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Li H, Seugnet L. Decoding the nexus: branched-chain amino acids and their connection with sleep, circadian rhythms, and cardiometabolic health. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1350-1363. [PMID: 39075896 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The sleep-wake cycle stands as an integrative process essential for sustaining optimal brain function and, either directly or indirectly, overall body health, encompassing metabolic and cardiovascular well-being. Given the heightened metabolic activity of the brain, there exists a considerable demand for nutrients in comparison to other organs. Among these, the branched-chain amino acids, comprising leucine, isoleucine, and valine, display distinctive significance, from their contribution to protein structure to their involvement in overall metabolism, especially in cerebral processes. Among the first amino acids that are released into circulation post-food intake, branched-chain amino acids assume a pivotal role in the regulation of protein synthesis, modulating insulin secretion and the amino acid sensing pathway of target of rapamycin. Branched-chain amino acids are key players in influencing the brain's uptake of monoamine precursors, competing for a shared transporter. Beyond their involvement in protein synthesis, these amino acids contribute to the metabolic cycles of γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate, as well as energy metabolism. Notably, they impact GABAergic neurons and the excitation/inhibition balance. The rhythmicity of branched-chain amino acids in plasma concentrations, observed over a 24-hour cycle and conserved in rodent models, is under circadian clock control. The mechanisms underlying those rhythms and the physiological consequences of their disruption are not fully understood. Disturbed sleep, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases can elevate branched-chain amino acid concentrations or modify their oscillatory dynamics. The mechanisms driving these effects are currently the focal point of ongoing research efforts, since normalizing branched-chain amino acid levels has the ability to alleviate the severity of these pathologies. In this context, the Drosophila model, though underutilized, holds promise in shedding new light on these mechanisms. Initial findings indicate its potential to introduce novel concepts, particularly in elucidating the intricate connections between the circadian clock, sleep/wake, and metabolism. Consequently, the use and transport of branched-chain amino acids emerge as critical components and orchestrators in the web of interactions across multiple organs throughout the sleep/wake cycle. They could represent one of the so far elusive mechanisms connecting sleep patterns to metabolic and cardiovascular health, paving the way for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Laurent Seugnet
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Integrated Physiology of the Brain Arousal Systems (WAKING), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Bron, France
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2
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Chaturvedi R, Emery P. Fly into tranquility: GABA's role in Drosophila sleep. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 64:101219. [PMID: 38848811 PMCID: PMC11290982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is conserved across the animal kingdom, and Drosophila melanogaster is a prime model to understand its intricate circadian and homeostatic control. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a central role in sleep. This review delves into GABA's complex mechanisms of actions within Drosophila's sleep-regulating neural networks. We discuss how GABA promotes sleep, both by inhibiting circadian arousal neurons and by being a key neurotransmitter in sleep homeostatic circuits. GABA's impact on sleep is modulated by glia through astrocytic GABA recapture and metabolism. Interestingly, GABA can be coexpressed with other neurotransmitters in sleep-regulating neurons, which likely contributes to context-based sleep plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Chaturvedi
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Patrick Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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3
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Rößler DC, Klein BA. More sleep for behavioral ecologists. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39034483 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
From jellyfish to parrot fish and roundworms to homeotherms, all animals are thought to sleep. Despite its presumed universality, sleep is a poorly understood behavior, varying significantly in its expression across, and even within, animal lineages. There is still no consensus about the origin, architecture, ecology of sleep, or even its defining characters. The field of behavioral ecology has the potential to extend our knowledge of sleep behavior to nontraditional models and in ecologically relevant settings. Here, we highlight current efforts in diversifying the field to generate stronger synergies between historically human-focused sleep research and behavioral ecology. Our primary aim is for behavioral ecology to enhance sleep research by contributing crucial observations as well as by creating novel comparative and evolutionary frameworks. At the same time, sleep research can enhance behavioral ecology by exposing the relevance of sleep to wakeful behaviors. Nikolaas Tinbergen's four levels of analysis have served as a foundation for comprehensively addressing questions in behavior, and we introduce some Tinbergian approaches to examine the interplay between sleep and wake under ecologically meaningful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Rößler
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Barrett A Klein
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, USA
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4
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Keleş MF, Sapci AOB, Brody C, Palmer I, Le C, Taştan Ö, Keleş S, Wu MN. FlyVISTA, an Integrated Machine Learning Platform for Deep Phenotyping of Sleep in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.30.564733. [PMID: 37961473 PMCID: PMC10635029 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.30.564733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Animal behavior depends on internal state. While subtle movements can signify significant changes in internal state, computational methods for analyzing these "microbehaviors" are lacking. Here, we present FlyVISTA, a machine-learning platform to characterize microbehaviors in freely-moving flies, which we use to perform deep phenotyping of sleep. This platform comprises a high-resolution closed-loop video imaging system, coupled with a deep-learning network to annotate 35 body parts, and a computational pipeline to extract behaviors from high-dimensional data. FlyVISTA reveals the distinct spatiotemporal dynamics of sleep-associated microbehaviors in flies. We further show that stimulation of dorsal fan-shaped body neurons induces micromovements, not sleep, whereas activating R5 ring neurons triggers rhythmic proboscis extension followed by persistent sleep. Importantly, we identify a novel microbehavior ("haltere switch") exclusively seen during quiescence that indicates a deeper sleep stage. These findings enable the rigorous analysis of sleep in Drosophila and set the stage for computational analyses of microbehaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet F Keleş
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ali Osman Berk Sapci
- Department of Computer Science, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Casey Brody
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Isabelle Palmer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Christin Le
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Öznur Taştan
- Department of Computer Science, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Sündüz Keleş
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mark N Wu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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5
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Joyce M, Falconio FA, Blackhurst L, Prieto-Godino L, French AS, Gilestro GF. Divergent evolution of sleep in Drosophila species. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5091. [PMID: 38876988 PMCID: PMC11178934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Living organisms synchronize their biological activities with the earth's rotation through the circadian clock, a molecular mechanism that regulates biology and behavior daily. This synchronization factually maximizes positive activities (e.g., social interactions, feeding) during safe periods, and minimizes exposure to dangers (e.g., predation, darkness) typically at night. Beyond basic circadian regulation, some behaviors like sleep have an additional layer of homeostatic control, ensuring those essential activities are fulfilled. While sleep is predominantly governed by the circadian clock, a secondary homeostatic regulator, though not well-understood, ensures adherence to necessary sleep amounts and hints at a fundamental biological function of sleep beyond simple energy conservation and safety. Here we explore sleep regulation across seven Drosophila species with diverse ecological niches, revealing that while circadian-driven sleep aspects are consistent, homeostatic regulation varies significantly. The findings suggest that in Drosophilids, sleep evolved primarily for circadian purposes. The more complex, homeostatically regulated functions of sleep appear to have evolved independently in a species-specific manner, and are not universally conserved. This laboratory model may reproduce and recapitulate primordial sleep evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Joyce
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Research Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alice S French
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- The Francis Crick Research Institute, London, UK.
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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6
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Suárez-Grimalt R, Grunwald Kadow IC, Scheunemann L. An integrative sensor of body states: how the mushroom body modulates behavior depending on physiological context. Learn Mem 2024; 31:a053918. [PMID: 38876486 PMCID: PMC11199956 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053918.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The brain constantly compares past and present experiences to predict the future, thereby enabling instantaneous and future behavioral adjustments. Integration of external information with the animal's current internal needs and behavioral state represents a key challenge of the nervous system. Recent advancements in dissecting the function of the Drosophila mushroom body (MB) at the single-cell level have uncovered its three-layered logic and parallel systems conveying positive and negative values during associative learning. This review explores a lesser-known role of the MB in detecting and integrating body states such as hunger, thirst, and sleep, ultimately modulating motivation and sensory-driven decisions based on the physiological state of the fly. State-dependent signals predominantly affect the activity of modulatory MB input neurons (dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and octopaminergic), but also induce plastic changes directly at the level of the MB intrinsic and output neurons. Thus, the MB emerges as a tightly regulated relay station in the insect brain, orchestrating neuroadaptations due to current internal and behavioral states leading to short- but also long-lasting changes in behavior. While these adaptations are crucial to ensure fitness and survival, recent findings also underscore how circuit motifs in the MB may reflect fundamental design principles that contribute to maladaptive behaviors such as addiction or depression-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Suárez-Grimalt
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Neurophysiologie and NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Scheunemann
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Neurophysiologie and NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Jagannathan SR, Jeans T, Van De Poll MN, van Swinderen B. Multivariate classification of multichannel long-term electrophysiology data identifies different sleep stages in fruit flies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj4399. [PMID: 38381836 PMCID: PMC10881036 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj4399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Identifying different sleep stages in humans and other mammals has traditionally relied on electroencephalograms. Such an approach is not feasible in certain animals such as invertebrates, although these animals could also be sleeping in stages. Here, we perform long-term multichannel local field potential recordings in the brains of behaving flies undergoing spontaneous sleep bouts. We acquired consistent spatial recordings of local field potentials across multiple flies, allowing us to compare brain activity across awake and sleep periods. Using machine learning, we uncover distinct temporal stages of sleep and explore the associated spatial and spectral features across the fly brain. Further, we analyze the electrophysiological correlates of microbehaviors associated with certain sleep stages. We confirm the existence of a distinct sleep stage associated with rhythmic proboscis extensions and show that spectral features of this sleep-related behavior differ significantly from those associated with the same behavior during wakefulness, indicating a dissociation between behavior and the brain states wherein these behaviors reside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar R. Jagannathan
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Travis Jeans
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD Australia
| | | | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD Australia
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8
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Hu YH, Su T, Wu L, Wu JF, Liu D, Zhu LQ, Yuan M. Deregulation of the Glymphatic System in Alzheimer's Disease: Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2023.1229. [PMID: 38270115 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia and is characterized by progressive degeneration of brain function. AD gradually affects the parts of the brain that control thoughts, language, behavior and mental function, severely impacting a person's ability to carry out daily activities and ultimately leading to death. The accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and the aggregation of intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau are the two key pathological hallmarks of AD. AD is a complex condition that involves both non-genetic risk factors (35%) and genetic risk factors (58-79%). The glymphatic system plays an essential role in clearing metabolic waste, transporting tissue fluid, and participating in the immune response. Both non-genetic and genetic risk factors affect the glymphatic system to varying degrees. The main purpose of this review is to summarize the underlying mechanisms involved in the deregulation of the glymphatic system during the progression of AD, especially concerning the diverse contributions of non-genetic and genetic risk factors. In the future, new targets and interventions that modulate these interrelated mechanisms will be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jun-Fang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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9
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Brown EB, Zhang J, Lloyd E, Lanzon E, Botero V, Tomchik S, Keene AC. Neurofibromin 1 mediates sleep depth in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011049. [PMID: 38091360 PMCID: PMC10763969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural regulation of sleep and metabolic homeostasis are critical in many aspects of human health. Despite extensive epidemiological evidence linking sleep dysregulation with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, little is known about the neural and molecular basis for the integration of sleep and metabolic function. The RAS GTPase-activating gene Neurofibromin (Nf1) has been implicated in the regulation of sleep and metabolic rate, raising the possibility that it serves to integrate these processes, but the effects on sleep consolidation and physiology remain poorly understood. A key hallmark of sleep depth in mammals and flies is a reduction in metabolic rate during sleep. Here, we examine multiple measures of sleep quality to determine the effects of Nf1 on sleep-dependent changes in arousal threshold and metabolic rate. Flies lacking Nf1 fail to suppress metabolic rate during sleep, raising the possibility that loss of Nf1 prevents flies from integrating sleep and metabolic state. Sleep of Nf1 mutant flies is fragmented with a reduced arousal threshold in Nf1 mutants, suggesting Nf1 flies fail to enter deep sleep. The effects of Nf1 on sleep can be localized to a subset of neurons expressing the GABAA receptor Rdl. Sleep loss has been associated with changes in gut homeostasis in flies and mammals. Selective knockdown of Nf1 in Rdl-expressing neurons within the nervous system increases gut permeability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the gut, raising the possibility that loss of sleep quality contributes to gut dysregulation. Together, these findings suggest Nf1 acts in GABA-sensitive neurons to modulate sleep depth in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B. Brown
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Evan Lloyd
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Lanzon
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Valentina Botero
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Seth Tomchik
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alex C. Keene
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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10
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Anthoney N, Tainton-Heap L, Luong H, Notaras E, Kewin AB, Zhao Q, Perry T, Batterham P, Shaw PJ, van Swinderen B. Experimentally induced active and quiet sleep engage non-overlapping transcriptional programs in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:RP88198. [PMID: 37910019 PMCID: PMC10619980 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep in mammals can be broadly classified into two different physiological categories: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow-wave sleep (SWS), and accordingly REM and SWS are thought to achieve a different set of functions. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is increasingly being used as a model to understand sleep functions, although it remains unclear if the fly brain also engages in different kinds of sleep as well. Here, we compare two commonly used approaches for studying sleep experimentally in Drosophila: optogenetic activation of sleep-promoting neurons and provision of a sleep-promoting drug, gaboxadol. We find that these different sleep-induction methods have similar effects on increasing sleep duration, but divergent effects on brain activity. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that drug-induced deep sleep ('quiet' sleep) mostly downregulates metabolism genes, whereas optogenetic 'active' sleep upregulates a wide range of genes relevant to normal waking functions. This suggests that optogenetics and pharmacological induction of sleep in Drosophila promote different features of sleep, which engage different sets of genes to achieve their respective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Anthoney
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Lucy Tainton-Heap
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Hang Luong
- School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Eleni Notaras
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Amber B Kewin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Qiongyi Zhao
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Trent Perry
- School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Philip Batterham
- School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Paul J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
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11
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Chowdhury B, Abhilash L, Ortega A, Liu S, Shafer O. Homeostatic control of deep sleep and molecular correlates of sleep pressure in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:e91355. [PMID: 37906092 PMCID: PMC10642965 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic control of sleep is typically addressed through mechanical stimulation-induced forced wakefulness and the measurement of subsequent increases in sleep. A major confound attends this approach: biological responses to deprivation may reflect a direct response to the mechanical insult rather than to the loss of sleep. Similar confounds accompany all forms of sleep deprivation and represent a major challenge to the field. Here, we describe a new paradigm for sleep deprivation in Drosophila that fully accounts for sleep-independent effects. Our results reveal that deep sleep states are the primary target of homeostatic control and establish the presence of multi-cycle sleep rebound following deprivation. Furthermore, we establish that specific deprivation of deep sleep states results in state-specific homeostatic rebound. Finally, by accounting for the molecular effects of mechanical stimulation during deprivation experiments, we show that serotonin levels track sleep pressure in the fly's central brain. Our results illustrate the critical need to control for sleep-independent effects of deprivation when examining the molecular correlates of sleep pressure and call for a critical reassessment of work that has not accounted for such non-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhaditya Chowdhury
- The Advanced Science Research Center, The City University of New York; The Graduate Center at the City University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lakshman Abhilash
- The Advanced Science Research Center, The City University of New York; The Graduate Center at the City University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
| | - Antonio Ortega
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
| | - Sha Liu
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
| | - Orie Shafer
- The Advanced Science Research Center, The City University of New York; The Graduate Center at the City University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
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12
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Axelrod S, Li X, Sun Y, Lincoln S, Terceros A, O’Neil J, Wang Z, Nguyen A, Vora A, Spicer C, Shapiro B, Young MW. The Drosophila blood-brain barrier regulates sleep via Moody G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309331120. [PMID: 37831742 PMCID: PMC10589661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309331120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is vital for most animals, yet its mechanism and function remain unclear. We found that permeability of the BBB (blood-brain barrier)-the organ required for the maintenance of homeostatic levels of nutrients, ions, and other molecules in the brain-is modulated by sleep deprivation (SD) and can cell-autonomously effect sleep changes. We observed increased BBB permeability in known sleep mutants as well as in acutely sleep-deprived animals. In addition to molecular tracers, SD-induced BBB changes also increased the penetration of drugs used in the treatment of brain pathologies. After chronic/genetic or acute SD, rebound sleep or administration of the sleeping aid gaboxadol normalized BBB permeability, showing that SD effects on the BBB are reversible. Along with BBB permeability, RNA levels of the BBB master regulator moody are modulated by sleep. Conversely, altering BBB permeability alone through glia-specific modulation of moody, gαo, loco, lachesin, or neuroglian-each a well-studied regulator of BBB function-was sufficient to induce robust sleep phenotypes. These studies demonstrate a tight link between BBB permeability and sleep and indicate a unique role for the BBB in the regulation of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Axelrod
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Xiaoling Li
- International Personalized Cancer Center, Tianjin Cancer Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin300308, China
| | - Yingwo Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Samantha Lincoln
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Andrea Terceros
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Jenna O’Neil
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Zikun Wang
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Aabha Vora
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Carmen Spicer
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Benjamin Shapiro
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Michael W. Young
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
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13
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Ye HT, Lu CQ, Wang C, Zhang D, Li YF, Feng XY, Wang HP, Mao YY, Ji MH, Yang JJ. Plasma Aβ level alterations after sleep deprivation correspond to brain structural remodeling in medical night shift workers. Brain Res Bull 2023; 203:110776. [PMID: 37805053 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between brain structure alteration and metabolic product clearance after night shift work with total sleep deprivation (SD) remains unclear. Twenty-two intensive care unit staff on regularly rotating shift work were implemented with structural and diffusion MRI under both rest wakefulness (RW) and SD conditions. Peripheral blood samples were collected for the measurement of cerebral metabolites. Voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging analysis were used to investigate the alterations in the gray matter density (GMD) and mean diffusivity (MD) within the participants. Furthermore, correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the neuroimaging metrics and hematological parameters. A significant increase in the GMD values was observed in the anterior and peripheral areas of the brain under SD. In contrast, a decrease in the values was observed in the posterior regions, such as the bilateral cerebellum and thalamus. In addition, a significant reduction in the total cerebrospinal fluid volume was observed under SD. The Aβ42/Aβ40 levels in participants under SD were significantly lower than those under RW. The mean MD increment values extracted from the region of interest (ROI) of the anterior brain were negatively correlated with the increment of plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 levels (r = -0.658, P = 0.008). The mean GMD decrement values extracted from the posterior ROI were positively correlated with the increment of plasma Aβ-40 levels (r = 0.601, P = 0.023). The findings of this study suggest that one night of shift work under SD induces extensive and direction-specific structural alterations of the brain, which are associated with aberrant brain metabolic waste clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Tian Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Chun-Qiang Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yan-Fei Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiang-Yun Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hua-Peng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Mu-Huo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210003, China.
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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14
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Anthoney N, Tainton-Heap LA, Luong H, Notaras E, Kewin AB, Zhao Q, Perry T, Batterham P, Shaw PJ, van Swinderen B. Experimentally induced active and quiet sleep engage non-overlapping transcriptional programs in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.03.535331. [PMID: 37066182 PMCID: PMC10103959 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.535331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sleep in mammals can be broadly classified into two different physiological categories: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow wave sleep (SWS), and accordingly REM and SWS are thought to achieve a different set of functions. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is increasingly being used as a model to understand sleep functions, although it remains unclear if the fly brain also engages in different kinds of sleep as well. Here, we compare two commonly used approaches for studying sleep experimentally in Drosophila: optogenetic activation of sleep-promoting neurons and provision of a sleep-promoting drug, Gaboxadol. We find that these different sleep-induction methods have similar effects on increasing sleep duration, but divergent effects on brain activity. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that drug-induced deep sleep ('quiet' sleep) mostly downregulates metabolism genes, whereas optogenetic 'active' sleep upregulates a wide range of genes relevant to normal waking functions. This suggests that optogenetics and pharmacological induction of sleep in Drosophila promote different features of sleep, which engage different sets of genes to achieve their respective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Anthoney
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | | | - Hang Luong
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Eleni Notaras
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Amber B. Kewin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Qiongyi Zhao
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Trent Perry
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Philip Batterham
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Paul J. Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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15
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Bhattacharya D, Górska-Andrzejak J, Abaquita TAL, Pyza E. Effects of adenosine receptor overexpression and silencing in neurons and glial cells on lifespan, fitness, and sleep of Drosophila melanogaster. Exp Brain Res 2023:10.1007/s00221-023-06649-y. [PMID: 37335362 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
A single adenosine receptor gene (dAdoR) has been detected in Drosophila melanogaster. However, its function in different cell types of the nervous system is mostly unknown. Therefore, we overexpressed or silenced the dAdoR gene in eye photoreceptors, all neurons, or glial cells and examined the fitness of flies, the amount and daily pattern of sleep, and the influence of dAdoR silencing on Bruchpilot (BRP) presynaptic protein. Furthermore, we examined the dAdoR and brp gene expression in young and old flies. We found that a higher level of dAdoR in the retina photoreceptors, all neurons, and glial cells negatively influenced the survival rate and lifespan of male and female Drosophila in a cell-dependent manner and to a different extent depending on the age of the flies. In old flies, expression of both dAdoR and brp was higher than in young ones. An excess of dAdoR in neurons improved climbing in older individuals. It also influenced sleep by lengthening nighttime sleep and siesta. In turn, silencing of dAdoR decreased the lifespan of flies, although it increased the survival rate of young flies. It hindered the climbing of older males and females, but did not change sleep. Silencing also affected the daily pattern of BRP abundance, especially when dAdoR expression was decreased in glial cells. The obtained results indicate the role of adenosine and dAdoR in the regulation of fitness in flies that is based on communication between neurons and glial cells, and the effect of glial cells on synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elżbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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16
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Jagannathan SR, Jeans R, Van De Poll MN, van Swinderen B. Multivariate classification of multichannel long-term electrophysiology data identifies different sleep stages in fruit flies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.12.544704. [PMID: 37398087 PMCID: PMC10312633 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is observed in most animals, which suggests it subserves a fundamental process associated with adaptive biological functions. However, the evidence to directly associate sleep with a specific function is lacking, in part because sleep is not a single process in many animals. In humans and other mammals, different sleep stages have traditionally been identified using electroencephalograms (EEGs), but such an approach is not feasible in different animals such as insects. Here, we perform long-term multichannel local field potential (LFP) recordings in the brains of behaving flies undergoing spontaneous sleep bouts. We developed protocols to allow for consistent spatial recordings of LFPs across multiple flies, allowing us to compare the LFP activity across awake and sleep periods and further compare the same to induced sleep. Using machine learning, we uncover the existence of distinct temporal stages of sleep and explore the associated spatial and spectral features across the fly brain. Further, we analyze the electrophysiological correlates of micro-behaviours associated with certain sleep stages. We confirm the existence of a distinct sleep stage associated with rhythmic proboscis extensions and show that spectral features of this sleep-related behavior differ significantly from those associated with the same behavior during wakefulness, indicating a dissociation between behavior and the brain states wherein these behaviors reside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar R. Jagannathan
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rhiannon Jeans
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | | | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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17
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Chen CL, Aymanns F, Minegishi R, Matsuda VDV, Talabot N, Günel S, Dickson BJ, Ramdya P. Ascending neurons convey behavioral state to integrative sensory and action selection brain regions. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:682-695. [PMID: 36959417 PMCID: PMC10076225 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Knowing one's own behavioral state has long been theorized as critical for contextualizing dynamic sensory cues and identifying appropriate future behaviors. Ascending neurons (ANs) in the motor system that project to the brain are well positioned to provide such behavioral state signals. However, what ANs encode and where they convey these signals remains largely unknown. Here, through large-scale functional imaging in behaving animals and morphological quantification, we report the behavioral encoding and brain targeting of hundreds of genetically identifiable ANs in the adult fly, Drosophila melanogaster. We reveal that ANs encode behavioral states, specifically conveying self-motion to the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, an integrative sensory hub, as well as discrete actions to the gnathal ganglia, a locus for action selection. Additionally, AN projection patterns within the motor system are predictive of their encoding. Thus, ascending populations are well poised to inform distinct brain hubs of self-motion and ongoing behaviors and may provide an important substrate for computations that are required for adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Lin Chen
- Neuroengineering Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute & Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Aymanns
- Neuroengineering Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute & Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ryo Minegishi
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Victor D V Matsuda
- Neuroengineering Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute & Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Talabot
- Neuroengineering Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute & Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Computer Vision Laboratory, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Semih Günel
- Neuroengineering Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute & Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Computer Vision Laboratory, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barry J Dickson
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Pavan Ramdya
- Neuroengineering Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute & Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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18
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Mariano V, Kanellopoulos AK, Aiello G, Lo AC, Legius E, Achsel T, Bagni C. SREBP modulates the NADP +/NADPH cycle to control night sleep in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2023; 14:763. [PMID: 36808152 PMCID: PMC9941135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep behavior is conserved throughout evolution, and sleep disturbances are a frequent comorbidity of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the molecular basis underlying sleep dysfunctions in neurological diseases remains elusive. Using a model for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), the Drosophila Cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein haploinsufficiency (Cyfip85.1/+), we identify a mechanism modulating sleep homeostasis. We show that increased activity of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) in Cyfip85.1/+ flies induces an increase in the transcription of wakefulness-associated genes, such as the malic enzyme (Men), causing a disturbance in the daily NADP+/NADPH ratio oscillations and reducing sleep pressure at the night-time onset. Reduction in SREBP or Men activity in Cyfip85.1/+ flies enhances the NADP+/NADPH ratio and rescues the sleep deficits, indicating that SREBP and Men are causative for the sleep deficits in Cyfip heterozygous flies. This work suggests modulation of the SREBP metabolic axis as a new avenue worth exploring for its therapeutic potential in sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Mariano
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Giuseppe Aiello
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
| | - Adrian C Lo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
| | - Eric Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Tilmann Achsel
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy.
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19
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Bhasiin K, Heintz O, Colodner KJ. Optimization and Technical Considerations for the Dye-Exclusion Protocol Used to Assess Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031886. [PMID: 36768206 PMCID: PMC9916281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a multicellular construct that regulates the diffusion and transport of metabolites, ions, toxins, and inflammatory mediators into and out of the central nervous system (CNS). Its integrity is essential for proper brain physiology, and its breakdown has been shown to contribute to neurological dysfunction. The BBB in vertebrates exists primarily through the coordination between endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes, while invertebrates, which lack a vascularized circulatory system, typically have a barrier composed of glial cells that separate the CNS from humoral fluids. Notably, the invertebrate barrier is molecularly and functionally analogous to the vertebrate BBB, and the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is increasingly recognized as a useful model system in which to investigate barrier function. The most widely used technique to assess barrier function in the fly is the dye-exclusion assay, which involves monitoring the infiltration of a fluorescent-coupled dextran into the brain. In this study, we explore analytical and technical considerations of this procedure that yield a more reliable assessment of barrier function, and we validate our findings using a traumatic injury model. Together, we have identified parameters that optimize the dye-exclusion assay and provide an alternative framework for future studies examining barrier function in Drosophila.
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20
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Mishra S, Sharma N, Singh SK, Lone SR. Peculiar sleep features in sympatric species may contribute to the temporal segregation. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:57-70. [PMID: 36271924 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is conserved in the animal kingdom and plays a pivotal role in the adaptation of species. Sleep in Drosophila melanogaster is defined as any continuous 5 min of quiescence, shows a prominent siesta, and consolidated nighttime sleep. Here, we analyzed the sleep of two other species D. malerkotliana (DMK) and D. ananassae (DA), and compared it with D. melanogaster (DM). The DMK males and females have siesta like DM. However, unlike DM, flies continue to sleep beyond siesta till the evening. DA has a less prominent siesta compared to DM and DMK. In the morning, DA took a longer time to respond to the lights ON and continued to sleep for at least half an hour. The nighttime sleep of the DA flies is higher than the other two species. Average length of sleep episode is three times more than that of DM and DMK with few wake episodes. Thus, the nighttime sleep of DA males and females is deep and needs exposure to more potent stimuli to wake up relative to the other two species. DA males and females show higher sleep rebound than the other two species, suggesting the robustness of sleep homeostasis. Although total sleep of DMK and DA is similar, DA is a day-active species with highly consolidated night sleep. DMK, like DM, is a crepuscular species with a midday siesta. Thus, our results suggest that temporal partitioning of sleep, in sympatric species may contribute to temporal segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Nisha Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Shahnaz Rahman Lone
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India.
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21
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Wang Z, Fei X, Liu X, Wang Y, Hu Y, Peng W, Wang YW, Zhang S, Xu M. REM sleep is associated with distinct global cortical dynamics and controlled by occipital cortex. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6896. [PMID: 36371399 PMCID: PMC9653484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34720-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is spontaneously active during sleep, yet it is unclear how this global cortical activity is spatiotemporally organized, and whether such activity not only reflects sleep states but also contributes to sleep state switching. Here we report that cortex-wide calcium imaging in mice revealed distinct sleep stage-dependent spatiotemporal patterns of global cortical activity, and modulation of such patterns could regulate sleep state switching. In particular, elevated activation in the occipital cortical regions (including the retrosplenial cortex and visual areas) became dominant during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Furthermore, such pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) wave-like activity was associated with transitions to REM sleep, and optogenetic inhibition of occipital activity strongly promoted deep sleep by suppressing the NREM-to-REM transition. Thus, whereas subcortical networks are critical for initiating and maintaining sleep and wakefulness states, distinct global cortical activity also plays an active role in controlling sleep states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Fei
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Hu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Wanling Peng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-wei Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China ,grid.511008.dShanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, 201210 Shanghai, China
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22
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Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental, evolutionarily conserved, plastic behavior that is regulated by circadian and homeostatic mechanisms as well as genetic factors and environmental factors, such as light, humidity, and temperature. Among environmental cues, temperature plays an important role in the regulation of sleep. This review presents an overview of thermoreception in animals and the neural circuits that link this process to sleep. Understanding the influence of temperature on sleep can provide insight into basic physiologic processes that are required for survival and guide strategies to manage sleep disorders.
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23
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Buchanan IM, Smith TM, Gerber AP, Seibt J. Are there roles for heterogeneous ribosomes during sleep in the rodent brain? Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1008921. [PMID: 36275625 PMCID: PMC9582285 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1008921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of mRNA translation plays an essential role in neurons, contributing to important brain functions, such as brain plasticity and memory formation. Translation is conducted by ribosomes, which at their core consist of ribosomal proteins (RPs) and ribosomal RNAs. While translation can be regulated at diverse levels through global or mRNA-specific means, recent evidence suggests that ribosomes with distinct configurations are involved in the translation of different subsets of mRNAs. However, whether and how such proclaimed ribosome heterogeneity could be connected to neuronal functions remains largely unresolved. Here, we postulate that the existence of heterologous ribosomes within neurons, especially at discrete synapses, subserve brain plasticity. This hypothesis is supported by recent studies in rodents showing that heterogeneous RP expression occurs in dendrites, the compartment of neurons where synapses are made. We further propose that sleep, which is fundamental for brain plasticity and memory formation, has a particular role in the formation of heterologous ribosomes, specialised in the translation of mRNAs specific for synaptic plasticity. This aspect of our hypothesis is supported by recent studies showing increased translation and changes in RP expression during sleep after learning. Thus, certain RPs are regulated by sleep, and could support different sleep functions, in particular brain plasticity. Future experiments investigating cell-specific heterogeneity in RPs across the sleep-wake cycle and in response to different behaviour would help address this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isla M. Buchanan
- Integrated Master Programme in Biochemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor M. Smith
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - André P. Gerber
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: André P. Gerber, ; Julie Seibt,
| | - Julie Seibt
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: André P. Gerber, ; Julie Seibt,
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24
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Yubo Z, Yingying L, Bing Z, Lin Z, Lei L. MMASleepNet: A multimodal attention network based on electrophysiological signals for automatic sleep staging. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:973761. [PMID: 36051650 PMCID: PMC9424881 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.973761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic-related sleep disorders affect human physical and mental health. The artificial intelligence (AI) based sleep staging with multimodal electrophysiological signals help people diagnose and treat sleep disorders. However, the existing AI-based methods could not capture more discriminative modalities and adaptively correlate these multimodal features. This paper introduces a multimodal attention network (MMASleepNet) to efficiently extract, perceive and fuse multimodal features of electrophysiological signals. The MMASleepNet has a multi-branch feature extraction (MBFE) module followed by an attention-based feature fusing (AFF) module. In the MBFE module, branches are designed to extract multimodal signals' temporal and spectral features. Each branch has two-stream convolutional networks with a unique kernel to perceive features of different time scales. The AFF module contains a modal-wise squeeze and excitation (SE) block to adjust the weights of modalities with more discriminative features and a Transformer encoder (TE) to generate attention matrices and extract the inter-dependencies among multimodal features. Our MMASleepNet outperforms state-of-the-art models in terms of different evaluation matrices on the datasets of Sleep-EDF and ISRUC-Sleep. The implementation code is available at: https://github.com/buptantEEG/MMASleepNet/.
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25
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Ajayi OM, Marlman JM, Gleitz LA, Smith ES, Piller BD, Krupa JA, Vinauger C, Benoit JB. Behavioral and postural analyses establish sleep-like states for mosquitoes that can impact host landing and blood feeding. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275280. [PMID: 35502753 PMCID: PMC9234499 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is an evolutionarily conserved process that has been described in different animal systems. For insects, sleep characterization has been primarily achieved using behavioral and electrophysiological correlates in a few systems. Sleep in mosquitoes, which are important vectors of disease-causing pathogens, has not been directly examined. This is surprising as circadian rhythms, which have been well studied in mosquitoes, influence sleep in other systems. In this study, we characterized sleep in mosquitoes using body posture analysis and behavioral correlates and quantified the effect of sleep deprivation on sleep rebound, host landing and blood-feeding propensity. Body and appendage position metrics revealed a clear distinction between the posture of mosquitoes in their putative sleep and awake states for multiple species, which correlate with a reduction in responsiveness to host cues. Sleep assessment informed by these posture analyses indicated significantly more sleep during periods of low activity. Nighttime and daytime sleep deprivation resulting from the delivery of vibration stimuli induced sleep rebound in the subsequent phase in day and night active mosquitoes, respectively. Lastly, sleep deprivation suppressed host landing in both laboratory and field settings, and impaired blood feeding of a human host when mosquitoes would normally be active. These results suggest that quantifiable sleep states occur in mosquitoes and highlight the potential epidemiological importance of mosquito sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun M Ajayi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Justin M Marlman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Lucas A Gleitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Evan S Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Benjamin D Piller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Justyna A Krupa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Clément Vinauger
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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26
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Yildirim E, Curtis R, Hwangbo DS. Roles of peripheral clocks: lessons from the fly. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:263-293. [PMID: 34862983 PMCID: PMC8844272 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To adapt to and anticipate rhythmic changes in the environment such as daily light-dark and temperature cycles, internal timekeeping mechanisms called biological clocks evolved in a diverse set of organisms, from unicellular bacteria to humans. These biological clocks play critical roles in organisms' fitness and survival by temporally aligning physiological and behavioral processes to the external cues. The central clock is located in a small subset of neurons in the brain and drives daily activity rhythms, whereas most peripheral tissues harbor their own clock systems, which generate metabolic and physiological rhythms. Since the discovery of Drosophila melanogaster clock mutants in the early 1970s, the fruit fly has become an extensively studied model organism to investigate the mechanism and functions of circadian clocks. In this review, we primarily focus on D. melanogaster to survey key discoveries and progresses made over the past two decades in our understanding of peripheral clocks. We discuss physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of peripheral clocks in several different peripheral tissues of the fly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dae-Sung Hwangbo
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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27
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Excessive energy expenditure due to acute physical restraint disrupts Drosophila motivational feeding response. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24208. [PMID: 34921197 PMCID: PMC8683507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the behavior of Drosophila, it is often necessary to restrain and mount individual flies. This requires removal from food, additional handling, anesthesia, and physical restraint. We find a strong positive correlation between the length of time flies are mounted and their subsequent reflexive feeding response, where one hour of mounting is the approximate motivational equivalent to ten hours of fasting. In an attempt to explain this correlation, we rule out anesthesia side-effects, handling, additional fasting, and desiccation. We use respirometric and metabolic techniques coupled with behavioral video scoring to assess energy expenditure in mounted and free flies. We isolate a specific behavior capable of exerting large amounts of energy in mounted flies and identify it as an attempt to escape from restraint. We present a model where physical restraint leads to elevated activity and subsequent faster nutrient storage depletion among mounted flies. This ultimately further accelerates starvation and thus increases reflexive feeding response. In addition, we show that the consequences of the physical restraint profoundly alter aerobic activity, energy depletion, taste, and feeding behavior, and suggest that careful consideration is given to the time-sensitive nature of these highly significant effects when conducting behavioral, physiological or imaging experiments that require immobilization.
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28
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Epiney DG, Salameh C, Cassidy D, Zhou LT, Kruithof J, Milutinović R, Andreani TS, Schirmer AE, Bolterstein E. Characterization of Stress Responses in a Drosophila Model of Werner Syndrome. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1868. [PMID: 34944512 PMCID: PMC8699552 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As organisms age, their resistance to stress decreases while their risk of disease increases. This can be shown in patients with Werner syndrome (WS), which is a genetic disease characterized by accelerated aging along with increased risk of cancer and metabolic disease. WS is caused by mutations in WRN, a gene involved in DNA replication and repair. Recent research has shown that WRN mutations contribute to multiple hallmarks of aging including genomic instability, telomere attrition, and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, questions remain regarding the onset and effect of stress on early aging. We used a fly model of WS (WRNexoΔ) to investigate stress response during different life stages and found that stress sensitivity varies according to age and stressor. While larvae and young WRNexoΔ adults are not sensitive to exogenous oxidative stress, high antioxidant activity suggests high levels of endogenous oxidative stress. WRNexoΔ adults are sensitive to stress caused by elevated temperature and starvation suggesting abnormalities in energy storage and a possible link to metabolic dysfunction in WS patients. We also observed higher levels of sleep in aged WRNexoΔ adults suggesting an additional adaptive mechanism to protect against age-related stress. We suggest that stress response in WRNexoΔ is multifaceted and evokes a systemic physiological response to protect against cellular damage. These data further validate WRNexoΔ flies as a WS model with which to study mechanisms of early aging and provide a foundation for development of treatments for WS and similar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek G. Epiney
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Charlotte Salameh
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Deirdre Cassidy
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Luhan T. Zhou
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Joshua Kruithof
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Rolan Milutinović
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Tomas S. Andreani
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA;
| | - Aaron E. Schirmer
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Elyse Bolterstein
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
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29
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Jaggard JB, Wang GX, Mourrain P. Non-REM and REM/paradoxical sleep dynamics across phylogeny. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 71:44-51. [PMID: 34583217 PMCID: PMC8719594 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
All animals carefully studied sleep, suggesting that sleep as a behavioral state exists in all animal life. Such evolutionary maintenance of an otherwise vulnerable period of environmental detachment suggests that sleep must be integral in fundamental biological needs. Despite over a century of research, the knowledge of what sleep does at the tissue, cellular or molecular levels remain cursory. Currently, sleep is defined based on behavioral criteria and physiological measures rather than at the cellular or molecular level. Physiologically, sleep has been described as two main states, non-rapid eye moment (NREM) and REM/paradoxical sleep (PS), which are defined in the neocortex by synchronous oscillations and paradoxical wake-like activity, respectively. For decades, these two sleep states were believed to be defining characteristics of only mammalian and avian sleep. Recent work has revealed slow oscillation, silencing, and paradoxical/REM-like activities in reptiles, fish, flies, worms, and cephalopods suggesting that these sleep dynamics and associated physiological states may have emerged early in animal evolution. Here, we discuss these recent developments supporting the conservation of neural dynamics (silencing, oscillation, paradoxical activity) of sleep states across phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Jaggard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gordon X Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Mourrain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; INSERM 1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.
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30
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Van De Poll MN, van Swinderen B. Balancing Prediction and Surprise: A Role for Active Sleep at the Dawn of Consciousness? Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:768762. [PMID: 34803618 PMCID: PMC8602873 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.768762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is a prediction machine. Yet the world is never entirely predictable, for any animal. Unexpected events are surprising, and this typically evokes prediction error signatures in mammalian brains. In humans such mismatched expectations are often associated with an emotional response as well, and emotional dysregulation can lead to cognitive disorders such as depression or schizophrenia. Emotional responses are understood to be important for memory consolidation, suggesting that positive or negative 'valence' cues more generally constitute an ancient mechanism designed to potently refine and generalize internal models of the world and thereby minimize prediction errors. On the other hand, abolishing error detection and surprise entirely (as could happen by generalization or habituation) is probably maladaptive, as this might undermine the very mechanism that brains use to become better prediction machines. This paradoxical view of brain function as an ongoing balance between prediction and surprise suggests a compelling approach to study and understand the evolution of consciousness in animals. In particular, this view may provide insight into the function and evolution of 'active' sleep. Here, we propose that active sleep - when animals are behaviorally asleep but their brain seems awake - is widespread beyond mammals and birds, and may have evolved as a mechanism for optimizing predictive processing in motile creatures confronted with constantly changing environments. To explore our hypothesis, we progress from humans to invertebrates, investigating how a potential role for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in emotional regulation in humans could be re-examined as a conserved sleep function that co-evolved alongside selective attention to maintain an adaptive balance between prediction and surprise. This view of active sleep has some interesting implications for the evolution of subjective awareness and consciousness in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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31
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Ketogenic diet reduces early mortality following traumatic brain injury in Drosophila via the PPARγ ortholog Eip75B. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258873. [PMID: 34699541 PMCID: PMC8547619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common neurological disorder whose outcomes vary widely depending on a variety of environmental factors, including diet. Using a Drosophila melanogaster TBI model that reproduces key aspects of TBI in humans, we previously found that the diet consumed immediately following a primary brain injury has a substantial effect on the incidence of mortality within 24 h (early mortality). Flies that receive equivalent primary injuries have a higher incidence of early mortality when fed high-carbohydrate diets versus water. Here, we report that flies fed high-fat ketogenic diet (KD) following TBI exhibited early mortality that was equivalent to that of flies fed water and that flies protected from early mortality by KD continued to show survival benefits weeks later. KD also has beneficial effects in mammalian TBI models, indicating that the mechanism of action of KD is evolutionarily conserved. To probe the mechanism, we examined the effect of KD in flies mutant for Eip75B, an ortholog of the transcription factor PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) that contributes to the mechanism of action of KD and has neuroprotective effects in mammalian TBI models. We found that the incidence of early mortality of Eip75B mutant flies was higher when they were fed KD than when they were fed water following TBI. These data indicate that Eip75B/PPARγ is necessary for the beneficial effects of KD following TBI. In summary, this work provides the first evidence that KD activates PPARγ to reduce deleterious outcomes of TBI and it demonstrates the utility of the fly TBI model for dissecting molecular pathways that contribute to heterogeneity in TBI outcomes.
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32
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Abstract
All biological processes including movement, digestion, and thought require energy, and the metabolic activity necessary to generate that energy also generates waste. Metabolic by-products, including a variety of proteins, accumulate in the tissue and can be harmful if not removed. Throughout the body, the lymphatic system is responsible for clearing metabolic waste from the tissue (Figure 1). An ultrafiltrate of blood plasma constantly enters the tissue from the microvasculature and percolates through the tissue before uptake by lymphatic capillaries. Once in these capillaries, a series of lymphatic vessels, pumps, and valves ensures directional fluid movement, ultimately draining the lymph containing waste products back into the venous circulatory system. The liver can be regarded as the ultimate recycling station in the body, where these waste products are either degraded or reused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Hablitz
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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33
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Abstract
Hypersynchronous neural activity is a characteristic feature of seizures. Although many Drosophila mutants of epilepsy-related genes display clear behavioral spasms and motor unit hyperexcitability, field potential measurements of aberrant hypersynchronous activity across brain regions during seizures have yet to be described. Here, we report a straightforward method to observe local field potentials (LFPs) from the Drosophila brain to monitor ensemble neural activity during seizures in behaving tethered flies. High frequency stimulation across the brain reliably triggers a stereotypic sequence of electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) spike discharges readily detectable in the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) and coupled with behavioral spasms. During seizure episodes, the LFP signal displayed characteristic large-amplitude oscillations with a stereotypic temporal correlation to DLM flight muscle spiking. ECS-related LFP events were clearly distinct from rest- and flight-associated LFP patterns. We further characterized the LFP activity during different types of seizures originating from genetic and pharmacological manipulations. In the 'bang-sensitive' sodium channel mutant bangsenseless (bss), the LFP pattern was prolonged, and the temporal correlation between LFP oscillations and DLM discharges was altered. Following administration of the pro-convulsant GABAA blocker picrotoxin, we uncovered a qualitatively different LFP activity pattern, which consisted of a slow (1-Hz), repetitive, waveform, closely coupled with DLM bursting and behavioral spasms. Our approach to record brain LFPs presents an initial framework for electrophysiological analysis of the complex brain-wide activity patterns in the large collection of Drosophila excitability mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atulya Iyengar
- Department of Biology, and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Chun-Fang Wu
- Department of Biology, and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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34
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Ramis MR, Sarubbo F, Moranta D, Tejada S, Lladó J, Miralles A, Esteban S. Neurochemical and Cognitive Beneficial Effects of Moderate Physical Activity and Catechin in Aged Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040621. [PMID: 33921628 PMCID: PMC8072822 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy aging process is a requirement for good life quality. A relationship between physical activity, the consumption of antioxidants and brain health has been stablished via the activation of pathways that reduce the harmful effects of oxidative stress, by inducing enzymes such as SIRT1, which is a protector of brain function. We analyzed the cognitive and neurochemical effects of applying physical exercise in elderly rats, alone or in combination with the antioxidant catechin. Several tests of spatial and episodic memory and motor coordination were evaluated. In addition, brain monoaminergic neurotransmitters and SIRT1 protein levels were assessed in the brains of the same rats. The results show that physical activity by itself improved age-related memory and learning deficits, correlating with the restoration of brain monoaminergic neurotransmitters and SIRT1 protein levels in the hippocampus. The administration of the antioxidant catechin along with the exercise program enhanced further the monoaminergic pathways, but not the other parameters studied. These results agree with previous reports revealing a neuroprotective effect of physical activity, probably based on its ability to improve the redox status of the brain, demonstrating that exercise at an advanced age, combined with the consumption of antioxidants, could produce favorable effects in terms of brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita R. Ramis
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.R.R.); (F.S.); (D.M.); (S.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Fiorella Sarubbo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.R.R.); (F.S.); (D.M.); (S.T.); (A.M.)
- Research Unit, University Hospital Son Llàtzer, Crta. Manacor Km 4, 07198 Palma, Spain
| | - David Moranta
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.R.R.); (F.S.); (D.M.); (S.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Silvia Tejada
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.R.R.); (F.S.); (D.M.); (S.T.); (A.M.)
- CIBERON (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Jerònia Lladó
- Department of Biology and University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain;
| | - Antoni Miralles
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.R.R.); (F.S.); (D.M.); (S.T.); (A.M.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Susana Esteban
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.R.R.); (F.S.); (D.M.); (S.T.); (A.M.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-971-173-145
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