 PMCID: PMC8106974 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The present study characterized the behavioral pharmacology of a novel, mixed-action delta-selective (78:1) opioid receptor agonist, BBI-11008. This glycopeptide drug candidate was tested in assays assessing antinociception (acute, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain-like conditions) and side-effect endpoints (respiratory depression and drug self-administration). RESULTS BBI-11008 had a 78-fold greater affinity for the delta opioid receptor than the mu receptor, and there was no binding to the kappa opioid receptor. BBI-11008 (3.2-100; 10-32 mg kg-1, i.v.) and morphine (1-10; 1-3.2 mg kg-1, i.v.) produced antinociceptive and anti-allodynic effects in assays of acute thermal nociception and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain, with BBI-11008 being less potent than morphine in both assays. BBI-11008 (1-18 mg kg-1, i.v.) had similar efficacy to gabapentin (10-56 mg kg-1, i.v.) in a spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of neuropathic pain. In the respiration assay, with increasing %CO2 exposure, BBI-11008 produced an initial increase (32 mg kg-1, s.c.) and then decrease (56 mg kg-1, s.c.) in minute volume (MV) whereas morphine (3.2-32 mg kg-1, s.c.) produced dose-dependent decreases in MV. In the drug self-administration procedure, BBI-11008 did not maintain self-administration at any dose tested. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the glycopeptide drug candidate possesses broad-spectrum antinociceptive and anti-allodynic activity across a range of pain-like conditions. Relative to morphine or fentanyl, the profile for BBI-11008 in the respiration and drug self-administration assays suggests that BBI-11008 may have less pronounced deleterious side effects. Continued assessment of this compound is warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemistry
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Humans
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/psychology
- Male
- Mice
- Morphine/administration & dosage
- Neuralgia/drug therapy
- Neuralgia/metabolism
- Neuralgia/psychology
- Pain Measurement/drug effects
- Pain Measurement/psychology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Respiratory Mechanics/drug effects
- Respiratory Mechanics/physiology
- Self Administration
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn W Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA.
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA.
| | - Denise Giuvelis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - James Cormier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Katherine Cone
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Phillip Atherton
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Rebecca Krivitsky
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Emily Warner
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Brooke St Laurent
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Julio Dutra
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Jean M Bidlack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Lajos Szabò
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Edward J Bilsky
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA, 98901, USA
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Abstract
Developing effective analgesics with fewer unwanted side effects is a pressing concern. Due to a lack of effective nonopioid options currently available, an alternative approach termed opioid-sparing evaluates the ability of a coadministered drug to reduce the amount of opioid needed to produce an antinociceptive effect. Opioids and benzodiazepines are often coprescribed. Although this approach is theoretically rational given the prevalent comorbidity of chronic pain and anxiety, it also has inherent risks of respiratory depression, which is likely responsible for the substantial percentage of fatal opioid overdoses that have involved benzodiazepines. Moreover, there have been no clinical trials to support the effectiveness of this drug combination nor has there been corroborative preclinical evidence using traditional animal models of nociception. The present studies examined the prescription µ-opioid analgesic oxycodone (0.003-0.1 mg/kg) and the prototypical benzodiazepine anxiolytic diazepam (0.03-1.0 mg/kg), alone and in combination, using an animal model of pain that examines the restoration of conflict-related operant behavior as evidence of analgesia. Results documented significant dose-related increases in thermal threshold following oxycodone treatment. Diazepam treatment alone did not produce significant antinociception. In combination, diazepam pretreatment shifted oxycodone functions upward in a dose-dependent manner, but the additive effects were limited to a narrow dose range. In addition, combinations of diazepam and oxycodone at higher doses abolished responding. Taken together, though intriguing, these findings do not provide sufficient evidence that coadministration of an anxiolytic will result in clinically relevant opioid-sparing for pain management, especially when considering the inherent risks of this drug class combination.
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