1
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Morimoto Y, Baum P. Field-Induced Rocking-Curve Effects in Attosecond Electron Diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:216902. [PMID: 38856246 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.216902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in electron microscopy trigger the question of whether attosecond electron diffraction can resolve atomic-scale electron dynamics in crystalline materials in space and time. Here, we explore the ultrafast dynamics of the relevant electron-lattice scattering process. We drive a single-crystalline silicon membrane with the optical cycles of near-infrared laser light and use phase-locked attosecond electron pulses to produce electron diffraction patterns as a function of delay. For all Bragg spots, we observe time-dependent intensity changes and position shifts that are correlated with a time shift of 0.5-1.2 fs. For single-cycle excitation pulses with strong peak intensity, the correlations become nonlinear. The origins of these effects are local and integrated beam deflections by the optical electric and magnetic fields at the crystal membrane. Those deflections modify the diffraction intensities in addition to the atomic structure factor dynamics by time-dependent rocking-curve effects. However, the measured time delays and symmetries allow one to disentangle both effects. Future attosecond electron diffraction and microscopy experiments need to be based on these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Morimoto
- Universität Konstanz, Fachbereich Physik, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research and RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN 351-0198, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - P Baum
- Universität Konstanz, Fachbereich Physik, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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2
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Mattes M, Volkov M, Baum P. Femtosecond electron beam probe of ultrafast electronics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1743. [PMID: 38409203 PMCID: PMC10897311 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The need for ever-faster information processing requires exceptionally small devices that operate at frequencies approaching the terahertz and petahertz regimes. For the diagnostics of such devices, researchers need a spatiotemporal tool that surpasses the device under test in speed and spatial resolution. Consequently, such a tool cannot be provided by electronics itself. Here we show how ultrafast electron beam probe with terahertz-compressed electron pulses can directly sense local electro-magnetic fields in electronic devices with femtosecond, micrometre and millivolt resolution under normal operation conditions. We analyse the dynamical response of a coplanar waveguide circuit and reveal the impulse response, signal reflections, attenuation and waveguide dispersion directly in the time domain. The demonstrated measurement bandwidth reaches 10 THz and the sensitivity to electric potentials is tens of millivolts or -20 dBm. Femtosecond time resolution and the capability to directly integrate our technique into existing electron-beam inspection devices in semiconductor industry makes our femtosecond electron beam probe a promising tool for research and development of next-generation electronics at unprecedented speed and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Mattes
- Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mikhail Volkov
- Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Peter Baum
- Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
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3
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Yang Y, Henke JW, Raja AS, Kappert FJ, Huang G, Arend G, Qiu Z, Feist A, Wang RN, Tusnin A, Tikan A, Ropers C, Kippenberg TJ. Free-electron interaction with nonlinear optical states in microresonators. Science 2024; 383:168-173. [PMID: 38207019 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The short de Broglie wavelength and strong interaction empower free electrons to probe structures and excitations in materials and biomolecules. Recently, electron-photon interactions have enabled new optical manipulation schemes for electron beams. In this work, we demonstrate the interaction of electrons with nonlinear optical states inside a photonic chip-based microresonator. Optical parametric processes give rise to spatiotemporal pattern formation corresponding to coherent or incoherent optical frequency combs. We couple such "microcombs" to electron beams, demonstrate their fingerprints in the electron spectra, and achieve ultrafast temporal gating of the electron beam. Our work demonstrates the ability to access solitons inside an electron microscope and extends the use of microcombs to spatiotemporal control of electrons for imaging and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Yang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Wilke Henke
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arslan S Raja
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Jasmin Kappert
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guanhao Huang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Germaine Arend
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zheru Qiu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armin Feist
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandr Tusnin
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Tikan
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claus Ropers
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Bucher T, Ruimy R, Tsesses S, Dahan R, Bartal G, Vanacore GM, Kaminer I. Free-electron Ramsey-type interferometry for enhanced amplitude and phase imaging of nearfields. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi5729. [PMID: 38134276 PMCID: PMC10745688 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The complex range of interactions between electrons and electromagnetic fields gave rise to countless scientific and technological advances. A prime example is photon-induced nearfield electron microscopy (PINEM), enabling the detection of confined electric fields in illuminated nanostructures with unprecedented spatial resolution. However, PINEM is limited by its dependence on strong fields, making it unsuitable for sensitive samples, and its inability to resolve complex phasor information. Here, we leverage the nonlinear, overconstrained nature of PINEM to present an algorithmic microscopy approach, achieving far superior nearfield imaging capabilities. Our algorithm relies on free-electron Ramsey-type interferometry to produce orders-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity and ambiguity-immune nearfield phase reconstruction, both of which are optimal when the electron exhibits a fully quantum behavior. Our results demonstrate the potential of combining algorithmic approaches with state-of-the-art modalities in electron microscopy and may lead to various applications from imaging sensitive biological samples to performing full-field tomography of confined light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Bucher
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ron Ruimy
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shai Tsesses
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Raphael Dahan
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Guy Bartal
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Giovanni Maria Vanacore
- Department of Material Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20121 Milano, Italy
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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5
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Moradifar P, Liu Y, Shi J, Siukola Thurston ML, Utzat H, van Driel TB, Lindenberg AM, Dionne JA. Accelerating Quantum Materials Development with Advances in Transmission Electron Microscopy. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37979189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum materials are driving a technology revolution in sensing, communication, and computing, while simultaneously testing many core theories of the past century. Materials such as topological insulators, complex oxides, superconductors, quantum dots, color center-hosting semiconductors, and other types of strongly correlated materials can exhibit exotic properties such as edge conductivity, multiferroicity, magnetoresistance, superconductivity, single photon emission, and optical-spin locking. These emergent properties arise and depend strongly on the material's detailed atomic-scale structure, including atomic defects, dopants, and lattice stacking. In this review, we describe how progress in the field of electron microscopy (EM), including in situ and in operando EM, can accelerate advances in quantum materials and quantum excitations. We begin by describing fundamental EM principles and operation modes. We then discuss various EM methods such as (i) EM spectroscopies, including electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), cathodoluminescence (CL), and electron energy gain spectroscopy (EEGS); (ii) four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM); (iii) dynamic and ultrafast EM (UEM); (iv) complementary ultrafast spectroscopies (UED, XFEL); and (v) atomic electron tomography (AET). We describe how these methods could inform structure-function relations in quantum materials down to the picometer scale and femtosecond time resolution, and how they enable precision positioning of atomic defects and high-resolution manipulation of quantum materials. For each method, we also describe existing limitations to solve open quantum mechanical questions, and how they might be addressed to accelerate progress. Among numerous notable results, our review highlights how EM is enabling identification of the 3D structure of quantum defects; measuring reversible and metastable dynamics of quantum excitations; mapping exciton states and single photon emission; measuring nanoscale thermal transport and coupled excitation dynamics; and measuring the internal electric field and charge density distribution of quantum heterointerfaces- all at the quantum materials' intrinsic atomic and near atomic-length scale. We conclude by describing open challenges for the future, including achieving stable sample holders for ultralow temperature (below 10K) atomic-scale spatial resolution, stable spectrometers that enable meV energy resolution, and high-resolution, dynamic mapping of magnetic and spin fields. With atomic manipulation and ultrafast characterization enabled by EM, quantum materials will be poised to integrate into many of the sustainable and energy-efficient technologies needed for the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parivash Moradifar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road MS69, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tim B van Driel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road MS69, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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6
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Mazor Y, Kfir O. Sub-terahertz nearfields for electron-pulse compression. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:37980-37992. [PMID: 38017916 DOI: 10.1364/oe.502407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The advent of ultrafast science with pulsed electron beams raised the need to control the temporal features of the electron pulses. One promising suggestion is the nano-selective quantum optics with multi-electrons, which scales quadratically with the number of electrons within the coherence time of the quantum system. Terahertz (THz) radiation from optical nonlinear crystals is an attractive methodology to generate the rapidly varying electric fields necessary for electron compression, with the advantage of an inherent temporal locking to laser-triggered electrons, such as in ultrafast electron microscopes. Longer (picosecond-) pulses require a sub-THz field for their compression. However, the generation of such low frequencies requires pumping with energetic optical pulses and their focusability is fundamentally limited by their mm-wavelength. This work proposes electron-pulse compression with sub-THz fields directly in the vicinity of their dipolar origin, thereby avoiding mediation through radiation. We analyze the merits of nearfields for compression of slow electrons, particularly in challenging regimes for THz radiation, such as small numerical apertures, micro-joule-level optical pump pulses, and low frequencies. This scheme can be implemented within the tight constraints of electron microscopes and reach fields of a few kV/cm below 0.1 THz at high repetition rates. Our paradigm offers a realistic approach for controlling electron pulses spatially and temporally in many experiments, opening the path of flexible multi-electron manipulation for analytic and quantum sciences.
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7
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Yannai M, Adiv Y, Dahan R, Wang K, Gorlach A, Rivera N, Fishman T, Krüger M, Kaminer I. Lossless Monochromator in an Ultrafast Electron Microscope Using Near-Field THz Radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:145002. [PMID: 37862634 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.145002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability to form monoenergetic electron beams is vital for high-resolution electron spectroscopy and imaging. Such capabilities are commonly achieved using an electron monochromator, which energy filters a dispersed electron beam, thus reducing the electron flux to yield down to meV energy resolution. This reduction in flux hinders the use of monochromators in many applications, such as ultrafast transmission electron microscopes (UTEMs). Here, we develop and demonstrate a mechanism for electron energy monochromation that does not reduce the flux-a lossless monochromator. The mechanism is based on the interaction of free-electron pulses with single-cycle THz near fields, created by nonlinear conversion of an optical laser pulse near the electron beam path inside a UTEM. Our experiment reduces the electron energy spread by a factor of up to 2.9 without compromising the beam flux. Moreover, as the electron-THz interaction takes place over an extended region of many tens of microns in free space, the realized technique is highly robust-granting uniform monochromation over a wide area, larger than the electron beam diameter. We further demonstrate the wide tunability of our method by monochromating the electron beam at multiple primary electron energies from 60 to 200 keV, studying the effect of various electron and THz parameters on its performance. Our findings have direct applications in the fast-growing field of ultrafast electron microscopy, allowing time- and energy-resolved studies of exciton physics, phononic vibrational resonances, charge transport effects, and optical excitations in the mid IR to the far IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yannai
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yuval Adiv
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Raphael Dahan
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kangpeng Wang
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201815, China
| | - Alexey Gorlach
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Nicholas Rivera
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tal Fishman
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Michael Krüger
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Department of Physics, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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8
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Fishman T, Haeusler U, Dahan R, Yannai M, Adiv Y, Abudi TL, Shiloh R, Eyal O, Yousefi P, Eisenstein G, Hommelhoff P, Kaminer I. Imaging the field inside nanophotonic accelerators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3687. [PMID: 37344473 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling optical fields on the subwavelength scale is at the core of nanophotonics. Laser-driven nanophotonic particle accelerators promise a compact alternative to conventional radiofrequency-based accelerators. Efficient electron acceleration in nanophotonic devices critically depends on achieving nanometer control of the internal optical nearfield. However, these nearfields have so far been inaccessible due to the complexity of the devices and their geometrical constraints, hampering the design of future nanophotonic accelerators. Here we image the field distribution inside a nanophotonic accelerator, for which we developed a technique for frequency-tunable deep-subwavelength resolution of nearfields based on photon-induced nearfield electron-microscopy. Our experiments, complemented by 3D simulations, unveil surprising deviations in two leading nanophotonic accelerator designs, showing complex field distributions related to intricate 3D features in the device and its fabrication tolerances. We envision an extension of our method for full 3D field tomography, which is key for the future design of highly efficient nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Fishman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
| | - Urs Haeusler
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Raphael Dahan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Michael Yannai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Yuval Adiv
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Tom Lenkiewicz Abudi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Roy Shiloh
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Ori Eyal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Peyman Yousefi
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Gadi Eisenstein
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Peter Hommelhoff
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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9
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García de Abajo FJ, Ropers C. Spatiotemporal Electron Beam Focusing through Parallel Interactions with Shaped Optical Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:246901. [PMID: 37390412 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.246901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability to modulate free electrons with light has emerged as a powerful tool to produce attosecond electron wave packets. However, research has so far aimed at the manipulation of the longitudinal wave function component, while the transverse degrees of freedom have primarily been utilized for spatial rather than temporal shaping. Here, we show that the coherent superposition of parallel light-electron interactions in transversally separate zones allows for a simultaneous spatial and temporal compression of a convergent electron wave function, enabling the formation of sub-Ångström focal spots of attosecond duration. Specifically, spots spanning just ∼3% of the light optical cycle are shown to be formed, accompanied by an increase by only a factor of 2 in spatial extension relative to an unperturbed beam. The proposed approach will facilitate the exploration of previously inaccessible ultrafast atomic-scale phenomena, in particular enabling attosecond scanning transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claus Ropers
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Sun FX, Fang Y, He Q, Liu Y. Generating optical cat states via quantum interference of multi-path free-electron-photons interactions. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023:S2095-9273(23)00376-6. [PMID: 37353435 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The novel quantum effects induced by the free-electron-photons interaction have attracted increasing interest due to their potential applications in ultrafast quantum information processing. Here, we propose a scheme to generate optical cat states based on the quantum interference of multi-path free-electron-photons interactions that take place simultaneously with strong coupling strength. By performing a projection measurement on the electron, the state of light changes significantly from a coherent state into a non-Gaussian state with either Wigner negativity or squeezing property, both possess metrological power to achieve quantum advantage. More importantly, we show that the Wigner negativity oscillates with the coupling strength, and the optical cat states are successfully generated with high fidelity at all the oscillation peaks. This oscillation reveals the quantum interference effect of the multiple quantum pathways in the interaction of the electron with photons, by that various nonclassical states of light are promising to be fast prepared and manipulated. These findings inspire further exploration of emergent quantum phenomena and advanced quantum technologies with free electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yiqi Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiongyi He
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China; Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China.
| | - Yunquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China; Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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11
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Nabben D, Kuttruff J, Stolz L, Ryabov A, Baum P. Attosecond electron microscopy of sub-cycle optical dynamics. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06074-9. [PMID: 37258681 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The primary step of almost any interaction between light and materials is the electrodynamic response of the electrons to the optical cycles of the impinging light wave on sub-wavelength and sub-cycle dimensions1. Understanding and controlling the electromagnetic responses of a material2-11 is therefore essential for modern optics and nanophotonics12-19. Although the small de Broglie wavelength of electron beams should allow access to attosecond and ångström dimensions20, the time resolution of ultrafast electron microscopy21 and diffraction22 has so far been limited to the femtosecond domain16-18, which is insufficient for recording fundamental material responses on the scale of the cycles of light1,2,10. Here we advance transmission electron microscopy to attosecond time resolution of optical responses within one cycle of excitation light23. We apply a continuous-wave laser24 to modulate the electron wave function into a rapid sequence of electron pulses, and use an energy filter to resolve electromagnetic near-fields in and around a material as a movie in space and time. Experiments on nanostructured needle tips, dielectric resonators and metamaterial antennas reveal a directional launch of chiral surface waves, a delay between dipole and quadrupole dynamics, a subluminal buried waveguide field and a symmetry-broken multi-antenna response. These results signify the value of combining electron microscopy and attosecond laser science to understand light-matter interactions in terms of their fundamental dimensions in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nabben
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Joel Kuttruff
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Levin Stolz
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andrey Ryabov
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Peter Baum
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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12
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Tsesses S, Dahan R, Wang K, Bucher T, Cohen K, Reinhardt O, Bartal G, Kaminer I. Tunable photon-induced spatial modulation of free electrons. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:345-352. [PMID: 36702889 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spatial modulation of electron beams is an essential tool for various applications such as nanolithography and imaging, yet its conventional implementations are severely limited and inherently non-tunable. Conversely, proposals of light-driven electron spatial modulation promise tunable electron wavefront shaping, for example, using the mechanism of photon-induced near-field electron microscopy. Here we present tunable photon-induced spatial modulation of electrons through their interaction with externally controlled surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Using recently developed methods of shaping SPP patterns, we demonstrate a dynamic control of the electron beam with a variety of electron distributions and verify their coherence through electron diffraction. Finally, the nonlinearity stemming from energy post-selection provides us with another avenue for controlling the electron shape, generating electron features far below the SPP wavelength. Our work paves the way to on-demand electron wavefront shaping at ultrafast timescales, with prospects for aberration correction, nanofabrication and material characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Tsesses
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Raphael Dahan
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kangpeng Wang
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tomer Bucher
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kobi Cohen
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ori Reinhardt
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Guy Bartal
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Solid State Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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13
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Morimoto Y. Attosecond electron-beam technology: a review of recent progress. Microscopy (Oxf) 2023; 72:2-17. [PMID: 36269108 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron microscopy and diffraction with ultrashort pulsed electron beams are capable of imaging transient phenomena with the combined ultrafast temporal and atomic-scale spatial resolutions. The emerging field of optical electron beam control allowed the manipulation of relativistic and sub-relativistic electron beams at the level of optical cycles. Specifically, it enabled the generation of electron beams in the form of attosecond pulse trains and individual attosecond pulses. In this review, we describe the basics of the attosecond electron beam control and overview the recent experimental progress. High-energy electron pulses of attosecond sub-optical cycle duration open up novel opportunities for space-time-resolved imaging of ultrafast chemical and physical processes, coherent photon generation, free electron quantum optics, electron-atom scattering with shaped wave packets and laser-driven particle acceleration. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Morimoto
- Ultrashort Electron Beam Science RIKEN Hakubi research team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics (RAP), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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14
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Madan I, Leccese V, Mazur A, Barantani F, LaGrange T, Sapozhnik A, Tengdin PM, Gargiulo S, Rotunno E, Olaya JC, Kaminer I, Grillo V, de Abajo FJG, Carbone F, Vanacore GM. Ultrafast Transverse Modulation of Free Electrons by Interaction with Shaped Optical Fields. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:3215-3224. [PMID: 36281329 PMCID: PMC9585634 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal electron-beam shaping is a bold frontier of electron microscopy. Over the past decade, shaping methods evolved from static phase plates to low-speed electrostatic and magnetostatic displays. Recently, a swift change of paradigm utilizing light to control free electrons has emerged. Here, we experimentally demonstrate arbitrary transverse modulation of electron beams without complicated electron-optics elements or material nanostructures, but rather using shaped light beams. On-demand spatial modulation of electron wavepackets is obtained via inelastic interaction with transversely shaped ultrafast light fields controlled by an external spatial light modulator. We illustrate this method for the cases of Hermite-Gaussian and Laguerre-Gaussian modulation and discuss their use in enhancing microscope sensitivity. Our approach dramatically widens the range of patterns that can be imprinted on the electron profile and greatly facilitates tailored electron-beam shaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Madan
- Institute
of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Veronica Leccese
- Institute
of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Adam Mazur
- HOLOEYE
Photonics AG, Volmerstrasse 1, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Barantani
- Institute
of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- Department
of Quantum Matter Physics, University of
Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas LaGrange
- Institute
of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Sapozhnik
- Institute
of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Phoebe M. Tengdin
- Institute
of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Simone Gargiulo
- Institute
of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Enzo Rotunno
- Centro
S3, Istituto di Nanoscienze-CNR, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | - Ido Kaminer
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | | | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Carbone
- Institute
of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Maria Vanacore
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20126 Milano, Italy
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15
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16
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Henke JW, Raja AS, Feist A, Huang G, Arend G, Yang Y, Kappert FJ, Wang RN, Möller M, Pan J, Liu J, Kfir O, Ropers C, Kippenberg TJ. Integrated photonics enables continuous-beam electron phase modulation. Nature 2021; 600:653-658. [PMID: 34937900 PMCID: PMC8695378 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light-matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms1, trapped ions2,3, quantum dots4 and defect centres5. Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quantum manipulation and characterization6-11, enabling the observation of free-electron quantum walks12-14, attosecond electron pulses10,15-17 and holographic electromagnetic imaging18. Chip-based photonics19,20 promises unique applications in nanoscale quantum control and sensing but remains to be realized in electron microscopy. Here we merge integrated photonics with electron microscopy, demonstrating coherent phase modulation of a continuous electron beam using a silicon nitride microresonator. The high-finesse (Q0 ≈ 106) cavity enhancement and a waveguide designed for phase matching lead to efficient electron-light scattering at extremely low, continuous-wave optical powers. Specifically, we fully deplete the initial electron state at a cavity-coupled power of only 5.35 microwatts and generate >500 electron energy sidebands for several milliwatts. Moreover, we probe unidirectional intracavity fields with microelectronvolt resolution in electron-energy-gain spectroscopy21. The fibre-coupled photonic structures feature single-optical-mode electron-light interaction with full control over the input and output light. This approach establishes a versatile and highly efficient framework for enhanced electron beam control in the context of laser phase plates22, beam modulators and continuous-wave attosecond pulse trains23, resonantly enhanced spectroscopy24-26 and dielectric laser acceleration19,20,27. Our work introduces a universal platform for exploring free-electron quantum optics28-31, with potential future developments in strong coupling, local quantum probing and electron-photon entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Wilke Henke
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arslan Sajid Raja
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armin Feist
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guanhao Huang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Germaine Arend
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yujia Yang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Jasmin Kappert
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Möller
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiahe Pan
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ofer Kfir
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus Ropers
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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17
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Tsarev M, Ryabov A, Baum P. Measurement of Temporal Coherence of Free Electrons by Time-Domain Electron Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:165501. [PMID: 34723591 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.165501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The temporal properties of an electron beam are decisive for modern ultrafast electron microscopy and for the quantum optics of the free electron in laser fields. Here, we report a time-domain interferometer that measures and distinguishes the pure and ensemble coherences of a free-electron beam in a transmission electron microscope via symmetry-breaking shifts of photon-order sideband peaks. This result is a free-electron analog to the reconstruction of attosecond busts and photoemission delays in optical attosecond spectroscopy. We find a substantial pure electron coherence that is connected to the thermodynamics of the emitter material and a lower ensemble coherence that is governed by space-charge effects. Pure temporal coherences above 5 fs are measured at >10^{9} electrons per second in a high-brightness beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tsarev
- Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - A Ryabov
- Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - P Baum
- Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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18
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Dahan R, Gorlach A, Haeusler U, Karnieli A, Eyal O, Yousefi P, Segev M, Arie A, Eisenstein G, Hommelhoff P, Kaminer I. Imprinting the quantum statistics of photons on free electrons. Science 2021; 373:eabj7128. [PMID: 34446445 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj7128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Dahan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Alexey Gorlach
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Urs Haeusler
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Aviv Karnieli
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ori Eyal
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Peyman Yousefi
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Mordechai Segev
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ady Arie
- School of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gadi Eisenstein
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Peter Hommelhoff
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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19
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Kuttruff J, Tsarev MV, Baum P. Jitter-free terahertz pulses from LiNbO 3. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2944-2947. [PMID: 34129580 DOI: 10.1364/ol.430507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intense terahertz pulses are indispensable for modern science and technology, but time-critical applications require ultimate stability of the field cycles with respect to a reference clock. Here we report the nonlinear optical generation of terahertz single-cycle fields by femtosecond laser pulses under passive compensation of timing jitter. The converter is based on optical rectification in a LiNbO3 slab with two silicon prisms for extracting and combining the emitted Cherenkov radiation from both sides into a single beam. In this way, we achieve suppression of timing jitter to <200 as/µm of beam displacement, a factor of >70 better than in conventional non-collinear geometries.
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20
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Suzuki T. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Introduction to ultrafast spectroscopy and imaging of photochemical reactions. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:11-38. [PMID: 33876168 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A brief overview is presented on ultrafast spectroscopy and imaging of photochemical reactions by highlighting several experimental studies reported in the last five years. A particular focus is placed on new experiments performed using high-order harmonic generation, X-ray free electron lasers, and relativistic electron beams. Exploration of fundamental chemical reaction dynamics using these advanced experimental methodologies is in an early stage, and exciting new research opportunities await in this rapidly expanding and advancing research field. At the same time, there is no experimental methodology that provides all aspects of the electronic and structural dynamics in a single experiment, and investigations using different methodologies with various perspectives need to be considered in a comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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21
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Di Giulio V, Kfir O, Ropers C, García de Abajo FJ. Modulation of Cathodoluminescence Emission by Interference with External Light. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7290-7304. [PMID: 33724007 PMCID: PMC8939848 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous processes triggered in a sample by free electrons, such as cathodoluminescence, are commonly regarded and detected as stochastic events. Here, we supplement this picture by showing through first-principles theory that light and free-electron pulses can interfere when interacting with a nanostructure, giving rise to a modulation in the spectral distribution of the cathodoluminescence light emission that is strongly dependent on the electron wave function. Specifically, for a temporally focused electron, cathodoluminescence can be canceled upon illumination with a spectrally modulated dimmed laser that is phase-locked relative to the electron density profile. We illustrate this idea with realistic simulations under attainable conditions in currently available ultrafast electron microscopes. We further argue that the interference between excitations produced by light and free electrons enables the manipulation of the ultrafast materials response by combining the spectral and temporal selectivity of the light with the atomic resolution of electron beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Di Giulio
- ICFO-Institut de
Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Ofer Kfir
- IV Physical Institute,
Solids and Nanostructures, University of
Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck
Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIBPC), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus Ropers
- IV Physical Institute,
Solids and Nanostructures, University of
Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck
Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIBPC), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de
Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis
Avançats, Passeig
Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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García
de Abajo FJ, Di Giulio V. Optical Excitations with Electron Beams: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:945-974. [PMID: 35356759 PMCID: PMC8939335 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Free electron beams such as those employed in electron microscopes have evolved into powerful tools to investigate photonic nanostructures with an unrivaled combination of spatial and spectral precision through the analysis of electron energy losses and cathodoluminescence light emission. In combination with ultrafast optics, the emerging field of ultrafast electron microscopy utilizes synchronized femtosecond electron and light pulses that are aimed at the sampled structures, holding the promise to bring simultaneous sub-Å-sub-fs-sub-meV space-time-energy resolution to the study of material and optical-field dynamics. In addition, these advances enable the manipulation of the wave function of individual free electrons in unprecedented ways, opening sound prospects to probe and control quantum excitations at the nanoscale. Here, we provide an overview of photonics research based on free electrons, supplemented by original theoretical insights and discussion of several stimulating challenges and opportunities. In particular, we show that the excitation probability by a single electron is independent of its wave function, apart from a classical average over the transverse beam density profile, whereas the probability for two or more modulated electrons depends on their relative spatial arrangement, thus reflecting the quantum nature of their interactions. We derive first-principles analytical expressions that embody these results and have general validity for arbitrarily shaped electrons and any type of electron-sample interaction. We conclude with some perspectives on various exciting directions that include disruptive approaches to noninvasive spectroscopy and microscopy, the possibility of sampling the nonlinear optical response at the nanoscale, the manipulation of the density matrices associated with free electrons and optical sample modes, and appealing applications in optical modulation of electron beams, all of which could potentially revolutionize the use of free electrons in photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier García
de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- E-mail:
| | - Valerio Di Giulio
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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