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Thomas AE, Bauer PS, Dam M, Perraud V, Wingen LM, Smith JN. Automotive braking is a source of highly charged aerosol particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313897121. [PMID: 38466875 PMCID: PMC10990126 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313897121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the last several decades have seen a dramatic reduction in emissions from vehicular exhaust, nonexhaust emissions (e.g., brake and tire wear) represent an increasingly significant class of traffic-related particulate pollution. Aerosol particles emitted from the wear of automotive brake pads contribute roughly half of the particle mass attributed to nonexhaust sources, while their relative contribution to urban air pollution overall will almost certainly grow coinciding with vehicle fleet electrification and the transition to alternative fuels. To better understand the implications of this growing prominence, a more thorough understanding of the physicochemical properties of brake wear particles (BWPs) is needed. Here, we investigate the electrical properties of BWPs as emitted from ceramic and semi-metallic brake pads. We show that up to 80% of BWPs emitted are electrically charged and that this fraction is strongly dependent on the specific brake pad material used. A dependence of the number of charges per particle on charge polarity and particle size is also demonstrated. We find that brake wear produces both positive and negative charged particles that can hold in excess of 30 elementary charges and show evidence that more negative charges are produced than positive. Our results will provide insights into the currently limited understanding of BWPs and their charging mechanisms, which potentially have significant implications on their atmospheric lifetimes and thus their relevance to climate and air quality. In addition, our study will inform future efforts to remove BWP emissions before entering the atmosphere by taking advantage of their electric charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Paulus S. Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Michelia Dam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | | | - Lisa M. Wingen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - James N. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
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2
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Szczepanik DM, Poczta P, Talianu C, Böckmann C, Ritter C, Stefanie H, Toanca F, Chojnicki BH, Schüttemeyer D, Stachlewska IS. Spatio-temporal evolution of long-range transported mineral desert dust properties over rural and urban sites in Central Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166173. [PMID: 37562613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
An exceptionally strong and very fast (120h) mineral dust inflow from North Africa to Poland was predicted by NMMB/BSC-Dust and NAAPS models on 10-11 June 2019. Simultaneous measurements with two complex lidar systems at the EARLINET-ACTRIS urban site in Warsaw (Central Poland) and the PolWET peatland site in Rzecin (Western Poland) captured the evolution of this dust event. The advected air masses had different source areas in North Africa, they were reaching each station via independent pathways, and thus, were unlikely mixed with each other. The excellent capabilities of the next generation PollyXT lidar and the mobile EMORAL lidar allowed for the derivation of full datasets of aerosol optical properties profiles that enabled comparative study of the advected dust properties evolution. Within a mere 350 km distance between Warsaw and Rzecin, distinctly different dust properties were measured, respectively: dry mineral dust composed mainly of coarse mode dust particles (50 ± 5 % of the total particle backscattering profile) versus the wet mineral dust dominated by fine dust particles (58 ± 4 %). A new parameter fine-to-coarse dust ratio (FCDR) is proposed to describe more intuitively mineral dust composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patryk Poczta
- Poznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Piatkowska 94, 60-649 Poznan, Poland
| | - Camelia Talianu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor 409, RO77125 Măgurele, Romania; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Böckmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Mathematics, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christoph Ritter
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Horatiu Stefanie
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fantanele Street 30, RO400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Florica Toanca
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor 409, RO77125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Bogdan H Chojnicki
- Poznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Piatkowska 94, 60-649 Poznan, Poland
| | - Dirk Schüttemeyer
- European Space Agency, European Space Research and Technology Centre, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 Nordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Iwona S Stachlewska
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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3
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Xu K, Liu Y, Li C, Zhang C, Liu X, Li Q, Xiong M, Zhang Y, Yin S, Ding Y. Enhanced secondary organic aerosol formation during dust episodes by photochemical reactions in the winter in Wuhan. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 133:70-82. [PMID: 37451790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of frequently occurring mineral dust on the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), 106 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), trace gas pollutants and chemical components of PM2.5 were measured continuously in January 2021 in Wuhan, Central China. The observation period was divided into two stages that included a haze period and a following dust period, based on the ratio of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. The average ratio of secondary organic carbon (SOC) to elemental carbon (EC) was 1.98 during the dust period, which was higher than that during the haze period (0.69). The contribution of SOA to PM2.5 also increased from 2.75% to 8.64%. The analysis of the relationships between the SOA and relative humidity (RH) and the odd oxygen (e.g., OX = O3 + NO2) levels suggested that photochemical reactions played a more important role in the enhancement of SOA production during the dust period than the aqueous-phase reactions. The heterogeneous photochemical production of OH radicals in the presence of metal oxides during the dust period was believed to be enhanced. Meanwhile, the ratios of trans-2-butene to cis-2-butene and m-/p-xylene to ethylbenzene (X/E) dropped significantly, confirming that stronger photochemical reactions occurred and SOA precursors formed efficiently. These results verified the laboratory findings that metal oxides in mineral dust could catalyse the oxidation of VOCs and induce higher SOA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yafei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chenlu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Qijie Li
- Wuhan Municipality Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Min Xiong
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shijie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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4
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Steinparzer M, Schaubmayr J, Godbold DL, Rewald B. Particulate matter accumulation by tree foliage is driven by leaf habit types, urbanization- and pollution levels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122289. [PMID: 37532217 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) pollution poses a significant threat to human health. Greenery, particularly trees, can act as effective filters for PM, reducing associated health risks. Previous studies have indicated that tree traits play a crucial role in determining the amount of PM accumulated on leaves, although findings have often been site-specific. To comprehensively investigate the key factors influencing PM binding to leaves across diverse tree species and geographical locations, we conducted an extensive analysis using data extracted from 57 publications. The data covers 11 countries and 190 tree species from 1996 to 2021. We categorized tree species into functional groups: evergreen conifers, deciduous conifers, deciduous broadleaves, and evergreen broadleaves based on leaf habit and phylogeny. Evergreen conifers exhibited the highest PM accumulation on leaves, and in general, evergreen leaves accumulated more PM compared to deciduous leaves across all PM size classes. Specific leaf traits, such as epicuticular wax, played a significant role. The highest PM loads on leaves were observed in peri-urban areas along the rural-peri-urban-urban gradient. However, the availability of global data was skewed, with most data originating from urban and peri-urban areas, primarily from China and Poland. Among different climate zones, substantial data were only available for warm temperate and cold steppe climate zones. Understanding the problem of PM pollution and the role of greenery in urban environments is crucial for monitoring and controlling PM pollution. Our systematic review of the literature highlights the variation on PM loading among different vegetation types with varying leaf characteristics. Notably, epicuticular wax emerged as a marker trait that exhibited variability across PM size fractions and different vegetation types. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the importance of greenery in mitigation PM pollution. Our findings underscore the significance of tree traits in PM binding. However, lack of data stresses the need for further research and data collection initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Steinparzer
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Schaubmayr
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Douglas L Godbold
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria; Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Rewald
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria; Vienna Scientific Instruments GmbH, Alland, Austria.
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5
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Hao D, Bisht G, Wang H, Xu D, Huang H, Qian Y, Leung LR. A cleaner snow future mitigates Northern Hemisphere snowpack loss from warming. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6074. [PMID: 37783678 PMCID: PMC10545800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-absorbing particles (LAP) deposited on seasonal snowpack can result in snow darkening, earlier snowmelt, and regional climate change. However, their future evolution and contributions to snowpack change relative to global warming remain unclear. Here, using Earth System Model simulations, we project significantly reduced black carbon deposition by 2081-2100, which reduces the December-May average LAP-induced radiative forcing in snow over the Northern Hemisphere from 1.3 Wm-2 during 1995-2014 to 0.65 (SSP126) and 0.49 (SSP585) Wm-2. We quantify separately the contributions of climate change and LAP evolution on future snowpack and demonstrate that projected LAP changes in snow over the Tibetan Plateau will alleviate future snowpack loss due to climate change by 52.1 ± 8.0% and 8.0 ± 1.1% at the end of the century for the two scenarios, mainly due to reduced black carbon contamination. Our findings highlight a cleaner snow future and its benefits for future water supply from snowmelt especially under the sustainable development pathway of SSP126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalei Hao
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Gautam Bisht
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Donghui Xu
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Huilin Huang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Yun Qian
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - L Ruby Leung
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
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6
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Xiao D, Wang N, Chen S, Wu L, Müller D, Veselovskii I, Li C, Landulfo E, Sivakumar V, Li J, Che H, Fang J, Zhang K, Wang B, Chen F, Hu X, Li X, Li W, Tong Y, Ke J, Wu L, Liu C, Liu D. Simultaneous profiling of dust aerosol mass concentration and optical properties with polarized high-spectral-resolution lidar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162091. [PMID: 36758704 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dust particles originating from arid desert regions can be transported over long distances, presenting severe risks to climate, environment, social economics, and human health at the source and downwind regions. However, there has been a dearth of continuous diurnal observations of vertically resolved mass concentration and optical properties of dust aerosols, which hinders our understanding of aerosol mixing, stratification, aerosol-cloud interactions, and their impacts on the environment. To fill the gap of the insufficient observations, to the best of our knowledge, this work presents the first high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) observation providing days of continuous profiles of the mass concentration, along with particle linear depolarization ratio (PLDR), backscattering coefficient, extinction coefficient and lidar ratio (LR), simultaneously. We present the results of two strong dust events observed by HSRL over Beijing in 2021. The maximum particle mass concentrations reached (1.52 ± 3.5) x103 μg/m3 and (19.48 ± 0.36) x103 μg/m3 for the two dust events, respectively. The retrieved particle mass concentrations and aerosol optical depth (AOD) agree well with the observation from the surface PM10 concentrations and sun photometer with correlation coefficients of 0.90 and 0.95, respectively. The intensive properties of PLDR and LR of the dust aerosols are 0.31 ± 0.02 and 39 ± 7 sr at 532 nm, respectively, which are generally close to those obtained from observations in the downwind areas. Moreover, inspired by the observations from HSRL, a universal analytical relationship is discovered to evaluate the proportion of dust aerosol backscattering, extinction, AOD, and mass concentration using PLDR. The universal analytical relationship reveals that PLDR can directly quantify dust aerosol contribution, which is expected to further expand the application of polarization technology in dust detection. These valuable observations and findings further our understanding of the contribution of dust aerosol to the environment and help supplement dust aerosol databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Nanchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Sijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lingyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Detlef Müller
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Igor Veselovskii
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Chengcai Li
- Department of Atmosphere and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Eduardo Landulfo
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN), 2242 Lineu Prestes Av., Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Venkataraman Sivakumar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Discipline of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Atmosphere and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huizheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Binyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Feitong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xianzhe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaotao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Weize Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yicheng Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ju Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311200, China; Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314000, China; Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311200, China; Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314000, China; Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing 314000, China.
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Méndez Harper J, Harvey D, Huang T, McGrath J, Meer D, Burton JC. The lifetime of charged dust in the atmosphere. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac220. [PMID: 36712382 PMCID: PMC9802237 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Wind-blown dust plays a critical role in numerous geophysical and biological systems, yet current models fail to explain the transport of coarse-mode particles (>5 μm) to great distances from their sources. For particles larger than a few microns, electrostatic effects have been invoked to account for longer-than-predicted atmospheric residence times. Although much effort has focused on elucidating the charging processes, comparatively little effort has been expended understanding the stability of charge on particles once electrified. Overall, electrostatic-driven transport requires that charge remain present on particles for days to weeks. Here, we present a set of experiments designed to explore the longevity of electrostatic charge on levitated airborne particles after a single charging event. Using an acoustic levitator, we measured the charge on particles of different material compositions suspended in atmospheric conditions for long periods of time. In dry environments, the total charge on particles decayed in over 1 week. The decay timescale decreased to days in humid environments. These results were independent of particle material and charge polarity. However, exposure to UV radiation could both increase and decrease the decay time depending on polarity. Our work suggests that the rate of charge decay on airborne particles is solely determined by ion capture from the air. Furthermore, using a one-dimensional sedimentation model, we predict that atmospheric dust of order 10 μm will experience the largest change in residence time due to electrostatic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana Harvey
- Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tianshu Huang
- Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jake McGrath
- Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David Meer
- Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Justin C Burton
- Department of Physics, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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8
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Koffman BG, Saylor P, Zhong R, Sethares L, Yoder MF, Hanschka L, Methven T, Cai Y, Bolge L, Longman J, Goldstein SL, Osterberg EC. Provenance of Anthropogenic Pb and Atmospheric Dust to Northwestern North America. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13107-13118. [PMID: 36083611 PMCID: PMC9494742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Industrial activities release aerosols containing toxic metals into the atmosphere, where they are transported far from their sources, impacting ecosystems and human health. Concomitantly, long-range-transported mineral dust aerosols play a role in Earth's radiative balance and supply micronutrients to iron-limited ecosystems. To evaluate the sources of dust and pollutant aerosols to Alaska following the 2001 phase-out of leaded gasoline in China, we measured Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of particles collected in 2016 from snow pits across an elevational transect (2180-5240 m-a.s.l) in Denali National Park, USA. We also determined Pb flux and enrichment from 1991-2011 in the Denali ice core (3870 m-a.s.l). Chinese coal-burning and non-ferrous metal smelting account for up to 64% of Pb deposition at our sites, a value consistent across the western Arctic. Pb isotope ratios in the aerosols did not change between 2001 and 2016, despite the ban on lead additives. Emissions estimates demonstrate that industrial activities have more than compensated for the phase-out of leaded gasoline, with China emitting ∼37,000 metric tons year-1 of Pb during 2013-2015, approximately 78% of the Pb from East Asia. The Pb flux to Alaska now equals that measured in southern Greenland during peak pollution from North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bess G. Koffman
- Department
of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| | - Patrick Saylor
- National
Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80307, United States
- Earth
Science Department, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Roujia Zhong
- Department
of Computer Science, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| | - Lily Sethares
- Department
of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| | - Meg F. Yoder
- Department
of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston
College, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Lena Hanschka
- Department
of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| | - Taylor Methven
- Department
of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| | - Yue Cai
- State
Key
Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, P.R. China
- Lamont-Doherty
Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - Louise Bolge
- Lamont-Doherty
Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - Jack Longman
- Institute
for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Steven L. Goldstein
- Lamont-Doherty
Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia
University, New York, New York 10027, United
States
| | - Erich C. Osterberg
- Earth
Science Department, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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9
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Tohidi R, Farahani VJ, Sioutas C. Real-time measurements of mineral dust concentration in coarse particulate matter (PM 10-2.5) by employing a novel optical-based technique in Los Angeles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156215. [PMID: 35623535 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a primary component of coarse particulate matter (PM), ambient mineral dust has been linked to adverse health effects. Los Angeles, the largest metropolitan urban area of the United States, is impacted by both windblown and localized sources of mineral dust, often internally mixed with black carbon. The estimation of mineral dust concentrations with a high time resolution becomes critical in improving our understanding of its sources and temporal trends. Using Aethalometers combined with a high-volume virtual impactor (VI) to enrich coarse (2.5 <dp < 10 μm) particles, the light absorption and mass concentration of mineral dust were estimated in real-time during summer, fall, and winter over 2020-2021. The concentration-enriched coarse PM was collected on Teflon filters, and its chemical composition in terms of trace elements and metals was chemically quantified. The high time-resolution measurements enabled us to calculate the absorption coefficient of enriched dust particles by subtracting the light absorption of the post-VI coarse PM from that of the PM2.5 aerosol fraction to reduce the impact of stronger light absorbers in ambient PM. Mineral dust was more prevalent during the fall and winter campaigns (i.e., 19.3 and 11.4 μg/m3, respectively), lower concentrations were observed during the summer campaign (i.e., 8.50 μg/m3). The calculated absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) was 2.18, highlighting the presence of dust particles during the sampling period. The dust mass absorption coefficient was estimated to be 2.7 ± 1.6 Mm-1 at 370 nm and 0.41 ± 0.16 Mm-1 at 880 nm wavelengths, respectively. The validation of the proposed approach was investigated by comparing the evaluated mineral dust mass concentrations in this study with the reported coarse PM concentrations by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). The results reported by the optical-based approach with high temporal resolution can provide crucial information on identifying sources of mineral dust in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Tohidi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vahid Jalali Farahani
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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10
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Meng J, Huang Y, Leung DM, Li L, Adebiyi AA, Ryder CL, Mahowald NM, Kok JF. Improved Parameterization for the Size Distribution of Emitted Dust Aerosols Reduces Model Underestimation of Super Coarse Dust. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2021GL097287. [PMID: 35866061 PMCID: PMC9286626 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl097287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aircraft measurement campaigns have revealed that super coarse dust (diameter >10 μm) surprisingly accounts for approximately a quarter of aerosols by mass in the atmosphere. However, most global aerosol models either underestimate or do not include super coarse dust abundance. To address this problem, we use brittle fragmentation theory to develop a parameterization for the emitted dust size distribution that includes emission of super coarse dust. We implement this parameterization in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and find that it brings the model in good agreement with aircraft measurements of super coarse dust close to dust source regions. However, the CESM still underestimates super coarse dust in dust outflow regions. Thus, we conclude that the model underestimation of super coarse atmospheric dust is in part due to the underestimation of super coarse dust emission and likely in part due to errors in deposition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Meng
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Now at Earth InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Now at NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Danny M. Leung
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Longlei Li
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Adeyemi A. Adebiyi
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Now at Department of Life & Environmental SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaMercedCAUSA
| | | | | | - Jasper F. Kok
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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11
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Wei L, Lu Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Wang W, Wu C, Zhao X, Rahimi S, Xia W, Jiang Y. Black carbon-climate interactions regulate dust burdens over India revealed during COVID-19. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1839. [PMID: 35383203 PMCID: PMC8983761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
India as a hotspot for air pollution has heavy black carbon (BC) and dust (DU) loadings. BC has been identified to significantly impact the Indian climate. However, whether BC-climate interactions regulate Indian DU during the premonsoon season is unclear. Here, using long-term Reanalysis data, we show that Indian DU is positively correlated to northern Indian BC while negatively correlated to southern Indian BC. We further identify the mechanism of BC-dust-climate interactions revealed during COVID-19. BC reduction in northern India due to lockdown decreases solar heating in the atmosphere and increases surface albedo of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), inducing a descending atmospheric motion. Colder air from the TP together with warmer southern Indian air heated by biomass burning BC results in easterly wind anomalies, which reduces dust transport from the Middle East and Sahara and local dust emissions. The premonsoon aerosol-climate interactions delay the outbreak of the subsequent Indian summer monsoon. Black carbon produced by human activities impacts climate. Here, the authors find that black carbon-climate interactions regulate Indian dust during the premonsoon season and further affect the outbreak of the subsequent Indian summer monsoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Wei
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zheng Lu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Weiyi Wang
- International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenglai Wu
- International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Stefan Rahimi
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Wenwen Xia
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yiquan Jiang
- CMA-NJU Joint Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies, Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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12
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He DY, Huang XF, Wei J, Wei FH, Zhu B, Cao LM, He LY. Soil dust as a potential bridge from biogenic volatile organic compounds to secondary organic aerosol in a rural environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118840. [PMID: 35026325 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of coarse particles has recently been proven to be underestimated in the atmosphere and can strongly influence clouds, ecosystems and climate. However, previous studies on atmospheric chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have mostly focused on the products in fine particles, it remains less understood how coarse particles promote secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. In this study, we investigated water-soluble compounds of size-segregated aerosol samples (0.056 to >18 μm) collected at a coastal rural site in southern China during late summer and found that oxygenated organic matter was abundant in the coarse mode. Comprehensive source apportionment based on mass spectrum and 14C analysis indicated that different from fossil fuel SOA, biogenic SOA existed more in the coarse mode than in the fine mode. The SOA in the coarse mode showed a unique correlation with biogenic VOCs. 13C and elemental composition strongly suggested a pathway of heterogeneous reactions on coarse particles, which had an abundant low-acidic aqueous environment with soil dust to possibly initiate iron-catalytic oxidation reactions to form SOA. This potential pathway might complement understanding of both formation of biogenic SOA and sink of biogenic VOCs in global biogeochemical cycles, warrantying future relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yi He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jing Wei
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng-Hua Wei
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li-Ming Cao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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13
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Dust Characteristics Observed by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle over the Taklimakan Desert. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14040990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on observations from the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) together with an environmental particulate matter analyzer (Grimm-180) and Global Positioning System (GPS) sounding balloons, the vertical structure of dust with different particle sizes was explored over the Taklimakan Desert (TD) during an intensive observation from 1 July 2021 to 31 July 2021. The power functions were fitted between the particle counts and particle sizes, indicating negative correlations with an R2 higher than 0.99 under different dust pollution conditions in Tazhong (TZ). The dust concentrations show a sharp vertical increase over the TD during dust pollution; however, more particles with larger sizes are entrained into the air in TZ compared with Minfeng (MF). The total solar radiation during dust pollution days is significantly weakened, accompanied by major modifications in the temperature stratification, which were characterized by low-level cooling (with −2.71 K mean intensity) and high-level heating (with +0.70 K mean intensity). On clear days, the average convective boundary layer (CBL) heights at the TZ and MF are approximately 3.94 and 2.84 km, respectively, and the average stable boundary layer (SBL) height at the TZ and MF are approximately 0.19 and 0.14 km, respectively. With the increasing dust pollution level, the CBL height decreases rapidly while the SBL height shows the opposite trend. The unique ultra-high atmospheric boundary layer structure in daytime provides beneficial conditions for the suspension and vertical transportation of dust over TD. Moreover, a negative correlation between the CBL height and near-surface PM10/PM2.5/PM1.0 concentration in TD is revealed by power function fittings.
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14
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Sensitivity of Summertime Convection to Aerosol Loading and Properties in the United Arab Emirates. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12121687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to investigate convection–aerosol interactions in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for a summertime convective event. Both an idealized and climatological aerosol distributions are considered. The convection on 14 August 2013 was triggered by the low-level convergence of the cyclonic circulation associated with the Arabian Heat Low (AHL) and the daytime sea-breeze circulation. Numerical experiments reveal a high sensitivity to aerosol properties. In particular, replacing 20% of the rural aerosols by carbonaceous particles has a comparable impact on the surface radiative fluxes to increasing the aerosol loading by a factor of 10. In both cases, the UAE-averaged net shortwave flux is reduced by ~90 W m−2 while the net longwave flux increases by ~51 W m−2. However, when the aerosol composition is changed, WRF generates 20% more precipitation than when the aerosol loading is increased, due to a broader and weaker AHL. The surface downward and upward shortwave and upward longwave radiation fluxes are found to scale linearly with the aerosol loading. An increase in the amount of aerosols also leads to drier conditions and a delay in the onset of convection due to changes in the AHL.
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15
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Saharan dust and giant quartz particle transport towards Iceland. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11891. [PMID: 34088966 PMCID: PMC8178365 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineral dust emissions from Saharan sources have an impact on the atmospheric environment and sedimentary units in distant regions. Here, we present the first systematic observations of long-range Saharan dust transport towards Iceland. Fifteen Saharan dust episodes were identified to have occurred between 2008 and 2020 based on aerosol optical depth data, backward trajectories and numerical models. Icelandic samples from the local dust sources were compared with deposited dust from two severe Saharan dust events in terms of their granulometric and mineralogical characteristics. The episodes were associated with enhanced meridional atmospheric flow patterns driven by unusual meandering jets. Strong winds were able to carry large Saharan quartz particles (> 100 µm) towards Iceland. Our results confirm the atmospheric pathways of Saharan dust towards the Arctic, and identify new northward meridional long-ranged transport of giant dust particles from the Sahara, including the first evidence of their deposition in Iceland as previously predicted by models.
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16
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Cruz JA, McDermott F, Turrero MJ, Edwards RL, Martín-Chivelet J. Strong links between Saharan dust fluxes, monsoon strength, and North Atlantic climate during the last 5000 years. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/26/eabe6102. [PMID: 34172437 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe6102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the multiple impacts of mineral aerosols on global and regional climate and the primary climatic control on atmospheric dust fluxes, dust-climate feedbacks remain poorly constrained, particularly at submillennial time scales, hampering regional and global climate models. We reconstruct Saharan dust fluxes over Western Europe for the last 5000 years, by means of speleothem strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) and karst modeling. The record reveals a long-term increase in Saharan dust flux, consistent with progressive North Africa aridification and strengthening of Northern Hemisphere latitudinal climatic gradients. On shorter, centennial to millennial scales, it shows broad variations in dust fluxes, in tune with North Atlantic ocean-atmosphere patterns and with monsoonal variability. Dust fluxes rapidly increase before (and peaks at) Late Holocene multidecadal- to century-scale cold climate events, including those around 4200, 2800, and 1500 years before present, suggesting the operation of previously unknown strong dust-climate negative feedbacks preceding these episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncal A Cruz
- Department of Geodynamics, Stratigraphy, and Paleontology, Faculty of Geological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank McDermott
- UCD School of Earth Sciences and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - María J Turrero
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Lawrence Edwards
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Javier Martín-Chivelet
- Department of Geodynamics, Stratigraphy, and Paleontology, Faculty of Geological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of Geosciences IGEO (CSIC-UCM), José Antonio Novais, 12 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Kok JF, Adebiyi AA, Albani S, Balkanski Y, Checa-Garcia R, Chin M, Colarco PR, Hamilton DS, Huang Y, Ito A, Klose M, Leung DM, Li L, Mahowald NM, Miller RL, Obiso V, García-Pando CP, Rocha-Lima A, Wan JS, Whicker CA. Improved representation of the global dust cycle using observational constraints on dust properties and abundance. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:8127-8167. [PMID: 37649640 PMCID: PMC10466066 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-8127-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Even though desert dust is the most abundant aerosol by mass in Earth's atmosphere, atmospheric models struggle to accurately represent its spatial and temporal distribution. These model errors are partially caused by fundamental difficulties in simulating dust emission in coarse-resolution models and in accurately representing dust microphysical properties. Here we mitigate these problems by developing a new methodology that yields an improved representation of the global dust cycle. We present an analytical framework that uses inverse modeling to integrate an ensemble of global model simulations with observational constraints on the dust size distribution, extinction efficiency, and regional dust aerosol optical depth. We then compare the inverse model results against independent measurements of dust surface concentration and deposition flux and find that errors are reduced by approximately a factor of two relative to current model simulations of the Northern Hemisphere dust cycle. The inverse model results show smaller improvements in the less dusty Southern Hemisphere, most likely because both the model simulations and the observational constraints used in the inverse model are less accurate. On a global basis, we find that the emission flux of dust with geometric diameter up to 20 μm (PM20) is approximately 5,000 Tg/year, which is greater than most models account for. This larger PM20 dust flux is needed to match observational constraints showing a large atmospheric loading of coarse dust. We obtain gridded data sets of dust emission, vertically integrated loading, dust aerosol optical depth, (surface) concentration, and wet and dry deposition fluxes that are resolved by season and particle size. As our results indicate that this data set is more accurate than current model simulations and the MERRA-2 dust reanalysis product, it can be used to improve quantifications of dust impacts on the Earth system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper F. Kok
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University
of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Adeyemi A. Adebiyi
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University
of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samuel Albani
- Department of Environmental and Earth Sciences, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de
l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSaclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yves Balkanski
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de
l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSaclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ramiro Checa-Garcia
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de
l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSaclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mian Chin
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Peter R. Colarco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Douglas S. Hamilton
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University
of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Akinori Ito
- Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, Yokohama,
Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Martina Klose
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Danny M. Leung
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University
of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Longlei Li
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Natalie M. Mahowald
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Ron L. Miller
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York NY10025
USA
| | - Vincenzo Obiso
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona,
Spain
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York NY10025
USA
| | - Carlos Pérez García-Pando
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona,
Spain
- ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced
Studies, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Rocha-Lima
- Physics Department, UMBC, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Joint Center Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology,
UMBC, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica S. Wan
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Chloe A. Whicker
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University
of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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18
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Radiative Effect and Mixing Processes of a Long-Lasting Dust Event over Athens, Greece, during the COVID-19 Period. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We report on a long-lasting (10 days) Saharan dust event affecting large sections of South-Eastern Europe by using a synergy of lidar, satellite, in-situ observations and model simulations over Athens, Greece. The dust measurements (11–20 May 2020), performed during the confinement period due to the COVID-19 pandemic, revealed interesting features of the aerosol dust properties in the absence of important air pollution sources over the European continent. During the event, moderate aerosol optical depth (AOD) values (0.3–0.4) were observed inside the dust layer by the ground-based lidar measurements (at 532 nm). Vertical profiles of the lidar ratio and the particle linear depolarization ratio (at 355 nm) showed mean layer values of the order of 47 ± 9 sr and 28 ± 5%, respectively, revealing the coarse non-spherical mode of the probed plume. The values reported here are very close to pure dust measurements performed during dedicated campaigns in the African continent. By utilizing Libradtran simulations for two scenarios (one for typical midlatitude atmospheric conditions and one having reduced atmospheric pollutants due to COVID-19 restrictions, both affected by a free tropospheric dust layer), we revealed negligible differences in terms of radiative effect, of the order of +2.6% (SWBOA, cooling behavior) and +1.9% (LWBOA, heating behavior). Moreover, the net heating rate (HR) at the bottom of the atmosphere (BOA) was equal to +0.156 K/d and equal to +2.543 K/d within 1–6 km due to the presence of the dust layer at that height. On the contrary, the reduction in atmospheric pollutants could lead to a negative HR (−0.036 K/d) at the bottom of the atmosphere (BOA) if dust aerosols were absent, while typical atmospheric conditions are estimated to have an almost zero net HR value (+0.006 K/d). The NMMB-BSC forecast model provided the dust mass concentration over Athens, while the air mass advection from the African to the European continent was simulated by the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model.
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