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Islam R, Noman H, Azimi A, Siu R, Chinchalongporn V, Schuurmans C, Morshead CM. Primitive and Definitive Neural Precursor Cells Are Present in Human Cerebral Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6549. [PMID: 38928255 PMCID: PMC11203442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of neural stem cells (NSCs) correlates with improved functional outcomes in mouse models of injury. In the murine brain, NSCs have been extensively characterized and comprise (1) primitive NSCs (pNSCs) and (2) definitive NSCs (dNSCs). pNSCs are the earliest cells in the NSC lineage giving rise to dNSCs in the embryonic and adult mouse brain. pNSCs are quiescent under baseline conditions and can be activated upon injury. Herein, we asked whether human pNSCs and dNSCs can be isolated during the maturation of human cerebral organoids (COs) and activated by drugs known to regulate mouse NSC behavior. We demonstrate that self-renewing, multipotent pNSC and dNSC populations are present in human COs and express genes previously characterized in mouse NSCs. The drug NWL283, an inhibitor of apoptosis, reduced cell death in COs but did not improve NSC survival. Metformin, a drug used to treat type II diabetes that is known to promote NSC activation in mice, was found to expand human NSC pools. Together, these findings are the first to identify and characterize human pNSCs, advancing our understanding of the human NSC lineage and highlighting drugs that enhance their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehnuma Islam
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Humna Noman
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ashkan Azimi
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Ricky Siu
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | | | - Carol Schuurmans
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Cindi M. Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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时 莉, 冯 晋, 韦 艳, 路 欣, 张 雨, 杨 林, 何 胜, 陈 佩, 韩 静, 陈 诚, 涂 惠, 余 章, 黄 进, 曾 淑, 陈 晚, 刘 颖, 郭 燕, 毛 姣, 李 晓, 张 谦, 谢 治, 黄 梅, 晏 昆, 应 尔, 陈 俊, 王 艳, 刘 亚, 宋 波, 刘 华, 肖 晓, 唐 红, 王 宇, 蔡 茵, 龙 琦, 许 汉, 王 会, 孙 倩, 韩 芳, 张 瑞, 杨 传, 窦 蕾, 时 会, 王 瑞, 蒋 萍. [A multicenter study of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen, China]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2024; 26:450-455. [PMID: 38802903 PMCID: PMC11135054 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2311094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the incidence rate, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen, China. METHODS Led by Shenzhen Children's Hospital, the Shenzhen Neonatal Data Collaboration Network organized 21 institutions to collect 36 cases of neonatal stroke from January 2020 to December 2022. The incidence, clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen were analyzed. RESULTS The incidence rate of neonatal stroke in 21 hospitals from 2020 to 2022 was 1/15 137, 1/6 060, and 1/7 704, respectively. Ischemic stroke accounted for 75% (27/36); boys accounted for 64% (23/36). Among the 36 neonates, 31 (86%) had disease onset within 3 days after birth, and 19 (53%) had convulsion as the initial presentation. Cerebral MRI showed that 22 neonates (61%) had left cerebral infarction and 13 (36%) had basal ganglia infarction. Magnetic resonance angiography was performed for 12 neonates, among whom 9 (75%) had involvement of the middle cerebral artery. Electroencephalography was performed for 29 neonates, with sharp waves in 21 neonates (72%) and seizures in 10 neonates (34%). Symptomatic/supportive treatment varied across different hospitals. Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment was performed for 12 neonates (33%, 12/36), with a mean score of (32±4) points. The prognosis of 27 neonates was followed up to around 12 months of age, with 44% (12/27) of the neonates having a good prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Ischemic stroke is the main type of neonatal stroke, often with convulsions as the initial presentation, involvement of the middle cerebral artery, sharp waves on electroencephalography, and a relatively low neurodevelopment score. Symptomatic/supportive treatment is the main treatment method, and some neonates tend to have a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - 惠英 涂
- 深圳市人民;医院/暨南大学第二临床医学院/南方科技大学第一附属医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518020
| | - 章斌 余
- 深圳市人民;医院/暨南大学第二临床医学院/南方科技大学第一附属医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518020
| | - 进洁 黄
- 深圳市人民;医院/暨南大学第二临床医学院/南方科技大学第一附属医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518020
| | - 淑娟 曾
- 深圳市龙岗中心;医院/广州中医药大学深圳临床医学院新生儿科,广东深圳 518116
| | - 晚铃 陈
- 深圳市龙岗中心;医院/广州中医药大学深圳临床医学院新生儿科,广东深圳 518116
| | | | | | - 姣玉 毛
- 华中科技大学协和深圳医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518052
| | - 晓东 李
- 华中科技大学协和深圳医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518052
| | | | | | - 梅英 黄
- 深圳市龙岗区人民医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518172
| | - 昆山 晏
- 深圳市龙岗区人民医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518172
| | - 尔雅 应
- 深圳市南山区妇幼保健院新生儿科,广东深圳 518067
| | - 俊 陈
- 深圳市南山区妇幼保健院新生儿科,广东深圳 518067
| | - 艳荣 王
- 深圳市第三人民医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518112
| | - 亚萍 刘
- 深圳市第三人民医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518112
| | - 波 宋
- 深圳市龙华区中心医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518110
| | - 华艳 刘
- 深圳市龙华区中心医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518110
| | - 晓冬 肖
- 深圳市盐田区人民医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518081
| | - 红 唐
- 深圳市盐田区人民医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518081
| | | | - 茵莎 蔡
- 深圳市第二人民医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518025
| | - 琦 龙
- 深圳市第二人民医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518025
| | | | | | | | - 芳 韩
- 惠州市第三人民医院新生儿科,广东惠州 516100
| | - 瑞彪 张
- 惠州市第三人民医院新生儿科,广东惠州 516100
| | | | | | | | - 瑞 王
- 深圳市罗湖区人民医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518005
| | - 萍 蒋
- 深圳市罗湖区人民医院新生儿科,广东深圳 518005
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Loan A, Syal C, Lui M, He L, Wang J. Promising use of metformin in treating neurological disorders: biomarker-guided therapies. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1045-1055. [PMID: 37862207 PMCID: PMC10749596 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are a diverse group of conditions that affect the nervous system and include neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease), cerebrovascular conditions (stroke), and neurodevelopmental disorders (autism spectrum disorder). Although they affect millions of individuals around the world, only a limited number of effective treatment options are available today. Since most neurological disorders express mitochondria-related metabolic perturbations, metformin, a biguanide type II antidiabetic drug, has attracted a lot of attention to be repurposed to treat neurological disorders by correcting their perturbed energy metabolism. However, controversial research emerges regarding the beneficial/detrimental effects of metformin on these neurological disorders. Given that most neurological disorders have complex etiology in their pathophysiology and are influenced by various risk factors such as aging, lifestyle, genetics, and environment, it is important to identify perturbed molecular functions that can be targeted by metformin in these neurological disorders. These molecules can then be used as biomarkers to stratify subpopulations of patients who show distinct molecular/pathological properties and can respond to metformin treatment, ultimately developing targeted therapy. In this review, we will discuss mitochondria-related metabolic perturbations and impaired molecular pathways in these neurological disorders and how these can be used as biomarkers to guide metformin-responsive treatment for the targeted therapy to treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Loan
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Charvi Syal
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Margarita Lui
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Arezoumand KS, Roberts CT, Rastegar M. Metformin Induces MeCP2 in the Hippocampus of Male Mice with Sex-Specific and Brain-Region-Dependent Molecular Impact. Biomolecules 2024; 14:505. [PMID: 38672521 PMCID: PMC11048179 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rett Syndrome (RTT) is a progressive X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder with no cure. RTT patients show disease-associated symptoms within 18 months of age that include developmental regression, progressive loss of useful hand movements, and breathing difficulties, along with neurological impairments, seizures, tremor, and mental disability. Rett Syndrome is also associated with metabolic abnormalities, and the anti-diabetic drug metformin is suggested to be a potential drug of choice with low or no side-effects. Previously, we showed that in vitro exposure of metformin in a human brain cell line induces MECP2E1 transcripts, the dominant isoform of the MECP2 gene in the brain, mutations in which causes RTT. Here, we report the molecular impact of metformin in mice. Protein analysis of specific brain regions in the male and female mice by immunoblotting indicated that metformin induces MeCP2 in the hippocampus, in a sex-dependent manner. Additional experiments confirm that the regulatory role of metformin on the MeCP2 target "BDNF" is brain region-dependent and sex-specific. Measurement of the ribosomal protein S6 (in both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms) confirms the sex-dependent role of metformin in the liver. Our results can help foster a better understanding of the molecular impact of metformin in different brain regions of male and female adult mice, while providing some insight towards its potential in therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Rett Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Sakurai M, Takenaka M, Mitsui Y, Sakai Y, Morimoto M. Prednisolone improves hippocampal regeneration after trimethyltin-induced neurodegeneration in association with prevention of T lymphocyte infiltration. Neuropathology 2024; 44:21-30. [PMID: 37288771 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous regenerative capacity of the brain is quite weak; however, a regenerative reaction, the production of new neurons (neurogenesis), has been reported to occur in brain lesions. In addition, leukocytes are well known to infiltrate brain lesions. Therefore, leukocytes would also have a link with regenerative neurogenesis; however, their role has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated leukocyte infiltration and its influence on brain tissue regeneration in a trimethyltin (TMT)-injected mouse model of hippocampal regeneration. Immunohistochemically, CD3-positive T lymphocytes were found in the hippocampal lesion of TMT-injected mice. Prednisolone (PSL) treatment inhibited T lymphocyte infiltration and increased neuronal nuclei (NeuN)-positive mature neurons and doublecortin (DCX)-positive immature neurons in the hippocampus. Investigation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled newborn cells revealed the percentage of BrdU/NeuN- and BrdU/DCX-positive cells increased by PSL treatment. These results indicate that infiltrated T lymphocytes prevent brain tissue regeneration by inhibiting hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Sakurai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Miki Takenaka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuki Mitsui
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Morimoto
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Cantacorps L, Zhu J, Yagoub S, Coull BM, Falck J, Chesters RA, Ritter K, Serrano-Lope M, Tscherepentschuk K, Kasch LS, Paterson M, Täger P, Baidoe-Ansah D, Pandey S, Igual-Gil C, Braune A, Lippert RN. Developmental metformin exposure does not rescue physiological impairments derived from early exposure to altered maternal metabolic state in offspring mice. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101860. [PMID: 38142972 PMCID: PMC10792763 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and metabolic disorders during pregnancy are increasing globally. This has resulted in increased use of therapeutic interventions such as metformin to aid in glycemic control during pregnancy. Even though metformin can cross the placental barrier, its impact on offspring brain development remains poorly understood. As metformin promotes AMPK signaling, which plays a key role in axonal growth during development, we hypothesized that it may have an impact on hypothalamic signaling and the formation of neuronal projections in the hypothalamus, the key regulator of energy homeostasis. We further hypothesized that this is dependent on the metabolic and nutritional status of the mother at the time of metformin intervention. Using mouse models of maternal overnutrition, we aimed to assess the effects of metformin exposure on offspring physiology and hypothalamic neuronal circuits during key periods of development. METHODS Female C57BL/6N mice received either a control diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy and lactation periods. A subset of dams was fed a HFD exclusively during the lactation. Anti-diabetic treatments were given during the first postnatal weeks. Body weights of male and female offspring were monitored daily until weaning. Circulating metabolic factors and molecular changes in the hypothalamus were assessed at postnatal day 16 using ELISA and Western Blot, respectively. Hypothalamic innervation was assessed by immunostaining at postnatal days 16 and 21. RESULTS We identified alterations in weight gain and circulating hormones in male and female offspring induced by anti-diabetic treatment during the early postnatal period, which were critically dependent on the maternal metabolic state. Furthermore, hypothalamic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neuronal innervation outcomes in response to anti-diabetic treatment were also modulated by maternal metabolic state. We also identified sex-specific changes in hypothalamic AMPK signaling in response to metformin exposure. CONCLUSION We demonstrate a unique interaction between anti-diabetic treatment and maternal metabolic state, resulting in sex-specific effects on offspring brain development and physiological outcomes. Overall, based on our findings, no positive effect of metformin intervention was observed in the offspring, despite ameliorating effects on maternal metabolic outcomes. In fact, the metabolic state of the mother drives the most dramatic differences in offspring physiology and metformin had no rescuing effect. Our results therefore highlight the need for a deeper understanding of how maternal metabolic state (excessive weight gain versus stable weight during GDM treatment) affects the developing offspring. Further, these results emphasize that the interventions to treat alterations in maternal metabolism during pregnancy need to be reassessed from the perspective of the offspring physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Cantacorps
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jiajie Zhu
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Selma Yagoub
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Bethany M Coull
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Joanne Falck
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Robert A Chesters
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Katrin Ritter
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Miguel Serrano-Lope
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Katharina Tscherepentschuk
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Lea-Sophie Kasch
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Maya Paterson
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Paula Täger
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - David Baidoe-Ansah
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Shuchita Pandey
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Carla Igual-Gil
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Annett Braune
- Research Group Intestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Rachel N Lippert
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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Gilbert EAB, Livingston J, Flores EG, Khan M, Kandavel H, Morshead CM. Metformin treatment reduces inflammation, dysmyelination and disease severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148648. [PMID: 37890574 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, death or damage of oligodendrocytes, and axonal degeneration. Current MS treatments are non-curative, associated with undesired side-effects, and expensive, highlighting the need for expanded therapeutic options for patients. There is great interest in developing interventions using drugs or therapeutics to reduce symptom onset and protect pre-existing myelin. Metformin is a well-tolerated drug used to treat Type 2 diabetes that has pleiotropic effects in the central nervous system (CNS), including reducing inflammation, enhancing oligodendrogenesis, increasing the survival/proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs), and increasing myelination. Here, we investigated whether metformin administration could improve functional outcomes, modulate oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and reduce inflammation in a well-established mouse model of MS- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Male and female mice received metformin treatment at the time of EAE induction ("acute") or upon presentation of disease symptoms ("delayed"). We found that acute metformin treatment improved functional outcomes, concomitant with reduced microglia numbers and decreased dysmyelination. Conversely, delayed metformin treatment did not improve functional outcomes. Our findings reveal that metformin administration can improve EAE outcomes when administered before symptom onset in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A B Gilbert
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Jessica Livingston
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Emilio Garcia Flores
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Monoleena Khan
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Harini Kandavel
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada.
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8
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Zhang JY, Xiao J, Xie B, Barba H, Boachie-Mensah M, Shah RN, Nadeem U, Spedale M, Dylla N, Lin H, Sidebottom AM, D'Souza M, Theriault B, Sulakhe D, Chang EB, Skondra D. Oral Metformin Inhibits Choroidal Neovascularization by Modulating the Gut-Retina Axis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:21. [PMID: 38108689 PMCID: PMC10732090 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Emerging data indicate that metformin may prevent the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Whereas the underlying mechanisms of metformin's anti-aging properties remain undetermined, one proposed avenue is the gut microbiome. Using the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model, we investigate the effects of oral metformin on CNV, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid transcriptome, and gut microbiota. Methods Specific pathogen free (SPF) male mice were treated via daily oral gavage of metformin 300 mg/kg or vehicle. Male mice were selected to minimize sex-specific differences to laser induction and response to metformin. Laser-induced CNV size and macrophage/microglial infiltration were assessed by isolectin and Iba1 immunostaining. High-throughput RNA-seq of the RPE/choroid was performed using Illumina. Fecal pellets were analyzed for gut microbiota composition/pathways with 16S rRNA sequencing/shotgun metagenomics, as well as microbial-derived metabolites, including small-chain fatty acids and bile acids. Investigation was repeated in metformin-treated germ-free (GF) mice and antibiotic-treated/GF mice receiving fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from metformin-treated SPF mice. Results Metformin treatment reduced CNV size (P < 0.01) and decreased Iba1+ macrophage/microglial infiltration (P < 0.005). One hundred forty-five differentially expressed genes were identified in the metformin-treated group (P < 0.05) with a downregulation in pro-angiogenic genes Tie1, Pgf, and Gata2. Furthermore, metformin altered the gut microbiome in favor of Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia, with a significant increase in fecal levels of butyrate, succinate, and cholic acid. Metformin did not suppress CNV in GF mice but colonization of microbiome-depleted mice with metformin-derived FMT suppressed CNV. Conclusions These data suggest that oral metformin suppresses CNV, the hallmark lesion of advanced neovascular AMD, via gut microbiome modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y. Zhang
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jason Xiao
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Hugo Barba
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Rohan N. Shah
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Melanie Spedale
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Nicholas Dylla
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Huaiying Lin
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Ashley M. Sidebottom
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Mark D'Souza
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Betty Theriault
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Dinanath Sulakhe
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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9
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Dagsuyu E, Koroglu P, Gul IB, Bulan OK, Yanardag R. Oxidative brain and cerebellum injury in diabetes and prostate cancer model: Protective effect of metformin. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23440. [PMID: 37354076 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The body can host the spread of prostate cancer cells. Metastases from prostate cancer are more frequently seen in the brain, liver, lungs, and lymph nodes. A well-known antidiabetic drug, metformin, is also known to have antitumor effects. Our study focuses on the evaluation of potential metformin protective effects on brain and cerebellum damage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and Dunning prostate cancer models. In this investigation, six groups of male Copenhagen rats were created: control, diabetic (D), cancer (C), diabetic + cancer (DC), cancer + metformin, and diabetic + cancer + metformin. The brain and cerebellum tissues of the rats were taken after sacrifice. Oxidative stress markers including reduced glutathione level, lipid peroxidation, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase activities, reactive oxygen species, total oxidant and total antioxidant status, lactate dehydrogenase, xanthine oxidase, acetylcholinesterase activities, protein carbonyl contents, nitric oxide and OH-proline levels, sodium potassium ATPase, carbonic anhydrase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities; glycoprotein levels including hexose, hexosamine, fucose, and sialic acid levels; and histone deacetylase activity as a cancer marker were determined. Oxidative stress markers were impaired and glycoprotein levels and histone deacetylase activity were increased in the D, C, and DC groups. Metformin therapy reversed these effects. Metformin was found to protect the brain and cerebellum of STZ-induced diabetic rats with Dunning prostate cancer from harm caused by MAT-Lylu metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Dagsuyu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Koroglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Halic University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilknur B Gul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omur K Bulan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Refiye Yanardag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Yuan T, Wang T, Zhang J, Liu P, Xu J, Gu Z, Xu J, Li Y. Robust and Multifunctional Nanoparticles Assembled from Natural Polyphenols and Metformin for Efficient Spinal Cord Regeneration. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18562-18575. [PMID: 37708443 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) remains unsatisfactory owing to the complex pathophysiological microenvironments at the injury site and the limited regenerative potential of the central nervous system. Metformin has been proven in clinical and animal experiments to repair damaged structures and functions by promoting endogenous neurogenesis. However, in the early stage of acute SCI, the adverse pathophysiological microenvironment of the injury sites, such as reactive oxygen species and inflammatory factor storm, can prevent the activation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) and the differentiation of NSCs into neurons, decreasing the whole repair effect. To address those issues, a series of robust and multifunctional natural polyphenol-metformin nanoparticles (polyphenol-Met NPs) were fabricated with pH-responsiveness and excellent antioxidative capacities. The resulting NPs possessed several favorable advantages: First, the NPs were composed of active ingredients with different biological properties, without the need for carriers; second, the pH-responsiveness feature could allow targeted drug delivery at the injured site; more importantly, NPs enabled drugs with different performances to exhibit strong synergistic effects. The results demonstrated that the improved microenvironment by natural polyphenols boosted the differentiation of activated NSCs into neurons and oligodendrocytes, which could efficiently repair the injured nerve structures and enhance the functional recovery of the SCI rats. This work highlighted the design and fabrication of robust and multifunctional NPs for SCI treatment via efficient microenvironmental regulation and targeted NSCs activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tianyou Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Pengyu Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- Core Facilities, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhipeng Gu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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11
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Wang X, Tian GG, Cheng W, Yu X, Li X, Wu J. Metformin promotes female germline stem cell proliferation by upregulating Gata-binding protein 2 with histone β-hydroxybutyrylation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:144. [PMID: 37231495 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin as a first-line clinical anti-diabetic agent prolongs the lifespan of model animals and promotes cell proliferation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the proliferative phenotype, especially in epigenetics, have rarely been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological effects of metformin on female germline stem cells (FGSCs) in vivo and in vitro, uncover β-hydroxybutyrylation epigenetic modification roles of metformin and identify the mechanism of histone H2B Lys5 β-hydroxybutyrylation (H2BK5bhb) in Gata-binding protein 2 (Gata2)-mediated proliferation promotion of FGSCs. METHODS The physiological effects of metformin were evaluated by intraperitoneal injection and histomorphology. The phenotype and mechanism studies were explored by cell counting, cell viability, cell proliferation assay and protein modification omics, transcriptomics, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing in FGSCs in vitro. RESULTS We found that metformin treatment increased the number of FGSCs, promoted follicular development in mouse ovaries and enhanced the proliferative activity of FGSCs in vitro. Quantitative omics analysis of protein modifications revealed that H2BK5bhb was increased after metformin treatment of FGSCs. In combination with H2BK5bhb chromatin immunoprecipitation and transcriptome sequencing, we found that Gata2 might be a target gene for metformin to regulate FGSC development. Subsequent experiments showed that Gata2 promoted FGSC proliferation. CONCLUSION Our results provide novel mechanistic understanding of metformin in FGSCs by combining histone epigenetics and phenotypic analyses, which highlight the role of the metformin-H2BK5bhb-Gata2 pathway in cell fate determination and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Geng G Tian
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weiwei Cheng
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Ji Wu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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12
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Gilbert EAB, Livingston J, Garcia-Flores E, Kehtari T, Morshead CM. Metformin Improves Functional Outcomes, Activates Neural Precursor Cells, and Modulates Microglia in a Sex-Dependent Manner After Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2023:7174953. [PMID: 37209417 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in devastating patient outcomes with few treatment options. A promising approach to improve outcomes following SCI involves the activation of endogenous precursor populations including neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) which are located in the periventricular zone (PVZ), and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) found throughout the parenchyma. In the adult spinal cord, resident NSPCs are primarily mitotically quiescent and aneurogenic, while OPCs contribute to ongoing oligodendrogenesis into adulthood. Each of these populations is responsive to SCI, increasing their proliferation and migration to the site of injury; however, their activation is not sufficient to support functional recovery. Previous work has shown that administration of the FDA-approved drug metformin is effective at promoting endogenous brain repair following injury, and this is correlated with enhanced NSPC activation. Here, we ask whether metformin can promote functional recovery and neural repair following SCI in both males and females. Our results reveal that acute, but not delayed metformin administration improves functional outcomes following SCI in both sexes. The functional improvement is concomitant with OPC activation and oligodendrogenesis. Our data also reveal sex-dependent effects of metformin following SCI with increased activation of NSPCs in females and reduced microglia activation in males. Taken together, these findings support metformin as a viable therapeutic strategy following SCI and highlight its pleiotropic effects in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A B Gilbert
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Livingston
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emilio Garcia-Flores
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tarlan Kehtari
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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13
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A novel ex vivo assay to define charge-balanced electrical stimulation parameters for neural precursor cell activation in vivo. Brain Res 2023; 1804:148263. [PMID: 36702184 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous neural stem cells and their progeny (together termed neural precursor cells (NPCs)) are promising candidates to facilitate neuroregeneration. Charge-balanced biphasic monopolar stimulation (BPMP) is a clinically relevant approach that can activate NPCs both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we established a novel ex vivo stimulation system to optimize the efficacy of BPMP electric field (EF) application in activating endogenous NPCs. Using the ex vivo system, we discerned that cathodal amplitude of 200 μA resulted in the greatest NPC pool expansion and enhanced cathodal migration. Application of the same stimulation parameters in vivo resulted in the same NPC activation in the mouse brain. The design and implementation of the novel ex vivo model bridges the gap between in vitro and in vivo systems, enabling a moderate throughput stimulation system to explore and optimize EF parameters that can be applied to clinically relevant brain injury/disease models.
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14
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Metformin enhances neural precursor cells migration and functional recovery after ischemic stroke in mice. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:505-515. [PMID: 36611122 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Resident neural precursor cells (NPCs) activation is a promising therapeutic strategy for brain repair. This strategy involves stimulating multiple stages of NPCs development, including proliferation, self-renewal, migration, and differentiation. Metformin, an FDA-approved diabetes drug, has been shown to promote the proliferation and differentiation of NPCs. However, it is still unclear whether metformin promotes the migration of NPCs. EVOS living cell imaging system was used for observing the migration for primary NPCs dynamically in vitro after metformin treatment. For in vivo study, a mouse model of ischemic stroke was established through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). To label the proliferating cell in subventricular zone, BrdU was injected intraperitoneally into the mice. After co-staining with BrdU and doublecortin (DCX), a marker for NPCs, the migration of Brdu and DCX double positive NPCs was detected along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) and around the infarct area using frozen brain sections. Finally, the rotarod test, corner test and beam walking were performed to evaluate the motor functions of the mice after stroke in different groups. The results showed that metformin enhanced NPCs migration in vivo and in vitro by promoting F-actin assembly and lamellipodia formation. What's more, metformin treatment also significantly reduced the infarct volume and alleviated functional dysfunction after stroke. Mechanistically, metformin promoted NPCs migration via up-regulating the CDC42 expression. Taken together, metformin represents an optimal candidate agent for neural repair that is capable of not only expanding the adult NPC population but also subsequently driving them toward the destination for neuronal differentiation.
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15
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Mechanism of metformin regulation in central nervous system: Progression and future perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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He Y, Ying J, Tang J, Zhou R, Qu H, Qu Y, Mu D. Neonatal Arterial Ischaemic Stroke: Advances in Pathologic Neural Death, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2248-2266. [PMID: 35193484 PMCID: PMC9890291 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220222144744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal arterial ischaemic stroke (NAIS) is caused by focal arterial occlusion and often leads to severe neurological sequelae. Neural deaths after NAIS mainly include necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. These neural deaths are mainly caused by upstream stimulations, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and death receptor pathways. The current clinical approaches to managing NAIS mainly focus on supportive treatments, including seizure control and anticoagulation. In recent years, research on the pathology, early diagnosis, and potential therapeutic targets of NAIS has progressed. In this review, we summarise the latest progress of research on the pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of NAIS and highlight newly potential diagnostic and treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Ying
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixi Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Haibo Qu
- Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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17
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Shi B, Zhao J, Xu Z, Chen C, Xu L, Xu C, Sun M, Kuang H. Chiral Nanoparticles Force Neural Stem Cell Differentiation to Alleviate Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202475. [PMID: 36008133 PMCID: PMC9561871 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of neural stem cells via nanomaterials has attracted attention and has become a potential tool. However, the chirality effect in neural stem cell differentiation has not been investigated. Here, this study shows that chiral nanoparticles (NPs) with strong chirality can efficiently accelerate the differentiation of mouse neural stem cells (NSCs) into neurons under near-infrared (NIR) light illumination. L-type NPs are 1.95 times greater than D-type NPs in promoting NSCs differentiation due to their 1.47-fold endocytosis efficiency. Whole gene expression map analysis reveals that circularly polarized light illumination and chiral NPs irradiation significantly upregulate Map2, Yap1, and Taz genes, resulting in mechanical force, cytoskeleton protein action, and accelerated NSCs differentiation. In vivo experiments show that successful differentiation can further alleviate symptoms in Alzheimer's disease mice. Moreover, the clearance of L-type NPs on amyloid and hyperphosphorylated p-tau protein reachs 68.24% and 66.43%, respectively, under the synergy of NIR irradiation. The findings suggest that strong chiral nanomaterials may have advantages in guiding cell development and can be used in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baimei Shi
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and BiodetectionJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Jing Zhao
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and BiodetectionJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Zhuojia Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and BiodetectionJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Chen Chen
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and BiodetectionJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Liguang Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and BiodetectionJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and BiodetectionJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Maozhong Sun
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and BiodetectionJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Hua Kuang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and BiodetectionJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122China
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18
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Mohammadi A, Higazy R, Gauda EB. PGC-1α activity and mitochondrial dysfunction in preterm infants. Front Physiol 2022; 13:997619. [PMID: 36225305 PMCID: PMC9548560 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.997619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) are born in a relatively hyperoxic environment with weak antioxidant defenses, placing them at high risk for mitochondrial dysfunction affecting multiple organ systems including the nervous, respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. The brain and lungs are highly affected by mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation in the neonate, causing white matter injury (WMI) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respectively. Adequate mitochondrial function is important in providing sufficient energy for organ development as it relates to alveolarization and axonal myelination and decreasing oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) detoxification. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is at the root of WMI and BPD pathobiology, exploring therapies that can regulate PGC-1α activity may be beneficial. This review article describes several promising therapeutic agents that can mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction through direct and indirect activation and upregulation of the PGC-1α pathway. Metformin, resveratrol, omega 3 fatty acids, montelukast, L-citrulline, and adiponectin are promising candidates that require further pre-clinical and clinical studies to understand their efficacy in decreasing the burden of disease from WMI and BPD in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Mohammadi
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Translational Medicine Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Randa Higazy
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Translational Medicine Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Estelle B. Gauda
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Translational Medicine Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Estelle B. Gauda,
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Savchuk S, Monje M. Mini-Review: Aplastic Myelin Following Chemotherapy. Neurosci Lett 2022; 790:136861. [PMID: 36055447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of chemotherapy to improved outcomes for cancer patients is unquestionable. Yet as its applications broaden, so do the concerns for the long-term implications of chemotherapy on the health of cancer survivors, with chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment as a cause for particular urgency. In this mini review, we explore myelin aplasticity following chemotherapy, discussing the role of myelin plasticity in healthy cognition and failure of myelin plasticity chiefly due microenvironmental aberrations in chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment. Possible therapeutic strategies to mitigate chemotherapy-induced myelin dysfunction are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomiia Savchuk
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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20
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Zhang YL, Liu F, Li ZB, He XT, Li X, Wu RX, Sun HH, Ge SH, Chen FM, An Y. Metformin combats high glucose-induced damage to the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells via inhibition of the NPR3-mediated MAPK pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:305. [PMID: 35841070 PMCID: PMC9284897 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02992-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High glucose-induced damage to the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) has long been a challenge to periodontal regeneration for diabetic individuals. Metformin is an anti-hyperglycemic drug that exhibits abundant biological activities associated with cell metabolism and downstream tissue regeneration. However, how metformin combats damage to PDLSC osteogenic differentiation under high glucose and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Methods Osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, ALP activity, Alizarin Red staining and quantitative assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. RNA-seq analysis was performed to screen target genes of metformin, and the effects of target genes were confirmed using lentivirus transfection. Western blot analysis was also used to detect the protein level of underlying signaling pathways. Results We found that osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs under high glucose was decreased, and metformin addition enhanced this capacity of differentiation. Furthermore, the results of RNA-seq analysis showed that natriuretic peptide receptor 3 (NPR3) was upregulated in PDLSCs under high glucose and downregulated after metformin addition. When the underlying pathways involved were investigated, we found that upregulation of NPR3 can compromise the metformin-enhanced PDLSC osteogenic differentiation and activate the MAPK pathway (especially the p38 MAPK and Erk1/2 pathway), and that inhibition of the NPR3-mediated p38 MAPK or Erk1/2 pathway enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs under high glucose. Conclusions The present study suggests that metformin may enhance the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs under high glucose via downregulation of NPR3 and inhibition of its downstream MAPK pathway. This is the first report identifying the involvement of NPR3-mediated MAPK pathway in the metformin-enhanced osteogenic differentiation, indicating that NPR3 antagonists, such as metformin, may be feasible therapeutics for periodontal tissue regeneration in diabetic individuals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02992-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Stomatology Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Tao He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Hua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Hua Ge
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying An
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Ghosh-Swaby OR, Reichelt AC, Sheppard PAS, Davies J, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM. Metabolic hormones mediate cognition. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 66:101009. [PMID: 35679900 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent biochemical and behavioural evidence indicates that metabolic hormones not only regulate energy intake and nutrient content, but also modulate plasticity and cognition in the central nervous system. Disruptions in metabolic hormone signalling may provide a link between metabolic syndromes like obesity and diabetes, and cognitive impairment. For example, altered metabolic homeostasis in obesity is a strong determinant of the severity of age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease. Here we review the evidence that eating behaviours and metabolic hormones-particularly ghrelin, leptin, and insulin-are key players in the delicate regulation of neural plasticity and cognition. Caloric restriction and antidiabetic therapies, both of which affect metabolic hormone levels can restore metabolic homeostasis and enhance cognitive function. Thus, metabolic hormone pathways provide a promising target for the treatment of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Ghosh-Swaby
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amy C Reichelt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul A S Sheppard
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Davies
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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22
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Bourget C, Adams KV, Morshead CM. Reduced microglia activation following metformin administration or microglia ablation is sufficient to prevent functional deficits in a mouse model of neonatal stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:146. [PMID: 35705953 PMCID: PMC9199194 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal stroke is a devastating insult that can lead to life-long impairments. In response to hypoxic–ischaemic injury, there is loss of neurons and glia as well as a neuroinflammatory response mediated by resident immune cells, including microglia and astrocytes, which can exacerbate damage. Administration of the antidiabetic drug metformin has been shown to improve functional outcomes in preclinical models of brain injury and the cellular basis for metformin-mediated recovery is unknown. Given metformin’s demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties, we investigated its role in regulating the microglia activation and used a microglia ablation strategy to investigate the microglia-mediated outcomes in a mouse model of neonatal stroke. Methods Hypoxia-ischaemia (H-I) was performed on post-natal day 8. Metformin was administered for one week, starting one day after injury. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the spatiotemporal response of microglia and astrocytes after hypoxia-ischaemia, with or without metformin treatment. To evaluate the effects of microglia depletion after hypoxia-ischaemia, we delivered Plexxikon 5622 for 1 or 2 weeks post-injury. The regional pattern of microglia and astrocyte depletion was assessed through immunohistochemistry. Motor behaviour was assessed with the righting reflex, hindlimb suspension, grip strength and cylinder tests. Results Herein, we revealed a spatiotemporally regulated response of microglia and astrocytes after hypoxia-ischaemia. Metformin treatment after hypoxia-ischaemia had no effect on microglia number and proliferation, but significantly reduced microglia activation in all regions examined, concomitant with improved behavioural outcomes in injured mice. Plexxikon 5622 treatment successfully ablated microglia, resulting in a > 90% depletion in microglia in the neonatal brain. Microglia rapidly repopulated upon treatment cessation of Plexxikon. Most interesting, microglia ablation was sufficient to reduce functional deficits after hypoxia-ischaemia, mimicking the effects of 1 week of metformin treatment post-injury. Conclusion These results highlight the importance of regulating the neuroinflammatory response after neonatal stroke to promote recovery. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02487-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bourget
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S1A8, Canada. .,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Room 1006, Toronto, ON, M5S3E1, Canada. .,Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S1A8, Canada. .,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S3E1, Canada.
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23
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Chan A, Willard A, Mulloy S, Ibrahim N, Sciaccotta A, Schonfeld M, Spencer SM. Metformin in nucleus accumbens core reduces cue-induced cocaine seeking in male and female rats. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13165. [PMID: 35470560 PMCID: PMC9285471 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential therapeutic effects of the FDA‐approved drug metformin on cue‐induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Metformin (dimethyl‐biguanide) is a first‐line treatment for type II diabetes that, among other mechanisms, is involved in the activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK). Cocaine self‐administration and extinction is associated with decreased levels of phosphorylated AMPK within the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore). Previously, it was shown that increasing AMPK activity in the NAcore decreased cue‐induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Decreasing AMPK activity produced the opposite effect. The goal of the present study was to determine if metformin in the NAcore reduces cue‐induced cocaine seeking in adult male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were trained to self‐administer cocaine followed by extinction prior to cue‐induced reinstatement trials. Metformin microinjected in the NAcore attenuated cue‐induced reinstatement in male and female rats. Importantly, metformin's effects on cocaine seeking were not due to a general depression of spontaneous locomotor activity. In female rats, metformin's effects did generalize to a reduction in cue‐induced reinstatement of sucrose seeking. These data support a potential role for metformin as a pharmacotherapy for cocaine use disorder but warrant caution given the potential for metformin's effects to generalize to a natural reward in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Chan
- Department of Pharmacology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience Oregon Health & Science University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Alexis Willard
- Department of Pharmacology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
- Medical Discovery Team on Addiction University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Sarah Mulloy
- Department of Pharmacology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
- Medical Discovery Team on Addiction University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Noor Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Allegra Sciaccotta
- Department of Pharmacology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Mark Schonfeld
- Department of Pharmacology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
- Medical Discovery Team on Addiction University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Sade M. Spencer
- Department of Pharmacology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
- Medical Discovery Team on Addiction University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
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24
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Tu WJ, Liu Z, Chao BH, Yan F, Ma L, Cao L, Ji XM, Wang LD. Metformin use is associated with low risk of case fatality and disability rates in first-ever stroke patients with type 2 diabetes. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2022; 13:20406223221076894. [PMID: 35465053 PMCID: PMC9021516 DOI: 10.1177/20406223221076894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To assess the effectiveness of metformin treatment on long-term outcomes in first-ever stroke patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in China. Methods: From August to September 2019, all patients with first-ever stroke and T2DM from 232 hospitals in China Mainland were included. The enrolled patients were divided into two groups: the metformin treatment (MT) and the no-metformin treatment (No-MT) groups. All discharged patients would receive a telephone follow-up at 12-month after admission. Results: In total, 7587 first-ever stroke patients with T2DM [age: median (IQR) = 66 (57–73) years; 57.35% male] were recruited. Out of those 7587 included patients, 3593 (47.36%) received MT. The in-hospital case fatality rate was lower in the MT group than the No-MT group [MT group versus No-MT group: 1.09% versus 2.30%; absolute difference = −1.75% (95% CI = −2.15 to −1.17%); OR = 0.63 (95% CI = 0.47 to 0.84)]. The 12-month case fatality rate was lower in the MT group than the No-MT group [4.72% versus 8.05%; absolute difference = −4.05% (95% CI = −5.58 to −2.41); OR = 0.69 (95% CI = 0.50 to 0.88)]. The 12-month disability rate was also lower in the MT group than the No-MT group [14.74% versus 19.41%; absolute difference = −5.70% (95% CI = −7.25 to −3.22); OR = 0.83 (95% CI = 0.70 to 0.95)]. Furthermore, the recurrence rate did not differ significantly between the MT and No-MT groups (p = 0.29). Conclusion: The study reveals that metformin use in stroke patients with T2DM results in a less severe stroke and lower fatality and disability rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South Four Ring West Road, Beijing 100070, China
- The General Office of Stroke Prevention Project Committee, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Hua Chao
- The General Office of Stroke Prevention Project Committee, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Cao
- The General Office of Stroke Prevention Project Committee, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xun-Ming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Long-De Wang
- The General Office of Stroke Prevention Project Committee, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, No. 118, Guang’anmen Inner Street, Beijing 100053, China
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25
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Ilias I, Rizzo M, Zabuliene L. Metformin: Sex/Gender Differences in Its Uses and Effects—Narrative Review. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58030430. [PMID: 35334606 PMCID: PMC8952223 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MTF) occupies a major and fundamental position in the therapeutic management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Gender differences in some effects and actions of MTF have been reported. Women are usually prescribed lower MTF doses compared to men and report more gastrointestinal side effects. The incidence of cardiovascular events in women on MTF has been found to be lower to that of men on MTF. Despite some promising results with MTF regarding pregnancy rates in women with PCOS, the management of gestational diabetes, cancer prevention or adjunctive cancer treatment and COVID-19, most robust meta-analyses have yet to confirm such beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Ilias
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: e-mail:
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (Promise), School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 141, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Lina Zabuliene
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio St. 21/27, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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Regulating Endogenous Neural Stem Cell Activation to Promote Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050846. [PMID: 35269466 PMCID: PMC8909806 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects millions of individuals worldwide. Currently, there is no cure, and treatment options to promote neural recovery are limited. An innovative approach to improve outcomes following SCI involves the recruitment of endogenous populations of neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs can be isolated from the neuroaxis of the central nervous system (CNS), with brain and spinal cord populations sharing common characteristics (as well as regionally distinct phenotypes). Within the spinal cord, a number of NSC sub-populations have been identified which display unique protein expression profiles and proliferation kinetics. Collectively, the potential for NSCs to impact regenerative medicine strategies hinges on their cardinal properties, including self-renewal and multipotency (the ability to generate de novo neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes). Accordingly, endogenous NSCs could be harnessed to replace lost cells and promote structural repair following SCI. While studies exploring the efficacy of this approach continue to suggest its potential, many questions remain including those related to heterogeneity within the NSC pool, the interaction of NSCs with their environment, and the identification of factors that can enhance their response. We discuss the current state of knowledge regarding populations of endogenous spinal cord NSCs, their niche, and the factors that regulate their behavior. In an attempt to move towards the goal of enhancing neural repair, we highlight approaches that promote NSC activation following injury including the modulation of the microenvironment and parenchymal cells, pharmaceuticals, and applied electrical stimulation.
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27
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Kim CK, Sachdev PS, Braidy N. Recent Neurotherapeutic Strategies to Promote Healthy Brain Aging: Are we there yet? Aging Dis 2022; 13:175-214. [PMID: 35111369 PMCID: PMC8782556 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the global exponential increase in population ageing, there is an urgent unmet need to develop reliable strategies to slow down and delay the ageing process. Age-related neurodegenerative diseases are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in our contemporary society and represent a major socio-economic burden. There are several controversial factors that are thought to play a causal role in brain ageing which are continuously being examined in experimental models. Among them are oxidative stress and brain inflammation which are empirical to brain ageing. Although some candidate drugs have been developed which reduce the ageing phenotype, their clinical translation is limited. There are several strategies currently in development to improve brain ageing. These include strategies such as caloric restriction, ketogenic diet, promotion of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels, removal of senescent cells, 'young blood' transfusions, enhancement of adult neurogenesis, stem cell therapy, vascular risk reduction, and non-pharmacological lifestyle strategies. Several studies have shown that these strategies can not only improve brain ageing by attenuating age-related neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, but also maintain cognitive function in a variety of pre-clinical experimental murine models. However, clinical evidence is limited and many of these strategies are awaiting findings from large-scale clinical trials which are nascent in the current literature. Further studies are needed to determine their long-term efficacy and lack of adverse effects in various tissues and organs to gain a greater understanding of their potential beneficial effects on brain ageing and health span in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Kyu Kim
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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28
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Madhu LN, Kodali M, Shetty AK. Promise of metformin for preventing age-related cognitive dysfunction. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:503-507. [PMID: 34380878 PMCID: PMC8504370 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.320971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanded lifespan of people, while a positive advance, has also amplified the prevalence of age-related disorders, which include mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, competent therapies that could improve the healthspan of people have great significance. Some of the dietary and pharmacological approaches that augment the lifespan could also preserve improved cognitive function in old age. Metformin, a drug widely used for treating diabetes, is one such candidate that could alleviate age-related cognitive dysfunction. However, the possible use of metformin to alleviate age-related cognitive dysfunction has met with conflicting results in human and animal studies. While most clinical studies have suggested the promise of metformin to maintain better cognitive function and reduce the risk for developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease in aged diabetic people, its efficacy in the nondiabetic population is still unclear. Moreover, a previous animal model study implied that metformin could adversely affect cognitive function in the aged. However, a recent animal study using multiple behavioral tests has reported that metformin treatment in late middle age improved cognitive function in old age. The study also revealed that cognition-enhancing effects of metformin in aged animals were associated with the activation of the energy regulator adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, diminished neuroinflammation, inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, and augmented autophagy in the hippocampus. The proficiency of metformin to facilitate these favorable modifications in the aged hippocampus likely underlies its positive effect on cognitive function. Nonetheless, additional studies probing the outcomes of different doses and durations of metformin treatment at specific windows in the middle and old age across sex in nondiabetic and non-obese prototypes are required to substantiate the promise of metformin to maintain better cognitive function in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leelavathi N Madhu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
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Said ES, Elsayed AM, Rashed LA, Nadwa EH, Alsuhaibani NA, Alfuraih BS, Mahmoud RH. Evaluation of nootropic activity of telmisartan and metformin on diazepam-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice through AMPK pathway and amelioration of hippocampal morphological alterations. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174511. [PMID: 34547248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments such as dementia are considered the biggest challenges for public health. Benzodiazepines are often prescribed for treatment of anxiety disorder but they are associated with elevated risk of dementia. The present study has been designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of telmisartan and metformin on diazepam-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice. Piracetam was used as an established nootropic agent. Mice were divided into 8 groups, group1; control group which received normal saline. groups 2, 3 and 4 were received telmisartan 0.3 mg/kg/day, metformin 100 mg/kg/day and piracetam 200 mg/kg/day respectively. group 5; DZP group that injected with diazepam 2.5 mg/kg, groups 6, 7 and 8 were received diazepam 2.5 mg/kg + telmisartan 0.3 mg/kg/day, metformin 100 mg/kg/day and piracetam 200 mg/kg/day respectively. All drugs were administrated for 15 successive days. Cognitive skills of the animals were examined with Elevated plus maze and Passive Shock Avoidance tests. Investigations of oxidative stress markers were performed. Gene expression levels of TNF-α, NFκB, Caspase 3 and AMPK were analyzed using RT-PCR. Histological and immunohistochemical techniques were performed in hippocampus using H&E, cresyl violet stain, anti GFAP and anti COX-2 immunostain. The study revealed that administration of diazepam increased initial and retention transfer latency as well as it decreased step down latency that means it caused memory impairment. There was a significant increase in hippocampal expression levels of TNF-α, NFκB, and Caspase 3 and downregulation of AMPK expression levels associated with increased neurodegeneration, astrocytes activation and COX-2 immunohistochemical staining. This study indicates that diazepam caused a decline in cognitive function depending on hippocampal activity. Telmisartan, a common antihypertensive agent and metformin, a traditional antidiabetic drug improved this cognitive dysfunction through their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect as they decreased initial and retention transfer latency as well as it increased step down latency. Also they decreased TNF-α, NFκB, and Caspase 3 and upregulated AMPK expression, moreover they ameliorated the hippocampal morphological alterations, GFAP and COX-2 immunoexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman S Said
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63511, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asmaa M Elsayed
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
| | - Laila A Rashed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Eman H Nadwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Rania H Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
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30
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Tseng CH. Metformin and primary bone cancer risk in Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bone 2021; 151:116037. [PMID: 34116220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of metformin on primary bone cancer risk has not been researched. This retrospective cohort study investigated the risk of primary bone cancer between metformin initiators and non-metformin initiators in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS A total of 673,532 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus and had been prescribed antidiabetic drugs for 2 or more times during 1999-2009 were enrolled from Taiwan's National Health Insurance. Metformin initiators and non-metformin initiators were defined according to the prescriptions of antidiabetic drugs within the initial 12 months. The patients were then followed up until December 31, 2011 for the incidence of primary bone cancer. Cox regression incorporated with the inverse probability of treatment-weighting using propensity scores was used to estimate hazard ratios in intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. RESULTS In the intention-to-treat analysis, the respective incidence rates were 10.56 and 12.90 per 100,000 person-years in 453,532 metformin initiators and 220,000 non-metformin initiators and the hazard ratio for initiators versus non-initiators was 0.830 (95% confidence interval 0.686-1.004, P-value = 0.0551). In the per-protocol analysis, the incidence rates were 7.58 and 11.77 per 100,000 person-years, respectively, and the hazard ratio was 0.615 (95% confidence interval 0.468-0.808, P-value = 0.0005). Subgroup analyses with regards to sex and age (<60 and ≥60 years) showed that the significantly lower risk associated with metformin use was only observed in men aged ≥60 years in the per-protocol analysis. CONCLUSIONS A significantly lower risk of primary bone cancer can be observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who adhere to metformin treatment. This benefit can only be observed in men aged ≥60 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsiao Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine of the National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
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31
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Yuen N, Szulc-Lerch KU, Li YQ, Morshead CM, Mabbott DJ, Wong CS, Nieman BJ. Metformin effects on brain development following cranial irradiation in a mouse model. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:1523-1536. [PMID: 34042964 PMCID: PMC8408860 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cranial radiation therapy (CRT) is a mainstay of treatment for malignant pediatric brain tumors and high-risk leukemia. Although CRT improves survival, it has been shown to disrupt normal brain development and result in cognitive impairments in cancer survivors. Animal studies suggest that there is potential to promote brain recovery after injury using metformin. Our aim was to evaluate whether metformin can restore brain volume outcomes in a mouse model of CRT. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were irradiated with a whole-brain radiation dose of 7 Gy during infancy. Two weeks of metformin treatment started either on the day of or 3 days after irradiation. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging was performed prior to irradiation and at 3 subsequent time points to evaluate the effects of radiation and metformin on brain development. RESULTS Widespread volume loss in the irradiated brain appeared within 1 week of irradiation with limited subsequent recovery in volume outcomes. In many structures, metformin administration starting on the day of irradiation exacerbated radiation-induced injury, particularly in male mice. Metformin treatment starting 3 days after irradiation improved brain volume outcomes in subcortical regions, the olfactory bulbs, and structures of the brainstem and cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that metformin treatment has the potential to improve neuroanatomical outcomes after CRT. However, both timing of metformin administration and subject sex affect structure outcomes, and metformin may also be deleterious. Our results highlight important considerations in determining the potential benefits of metformin treatment after CRT and emphasize the need for caution in repurposing metformin in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nili Yuen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kamila U Szulc-Lerch
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu-Qing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald J Mabbott
- Department of Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Shun Wong
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian J Nieman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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DiBona VL, Shah MK, Krause KJ, Zhu W, Voglewede MM, Smith DM, Crockett DP, Zhang H. Metformin reduces neuroinflammation and improves cognitive functions after traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Res 2021; 172:99-109. [PMID: 34023358 PMCID: PMC8449802 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Within the brain, traumatic brain injury (TBI) alters synaptic plasticity and increases neuroinflammation and neuronal death. Yet, there lacks effective TBI treatments providing pleiotropic beneficial effects on these diverse cellular processes necessary for functional recovery. Here, we show the diabetes drug, metformin, significantly improves cognitive functions after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury in mice, showing improved spatial learning and nest building. Furthermore, injured animals treated with metformin exhibit increased ramification of microglia processes, indicating reduced neuroinflammation. Finally, metformin treatment in vitro increased neuronal activation of partitioning defective 1 (Par1), a family of Ser/Thr kinases playing a key role in synaptic plasticity and neuroinflammation. These results suggest metformin is a promising therapeutic agent for targeting multiple cellular processes necessary for functional TBI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L DiBona
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Mihir K Shah
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kayla J Krause
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Wenxin Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Mikayla M Voglewede
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Dana M Smith
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - David P Crockett
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Huaye Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Abstract
Nanomedicine has demonstrated substantial potential to improve the quality and efficacy of healthcare systems. Although the promise of nanomedicine to transform conventional medicine is evident, significant numbers of therapeutic nanomedicine products have failed in clinical trials. Most studies in nanomedicine have overlooked several important factors, including the significance of sex differences at various physiological levels. This report attempts to highlight the importance of sex in nanomedicine at cellular and molecular level. A more thorough consideration of sex physiology, among other critical variations (e.g., health status of individuals), would enable researchers to design and develop safer and more-efficient sex-specific diagnostic and therapeutic nanomedicine products.
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34
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Derkach D, Kehtari T, Renaud M, Heidari M, Lakshman N, Morshead CM. Metformin pretreatment rescues olfactory memory associated with subependymal zone neurogenesis in a juvenile model of cranial irradiation. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100231. [PMID: 33948569 PMCID: PMC8080112 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cranial irradiation (IR) is an effective adjuvant therapy in the treatment of childhood brain tumors but results in long-lasting cognitive deficits associated with impaired neurogenesis, as evidenced in rodent models. Metformin has been shown to expand the endogenous neural stem cell (NSC) pool and promote neurogenesis under physiological conditions and in response to neonatal brain injury, suggesting a potential role in neurorepair. Here, we assess whether metformin pretreatment, a clinically feasible treatment for children receiving cranial IR, promotes neurorepair in a mouse cranial IR model. Using immunofluorescence and the in vitro neurosphere assay, we show that NSCs are depleted by cranial IR but spontaneously recover, although deficits to proliferative neuroblasts persist. Metformin pretreatment enhances the recovery of neurogenesis, attenuates the microglial response, and promotes recovery of long-term olfactory memory. These findings indicate that metformin is a promising candidate for further preclinical and clinical investigations of neurorepair in childhood brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Derkach
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tarlan Kehtari
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Renaud
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohsen Heidari
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nishanth Lakshman
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cindi M. Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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35
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Büeler H. Mitochondrial and Autophagic Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis in the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073342. [PMID: 33805219 PMCID: PMC8036818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is a highly regulated process during which new neurons are generated from neural stem cells in two discrete regions of the adult brain: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. Defects of adult hippocampal neurogenesis have been linked to cognitive decline and dysfunction during natural aging and in neurodegenerative diseases, as well as psychological stress-induced mood disorders. Understanding the mechanisms and pathways that regulate adult neurogenesis is crucial to improving preventative measures and therapies for these conditions. Accumulating evidence shows that mitochondria directly regulate various steps and phases of adult neurogenesis. This review summarizes recent findings on how mitochondrial metabolism, dynamics, and reactive oxygen species control several aspects of adult neural stem cell function and their differentiation to newborn neurons. It also discusses the importance of autophagy for adult neurogenesis, and how mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction may contribute to cognitive defects and stress-induced mood disorders by compromising adult neurogenesis. Finally, I suggest possible ways to target mitochondrial function as a strategy for stem cell-based interventions and treatments for cognitive and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansruedi Büeler
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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36
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Ren Y, Luo H. Metformin: The next angiogenesis panacea? SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211001641. [PMID: 33796300 PMCID: PMC7970164 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211001641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from existing ones, is
a critical process in wound healing and skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
It also leads to pathological conditions such as retinopathy and tumor
genesis. Metformin, the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetic
mellitus, has a specific regulatory effect on the process of
angiogenesis. Anti-angiogenesis can inhibit the occurrence and
metastasis of tumors and alleviate patients’ symptoms with polycystic
ovary syndrome. Moreover, promoting angiogenesis effect can accelerate
wound healing and promote stroke recovery and limb ischemia
reconstruction. This review reorganizes metformin in angiogenesis, and
the underlying mechanism in alleviating disease to bring some
inspiration to relevant researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Hua Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
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37
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Li YQ, Wong CS. Metabolic Regulation of Hippocampal Neuronal Development and Its Inhibition After Irradiation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:467-475. [PMID: 33706379 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
5'-Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, plays a role in cell fate determination. Whether AMPK regulates hippocampal neuronal development remains unclear. Hippocampal neurogenesis is abrogated after DNA damage. Here, we asked whether AMPK regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its inhibition following irradiation. Adult Cre-lox mice deficient in AMPK in brain, and wild-type mice were used in a birth-dating study using bromodeoxyuridine to evaluate hippocampal neurogenesis. There was no evidence of AMPK or phospho-AMPK immunoreactivity in hippocampus. Increase in p-AMPK but not AMPK expression was observed in granule neurons and subgranular neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) in the dentate gyrus within 24 hours and persisted up to 9 weeks after irradiation. AMPK deficiency in Cre-lox mice did not alter neuroblast and newborn neuron numbers but resulted in decreased newborn and proliferating NPCs. Inhibition of neurogenesis was observed after irradiation regardless of genotypes. In Cre-lox mice, there was further loss of newborn early NPCs and neuroblasts but not newborn neurons after irradiation compared with wild-type mice. These results are consistent with differential negative effect of AMPK on hippocampal neuronal development and its inhibition after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Li
- From the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Shun Wong
- From the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Lakshman N, Bourget C, Siu R, Bamm VV, Xu W, Harauz G, Morshead CM. Niche-dependent inhibition of neural stem cell proliferation and oligodendrogenesis is mediated by the presence of myelin basic protein. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:776-786. [PMID: 33529418 PMCID: PMC8248327 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem and progenitor cells (collectively termed neural precursor cells [NPCs]) are found along the ventricular neuraxis extending from the spinal cord to the forebrain in regionally distinct niches comprised of different cell types, architecture, and cell-cell interactions. An understanding of the factors that regulate NPC behavior is critical for developing therapeutics to repair the injured central nervous system. Herein, we demonstrate that myelin basic protein (MBP), the major cytoplasmic protein constituent of the myelin sheath in oligodendrocytes, can regulate NPC behavior. Under physiological conditions, NPCs are not in contact with intracellular MBP; however, upon injury, MBP is released into the neural parenchyma. We reveal that MBP presented in a spinal cord niche is inhibitory to NPC proliferation. This inhibitory effect is regionally distinct as spinal cord NPCs, but not forebrain-derived NPCs, are inhibited by MBP. We performed coculture and conditioned media experiments that reveal the stem cell niche is a key regulator of MBP's inhibitory actions on NPCs. The inhibition is mediated by a heat-labile protein released by spinal cord niche cells, but not forebrain niche cells. However, forebrain NPCs are also inhibited by the spinal cord derived factor as revealed following in vivo infusion of the spinal cord niche-derived conditioned media. Moreover, we show that MBP inhibits oligodendrogenesis from NPCs. Together, these findings highlight the role of MBP and the regionally distinct microenvironment in regulating NPC behavior which has important implications for stem cell-based regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishanth Lakshman
- Department of Surgery, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clara Bourget
- Department of Surgery, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ricky Siu
- Department of Surgery, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vladimir V Bamm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenjun Xu
- Department of Surgery, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George Harauz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Department of Surgery, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kodali M, Attaluri S, Madhu LN, Shuai B, Upadhya R, Gonzalez JJ, Rao X, Shetty AK. Metformin treatment in late middle age improves cognitive function with alleviation of microglial activation and enhancement of autophagy in the hippocampus. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13277. [PMID: 33443781 PMCID: PMC7884047 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, a drug widely used for treating diabetes, can prolong the lifespan in several species. Metformin also has the promise to slow down age‐related cognitive impairment. However, metformin's therapeutic use as an anti‐aging drug is yet to be accepted because of conflicting animal and human studies results. We examined the effects of metformin treatment in late middle age on cognitive function in old age. Eighteen‐month‐old male C57BL6/J mice received metformin or no treatment for 10 weeks. A series of behavioral tests revealed improved cognitive function in animals that received metformin. Such findings were evident from a better ability for pattern separation, object location, and recognition memory function. Quantification of microglia revealed that metformin treatment reduced the incidence of pathological microglial clusters with alternative activation of microglia into an M2 phenotype, displaying highly ramified processes in the hippocampus. Metformin treatment also seemed to reduce astrocyte hypertrophy. Additional analysis demonstrated that metformin treatment in late middle age increased adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase activation, reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels, and the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, and enhanced autophagy in the hippocampus. However, metformin treatment did not alter neurogenesis or synapses in the hippocampus, implying that improved cognitive function with metformin did not involve enhanced neurogenesis or neosynaptogenesis. The results provide new evidence that metformin treatment commencing in late middle age has promise for improving cognitive function in old age. Modulation of microglia, proinflammatory cytokines, and autophagy appear to be the mechanisms by which metformin facilitated functional benefits in the aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine Texas A&M University College of Medicine College Station TX USA
| | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine Texas A&M University College of Medicine College Station TX USA
| | - Leelavathi N. Madhu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine Texas A&M University College of Medicine College Station TX USA
| | - Bing Shuai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine Texas A&M University College of Medicine College Station TX USA
| | - Raghavendra Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine Texas A&M University College of Medicine College Station TX USA
| | - Jenny Jaimes Gonzalez
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine Texas A&M University College of Medicine College Station TX USA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine Texas A&M University College of Medicine College Station TX USA
| | - Ashok K. Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine Texas A&M University College of Medicine College Station TX USA
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40
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Bressan C, Saghatelyan A. Intrinsic Mechanisms Regulating Neuronal Migration in the Postnatal Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:620379. [PMID: 33519385 PMCID: PMC7838331 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.620379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a fundamental brain development process that allows cells to move from their birthplaces to their sites of integration. Although neuronal migration largely ceases during embryonic and early postnatal development, neuroblasts continue to be produced and to migrate to a few regions of the adult brain such as the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). In the SVZ, a large number of neuroblasts migrate into the olfactory bulb (OB) along the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Neuroblasts migrate in chains in a tightly organized micro-environment composed of astrocytes that ensheath the chains of neuroblasts and regulate their migration; the blood vessels that are used by neuroblasts as a physical scaffold and a source of molecular factors; and axons that modulate neuronal migration. In addition to diverse sets of extrinsic micro-environmental cues, long-distance neuronal migration involves a number of intrinsic mechanisms, including membrane and cytoskeleton remodeling, Ca2+ signaling, mitochondria dynamics, energy consumption, and autophagy. All these mechanisms are required to cope with the different micro-environment signals and maintain cellular homeostasis in order to sustain the proper dynamics of migrating neuroblasts and their faithful arrival in the target regions. Neuroblasts in the postnatal brain not only migrate into the OB but may also deviate from their normal path to migrate to a site of injury induced by a stroke or by certain neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we will focus on the intrinsic mechanisms that regulate long-distance neuroblast migration in the adult brain and on how these pathways may be modulated to control the recruitment of neuroblasts to damaged/diseased brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Bressan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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41
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Electric Field Application In Vivo Regulates Neural Precursor Cell Behavior in the Adult Mammalian Forebrain. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0273-20.2020. [PMID: 32719101 PMCID: PMC7452733 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0273-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS), which uses electrical stimulation, is a well-established neurosurgical technique used to treat neurologic disorders. Despite its broad therapeutic use, the effects of electrical stimulation on brain cells is not fully understood. Here, we examine the effects of electrical stimulation on neural stem and progenitor cells (collectively neural precursor cells; NPCs) from the subventricular zone in the adult forebrain of C57BL/6J mice. Previous work has demonstrated that adult-derived NPCs are electro sensitive and undergo rapid and directed migration in response to application of clinically relevant electric fields (EFs). We examine NPC proliferation kinetics and their differentiation profile following EF application using in vitro and in vivo assays. In vitro direct current electrical stimulation of 250 mV/mm is sufficient to elicit a 2-fold increase in the neural stem cell pool and increases neurogenesis and oligogenesis. In vivo, asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation similarly increases the size of the NPC pool and alters neurogenesis. These findings provide insight into the effects of electrical stimulation on NPCs and suggest its potential use as a regenerative approach to neural repair.
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42
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Assessment of cognitive and neural recovery in survivors of pediatric brain tumors in a pilot clinical trial using metformin. Nat Med 2020; 26:1285-1294. [PMID: 32719487 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We asked whether pharmacological stimulation of endogenous neural precursor cells (NPCs) may promote cognitive recovery and brain repair, focusing on the drug metformin, in parallel rodent and human studies of radiation injury. In the rodent cranial radiation model, we found that metformin enhanced the recovery of NPCs in the dentate gyrus, with sex-dependent effects on neurogenesis and cognition. A pilot double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial was conducted (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02040376) in survivors of pediatric brain tumors who had been treated with cranial radiation. Safety, feasibility, cognitive tests and MRI measures of white matter and the hippocampus were evaluated as endpoints. Twenty-four participants consented and were randomly assigned to complete 12-week cycles of metformin (A) and placebo (B) in either an AB or BA sequence with a 10-week washout period at crossover. Blood draws were conducted to monitor safety. Feasibility was assessed as recruitment rate, medication adherence and procedural adherence. Linear mixed modeling was used to examine cognitive and MRI outcomes as a function of cycle, sequence and treatment. We found no clinically relevant safety concerns and no serious adverse events associated with metformin. Sequence effects were observed for all cognitive outcomes in our linear mixed models. For the subset of participants with complete data in cycle 1, metformin was associated with better performance than placebo on tests of declarative and working memory. We present evidence that a clinical trial examining the effects of metformin on cognition and brain structure is feasible in long-term survivors of pediatric brain tumors and that metformin is safe to use and tolerable in this population. This pilot trial was not intended to test the efficacy of metformin for cognitive recovery and brain growth, but the preliminary results are encouraging and warrant further investigation in a large multicenter phase 3 trial.
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43
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Livingston JM, Syeda T, Christie T, Gilbert EA, Morshead CM. Subacute metformin treatment reduces inflammation and improves functional outcome following neonatal hypoxia ischemia. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 7:100119. [PMID: 34589876 PMCID: PMC8474427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) injury is a leading cause of neonatal death and long-term disability, and existing treatment options for HI offer only modest benefit. Early intervention with the drug metformin has been shown to promote functional improvement in numerous rodent models of injury and has pleiotropic cellular effects in the brain. We have previously shown that 1 week of metformin treatment initiated 24 h after HI in neonatal mice resulted in improved motor and cognitive performance, activation of endogenous neural precursor cells (NPCs), and increased oligodendrogenesis. While promising, a limitation to this work is that immediate pharmacological intervention is not always possible in the clinic. Herein, we investigated whether delaying metformin treatment to begin in the subacute phase post-HI would still effectively promote recovery. Male and female C57/BL6 mice received HI injury postnatally, and metformin treatment began 7 days post-HI for up to 4 weeks. Motor and cognitive performance was assessed across time using behavioural tests (cylinder, foot fault, puzzle box). We found that metformin improved motor and cognitive behaviour, decreased inflammation, and increased oligodendrocytes in the motor cortex. Our present findings demonstrate that a clinically relevant subacute metformin treatment paradigm affords the potential to treat neonatal HI, and that improved outcomes occur through modulation of the inflammatory response and oligodendrogenesis. Subacute metformin treatment improves functional recovery after neonatal hypoxia ischemia. Metformin reduces the number of microglia present in the brain early after injury. Metformin increases the number of oligodendrocytes present in the chronic post-injury phase. Metformin treatment has therapeutic potential in the treatment of hypoxic ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Livingston
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S1A8, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S3E, Canada
| | - Tasfia Syeda
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S3E, Canada
| | - Taryn Christie
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S3E, Canada
| | - Emily A.B. Gilbert
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S1A8, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S3E, Canada
| | - Cindi M. Morshead
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S1A8, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S3E, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S1A8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S3E1, Canada
- Corresponding author. Faculty of Medicine, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.
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Kulkarni AS, Gubbi S, Barzilai N. Benefits of Metformin in Attenuating the Hallmarks of Aging. Cell Metab 2020; 32:15-30. [PMID: 32333835 PMCID: PMC7347426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological aging involves an interplay of conserved and targetable molecular mechanisms, summarized as the hallmarks of aging. Metformin, a biguanide that combats age-related disorders and improves health span, is the first drug to be tested for its age-targeting effects in the large clinical trial-TAME (targeting aging by metformin). This review focuses on metformin's mechanisms in attenuating hallmarks of aging and their interconnectivity, by improving nutrient sensing, enhancing autophagy and intercellular communication, protecting against macromolecular damage, delaying stem cell aging, modulating mitochondrial function, regulating transcription, and lowering telomere attrition and senescence. These characteristics make metformin an attractive gerotherapeutic to translate to human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya S Kulkarni
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sriram Gubbi
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA.
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45
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Poupon-Bejuit L, Rocha-Ferreira E, Thornton C, Hagberg H, Rahim AA. Neuroprotective Effects of Diabetes Drugs for the Treatment of Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia Encephalopathy. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:112. [PMID: 32435185 PMCID: PMC7218053 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The perinatal period represents a time of great vulnerability for the developing brain. A variety of injuries can result in death or devastating injury causing profound neurocognitive deficits. Hypoxic-ischemic neonatal encephalopathy (HIE) remains the leading cause of brain injury in term infants during the perinatal period with limited options available to aid in recovery. It can result in long-term devastating consequences with neurologic complications varying from mild behavioral deficits to severe seizure, intellectual disability, and/or cerebral palsy in the newborn. Despite medical advances, the only viable option is therapeutic hypothermia which is classified as the gold standard but is not used, or may not be as effective in preterm cases, infection-associated cases or low resource settings. Therefore, alternatives or adjunct therapies are urgently needed. Ongoing research continues to advance our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to perinatal brain injury and identify new targets and treatments. Drugs used for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have demonstrated neuroprotective properties and therapeutic efficacy from neurological sequelae following HIE insults in preclinical models, both alone, or in combination with induced hypothermia. In this short review, we have focused on recent findings on the use of diabetes drugs that provide a neuroprotective effect using in vitro and in vivo models of HIE that could be considered for clinical translation as a promising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Centre for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claire Thornton
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre for Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahad A. Rahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Smith SM, Elliott LT, Alfaro-Almagro F, McCarthy P, Nichols TE, Douaud G, Miller KL. Brain aging comprises many modes of structural and functional change with distinct genetic and biophysical associations. eLife 2020; 9:e52677. [PMID: 32134384 PMCID: PMC7162660 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain imaging can be used to study how individuals' brains are aging, compared against population norms. This can inform on aspects of brain health; for example, smoking and blood pressure can be seen to accelerate brain aging. Typically, a single 'brain age' is estimated per subject, whereas here we identified 62 modes of subject variability, from 21,407 subjects' multimodal brain imaging data in UK Biobank. The modes represent different aspects of brain aging, showing distinct patterns of functional and structural brain change, and distinct patterns of association with genetics, lifestyle, cognition, physical measures and disease. While conventional brain-age modelling found no genetic associations, 34 modes had genetic associations. We suggest that it is important not to treat brain aging as a single homogeneous process, and that modelling of distinct patterns of structural and functional change will reveal more biologically meaningful markers of brain aging in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN FMRIB), University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Lloyd T Elliott
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser UniversityVancouverCanada
| | - Fidel Alfaro-Almagro
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN FMRIB), University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN FMRIB), University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN FMRIB), University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Big Data Institute, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Gwenaëlle Douaud
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN FMRIB), University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Karla L Miller
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN FMRIB), University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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