1
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Huang J, Zhang M, He H, Li Q, Zhao Y, Tan Q, Zang X. Laser-upgraded coal tar for smart pavements in road and bridge monitoring applications. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:34. [PMID: 38476478 PMCID: PMC10928128 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The implementation of an intelligent road network system requires many sensors for acquiring data from roads, bridges, and vehicles, thereby enabling comprehensive monitoring and regulation of road networks. Given this large number of required sensors, the sensors must be cost-effective, dependable, and environmentally friendly. Here, we show a laser upgrading strategy for coal tar, a low-value byproduct of coal distillation, to manufacture flexible strain-gauge sensors with maximum gauge factors of 15.20 and 254.17 for tension and compression respectively. Furthermore, we completely designed the supporting processes of sensor placement, data acquisition, processing, wireless communication, and information decoding to demonstrate the application of our sensors in traffic and bridge vibration monitoring. Our novel strategy of using lasers to upgrade coal tar for use as a sensor not only achieves the goal of turning waste into a resource but also provides an approach to satisfy large-scale application requirements for enabling intelligent road networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincai Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Turbomachinery Power Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Turbomachinery Power Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Haoyun He
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 China
| | - Qingang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Turbomachinery Power Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Yixin Zhao
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Qiulin Tan
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 China
| | - Xining Zang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Turbomachinery Power Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084 China
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2
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Kim SY, Kim JH, Kim KN, Oh H, Myung S, Kim DH. Highly conductive, conformable ionic laser-induced graphene electrodes for flexible iontronic devices. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4599. [PMID: 38409202 PMCID: PMC10897153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55082-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Iontronic devices, recognized for user-friendly soft electronics, establish an electrical double layer (EDL) at the interface between ion gels and electrodes, significantly influencing device performance. Despite extensive research on ion gels and diverse electrode materials, achieving a stable interfacial formation remains a persistent challenge. In this work, we report a solution to address this challenge by employing CO2 irradiation as a bottom-up methodology to directly fabricate highly conductive, conformable laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes on a polyimide (PI)-based ion gel. The PI ion gel exhibits exceptional EDL formation at the electrode interface, primarily attributable to efficient ion migration. Particularly, ionic laser-induced graphene (i-LIG) electrodes, derived from the PI ion gel as a precursor, yield high-quality graphene with enhanced crystallinity and an expanded porous structure in the upward direction. This outcome is achieved through a pronounced thermal transfer effect and intercalation phenomenon between graphene layers, facilitated by the presence of ionic liquids (ILs) within the PI ion gel. Ultimately, in comparison to alternative soft electrode-based vertical capacitors, the utilization of i-LIGs and PI ion gels in the vertical capacitor demonstrates reduced interfacial resistance and increased EDL capacitance, emphasizing the extensive potential of iontronic devices. These results not only highlight these features but also introduce a new perspective for advancing next-generation iontronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Clean-Energy Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Nam Kim
- Division of Energy Technology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Myung
- Thin Film Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Clean-Energy Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Xing X, Zou Y, Zhong M, Li S, Fan H, Lei X, Yin J, Shen J, Liu X, Xu M, Jiang Y, Tang T, Qian Y, Zhou C. A Flexible Wearable Sensor Based on Laser-Induced Graphene for High-Precision Fine Motion Capture for Pilots. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1349. [PMID: 38400507 PMCID: PMC10892607 DOI: 10.3390/s24041349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
There has been a significant shift in research focus in recent years toward laser-induced graphene (LIG), which is a high-performance material with immense potential for use in energy storage, ultrahydrophobic water applications, and electronic devices. In particular, LIG has demonstrated considerable potential in the field of high-precision human motion posture capture using flexible sensing materials. In this study, we investigated the surface morphology evolution and performance of LIG formed by varying the laser energy accumulation times. Further, to capture human motion posture, we evaluated the performance of highly accurate flexible wearable sensors based on LIG. The experimental results showed that the sensors prepared using LIG exhibited exceptional flexibility and mechanical performance when the laser energy accumulation was optimized three times. They exhibited remarkable attributes, such as high sensitivity (~41.4), a low detection limit (0.05%), a rapid time response (response time of ~150 ms; relaxation time of ~100 ms), and excellent response stability even after 2000 s at a strain of 1.0% or 8.0%. These findings unequivocally show that flexible wearable sensors based on LIG have significant potential for capturing human motion posture, wrist pulse rates, and eye blinking patterns. Moreover, the sensors can capture various physiological signals for pilots to provide real-time capturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Xing
- Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Deyang 618307, China; (X.X.)
| | - Yao Zou
- Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Deyang 618307, China; (X.X.)
| | - Mian Zhong
- Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Deyang 618307, China; (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Flight Techniques and Flight Safety, CAAC, Deyang 618307, China
| | - Shichen Li
- Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Deyang 618307, China; (X.X.)
| | - Hongyun Fan
- Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Deyang 618307, China; (X.X.)
| | - Xia Lei
- Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Deyang 618307, China; (X.X.)
| | - Juhang Yin
- Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Deyang 618307, China; (X.X.)
| | - Jiaqing Shen
- Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Deyang 618307, China; (X.X.)
| | - Xinyi Liu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Man Xu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Tao Tang
- College of Electronic and Information, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Yu Qian
- School of Flight Technology, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Deyang 618307, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Deyang 618307, China; (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Flight Techniques and Flight Safety, CAAC, Deyang 618307, China
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4
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Xiong Z, Li K, Bu Y, Liang Z, Zhang H, Liao H, Zhou F, Zhang J. The evolution of atomistic structure and mechanical property of coke in the gasification process with CO 2 and H 2O at different temperatures: A ReaxFF molecular dynamics study. J Mol Model 2023; 29:372. [PMID: 37955718 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05773-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT An atomistic coke carbon model was constructed to simulate the structural evolution in the gasification and stretching process. The coke model was placed in a box with different CO2/H2O content to investigate the evolution of the atomistic structure of coke during the gasification. It was found that different atmospheric concentrations had different effects on the structure and reaction sites of the coke model. The CO2 molecules tended to dissolve on the surface of coke and disrupt its surface structure, while H2O molecules were more likely to enter the coke model to disrupt the internal structure. For tensile simulation, it was found that CO2 and H2O had different effects on the tensile resistance of the coke model. Controlling the composition content of the reaction gas can effectively influence the tensile strength of the coke model. By revealing the behavior of coke model at the micro scale, it provides a theoretical basis for the industrial coke application process. METHODS Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) was used to conduct the molecular dynamics using the reactive force field (ReaxFF). The atomistic model of coke carbon was constructed using the well-known annealing and quenching method, and its composition is determined according to the element analysis of industrial coke. The structural evolution in the gasification with CO2/H2O and the stretching process were analyzed in detail. Molecular dynamics simulations with reactive force field (ReaxFF-MD) were used to simulate the coke dissolution reaction under CO2/H2O atmosphere and the coke stretching process. The atmosphere ratio was modified to investigate the changes in coke structure under different atmosphere conditions. The Packmol software was used to place gas and coke models into the same box. During the reaction process, the Ovito software was used to perform corresponding visualization analysis on the changes in the atomic structure of coke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Xiong
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Haidian District, 30 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Kejiang Li
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Haidian District, 30 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yushan Bu
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Haidian District, 30 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng Liang
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Haidian District, 30 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Modern Technology and Education Centre, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Tangshan, 063009, People's Republic of China
| | - Haotian Liao
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Haidian District, 30 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhou
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Haidian District, 30 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianliang Zhang
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Haidian District, 30 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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5
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Yu J, Hu C, Wang Z, Wei Y, Liu Z, Li Q, Zhang L, Tan Q, Zang X. Printing Three-Dimensional Refractory Metal Patterns in Ambient Air: Toward High Temperature Sensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302479. [PMID: 37544898 PMCID: PMC10625119 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Refractory metals offer exceptional benefits for high temperature electronics including high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical strength, while their high melting temperature and poor processibility poses challenges to manufacturing. Here this work reports a direct ink writing and tar-mediated laser sintering (DIW-TMLS) technique to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) refractory metal devices for high temperature applications. Metallic inks with high viscosity and enhanced light absorbance are designed by utilizing coal tar as binder. The printed patterns are sintered into oxidation-free porous metallic structures using a low-power (<10 W) laser in ambient environment, and 3D freestanding architectures can be rapidly fabricated by one step. Several applications are presented, including a fractal pattern-based strain gauge, an electrically small antenna (ESA) patterned on a hemisphere, and a wireless temperature sensor that can work up to 350 °C and withstand burning flames. The DIW-TMLS technique paves a viable route for rapid patterning of various metal materials with wide applicability, high flexibility, and 3D conformability, expanding the possibilities of harsh environment sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichuan Yu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision/Ultra‐Precision Manufacture Equipments and ControlTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Chuxiong Hu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision/Ultra‐Precision Manufacture Equipments and ControlTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision/Ultra‐Precision Manufacture Equipments and ControlTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yuankong Wei
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing TechnologyMinistry of EducationTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Zhijin Liu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision/Ultra‐Precision Manufacture Equipments and ControlTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Qingang Li
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing TechnologyMinistry of EducationTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement TechnologyNorth University of ChinaTai Yuan030051China
| | - Qiulin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement TechnologyNorth University of ChinaTai Yuan030051China
| | - Xining Zang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing TechnologyMinistry of EducationTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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6
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Jana A, Kearney LT, Naskar AK, Grossman JC, Ferralis N. Effect of Methyl Groups on Formation of Ordered or Layered Graphitic Materials from Aromatic Molecules. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302985. [PMID: 37357175 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Developing functionally complex carbon materials from small aromatic molecules requires an understanding of how the chemistry and structure of its constituent molecules evolve and crosslink, to achieve a tailorable set of functional properties. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to isolate the effect of methyl groups on condensation reactions during the oxidative process and evaluate the impact on elastic modulus by considering three monodisperse pyrene-based systems with increasing methyl group fraction. A parameter to quantify the reaction progression is designed by computing the number of new covalent bonds formed. Utilizing the previously developed MD framework, it is found that increasing methylation leads to an almost doubling of bond formation, a larger fraction of the new bonds oriented in the direction of tensile stress, and a higher basal plane alignment of the precursor molecules along the direction of tensile stress, resulting in enhanced tensile modulus. Additionally, via experiments, it is demonstrated that precursors with a higher fraction of methyl groups result in a higher alignment of molecules. Moreover, increased methylation results in the lower spread of single molecule alignment which may lead to smaller variations in tensile modulus and more consistent properties in carbon materials derived from methyl-rich precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Jana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Logan T Kearney
- Carbon and Composites Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Amit K Naskar
- Carbon and Composites Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nicola Ferralis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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7
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Patil JJ, Wan CTC, Gong S, Chiang YM, Brushett FR, Grossman JC. Bayesian-Optimization-Assisted Laser Reduction of Poly(acrylonitrile) for Electrochemical Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4999-5013. [PMID: 36812031 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Laser reduction of polymers has recently been explored to rapidly and inexpensively synthesize high-quality graphitic and carbonaceous materials. However, in past work, laser-induced graphene has been restricted to semiaromatic polymers and graphene oxide; in particular, poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) is claimed to be a polymer that cannot be laser-reduced successfully to form electrochemically active material. In this work, three strategies to surmount this barrier are employed: (1) thermal stabilization of PAN to increase its sp2 content for improved laser processability, (2) prelaser treatment microstructuring to reduce the effects of thermal stresses, and (3) Bayesian optimization to search the parameter space of laser processing to improve performance and discover morphologies. Based on these approaches, we successfully synthesize laser-reduced PAN with a low sheet resistance (6.5 Ω sq-1) in a single lasing step. The resulting materials are tested electrochemically, and their applicability as membrane electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries is demonstrated. This work demonstrates electrodes that are processed in air, below 300 °C, which are cycled stably over 2 weeks at 40 mA cm-2, motivating further development of laser reduction of porous polymers for membrane electrode applications such as RFBs.
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8
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Goldie S, Coleman KS. Graphitization by Metal Particles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3278-3285. [PMID: 36713730 PMCID: PMC9878637 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphitization of carbon offers a promising route to upcycle waste biomass and plastics into functional carbon nanomaterials for a range of applications including energy storage devices. One challenge to the more widespread utilization of this technology is controlling the carbon nanostructures formed. In this work, we undertake a meta-analysis of graphitization catalyzed by transition metals, examining the available electron microscopy data of carbon nanostructures and finding a correlation between different nanostructures and metal particle size. By considering a thermodynamic description of the graphitization process on transition-metal nanoparticles, we show an energy barrier exists that distinguishes between different growth mechanisms. Particles smaller than ∼25 nm in radius remain trapped within closed carbon structures, while nanoparticles larger than this become mobile and produce nanotubes and ribbons. These predictions agree closely with experimentally observed trends and should provide a framework to better understand and tailor graphitization of waste materials into functional carbon nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart
J Goldie
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DurhamDH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Karl S Coleman
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZE, U.K.
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9
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Zhang H, Liu Y, Han P, Wang S, Yan H, Guo P, Zhang J, Bai Z, Wang Z, Hukuang H, Li X. Quantification of Methane-Induced Asphaltene Precipitation in a Multiple Contact Process. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:46613-46622. [PMID: 36570302 PMCID: PMC9774341 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A unique experiment design is proposed to study the asphaltene precipitation caused by multiple contact processes during gas injection. The newly proposed experiment quantified the asphaltene precipitation at different methane contact steps. Twenty times methane contacts and corresponding asphaltene precipitation states are measured using a light scattering setup under reservoir condition. The amount of the asphaltene precipitation, the composition changes, and the physical properties changes are measured for the 20 times methane contacts. After verifying the asphaltene precipitation in the static experiments, the formation damage caused by the asphaltene precipitation is studied by core flooding tests for three different permeability cases. We found that the primary asphaltene precipitation mechanism in the multiple contact process during methane injection is not the composition change caused by methane extraction. The methane-induced asphaltene stability loss during the multiple contact process is vital. The size and the structure of asphaltene precipitation particles in the crude oil change with the methane contacts. We found that the mechanism of permeability reduction caused by asphaltene precipitation is different depending on the porous media pore throat size and the asphaltene precipitation particle size. Under our experimental condition, the asphaltene precipitation acts as a conformance control method, leading to well-distance optimization considerations in field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- PetroChina
Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd, Daqing163001, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Exploration
and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd, Daqing163001, China
- Heilongjiang
Provincial Key Laboratory of Reservoir Physics & Fluid Mechanics
in Porous Medium, Daqing163001, China
| | - Peihui Han
- Exploration
and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd, Daqing163001, China
| | - Shuoshi Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu610500, China
| | - Huarong Yan
- State
Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu610500, China
| | - Ping Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu610500, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Exploration
and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd, Daqing163001, China
- Heilongjiang
Provincial Key Laboratory of Reservoir Physics & Fluid Mechanics
in Porous Medium, Daqing163001, China
| | - Zhenqiang Bai
- Exploration
and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd, Daqing163001, China
| | - Zhouhua Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu610500, China
| | - Haoxiang Hukuang
- State
Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu610500, China
| | - Xuyang Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu610500, China
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10
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Saadi M, Advincula PA, Thakur MSH, Khater AZ, Saad S, Shayesteh Zeraati A, Nabil SK, Zinke A, Roy S, Lou M, Bheemasetti SN, Bari MAA, Zheng Y, Beckham JL, Gadhamshetty V, Vashisth A, Kibria MG, Tour JM, Ajayan PM, Rahman MM. Sustainable valorization of asphaltenes via flash joule heating. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd3555. [PMID: 36399576 PMCID: PMC9674293 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add3555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The refining process of petroleum crude oil generates asphaltenes, which poses complicated problems during the production of cleaner fuels. Following refining, asphaltenes are typically combusted for reuse as fuel or discarded into tailing ponds and landfills, leading to economic and environmental disruption. Here, we show that low-value asphaltenes can be converted into a high-value carbon allotrope, asphaltene-derived flash graphene (AFG), via the flash joule heating (FJH) process. After successful conversion, we develop nanocomposites by dispersing AFG into a polymer effectively, which have superior mechanical, thermal, and corrosion-resistant properties compared to the bare polymer. In addition, the life cycle and technoeconomic analysis show that the FJH process leads to reduced environmental impact compared to the traditional processing of asphaltene and lower production cost compared to other FJH precursors. Thus, our work suggests an alternative pathway to the existing asphaltene processing that directs toward a higher value stream while sequestering downstream emissions from the processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A.S.R. Saadi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | | | | | - Ali Zein Khater
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Shabab Saad
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ali Shayesteh Zeraati
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Shariful Kibria Nabil
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Aasha Zinke
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Minghe Lou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Sravani N. Bheemasetti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
- Two-Dimensional Materials for Biofilm Engineering Science and Technology (2D-BEST) Center, South Dakota Mines, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Md Abdullah Al Bari
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yiwen Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jacob L. Beckham
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Venkataramana Gadhamshetty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
- Two-Dimensional Materials for Biofilm Engineering Science and Technology (2D-BEST) Center, South Dakota Mines, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Aniruddh Vashisth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Md Golam Kibria
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - James M. Tour
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Pulickel M. Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Muhammad M. Rahman
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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11
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Phan A, Stamatakis M, Koh CA, Striolo A. Wetting Properties of Clathrate Hydrates in the Presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds: Evidence of Ion-Specific Effects. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8200-8206. [PMID: 36006399 PMCID: PMC9442800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted remarkable multidisciplinary attention due to their intriguing π-π stacking configurations, showing enormous opportunity for their use in a variety of advanced applications. To secure progress, detailed knowledge on PAHs' interfacial properties is required. Employing molecular dynamics, we probe the wetting properties of brine droplets (KCl, NaCl, and CaCl2) on sII methane-ethane hydrate surfaces immersed in various oil solvents. Our simulations show synergistic effects due to the presence of PAHs compounded by ion-specific effects. Our analysis reveals phenomenological correlations between the wetting properties and a combination of the binding free-energy difference and entropy changes upon oil solvation for PAHs at oil/brine and oil/hydrate interfaces. The detailed thermodynamic analysis conducted upon the interactions between PAHs and various interfaces identifies molecular-level mechanisms responsible for wettability alterations, which could be applicable for advancing applications in optics, microfluidics, biotechnology, medicine, as well as hydrate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Phan
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical
Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United
Kingdom
| | - Michail Stamatakis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A. Koh
- Center
for Hydrate Research, Chemical & Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alberto Striolo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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12
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Liu H, Sun Z, Chen Y, Zhang W, Chen X, Wong CP. Laser Processing of Flexible In-Plane Micro-supercapacitors: Progresses in Advanced Manufacturing of Nanostructured Electrodes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10088-10129. [PMID: 35786945 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible in-plane architecture micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) are competitive candidates for on-chip miniature energy storage applications owing to their light weight, small size, high flexibility, as well as the advantages of short charging time, high power density, and long cycle life. However, tedious and time-consuming processes are required for the manufacturing of high-resolution interdigital electrodes using conventional approaches. In contrast, the laser processing technique enables high-efficiency high-precision patterning and advanced manufacturing of nanostructured electrodes. In this review, the recent advances in laser manufacturing and patterning of nanostructured electrodes for applications in flexible in-plane MSCs are comprehensively summarized. Various laser processing techniques for the synthesis, modification, and processing of interdigital electrode materials, including laser pyrolysis, reduction, oxidation, growth, activation, sintering, doping, and ablation, are discussed. In particular, some special features and merits of laser processing techniques are highlighted, including the impacts of laser types and parameters on manufacturing electrodes with desired morphologies/structures and their applications on the formation of high-quality nanoshaped graphene, the selective deposition of nanostructured materials, the controllable nanopore etching and heteroatom doping, and the efficient sintering of nanometal products. Finally, the current challenges and prospects associated with the laser processing of in-plane MSCs are also discussed. This review will provide a useful guidance for the advanced manufacturing of nanostructured electrodes in flexible in-plane energy storage devices and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment & School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhijian Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 711 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment & School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment & School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ching-Ping Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 711 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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13
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Wang W, Lu L, Lu X, Liang Z, Tang B, Xie Y. Laser-induced jigsaw-like graphene structure inspired by Oxalis corniculata Linn. leaf. Biodes Manuf 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-022-00197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Wei Y, Chen J, Zhao H, Zang X. Pressure-Strengthened Carbon Fibers from Mesophase Pitch Carbonization Processes. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3283-3289. [PMID: 35389655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Little attention has been devoted to studying the pressures during the mesophase pitches carbonization processes and their effects on the as-produced carbon fibers' mechanical properties. Herein, we study the pressure-enhanced graphitization of mesophase pitch and the promoted tensile stresses of the produced carbon fibers using full atomistic simulations based on reactive force fields. Results show that pressures increase the tensile stress of as-produced fibers by 3.7-11 times under 1-6 GPa isotropic compressing pressure. The highest tensile stress can reach 4.39 GPa in carbonized coal tar pitch at 4000 K under 6 GPa. In experimental work, the pressurized laser-processed mesophase pitch generates less gas and shows more ordered carbonized structures in Raman spectra. This work provides a fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanism of carbon fiber production under pressure, and also illustrates a promising method to manufacture mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers with exceptional mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhuo Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jincong Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xining Zang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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15
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Jana A, Zhu T, Wang Y, Adams JJ, Kearney LT, Naskar AK, Grossman JC, Ferralis N. Atoms to fibers: Identifying novel processing methods in the synthesis of pitch-based carbon fibers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1905. [PMID: 35302858 PMCID: PMC8932655 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and optimizing the key mechanisms used in the synthesis of pitch-based carbon fibers (CFs) are challenging, because unlike polyacrylonitrile-based CFs, the feedstock for pitch-based CFs is chemically heterogeneous, resulting in complex fabrication leading to inconsistency in the final properties. In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations to explore the processing and chemical phase space through a framework of CF models to identify their effects on elastic performance. The results are in excellent agreement with experiments. We find that density, followed by alignment, and functionality of the molecular constituents dictate the CF mechanical properties more strongly than their size and shape. Last, we propose a previously unexplored fabrication route for high-modulus CFs. Unlike graphitization, this results in increased sp3 fraction, achieved via generating high-density CFs. In addition, the high sp3 fraction leads to the fabrication of CFs with isometric compressive and tensile moduli, enabling their potential applications for compressive loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Jana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Taishan Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yanming Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Logan T. Kearney
- Carbon and Composites Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Amit K. Naskar
- Carbon and Composites Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicola Ferralis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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16
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Zang X, Ferralis N, Grossman JC. Electronic, Structural, and Magnetic Upgrading of Coal-Based Products through Laser Annealing. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2101-2109. [PMID: 35077155 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Most coal-to-product routes require complex thermal treatment to carbonize the raw materials. However, the lack of unified comparison of products made from different kinds of coals downplays the role of initial coal chemistry in high-temperature reactions. Here, we used a CO2 laser to investigate the roles that aromatic content and maturity play in the structural evolution and doping of coals during annealing. Results show that a bituminous coal (DECS 19) with aromatic content and maturity in between higher rank, more mature anthracite (DECS 21) and lower rank, lower maturity lignite (DECS 25) leads to more graphite-like structure observed from the highest 2D peak on the Raman spectrum and conductivity (sheet resistance ∼30 ohm sq-1) after lasing. When nitrogen dopants are incorporated with saturated urea dopants into coals through laser ablation, nitrogen preferentially incorporates at the edge sites of graphitic grains. Furthermore, oxide nanoparticles can be incorporated into the graphitic backbone of coal to modify their electronic and magnetic properties through laser annealing. Leveraging tunable magnetic behavior, we demonstrate a soft actuator using both conductive and magnetic coal-Fe/Co oxide. Through laser annealing, we propose a paradigm to understand and control coal chemistry toward flexible and tunable doping and magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xining Zang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nicola Ferralis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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17
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Wang W, Lu L, Li Z, Lin L, Liang Z, Lu X, Xie Y. Fingerprint-Inspired Strain Sensor with Balanced Sensitivity and Strain Range Using Laser-Induced Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1315-1325. [PMID: 34931519 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity and strain range are two mutually exclusive features of strain sensors, where a significant improvement in flexibility is usually accompanied by a reduction in sensitivity. The skin of a human fingertip, due to its undulating fingerprint pattern, can easily detect environmental signals and enhances sensitivity without losing elasticity. Inspired by this characteristic, laser-induced graphene (LIG) with a fingerprint structure is prepared in one step on a polyimide (PI) film and transferred into an Ecoflex substrate to assemble resistive strain sensors. Experimentally, the fingerprint-inspired strain sensor exhibits a superfast response time (∼70 ms), balanced sensitivity and strain range (a gauge factor of 191.55 in the 42-50% strain range), and good reliability (>1500 cycles). Self-organized microcracks, initiated in weak mechanical areas, cause prominent resistance changes during reconnection/disconnection but irreversibly fail after excessive stretching. The robust function of fingerprint-inspired sensors is further demonstrated by real-time monitoring of tiny pulses, large body movements, gestures, and voice recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Longsheng Lu
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zehong Li
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lihui Lin
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhanbo Liang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yingxi Xie
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
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18
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Zang X, Tai KY, Jian C, Shou W, Matusik W, Ferralis N, Grossman JC. Laser-Induced Tar-Mediated Sintering of Metals and Refractory Carbides in Air. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10413-10420. [PMID: 32806046 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Refractory metals and their carbides possess extraordinary chemical and temperature resilience and exceptional mechanical strength. Yet, they are notoriously difficult to employ in additive manufacturing, due to the high temperatures needed for processing. State of the art approaches to manufacture these materials generally require either a high-energy laser or electron beam as well as ventilation to protect the metal powder from combustion. Here, we present a versatile manufacturing process that utilizes tar as both a light absorber and antioxidant binder to sinter thin films of aluminum, copper, nickel, molybdenum, and tungsten powder using a low power (<2W) CO2 laser in air. Films of sintered Al/Cu/Ni metals have sheet resistances of ∼10-1 ohm/sq, while laser-sintered Mo/W-tar thin films form carbide phases. Several devices are demonstrated, including laser-sintered porous copper with a stable response to large strain (3.0) after 150 cycles, and a laserprocessed Mo/MoC(1-x) filament that reaches T ∼1000 °C in open air at 12 V. These results show that tar-mediated laser sintering represents a possible low energy, cost-effective route for engineering refractory materials and one that can easily be extended to additive manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xining Zang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kiera Y Tai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cuiying Jian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Wan Shou
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wojciech Matusik
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nicola Ferralis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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