1
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Hussain SA, Hofer C, Högner M, Schweinberger W, Buberl T, Bausch D, Huber M, Krausz F, Pupeza I. Sub-attosecond-precision optical-waveform stability measurements using electro-optic sampling. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20869. [PMID: 39242657 PMCID: PMC11379936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation of laser pulses with controlled optical waveforms, and their measurement, lie at the heart of both time-domain and frequency-domain precision metrology. Here, we obtain mid-infrared waves via intra-pulse difference-frequency generation (IPDFG) driven by 16-femtosecond near-infrared pulses, and characterise the jitter of sub-cycle fractions of these waves relative to the gate pulses using electro-optic sampling (EOS). We demonstrate sub-attosecond temporal jitter at individual zero-crossings and sub-0.1%-level relative amplitude fluctuations in the 10-kHz-0.625-MHz band. Chirping the nearly-octave-spanning mid-infrared pulses uncovers wavelength-dependent attosecond-scale waveform jitter. Our study validates EOS as a broadband (both in the radio-frequency and the optical domains), highly sensitive measurement technique for the jitter dynamics of optical waveforms. This sensitivity reveals outstanding stability of the waveforms obtained via IPDFG and EOS, directly benefiting precision measurements including linear and nonlinear (infrared) field-resolved spectroscopy. Furthermore, these results form the basis toward EOS-based active waveform stabilisation and sub-attosecond multi-oscillator synchronisation/delay tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Hussain
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Center for Molecular Fingerprinting, Molekuláris-Ujjlenyomat Kutató Közhasznú Nonprofit Kft., Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Christina Hofer
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Center for Molecular Fingerprinting, Molekuláris-Ujjlenyomat Kutató Közhasznú Nonprofit Kft., Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maximilian Högner
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department and State Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schweinberger
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Center for Molecular Fingerprinting, Molekuláris-Ujjlenyomat Kutató Közhasznú Nonprofit Kft., Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Theresa Buberl
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Daniel Bausch
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT Jena), Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Jena, Germany
| | - Marinus Huber
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT Jena), Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Jena, Germany
| | - Ferenc Krausz
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Center for Molecular Fingerprinting, Molekuláris-Ujjlenyomat Kutató Közhasznú Nonprofit Kft., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ioachim Pupeza
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Physics Department and State Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT Jena), Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Jena, Germany.
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2
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Bauer CP, Bejm ZA, Bollier MK, Pupeikis J, Willenberg B, Keller U, Phillips CR. High-sensitivity dual-comb and cross-comb spectroscopy across the infrared using a widely tunable and free-running optical parametric oscillator. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7211. [PMID: 39174545 PMCID: PMC11341905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) enables high-resolution measurements at high speeds without the trade-off between resolution and update rate inherent to mechanical delay scanning. However, high complexity and limited sensitivity remain significant challenges for DCS systems. We address these via a wavelength-tunable dual-comb optical parametric oscillator (OPO) combined with an up-conversion detection method. The OPO is tunable from 1300-1670 nm (signal) and 2700-5000 nm (idler). Spatial multiplexing in both the laser and OPO cavities creates a near-common path arrangement, enabling comb-line-resolved measurements in free-running operation. The narrow instantaneous bandwidth results in high power per comb-line up to 160 μW in the mid-infrared. Through intra-cavity up-conversion based on cross-comb spectroscopy, we leverage these power levels while overcoming the sensitivity limitations of direct mid-infrared detection. This approach yields a high signal-to-noise ratio (50.2 dB Hz1/2) and high dual-comb figure of merit (3.5 × 108 Hz1/2). This scheme enabled detecting ambient methane over a 3-meter path length in millisecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin P Bauer
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Zofia A Bejm
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle K Bollier
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Justinas Pupeikis
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Willenberg
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Keller
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher R Phillips
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Huber M, Trubetskov M, Schweinberger W, Jacob P, Zigman M, Krausz F, Pupeza I. Standardized Electric-Field-Resolved Molecular Fingerprinting. Anal Chem 2024; 96:13110-13119. [PMID: 39073985 PMCID: PMC11325294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Field-resolved infrared spectroscopy (FRS) of impulsively excited molecular vibrations can surpass the sensitivity of conventional time-integrating spectroscopies, owing to a temporal separation of the molecular signal from the noisy excitation. However, the resonant response carrying the molecular signal of interest depends on both the amplitude and phase of the excitation, which can vary over time and across different instruments. To date, this has compromised the accuracy with which FRS measurements could be compared, which is a crucial factor for practical applications. Here, we utilize a data processing procedure that overcomes this shortcoming while preserving the sensitivity of FRS. We validate the approach for aqueous solutions of molecules. The employed approach is compatible with established processing and evaluation methods for the analysis of infrared spectra and can be applied to existing spectra from databases, facilitating the spread of FRS to new molecular analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus Huber
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology─Member of the Research Alliance, Leibniz Health Technologies, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Physics Department and State Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - M Trubetskov
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Schweinberger
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Center for Molecular Fingerprinting, 1093 Budapest, Hungary
| | - P Jacob
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Zigman
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Center for Molecular Fingerprinting, 1093 Budapest, Hungary
| | - F Krausz
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Center for Molecular Fingerprinting, 1093 Budapest, Hungary
| | - I Pupeza
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology─Member of the Research Alliance, Leibniz Health Technologies, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Physics Department and State Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics ITWM, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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4
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Eissa T, Leonardo C, Kepesidis KV, Fleischmann F, Linkohr B, Meyer D, Zoka V, Huber M, Voronina L, Richter L, Peters A, Žigman M. Plasma infrared fingerprinting with machine learning enables single-measurement multi-phenotype health screening. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101625. [PMID: 38944038 PMCID: PMC11293328 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy is a powerful technique for probing the molecular profiles of complex biofluids, offering a promising avenue for high-throughput in vitro diagnostics. While several studies showcased its potential in detecting health conditions, a large-scale analysis of a naturally heterogeneous potential patient population has not been attempted. Using a population-based cohort, here we analyze 5,184 blood plasma samples from 3,169 individuals using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Applying a multi-task classification to distinguish between dyslipidemia, hypertension, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, and healthy states, we find that the approach can accurately single out healthy individuals and characterize chronic multimorbid states. We further identify the capacity to forecast the development of metabolic syndrome years in advance of onset. Dataset-independent testing confirms the robustness of infrared signatures against variations in sample handling, storage time, and measurement regimes. This study provides the framework that establishes infrared molecular fingerprinting as an efficient modality for populational health diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Eissa
- Department of Laser Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Garching, Germany; Laboratory for Attosecond Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Garching, Germany; School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany.
| | - Cristina Leonardo
- Department of Laser Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Garching, Germany
| | - Kosmas V Kepesidis
- Department of Laser Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Garching, Germany; Laboratory for Attosecond Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Garching, Germany; Center for Molecular Fingerprinting (CMF), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Frank Fleischmann
- Department of Laser Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Garching, Germany; Laboratory for Attosecond Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Garching, Germany
| | - Birgit Linkohr
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Laboratory for Attosecond Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Garching, Germany; Center for Molecular Fingerprinting (CMF), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viola Zoka
- Department of Laser Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Garching, Germany; Center for Molecular Fingerprinting (CMF), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marinus Huber
- Department of Laser Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Garching, Germany; Laboratory for Attosecond Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Garching, Germany
| | - Liudmila Voronina
- Department of Laser Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Garching, Germany
| | - Lothar Richter
- School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; School of Public Health, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mihaela Žigman
- Department of Laser Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Garching, Germany; Laboratory for Attosecond Physics, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ), Garching, Germany.
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5
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Liu M, Gray RM, Roy A, Ledezma L, Marandi A. Optical-parametric-amplification-enhanced background-free spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2914-2917. [PMID: 38824291 DOI: 10.1364/ol.520848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Traditional absorption spectroscopy has a fundamental difficulty in resolving small absorbance from a strong background due to the instability of laser sources. Existing background-free methods in broadband vibrational spectroscopy help to alleviate this problem but face challenges in realizing either low extinction ratios or time-resolved field measurements. Here, we introduce optical-parametric-amplification-enhanced background-free spectroscopy, in which the excitation background is first suppressed by an interferometer, and then the free-induction decay that carries molecular signatures is selectively amplified. We show that this method can improve the limit of detection in linear interferometry by order(s) of magnitude without requiring lower extinction ratios or a time-resolved measurement, which can benefit sensing applications in detecting trace species.
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6
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Krebbers R, van Kempen K, Harren FJM, Vasilyev S, Peterse IF, Lücker S, Khodabakhsh A, Cristescu SM. Ultra-broadband spectroscopy using a 2-11.5 µm IDFG-based supercontinuum source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:14506-14520. [PMID: 38859393 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Supercontinuum sources based on intrapulse difference frequency generation (IDFG) from mode-locked lasers open new opportunities in mid-infrared gas spectroscopy. These sources provide high power and ultra-broadband spectral coverage in the molecular fingerprint region with very low relative intensity noise. Here, we demonstrate the performance of such a light source in combination with a multipass cell and a custom-built Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) for multispecies trace gas detection. The light source provides a low-noise, ultra-broad spectrum from 2-11.5 µm with ∼3 W output power, outperforming existing mid-infrared supercontinuum sources in terms of noise, spectral coverage, and output power. This translates to an excellent match for spectroscopic applications, establishing (sub-)ppb sensitivity for molecular hydrocarbons (e.g., CH4, C2H4), oxides (e.g., SO2, NOx), and small organic molecules (e.g., acetone, ethyl acetate) over the spectral range of the supercontinuum source with a measurement time varying from seconds to minutes. We demonstrate a practical application by measuring the off-gas composition of a bioreactor containing an acidic ammonia-oxidizing culture with the simultaneous detection of multiple nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, N2O, etc.). As the different species absorb various parts of the spectrum, these results highlight the functionality of this spectroscopic system for biological and environmental applications.
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7
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Kawabata R, Li K, Araki T, Akiyama M, Sugimachi K, Matsuoka N, Takahashi N, Sakai D, Matsuzaki Y, Koshimizu R, Yamamoto M, Takai L, Odawara R, Abe T, Izumi S, Kurihira N, Uemura T, Kawano Y, Sekitani T. Ultraflexible Wireless Imager Integrated with Organic Circuits for Broadband Infrared Thermal Analysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309864. [PMID: 38213132 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Flexible imagers are currently under intensive development as versatile optical sensor arrays, designed to capture images of surfaces and internals, irrespective of their shape. A significant challenge in developing flexible imagers is extending their detection capabilities to encompass a broad spectrum of infrared light, particularly terahertz (THz) light at room temperature. This advancement is crucial for thermal and biochemical applications. In this study, a flexible infrared imager is designed using uncooled carbon nanotube (CNT) sensors and organic circuits. The CNT sensors, fabricated on ultrathin 2.4 µm substrates, demonstrate enhanced sensitivity across a wide infrared range, spanning from near-infrared to THz wavelengths. Moreover, they retain their characteristics under bending and crumpling. The design incorporates light-shielded organic transistors and circuits, functioning reliably under light irradiation, and amplifies THz detection signals by a factor of 10. The integration of both CNT sensors and shielded organic transistors into an 8 × 8 active-sensor matrix within the imager enables sequential infrared imaging and nondestructive assessment for heat sources and in-liquid chemicals through wireless communication systems. The proposed imager, offering unique functionality, shows promise for applications in biochemical analysis and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Kawabata
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kou Li
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Teppei Araki
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mihoko Akiyama
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kaho Sugimachi
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Division of Applied Science, School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nozomi Matsuoka
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Division of Applied Science, School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norika Takahashi
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Daiki Sakai
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Yuto Matsuzaki
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Ryo Koshimizu
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Minami Yamamoto
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Leo Takai
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Ryoga Odawara
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Takaaki Abe
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shintaro Izumi
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Naoko Kurihira
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takafumi Uemura
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukio Kawano
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
- National Institute of Informatics, 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8430, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekitani
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Applied Science, School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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8
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Moretti L, Walsh M, Abualsaud N, Gatti D, Lamperti M, Genest J, Farooq A, Marangoni M. Fast rate dual-comb spectrometer in the water-transparent 7.5-11.5 µm region. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1844-1847. [PMID: 38560879 DOI: 10.1364/ol.515199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We introduce a dual-comb spectrometer based on erbium fiber oscillators at 250 MHz that operates in the 7.5-11.5 µm spectral range over optical bandwidths up to 9 THz with a multi-kHz acquisition rate. Over an observation bandwidth of 0.8 THz, the signal-to-noise ratio per spectral point reaches 168 Hz0.5 at an acquisition rate of 26 kHz, which allows the investigation of transient processes in the gas phase at high temporal resolution. The system also represents an attractive solution for multi-species atmospheric gas detection in open paths due to the water transparency of the spectral window, the use of thermo-electrically cooled detectors, and the out-of-loop phase correction of the interferograms.
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9
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Jiao Y, Jia Z, Zhang C, Guo X, Meng F, Guo Q, Yu Y, Ohishi Y, Qin W, Qin G. Over 50 W all-fiber mid-infrared supercontinuum laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:31082-31091. [PMID: 37710636 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Broadband supercontinuum laser sources in the mid-infrared region have attracted enormous interest and found significant applications in spectroscopy, imaging, sensing, defense, and security. Despite recent advances in mid-infrared supercontinuum laser sources using infrared fibers, the average power of those laser sources is limited to 10-watt-level, and further power scaling to over 50 W (or hundred-watt-level) remains a significant technological challenge. Here, we report an over 50 W all-fiber mid-infrared supercontinuum laser source with a spectral range from 1220 to 3740 nm, by using low loss (<0.1 dB/m) fluorotellurite fibers we developed as the nonlinear medium and a tilted fusion splicing method for reducing the reflection from the fluorotellurite-silica fiber joint. Furthermore, the scalability of all-fiber mid-infrared supercontinuum laser sources using fluorotellurite fibers is analyzed by considering thermal effects and optical damage, which verifies its potential of power scaling to hundred-watt-level. Our results pave the way for realizing all-fiber hundred-watt-level mid-infrared lasers for real applications.
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10
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Kassab H, Gröbmeyer S, Schweinberger W, Hofer C, Steinleitner P, Högner M, Amotchkina T, Gerz D, Knorr M, Huber R, Karpowicz N, Pupeza I. In-line synthesis of multi-octave phase-stable infrared light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:24862-24874. [PMID: 37475303 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Parametric downconversion driven by modern, high-power sources of 10-fs-scale near-infrared pulses, in particular intrapulse difference-frequency generation (IPDFG), affords combinations of properties desirable for molecular vibrational spectroscopy in the mid-infrared range: broad spectral coverage, high brilliance, and spatial and temporal coherence. Yet, unifying these in a robust and compact radiation source has remained a key challenge. Here, we address this need by employing IPDFG in a multi-crystal in-line geometry, driven by the 100-W-level, 10.6-fs pulses of a 10.6-MHz-repetition-rate, nonlinearly post-compressed Yb:YAG thin-disk oscillator. Polarization tailoring of the driving pulses using a bichromatic waveplate is followed by a sequence of two crystals, LiIO3 and LiGaS2, resulting in the simultaneous coverage of the 800-cm-1-to-3000-cm-1 spectral range (at -30-dB intensity) with 130 mW of average power. We demonstrate that optical-phase coherence is maintained in this in-line geometry, in theory and experiment, the latter employing ultra-broadband electro-optic sampling. These results pave the way toward coherent spectroscopy schemes like field-resolved and frequency-comb spectroscopy, as well as nonlinear, ultrafast spectroscopy and optical-waveform synthesis across the entire infrared molecular fingerprint region.
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11
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Vasilyev S, Muraviev A, Konnov D, Mirov M, Smolski V, Moskalev I, Mirov S, Vodopyanov K. Longwave infrared (6.6-11.4 µm) dual-comb spectroscopy with 240,000 comb-mode-resolved data points at video rate. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2273-2276. [PMID: 37126252 DOI: 10.1364/ol.477346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Using sub-3-cycle pulses from mode-locked Cr:ZnS lasers at λ ≈ 2.4 µm as a driving source, we performed high-resolution dual-frequency-comb spectroscopy in the longwave infrared (LWIR) range. A duo of highly coherent broadband (6.6-11.4 µm) frequency combs were produced via intrapulse difference frequency generation in zinc germanium phosphide (ZGP) crystals. Fast (up to 0.1 s per spectrum) acquisition of 240,000 comb-mode-resolved data points, spaced by 80 MHz and referenced to a Rb clock, was demonstrated, resulting in metrology grade molecular spectra of N2O (nitrous oxide) and CH3OH (methane). The key to high-speed massive spectral data acquisition was low intensity and phase noise of the LWIR combs and high (7.5%) downconversion efficiency, resulting in a LWIR power of 300 mW for each comb.
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12
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Liu M, Gray RM, Costa L, Markus CR, Roy A, Marandi A. Mid-infrared cross-comb spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1044. [PMID: 36828826 PMCID: PMC9957991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy has been proven beneficial in molecular characterization but remains challenging in the mid-infrared region due to difficulties in sources and efficient photodetection. Here we introduce cross-comb spectroscopy, in which a mid-infrared comb is upconverted via sum-frequency generation with a near-infrared comb of a shifted repetition rate and then interfered with a spectral extension of the near-infrared comb. We measure CO2 absorption around 4.25 µm with a 1-µm photodetector, exhibiting a 233-cm-1 instantaneous bandwidth, 28000 comb lines, a single-shot signal-to-noise ratio of 167 and a figure of merit of 2.4 × 106 Hz1/2. We show that cross-comb spectroscopy can have superior signal-to-noise ratio, sensitivity, dynamic range, and detection efficiency compared to other dual-comb-based methods and mitigate the limits of the excitation background and detector saturation. This approach offers an adaptable and powerful spectroscopic method outside the well-developed near-IR region and opens new avenues to high-performance frequency-comb-based sensing with wavelength flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Robert M Gray
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Luis Costa
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Charles R Markus
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Arkadev Roy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Alireza Marandi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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13
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Elkhazraji A, Shakfa MK, Abualsaud N, Mhanna M, Sy M, Marangoni M, Farooq A. Laser-based sensing in the long-wavelength mid-infrared: chemical kinetics and environmental monitoring applications. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:A46-A58. [PMID: 36821299 DOI: 10.1364/ao.481281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present chemical kinetics and environmental monitoring applications in the long-wavelength mid-infrared (LW-MIR) region using a new diagnostic that exploits a widely tunable light source emitting in the LW-MIR. The custom-designed laser source is based on a difference-frequency generation (DFG) process in a nonlinear orientation-patterned GaAs crystal. The pump laser, an external-cavity quantum cascade laser, is tuned in a continuous-wave (cw) mode, while the signal laser, a C O 2 gas laser, is operated in a pulsed mode with a kilohertz repetition rate. The idler wavelength can be tuned between 11.58 (863.56c m -1) and 15.00 µm (666.67c m -1) in a quasi-cw manner. We discuss the unique prospective applications offered by probing the LW-MIR region for chemical kinetics and environment-monitoring applications. We showcase the potential of the DFG laser source by some representative applications.
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14
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Elkhazraji A, Shakfa MK, Lamperti M, Hakimov K, Djebbi K, Gotti R, Gatti D, Marangoni M, Farooq A. High-resolution molecular fingerprinting in the 11.6-15 µm range by a quasi-CW difference-frequency-generation laser source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:4164-4178. [PMID: 36785391 DOI: 10.1364/oe.480107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach for high-resolution spectroscopy using a widely tunable laser emitting in the molecular fingerprint region. The laser is based on difference-frequency generation (DFG) in a nonlinear orientation-patterned GaAs crystal. The signal laser, a CO2 gas laser, is operated in a kHz-pulsed mode while the pump laser, an external-cavity quantum cascade laser, is finely mode-hop-free tuned. The idler radiation covers a spectral range of ∼11.6-15 µm with a laser linewidth of ∼ 2.3 MHz. We showcase the versatility and the potential for molecular fingerprinting of the developed DFG laser source by resolving the absorption features of a mixture of several species in the long-wavelength mid-infrared. Furthermore, exploiting the wide tunability and resolution of the spectrometer, we resolve the broadband absorption spectrum of ethylene (C2H4) over ∼13-14.2 µm and quantify the self-broadening coefficients of some selected spectral lines.
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15
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Guay P, Walsh M, Tourigny-Plante A, Genest J. Linear dual-comb interferometry at high power levels. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:4393-4404. [PMID: 36785409 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Detector non-linearity is an important factor limiting the maximal power and hence the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in dual-comb interferometry. To increase the SNR without overwhelming averaging time, photodetector non-linearity must be properly handled for high input power. Detectors exhibiting nonlinear behavior can produce linear dual-comb interferograms if the area of the detector's impulse response does not saturate and if the overlap between successive time-varying impulse responses is properly managed. Here, a high bandwidth non-amplified balanced photodetector is characterized in terms of its impulse response to high intensity short pulses to exemplify the conditions. With a 23.5 mW average power on each detector in a balanced pair, nonlinear spectral artifacts are at least 40 dB below the spectral baseline. Absorption lines of carbon dioxide are measured to reveal lines discrepancies smaller than 0.1% with HITRAN. A spectral shape independent formulation for the dual-comb figure of merit is proposed, reaching here 7.2 × 107 Hz1/2 limited by laser relative intensity noise, but corresponding to an ideal, shot-noise limited, figure of merit for an equivalent 0.85 mW average power per comb.
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16
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Zhou J, Zhang Z, Dong B, Ren Z, Liu W, Lee C. Midinfrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Aqueous Mixtures Using Artificial-Intelligence-Enhanced Metamaterial Waveguide Sensing Platform. ACS NANO 2023; 17:711-724. [PMID: 36576121 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As miniaturized solutions, mid-infrared (MIR) waveguide sensors are promising for label-free compositional detection of mixtures leveraging plentiful absorption fingerprints. However, the quantitative analysis of liquid mixtures is still challenging using MIR waveguide sensors, as the absorption spectrum overlaps for multiple organic components accompanied by strong water absorption background. Here, we present an artificial-intelligence-enhanced metamaterial waveguide sensing platform (AIMWSP) for aqueous mixture analysis in the MIR. With the sensitivity-improved metamaterial waveguide and assistance of machine learning, the MIR absorption spectra of a ternary mixture in water can be successfully distinguished and decomposed to single-component spectra for predicting concentration. A classification accuracy of 98.88% for 64 mixing ratios and 92.86% for four concentrations below the limit of detection (972 ppm, based on 3σ) with steps of 300 ppm are realized. Besides, the mixture concentration prediction with root-mean-squared error varying from 0.107 vol % to 1.436 vol % is also achieved. Our work indicates the potential of further extending this sensing platform to MIR spectrometer-on-chip aiming for the data analytics of multiple organic components in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkai Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore117583
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore117608
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore117583
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore117608
| | - Bowei Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore117583
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore117608
| | - Zhihao Ren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore117583
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore117608
| | - Weixin Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore117583
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore117608
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore117583
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore117608
- NUS Graduate School - Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore119077
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17
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Tan X, Zhong Y, Li R, Chang C. Neuromodulation of Chemical Synaptic Transmission Driven by THz Photons. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:0010. [PMID: 39285946 PMCID: PMC11404318 DOI: 10.34133/research.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Postsynaptic currents of chemical synapse are modulated by multitudinous neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid, many of which have been used in the treatment of neurological diseases. Here, based on molecular dynamics simulations and quantum chemical calculation, we propose that 30- to 45-THz photons can resonate with a variety of typical neurotransmitter molecules and make them absorb photon energy to activate the transition to high energy state, which is expected to be a new method of neural regulation. Furthermore, we verified the calculated results through experiments that THz irradiation could substantively change neuronal signal emission and enhance the frequency, amplitude, and dynamic properties of excitatory postsynaptic current and inhibitory postsynaptic current. In addition, we demonstrated the potential of neural information regulation by THz photons through 2-photon imaging in vivo. These findings are expected to improve the understanding of the physical mechanism of biological phenomena and facilitate the application of terahertz technology in neural regulation and the development of new functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Tan
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China
- Astronaut Center of China, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruijie Li
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chao Chang
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Ren X, Yan M, Wen Z, Ma H, Li R, Huang K, Zeng H. Dual-comb quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 28:100403. [PMID: 36164583 PMCID: PMC9508165 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) using two optical combs is a new-born technique, offering appealing features, including broad optical bandwidths, high resolutions, fast acquisition speeds, and wavelength-independent photoacoustic detection, for chemical sensing. However, its further application to, e.g., trace detection, is jeopardized due to the fundamentally and technically limited sensitivity and specificity. Here, we take a different route to comb-enabled PAS with acoustically enhanced sensitivity and nonlinear spectral hole-burning defined resolution. We demonstrate dual-comb quartz-enhanced PAS with two near-infrared electro-optic combs and a quartz tuning fork. Comb-line-resolved multiplexed spectra are acquired for acetylene with a single-pass detection limit at the parts-per-billion level. The technique is further extended to the mid-infrared (for methane), enabling improved sensitivity. More importantly, we measure nonlinear dual-comb photoacoustic spectra for the 12C2H2 ν1 + ν3 band P(17) transition with sub-Doppler pressure-broadening dominated homogeneous linewidths (e.g., 45.8 MHz), hence opening up new opportunities for Doppler-free photoacoustic gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Heping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
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19
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Sub-optical-cycle light-matter energy transfer in molecular vibrational spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5897. [PMID: 36202801 PMCID: PMC9537163 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of ultrafast-laser technology has steadily advanced the level of detail in studies of light-matter interactions. Here, we employ electric-field-resolved spectroscopy and quantum-chemical modelling to precisely measure and describe the complete coherent energy transfer between octave-spanning mid-infrared waveforms and vibrating molecules in aqueous solution. The sub-optical-cycle temporal resolution of our technique reveals alternating absorption and (stimulated) emission on a few-femtosecond time scale. This behaviour can only be captured when effects beyond the rotating wave approximation are considered. At a femtosecond-to-picosecond timescale, optical-phase-dependent coherent transients and the dephasing of the vibrations of resonantly excited methylsulfonylmethane (DMSO2) are observed. Ab initio modelling using density functional theory traces these dynamics back to molecular-scale sample properties, in particular vibrational frequencies and transition dipoles, as well as their fluctuation due to the motion of DMSO2 through varying solvent environments. Future extension of our study to nonlinear interrogation of higher-order susceptibilities is fathomable with state-of-the-art lasers. Energy transfer between the electromagnetic field and atoms or molecules is fundamentally interesting. Here the authors demonstrate stepwise energy transfer between broadband mid-infrared optical pulses and vibrating methylsulfonylmethane molecules in aqueous solution.
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20
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Tian H, Li R, Sterczewski LA, Kato T, Asahara A, Minoshima K. Quasi-real-time dual-comb spectroscopy with 750-MHz Yb:fiber combs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:28427-28437. [PMID: 36299038 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present quasi-real-time dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) using two Yb:fiber combs with ∼750 MHz repetition rates. A computational coherent averaging technique is employed to correct timing and phase fluctuations of the measured dual-comb interferogram (IGM). Quasi-real-time phase correction of 1-ms long acquisitions occurs every 1.5 seconds and is assisted by coarse radio frequency (RF) phase-locking of an isolated RF comb mode. After resampling and global offset phase correction, the RF comb linewidth is reduced from 200 kHz to ∼1 kHz, while the line-to-floor ratio increases 13 dB in power in 1 ms. Using simultaneous offset frequency correction in opposite phases, we correct the aliased RF spectrum spanning three Nyquist zones, which yields an optical coverage of ∼180 GHz around 1.035 µm probed on a sub-microsecond timescale. The absorption profile of gaseous acetylene is observed to validate the presented technique.
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21
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Abstract
The current state of the art of single-photon detectors operating in the mid-infrared wavelength range is reported in this review. These devices are essential for a wide range of applications, such as mid-infrared quantum communications, sensing, and metrology, which require detectors with high detection efficiency, low dark count rates, and low dead times. The technological challenge of moving from the well-performing and commercially available near-infrared single-photon detectors to mid-infrared detection is discussed. Different approaches are explored, spanning from the stoichiometric or geometric engineering of a large variety of materials for infrared applications to the exploitation of alternative novel materials and the implementation of proper detection schemes. The three most promising solutions are described in detail: superconductive nanowires, avalanche photodiodes, and photovoltaic detectors.
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22
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Generation of 8–20 μm Mid-Infrared Ultrashort Femtosecond Laser Pulses via Difference Frequency Generation. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9060372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) ultrashort laser pulses have a wide range of applications in the fields of environmental monitoring, laser medicine, food quality control, strong-field physics, attosecond science, and some other aspects. Recent years have seen great developments in MIR laser technologies. Traditional solid-state and fiber lasers focus on the research of the short-wavelength MIR region. However, due to the limitation of the gain medium, they still cannot cover the long-wavelength region from 8 to 20 µm. This paper summarizes the developments of 8–20 μm MIR ultrafast laser generation via difference frequency generation (DFG) and reviews related theoretical models. Finally, the feasibility of MIR power scaling by nonlinear-amplification DFG and methods for measuring the power of DFG-based MIR are analyzed from the author’s perspective.
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23
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Nakamura T, Ramaiah Badarla V, Hashimoto K, Schunemann PG, Ideguchi T. Simple approach to broadband mid-infrared pulse generation with a mode-locked Yb-doped fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1790-1793. [PMID: 35363736 DOI: 10.1364/ol.450921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Broadband mid-infrared (MIR) molecular spectroscopy demands a bright and broadband light source in the molecular fingerprint region. To this end, intra-pulse difference frequency generation (IDFG) has shown excellent properties among various techniques. Although IDFG systems pumped with 1.5- or 2-µm ultrashort pulsed lasers have been extensively developed, few systems have been demonstrated with 1-µm lasers, which use bulky 100-W-class high-power Yb thin-disk lasers. In this work, we demonstrate a simple and robust approach of 1-µm-pumped broadband IDFG with a conventional mode-locked Yb-doped fiber laser. We first generate 3.3-W, 12.1-fs ultrashort pulses at 50 MHz by a simple combination of spectral broadening with a short single-mode fiber and pulse compression with chirped mirrors. Then, we use them for pumping a thin orientation-patterned gallium phosphide crystal, generating 1.2-mW broadband MIR pulses with the -20-dB bandwidth of 480 cm-1 in the fingerprint region (760-1240 cm-1, 8.1-13.1 µm). The 1-µm-based IDFG system allows for additional generations of ultrashort pulses in the ultraviolet and visible regions, enabling, for example, 50-MHz-level high-repetition-rate vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy or pump-probe spectroscopy.
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24
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Voumard T, Darvill J, Wildi T, Ludwig M, Mohr C, Hartl I, Herr T. 1-GHz dual-comb spectrometer with high mutual coherence for fast and broadband measurements. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1379-1382. [PMID: 35290318 DOI: 10.1364/ol.448575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dual-frequency comb spectroscopy permits broadband precision spectroscopy with high acquisition rate. The combs' repetition rates as well as the mutual coherence between the combs are key to fast and broadband measurements. Here, we demonstrate a 1-GHz high-repetition-rate dual-comb system with high mutual coherence (sub-Hz heterodyne beatnotes) based on mature, digitally controlled, low-noise erbium-doped mode-locked lasers. Two spectroscopy experiments are performed with acquisition parameters not attainable in a 100-MHz system: detection of water vapor absorption around 1375 nm, illustrating the potential for fast and ambiguity-free broadband operation, as well as acquisition of narrow gas absorption features across a spectral span of 0.6 THz (600 comb lines) in only 5 μs.
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25
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Hashimoto K, Ramaiah Badarla V, Imamura T, Ideguchi T. Broadband complementary vibrational spectroscopy with cascaded intra-pulse difference frequency generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:5517-5520. [PMID: 34724515 DOI: 10.1364/ol.444003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the essential goals of molecular spectroscopy is to measure all fundamental molecular vibrations simultaneously. To this end, one needs to measure broadband infrared (IR) absorption and Raman scattering spectra, which provide complementary vibrational information. A recently demonstrated technique called complementary vibrational spectroscopy (CVS) enables simultaneous measurements of IR and Raman spectra with a single device based on a single laser source. However, the spectral coverage was limited to ∼1000cm-1, which partially covers the spectral regions of the fundamental vibrations. In this work, we demonstrate a simple method to expand the spectral bandwidth of the CVS with a cascaded intra-pulse difference-frequency generation (IDFG). Using the system, we measure broadband CVS spectra of organic liquids spanning over 2000cm-1, more than double the previous study.
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Abstract
In the past decade, mid-infrared (MIR) few-cycle lasers have attracted remarkable research efforts for their applications in strong-field physics, MIR spectroscopy, and bio-medical research. Here we present a review of MIR few-cycle pulse generation and amplification in the wavelength range spanning from 2 to ~20 μm. In the first section, a brief introduction on the importance of MIR ultrafast lasers and the corresponding methods of MIR few-cycle pulse generation is provided. In the second section, different nonlinear crystals including emerging non-oxide crystals, such as CdSiP2, ZnGeP2, GaSe, LiGaS2, and BaGa4Se7, as well as new periodically poled crystals such as OP-GaAs and OP-GaP are reviewed. Subsequently, in the third section, the various techniques for MIR few-cycle pulse generation and amplification including optical parametric amplification, optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification, and intra-pulse difference-frequency generation with all sorts of designs, pumped by miscellaneous lasers, and with various MIR output specifications in terms of pulse energy, average power, and pulse width are reviewed. In addition, high-energy MIR single-cycle pulses are ideal tools for isolated attosecond pulse generation, electron dynamic investigation, and tunneling ionization harness. Thus, in the fourth section, examples of state-of-the-art work in the field of MIR single-cycle pulse generation are reviewed and discussed. In the last section, prospects for MIR few-cycle lasers in strong-field physics, high-fidelity molecule detection, and cold tissue ablation applications are provided.
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27
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Weigel A, Jacob P, Gröters D, Buberl T, Huber M, Trubetskov M, Heberle J, Pupeza I. Ultra-rapid electro-optic sampling of octave-spanning mid-infrared waveforms. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:20747-20764. [PMID: 34266157 DOI: 10.1364/oe.423818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate ultra-rapid electro-optic sampling (EOS) of octave-spanning mid-infrared pulses centered at 9 μm, implemented by mechanically scanning a mirror with a sonotrode resonating at 19 kHz (forward and backward acquisition at 38 kHz). The instrument records the infrared waveform with a spectral intensity dynamic range of 1.6 × 105 for a single scan over a 1.6-ps delay range, acquired within 26 μs. The purely reflective nature of the delay scanning technique is compatible with broad optical bandwidths, short pulse durations (16 fs, centered at 1030 nm) and high average powers (Watt-level). Interferometric tracking of the sonotrode motion in combination with a predictor-corrector algorithm allows for delay-axis determination with down to single-digit attosecond precision. Ultra-rapid mid-infrared EOS will advance applications such as molecular fingerprinting of static samples as well as tracking of biological processes and chemical reactions and is likely to find new fields of application such as infrared-spectroscopic flow cytometry.
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28
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Natile M, Guichard F, Zaouter Y, Hanna M, Georges P. Simple carrier-envelope phase control and stabilization scheme for difference frequency generation-based systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:16261-16269. [PMID: 34154193 DOI: 10.1364/oe.424141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report about a setup for carrier-envelope phase (CEP) control and stabilization in passive systems based on difference frequency generation (DFG). The principle of this approach relies on the amplitude to phase modulation transfer in the white-light generation process. A small modulation of the pump laser intensity is used to obtain a DFG output modulated in CEP. This technique is demonstrated in a CEP-stable system pumped by an Yb-doped fiber amplifier. It is first characterized by measuring CEP modulations produced by applying arbitrary waveforms. The CEP actuator is then used for slow drifts correction in a feedback loop. The results show the capability of this simple approach for OPA/OPCPA CEP-stabilized setups.
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29
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Herman DI, Weerasekara C, Hutcherson LC, Giorgetta FR, Cossel KC, Waxman EM, Colacion GM, Newbury NR, Welch SM, DePaola BD, Coddington I, Santos EA, Washburn BR. Precise multispecies agricultural gas flux determined using broadband open-path dual-comb spectroscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe9765. [PMID: 33789900 PMCID: PMC8011971 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in spectroscopy have the potential to improve our understanding of agricultural processes and associated trace gas emissions. We implement field-deployed, open-path dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) for precise multispecies emissions estimation from livestock. With broad atmospheric dual-comb spectra, we interrogate upwind and downwind paths from pens containing approximately 300 head of cattle, providing time-resolved concentration enhancements and fluxes of CH4, NH3, CO2, and H2O. The methane fluxes determined from DCS data and fluxes obtained with a colocated closed-path cavity ring-down spectroscopy gas analyzer agree to within 6%. The NH3 concentration retrievals have sensitivity of 10 parts per billion and yield corresponding NH3 fluxes with a statistical precision of 8% and low systematic uncertainty. Open-path DCS offers accurate multispecies agricultural gas flux quantification without external calibration and is easily extended to larger agricultural systems where point-sampling-based approaches are insufficient, presenting opportunities for field-scale biogeochemical studies and ecological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Herman
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | | | - Fabrizio R Giorgetta
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kevin C Cossel
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Eleanor M Waxman
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Gabriel M Colacion
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Nathan R Newbury
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Stephen M Welch
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Brett D DePaola
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ian Coddington
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Eduardo A Santos
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Brian R Washburn
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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30
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Foote DB, Cich MJ, Hurlbut WC, Eismann U, Heiniger AT, Haimberger C. High-resolution, broadly-tunable mid-IR spectroscopy using a continuous wave optical parametric oscillator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:5295-5303. [PMID: 33726068 DOI: 10.1364/oe.418287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design and automation of a mid-infrared, continuous wave, singly-resonant optical parametric oscillator. Hands-free controls and the implementation of a tuning algorithm allowed for hundreds of nanometers of continuous, effective-mode-hop-free tuning over the range of 2190-4000 nm. To demonstrate the applicability of this light source and algorithm to mid-IR spectroscopy, we performed a sample spectroscopy measurement in a C2H2 gas cell and compared the experimentally-measured absorption spectrum to HITRAN 2016 simulations. We found excellent agreement with simulation in both peak heights and peak centers; we also report a reduced uncertainty in peak centers compared to simulation.
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31
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Ru Q, Kawamori T, Schunemann PG, Vasilyev S, Mirov SB, Vodopyanov KL. Two-octave-wide (3-12 µm) subharmonic produced in a minimally dispersive optical parametric oscillator cavity. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:709-712. [PMID: 33577495 DOI: 10.1364/ol.403910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a subharmonic (frequency-divide-by-2) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with a continuous wavelength span of 3 to 12 µm (-37dB level) that covers most of the molecular rovibrational "signature" region. The key to obtaining such a wide spectral span is the use of an OPO with a minimal dispersion-through the choice of intracavity elements, the use of all gold-coated mirrors, and a special "injector" mirror. The system delivers up to 245 mW of the average power with the conversion efficiency exceeding 20% from a 2.35 µm Kerr-lens mode-locked pump laser.
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32
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Han NS, Kim J, Yoon TH, Cho M. Broadband Infrared Spectroscopy of Molecules in Solutions with Two Intrapulse Difference-Frequency-Generated Mid-Infrared Frequency Combs. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:307-316. [PMID: 33325228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy is an incisive tool for studying structures and dynamics of complicated molecules in condensed phases. Developing a compact and broadband mid-IR spectrometer has thus been a long-standing challenge. Here, we show that a highly coherent and broadband mid-IR frequency comb can be generated by using an intrapulse difference-frequency-generation with a train of pulses from a few-cycle pulse Ti:sapphire oscillator. By tightly focusing the oscillator output beam into a single-pass, fan-out-type periodically poled lithium niobate crystal and tilting the orientation of the crystal, we show that a mid-IR frequency comb with more than an octave spectral bandwidth from 1550 cm-1 (46 THz) to 3650 cm-1 (110 THz) and vanishing carrier-envelope-offset phase can be generated. Using two coherent mid-IR frequency combs with different repetition frequencies, we demonstrate that a broadband mid-IR dual-frequency comb spectroscopy of aromatic compounds or amino acids in solutions is feasible. We thus anticipate that researchers will find our mid-IR frequency combs useful for developing ultrafast and broadband linear and nonlinear IR spectroscopy of chemically reactive or biologically important molecules in condensed phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noh Soo Han
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - JunWoo Kim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Yoon
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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33
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Zhou L, Liu Y, Lou H, Di Y, Xie G, Zhu Z, Deng Z, Luo D, Gu C, Chen H, Li W. Octave mid-infrared optical frequency comb from Er:fiber-laser-pumped aperiodically poled Mg: LiNbO 3. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6458-6461. [PMID: 33258836 DOI: 10.1364/ol.410958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report an octave-spanning mid-infrared (MIR) comb generation with a difference frequency generation (DFG) approach optimized for aperiodically poled Mg:LiNbO3 and nonlinear spectral broadening. An Er:fiber comb is delivered to two branches and amplified in an Yb:fiber and an Er:fiber amplifier, respectively. We demonstrate that the two-branch DFG can yield the spectrum tuned over an octave in a fan-out periodically poled lithium niobate. Thus, we obtain an optimized poling period profile and design the aperiodically poled Mg:LiNbO3. The results demonstrate that broadband combs can be generated in the MIR atmospheric window.
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34
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Wildi T, Voumard T, Brasch V, Yilmaz G, Herr T. Photo-acoustic dual-frequency comb spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4164. [PMID: 32820155 PMCID: PMC7441402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-acoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is one of the most sensitive non-destructive analysis techniques for gases, fluids and solids. It can operate background-free at any wavelength and is applicable to microscopic and even non-transparent samples. Extension of PAS to broadband wavelength coverage is a powerful tool, though challenging to implement without sacrifice of wavelength resolution and acquisition speed. Here we show that dual-frequency comb spectroscopy (DCS) and its potential for unmatched precision, speed and wavelength coverage can be combined with the advantages of photo-acoustic detection. Acoustic wave interferograms are generated in the sample by dual-comb absorption and detected by a microphone. As an example, weak gas absorption features are precisely and rapidly sampled; long-term coherent averaging further increases the sensitivity. This novel approach of dual-frequency comb photo-acoustic spectroscopy (DCPAS) generates unprecedented opportunities for rapid and sensitive multi-species molecular analysis across all wavelengths of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Wildi
- Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Rue de l'Observatoire 58, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thibault Voumard
- Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Rue de l'Observatoire 58, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Victor Brasch
- Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Rue de l'Observatoire 58, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gürkan Yilmaz
- Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Rue de l'Observatoire 58, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Herr
- Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Rue de l'Observatoire 58, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
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35
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Silaev AA, Romanov AA, Vvedenskii NV. Generation of tunable mid- and far-infrared pulses during gas ionization by a chirped two-color laser field. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4527-4530. [PMID: 32797000 DOI: 10.1364/ol.394979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose and investigate a method for generating tunable and phase-controllable mid- and far-infrared pulses in gas ionized by an intense two-color laser field composed of the chirped fundamental and its second-harmonic pulses with group time delay. The generation frequency equals the difference between the second-harmonic and the doubled fundamental frequencies and is continuously tunable by varying chirp or time delay. The duration of the generated pulses is determined by the ionization duration, which is much shorter than the ionizing pulse and is controlled by laser-pulse stretching or changing its intensity. Our quantum-mechanical calculations and analytical description show that this method can provide a wide tuning range spanning from several to more than a hundred THz using femtosecond lasers.
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36
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Diddams SA, Vahala K, Udem T. Optical frequency combs: Coherently uniting the electromagnetic spectrum. Science 2020; 369:369/6501/eaay3676. [PMID: 32675346 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay3676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Optical frequency combs were introduced around 20 years ago as a laser technology that could synthesize and count the ultrafast rate of the oscillating cycles of light. Functioning in a manner analogous to a clockwork of gears, the frequency comb phase-coherently upconverts a radio frequency signal by a factor of [Formula: see text] to provide a vast array of evenly spaced optical frequencies, which is the comb for which the device is named. It also divides an optical frequency down to a radio frequency, or translates its phase to any other optical frequency across hundreds of terahertz of bandwidth. We review the historical backdrop against which this powerful tool for coherently uniting the electromagnetic spectrum developed. Advances in frequency comb functionality, physical implementation, and application are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kerry Vahala
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Thomas Udem
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.
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37
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Luo PL, Horng EC. Simultaneous determination of transient free radicals and reaction kinetics by high-resolution time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy. Commun Chem 2020; 3:95. [PMID: 36703338 PMCID: PMC9814257 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative determination of multiple transient species is critical in investigating reaction mechanisms and kinetics under various conditions. Dual-comb spectroscopy, a comb-laser-based multi-heterodyne interferometric technique that enables simultaneous achievement of broadband, high-resolution, and rapid spectral acquisition, opens a new era of time-resolved spectroscopic measurements. Employing an electro-optic dual-comb spectrometer with central wavelength near 3 µm coupled with a Herriott multipass absorption cell, here we demonstrate simultaneous determination of multiple species, including methanol, formaldehyde, HO2 and OH radicals, and investigate the reaction kinetics. In addition to quantitative spectral analyses of high-resolution and tens of microsecond time-resolved spectra recorded upon flash photolysis of precursor mixtures, we determine a rate coefficient of the HO2 + NO reaction by directly detecting both HO2 and OH radicals. Our approach exhibits potential in discovering reactive intermediates and exploring complex reaction mechanisms, especially those of radical-radical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ling Luo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Er-Chien Horng
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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38
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Elu U, Maidment L, Vamos L, Steinle T, Haberstroh F, Petrov V, Badikov V, Badikov D, Biegert J. Few-cycle mid-infrared pulses from BaGa 2GeSe 6. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3813-3815. [PMID: 32630961 DOI: 10.1364/ol.397981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BaGa2GeSe6 (BGGSe) is a newly developed nonlinear material that is attractive for ultrabroad frequency mixing and ultrashort pulse generation due to its comparably low dispersion and high damage threshold. A numerical study shows the material's capacity for octave-spanning mid-infrared pulse generation up to 18 µm. In a first experiment, we show that a long crystal length of 2.6 mm yields a pulse energy of 21 pJ at 100 MHz with a spectral bandwidth covering 5.8 to 8.5 µm. The electric field of the carrier-envelope-phase stable pulse is directly measured with electro-optical sampling and reveals a pulse duration of 91 fs, which corresponds to sub-four optical cycles, thus confirming some of the prospects of the material for ultrashort pulse generation and mid-infrared spectroscopy.
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39
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Kowligy AS, Carlson DR, Hickstein DD, Timmers H, Lind AJ, Schunemann PG, Papp SB, Diddams SA. Mid-infrared frequency combs at 10 GHz. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3677-3680. [PMID: 32630928 DOI: 10.1364/ol.391651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate mid-infrared (MIR) frequency combs at 10 GHz repetition rate via intra-pulse difference-frequency generation (DFG) in quasi-phase-matched nonlinear media. Few-cycle pump pulses (≲15fs, 100 pJ) from a near-infrared electro-optic frequency comb are provided via nonlinear soliton-like compression in photonic-chip silicon-nitride waveguides. Subsequent intra-pulse DFG in periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides yields MIR frequency combs in the 3.1-4.8 µm region, while orientation-patterned gallium phosphide provides coverage across 7-11 µm. Cascaded second-order nonlinearities simultaneously provide access to the carrier-envelope-offset frequency of the pump source via in-line f-2f nonlinear interferometry. The high-repetition rate MIR frequency combs introduced here can be used for condensed phase spectroscopy and applications such as laser heterodyne radiometry.
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40
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Ycas G, Giorgetta FR, Friedlein JT, Herman D, Cossel KC, Baumann E, Newbury NR, Coddington I. Compact mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer for outdoor spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:14740-14752. [PMID: 32403509 DOI: 10.1364/oe.385860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the design of a robust, mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer operating in the 3.1-µm to 4-µm spectral window for future field applications. The design represents an improvement in system size, power consumption, and robustness relative to previous work while also providing a high spectral signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrate a system quality factor of 2×106 and 30 hours of continuous operation over a 120-meter outdoor air path.
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41
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Xing S, Kowligy AS, Lesko DMB, Lind AJ, Diddams SA. All-fiber frequency comb at 2 µm providing 1.4-cycle pulses. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:2660-2663. [PMID: 32356840 DOI: 10.1364/ol.391486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report an all-fiber approach to generating sub-2-cycle pulses at 2 µm and a corresponding octave-spanning optical frequency comb. Our configuration leverages mature erbium:fiber laser technology at 1.5 µm to provide a seed pulse for a thulium-doped fiber amplifier that outputs 330 mW average power at a 100 MHz repetition rate. Following amplification, nonlinear self-compression in fiber decreases the pulse duration to 9.5 fs, or 1.4 optical cycles. The spectrum of the ultrashort pulse spans from 1 to beyond 2.4 µm and enables direct measurement of the carrier-envelope offset frequency. Our approach employs only commercially available fiber components, resulting in a design that is easy to reproduce in the larger community. As such, this system should be useful as a robust frequency comb source in the near-infrared or as a pump source to generate mid-infrared frequency combs.
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42
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Lind AJ, Kowligy A, Timmers H, Cruz FC, Nader N, Silfies MC, Allison TK, Diddams SA. Mid-Infrared Frequency Comb Generation and Spectroscopy with Few-Cycle Pulses and χ^{(2)} Nonlinear Optics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:133904. [PMID: 32302192 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.133904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mid-infrared atmospheric window of 3-5.5 μm holds valuable information regarding molecular composition and function for fundamental and applied spectroscopy. Using a robust, mode-locked fiber-laser source of <11 fs pulses in the near infrared, we explore quadratic (χ^{(2)}) nonlinear optical processes leading to frequency comb generation across this entire mid-infrared atmospheric window. With experiments and modeling, we demonstrate intrapulse difference frequency generation that yields few-cycle mid-infrared pulses in a single pass through periodically poled lithium niobate. Harmonic and cascaded χ^{(2)} nonlinearities further provide direct access to the carrier-envelope offset frequency of the near infrared driving pulse train. The high frequency stability of the mid-infrared frequency comb is exploited for spectroscopy of acetone and carbonyl sulfide with simultaneous bandwidths exceeding 11 THz and with spectral resolution as high as 0.003 cm^{-1}. The combination of low noise and broad spectral coverage enables detection of trace gases with concentrations in the part-per-billion range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Lind
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Abijith Kowligy
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Henry Timmers
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Flavio C Cruz
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Nima Nader
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Myles C Silfies
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Thomas K Allison
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Scott A Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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43
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Lindner C, Wolf S, Kiessling J, Kühnemann F. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with visible light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:4426-4432. [PMID: 32121679 DOI: 10.1364/oe.382351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear interferometers allow spectroscopy in the mid-infrared range by detecting correlated visible light, for which non-cooled detectors with higher specific detectivity and lower dark count rates are available. We present a new approach for the registration of spectral information, which combines a nonlinear interferometer using non-degenerate spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) with a Fourier-transform spectroscopy concept. In order to increase the spectral coverage, we use broadband non-collinear SPDC in periodically poled LiNbO3. Without the need for spectrally selective detection, continuous spectra with a spectral bandwidth of more than 100 cm-1 are achieved. We demonstrate transmission spectra of a polypropylene sample measured with 6 cm-1 resolution in the spectral range between 3.2 µm to 3.9 µm.
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44
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Recent advances in short peptide self-assembly: from rational design to novel applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Hofstrand A, Moloney JV. Optical Carrier-Wave Subcycle Structures Associated with Supercritical Collapse of Long-Wavelength Intense Pulses Propagating in Weakly Anomalously Dispersive Media. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:043901. [PMID: 32058762 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.043901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We predict the emergence of attosecond-duration structures on an optical carrier wave when intense, long-wavelength pulses propagate through bulk media with weak anomalous dispersion. Under certain conditions, these structures can undergo a new type of carrier-resolved supercritical collapse, forming infinite spatiotemporal gradients in the field. The mathematical conditions for the onset of this singularity are briefly overviewed, and we demonstrate with a full 3D+time (3+1) simulation that such structures persist under realistic conditions for a 10 micron laser pulse propagating in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hofstrand
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA and Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - J V Moloney
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA and Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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46
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Pupeza I, Huber M, Trubetskov M, Schweinberger W, Hussain SA, Hofer C, Fritsch K, Poetzlberger M, Vamos L, Fill E, Amotchkina T, Kepesidis KV, Apolonski A, Karpowicz N, Pervak V, Pronin O, Fleischmann F, Azzeer A, Žigman M, Krausz F. Field-resolved infrared spectroscopy of biological systems. Nature 2020; 577:52-59. [PMID: 31894146 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The proper functioning of living systems and physiological phenotypes depends on molecular composition. Yet simultaneous quantitative detection of a wide variety of molecules remains a challenge1-8. Here we show how broadband optical coherence opens up opportunities for fingerprinting complex molecular ensembles in their natural environment. Vibrationally excited molecules emit a coherent electric field following few-cycle infrared laser excitation9-12, and this field is specific to the sample's molecular composition. Employing electro-optic sampling10,12-15, we directly measure this global molecular fingerprint down to field strengths 107 times weaker than that of the excitation. This enables transillumination of intact living systems with thicknesses of the order of 0.1 millimetres, permitting broadband infrared spectroscopic probing of human cells and plant leaves. In a proof-of-concept analysis of human blood serum, temporal isolation of the infrared electric-field fingerprint from its excitation along with its sampling with attosecond timing precision results in detection sensitivity of submicrograms per millilitre of blood serum and a detectable dynamic range of molecular concentration exceeding 105. This technique promises improved molecular sensitivity and molecular coverage for probing complex, real-world biological and medical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioachim Pupeza
- Ludwig Maximilians University München, Garching, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany.
| | - Marinus Huber
- Ludwig Maximilians University München, Garching, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Schweinberger
- Ludwig Maximilians University München, Garching, Germany.,King Saud University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed A Hussain
- Ludwig Maximilians University München, Garching, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
| | - Christina Hofer
- Ludwig Maximilians University München, Garching, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
| | - Kilian Fritsch
- Ludwig Maximilians University München, Garching, Germany
| | | | - Lenard Vamos
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
| | - Ernst Fill
- Ludwig Maximilians University München, Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Vladimir Pervak
- Ludwig Maximilians University München, Garching, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
| | - Oleg Pronin
- Ludwig Maximilians University München, Garching, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany
| | - Frank Fleischmann
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany.,Center for Molecular Fingerprinting, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Abdallah Azzeer
- King Saud University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mihaela Žigman
- Ludwig Maximilians University München, Garching, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany.,Center for Molecular Fingerprinting, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Krausz
- Ludwig Maximilians University München, Garching, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Fingerprinting, Budapest, Hungary.
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47
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Vasilyev S, Smolski V, Peppers J, Moskalev I, Mirov M, Barnakov Y, Mirov S, Gapontsev V. Middle-IR frequency comb based on Cr:ZnS laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:35079-35087. [PMID: 31878683 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.035079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first fully referenced Cr:ZnS optical frequency comb. The comb features few cycle output pulses with 3.25 W average power at 80 MHz repetition rate, spectrum spanning 60 THz in the middle-IR range 1.79-2.86 µm, and a small footprint (0.1 m2), The spectral components used for the measurement of the comb's carrier envelope offset frequency were obtained directly inside the polycrystalline Cr:ZnS laser medium via intrinsic nonlinear interferometry. Using this scheme we stabilized the offset frequency of the comb with the residual phase noise of 75 mrads.
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48
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Abbas MA, Pan Q, Mandon J, Cristescu SM, Harren FJM, Khodabakhsh A. Time-resolved mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17247. [PMID: 31754263 PMCID: PMC6872568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy can provide broad spectral bandwidth and high spectral resolution in a short acquisition time, enabling time-resolved measurements. Specifically, spectroscopy in the mid-infrared wavelength range is of particular interest, since most of the molecules have their strongest rotational-vibrational transitions in this "fingerprint" region. Here we report time-resolved mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy, covering ~300 nm bandwidth around 3.3 μm with 6 GHz spectral resolution and 20 μs temporal resolution. As a demonstration, we study a CH4/He gas mixture in an electric discharge, while the discharge is modulated between dark and glow regimes. We simultaneously monitor the production of C2H6 and the vibrational excitation of CH4 molecules, observing the dynamics of both processes. This approach to broadband, high-resolution, and time-resolved mid-infrared spectroscopy provides a new tool for monitoring the kinetics of fast chemical reactions, with potential applications in various fields such as physical chemistry and plasma/combustion analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Abbas
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Qing Pan
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Mandon
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simona M Cristescu
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans J M Harren
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Khodabakhsh
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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49
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Hashimoto K, Badarla VR, Kawai A, Ideguchi T. Complementary vibrational spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4411. [PMID: 31562337 PMCID: PMC6764968 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy, comprised of infrared absorption and Raman scattering spectroscopy, is widely used for label-free optical sensing and imaging in various scientific and industrial fields. The two molecular spectroscopy methods are sensitive to different types of vibrations and provide complementary vibrational spectra, but obtaining complete vibrational information with a single spectroscopic device is challenging due to the large wavelength discrepancy between the two methods. Here, we demonstrate simultaneous infrared absorption and Raman scattering spectroscopy that allows us to measure the complete broadband vibrational spectra in the molecular fingerprint region with a single instrument based on an ultrashort pulsed laser. The system is based on dual-modal Fourier-transform spectroscopy enabled by efficient use of nonlinear optical effects. Our proof-of-concept experiment demonstrates rapid, broadband and high spectral resolution measurements of complementary spectra of organic liquids for precise and accurate molecular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Hashimoto
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Aeronautical Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, 181-0015, Japan
| | - Venkata Ramaiah Badarla
- Institute for Photon Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akira Kawai
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuro Ideguchi
- Institute for Photon Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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50
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Chen BH, Hofer C, Pupeza I, Baum P. Second-harmonic generation and self-phase modulation of few-cycle mid-infrared pulses. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4079-4082. [PMID: 31415551 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Near-single-cycle mid-infrared pulses with a spectrum covering 5.4-11 μm are efficiently frequency-doubled in different GaSe crystals. The second-harmonic spectrum spans 3-4.3 μm at a power conversion efficiency of >20%. We measure an effective nonlinear coefficient of deff≈35 pm/V. We also report on self-phase modulation and spectral broadening of the mid-infrared pulses in various bulk materials and find an increase of 45% of spectral width for 5 mm of Ge. These results demonstrate that nonlinear optical conversions can efficiently be driven by few-cycle mid-infrared radiation.
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