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Fan D, Wang D, Zhang J, Fu X, Yan X, Wang D, Qin A, Han T, Tang BZ. Cobalt-Catalyzed Cascade C-H Activation/Annulation Polymerizations toward Diversified and Multifunctional Sulfur-Containing Fused Heterocyclic Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17270-17284. [PMID: 38863213 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed C-H activation has greatly benefited the synthesis and development of functional polymer materials, and the construction of multifunctional fused (hetero)cyclic polymers via novel C-H activation-based polyannulations has emerged as a charming but challenging area in recent years. Herein, we report the first cobalt(III)-catalyzed cascade C-H activation/annulation polymerization (CAAP) approach that can efficiently transform readily available aryl thioamides and internal diynes into multifunctional sulfur-containing fused heterocyclic (SFH) polymers. Within merely 3 h, a series of SFH polymers bearing complex and multisubstituted S,N-doped polycyclic units are facilely and efficiently produced with high molecular weights (absolute Mn up to 220400) in excellent yields (up to 99%), which are hard to achieve by traditional methods. The intermediate-terminated SFH polymer can be used as a reactive macromonomer to controllably extend or modify polymer main chains. The structural diversity can be further enriched through facile S-oxidation and N-methylation reactions of the SFH polymers. Benefiting from the unique structures, the obtained polymers exhibit excellent solution processability, high thermal and morphological stability, efficient and readily tunable aggregate-state fluorescence, stimuli-responsive properties, and high and UV-modulatable refractive indices of up to 1.8464 at 632.8 nm. These properties allow the SFH polymers to be potentially applied in diverse fields, including metal ion detection, photodynamic killing of cancer cells, fluorescent photopatterning, and gradient-index optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Fan
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials Service Safety, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Deliang Wang
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinyao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xueke Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials Service Safety, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Anjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ting Han
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials Service Safety, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Guangdong 518172, China
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2
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Xiang Y, Chen S, Luo Q, Jia C, Lin C, Dai S, Xu T, Chen F, Boudebs G. Radial IR-GRIN lens prepared by multi-temperature fields manipulated gradient crystallization within chalcogenide glass. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:19567-19577. [PMID: 38859089 DOI: 10.1364/oe.526077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Chalcogenide glass has achieved great success in manufacturing axial-type infrared gradient refractive index (IR-GRIN) lenses. However, studies on radial-type IR-GRIN lenses, which are more ideal for optical design, remain rare. The present study introduces what we believe to be a new method for preparing radial IR-GRIN lens by creating high refractive index (n) In2S3 nanocrystals within a 65GeS2-25In2S3-10CsCl (GIC, in molar percentage) glass matrix. Upon introduction of multi-temperature field manipulation, we have successfully achieved central crystallization and simultaneous gradient attenuation spreading toward the edge within GIC glass, providing a radial GRIN profile with Δn over 0.1 while maintaining excellent IR transparency. In addition, the optical and structural properties of the GIC GRIN samples were characterized. The relationship between Raman intensity and the n of glass ceramics at different heat treatment temperatures was investigated, thereby enabling the indirect confirmation of the presence of radial gradient crystallization within the prepared GIC GRIN samples through Raman intensity. Multiple experimental results have shown that this approach has excellent reproducibility and potential for large-scale productions.
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3
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Kim JB, Lee HY, Chae C, Lee SY, Kim SH. Advanced Additive Manufacturing of Structurally-Colored Architectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307917. [PMID: 37909823 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct ink writing (DIW) stands out as a facile additive manufacturing method, minimizing material waste. Nonetheless, developing homogeneous Bingham inks with high yield stress and swift liquid-to-solid transitions for versatile 3D printing remains a challenge. In this study, high-performance Bingham inks are formulated by destabilizing silica particle suspensions in acrylate-based resin. A colloidal network forms in the shear-free state through interparticle attraction, achieved by disrupting the solvation layer of large resin molecules using polar molecules. The network is highly dense, with evenly distributed linkage strength as monodisperse particles undergo gelation at an ultra-high fraction. Crucially, the strength is calibrated to ensure a sufficiently large yield stress, while still allowing the network to reversibly melt under shear flow. The inks immediately undergo a liquid-to-solid transition upon discharge, while maintaining fluidity without nozzle clogging. The dense colloidal networks develop structural colors due to the short-range order. This enables the rapid and sophisticated drawing of structurally-colored 3D structures, relying solely on rheological properties. Moreover, the printed composite structures exhibit high mechanical stability due to the presence of the colloidal network, which expands the range of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Young Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Changju Chae
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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4
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Hu J, Mengu D, Tzarouchis DC, Edwards B, Engheta N, Ozcan A. Diffractive optical computing in free space. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1525. [PMID: 38378715 PMCID: PMC10879514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45982-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Structured optical materials create new computing paradigms using photons, with transformative impact on various fields, including machine learning, computer vision, imaging, telecommunications, and sensing. This Perspective sheds light on the potential of free-space optical systems based on engineered surfaces for advancing optical computing. Manipulating light in unprecedented ways, emerging structured surfaces enable all-optical implementation of various mathematical functions and machine learning tasks. Diffractive networks, in particular, bring deep-learning principles into the design and operation of free-space optical systems to create new functionalities. Metasurfaces consisting of deeply subwavelength units are achieving exotic optical responses that provide independent control over different properties of light and can bring major advances in computational throughput and data-transfer bandwidth of free-space optical processors. Unlike integrated photonics-based optoelectronic systems that demand preprocessed inputs, free-space optical processors have direct access to all the optical degrees of freedom that carry information about an input scene/object without needing digital recovery or preprocessing of information. To realize the full potential of free-space optical computing architectures, diffractive surfaces and metasurfaces need to advance symbiotically and co-evolve in their designs, 3D fabrication/integration, cascadability, and computing accuracy to serve the needs of next-generation machine vision, computational imaging, mathematical computing, and telecommunication technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtian Hu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Deniz Mengu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dimitrios C Tzarouchis
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Meta Materials Inc., Athens, 15123, Greece
| | - Brian Edwards
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nader Engheta
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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5
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Li B, Li Z, Cooperstein I, Shan W, Wang S, Jiang B, Zhang L, Magdassi S, He J. Additive Manufacturing of Transparent Multi-Component Nanoporous Glasses. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2305775. [PMID: 37870213 PMCID: PMC10724418 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of glass with complex geocd the low resolution of particle-based or fused glass technologies. Herein, a high-resolution 3D printing of transparent nanoporous glass is presented, by the combination of transparent photo-curable sol-gel printing compositions and digital light processing (DLP) technology. Multi-component glass, including binary (Al2 O3 -SiO2 ), ternary (ZnO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 , TiO2 -Al2 O3 -SiO2 ), and quaternary oxide (CaO-P2 O5 -Al2 O3 -SiO2 ) nanoporous glass objects with complex shapes, high spatial resolutions, and multi-oxide chemical compositions are fabricated, by DLP printing and subsequent sintering process. The uniform nanopores of Al2 O3 -SiO2 -based nanoporous glasses with the diameter (≈6.04 nm), which is much smaller than the visible light wavelength, result in high transmittance (>95%) at the visible range. The high surface area of printed glass objectives allows post-functionalization via the adsorption of functional guest molecules. The photoluminescence and hydrophobic modification of 3D printed glass objectives are successfully demonstrated. This work extends the scope of 3D printing to transparent nanoporous glasses with complex geometry and facile functionalization, making them available for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beining Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power LasersShanghai Institute of Optics and Fine MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201800China
- College of Materials Science and Opto‐Electronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083China
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- College of Materials Science and Opto‐Electronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201800China
| | - Ido Cooperstein
- Casali Center of Applied ChemistryInstitute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Wenze Shan
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power LasersShanghai Institute of Optics and Fine MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201800China
- College of Materials Science and Opto‐Electronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083China
| | - Shuaipeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power LasersShanghai Institute of Optics and Fine MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201800China
| | - Benxue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power LasersShanghai Institute of Optics and Fine MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201800China
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power LasersShanghai Institute of Optics and Fine MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201800China
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Casali Center of Applied ChemistryInstitute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Jin He
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power LasersShanghai Institute of Optics and Fine MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201800China
- Casali Center of Applied ChemistryInstitute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem9190401Israel
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6
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Xu Y, Du X, Wang Z, Liu H, Huang P, To S, Zhu L, Zhu Z. Room-Temperature Molding of Complex-Shaped Transparent Fused Silica Lenses. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304756. [PMID: 37870176 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The high hardness, brittleness, and thermal resistance impose significant challenges in the scalable manufacturing of fused silica lenses, which are widely used in numerous applications. Taking advantage of the nanocomposites by stirring silica nanopowders with photocurable resins, the newly emerged low-temperature pre-shaping technique provides a paradigm shift in fabricating transparent fused silica components. However, preparing the silica slurry and carefully evaporating the organics may significantly increase the process complexity and decrease the manufacturing efficiency for the nanocomposite-based technique. By directly pressing pure silica nanopowders against the complex-shaped metal molds in minutes, this work reports an entirely different room-temperature molding method capable of mass replication of complex-shaped silica lenses without organic additives. After sintering the replicated lenses, fully transparent fused silica lenses with spherical, arrayed, and freeform patterns are generated with nanometric surface roughness and well-reserved mold shapes, demonstrating a scalable and cost-effective route surpassing the current techniques for the manufacturing of high-quality fused silica lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China
| | - Xiaotong Du
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory for UV Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Peng Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China
| | - Suet To
- State Key Laboratory of Ultra-precision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - LiMin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China
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7
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Li M, Yue L, Rajan AC, Yu L, Sahu H, Montgomery SM, Ramprasad R, Qi HJ. Low-temperature 3D printing of transparent silica glass microstructures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi2958. [PMID: 37792949 PMCID: PMC10550221 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Transparent silica glass is one of the most essential materials used in society and industry, owing to its exceptional optical, thermal, and chemical properties. However, glass is extremely difficult to shape, especially into complex and miniaturized structures. Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing have allowed for the creation of glass structures, but these methods involve time-consuming and high-temperature processes. Here, we report a photochemistry-based strategy for making glass structures of micrometer size under mild conditions. Our technique uses a photocurable polydimethylsiloxane resin that is 3D printed into complex structures and converted to silica glass via deep ultraviolet (DUV) irradiation in an ozone environment. The unique DUV-ozone conversion process for silica microstructures is low temperature (~220°C) and fast (<5 hours). The printed silica glass is highly transparent with smooth surface, comparable to commercial fused silica glass. This work enables the creation of arbitrary structures in silica glass through photochemistry and opens opportunities in unexplored territories for glass processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Li
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Liang Yue
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Arunkumar Chitteth Rajan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Luxia Yu
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Harikrishna Sahu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - S. Macrae Montgomery
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Rampi Ramprasad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - H. Jerry Qi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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8
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Madrid-Wolff J, Toombs J, Rizzo R, Bernal PN, Porcincula D, Walton R, Wang B, Kotz-Helmer F, Yang Y, Kaplan D, Zhang YS, Zenobi-Wong M, McLeod RR, Rapp B, Schwartz J, Shusteff M, Talyor H, Levato R, Moser C. A review of materials used in tomographic volumetric additive manufacturing. MRS COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 13:764-785. [PMID: 37901477 PMCID: PMC10600040 DOI: 10.1557/s43579-023-00447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric additive manufacturing is a novel fabrication method allowing rapid, freeform, layer-less 3D printing. Analogous to computer tomography (CT), the method projects dynamic light patterns into a rotating vat of photosensitive resin. These light patterns build up a three-dimensional energy dose within the photosensitive resin, solidifying the volume of the desired object within seconds. Departing from established sequential fabrication methods like stereolithography or digital light printing, volumetric additive manufacturing offers new opportunities for the materials that can be used for printing. These include viscous acrylates and elastomers, epoxies (and orthogonal epoxy-acrylate formulations with spatially controlled stiffness) formulations, tunable stiffness thiol-enes and shape memory foams, polymer derived ceramics, silica-nanocomposite based glass, and gelatin-based hydrogels for cell-laden biofabrication. Here we review these materials, highlight the challenges to adapt them to volumetric additive manufacturing, and discuss the perspectives they present. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at10.1557/s43579-023-00447-x.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Toombs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Riccardo Rizzo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Paulina Nuñez Bernal
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rebecca Walton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frederik Kotz-Helmer
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges Köhler Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Energy Resources Engineering (CERE), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155 USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert R. McLeod
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - Bastian Rapp
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges Köhler Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Maxim Shusteff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Hayden Talyor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Moser
- Ecole Polytechnique Féderale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Chen T, Cui L, He W, Liu R, Feng C, Wu L, Wang Y, Liu H, Qian L, Yu B. Controlling amorphous silicon in scratching for fabricating high-performance micromixers. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3794-3801. [PMID: 37498210 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00320e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
As core parts of microfluidic chip analysis systems, micromixers show robust applications in wide fields. However, restricted by the fabrication technology, it remains challenging to achieve high-quality micromixers with both delicately designed structure and efficient mixing. In this study, based on the theory of chaotic mixing, sinusoidal structures with variable phases were designed and then fabricated through scanning probe lithography (SPL) and post-selective etching. It was found that scratches with phase differences can lead to the periodic formation of amorphous silicon (a-Si), which can resist etching. Consequentially, misaligned sine channels with thick-thin alternating 3D shapes can be generated in situ from the scratched traces after the etching. Further analysis showed that a thicker a-Si layer can be obtained by reducing the line spacing in the scratching, confirmed by Raman detections and simulations. With the proposed method, the misaligned sine micromixer was achieved with higher mixing efficiency than ever. The duplicating process was also investigated for high-precision production of micromixers. The study provided strategies for the miniaturization of high-performance microfluidic chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Tribology Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Licong Cui
- Tribology Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Wang He
- Tribology Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Renxing Liu
- Tribology Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Chengqiang Feng
- Tribology Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Lei Wu
- Tribology Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Academy of Frontier Sciences, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Huiyun Liu
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Linmao Qian
- Tribology Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Bingjun Yu
- Tribology Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
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10
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Huang PH, Laakso M, Edinger P, Hartwig O, Duesberg GS, Lai LL, Mayer J, Nyman J, Errando-Herranz C, Stemme G, Gylfason KB, Niklaus F. Three-dimensional printing of silica glass with sub-micrometer resolution. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3305. [PMID: 37280208 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silica glass is a high-performance material used in many applications such as lenses, glassware, and fibers. However, modern additive manufacturing of micro-scale silica glass structures requires sintering of 3D-printed silica-nanoparticle-loaded composites at ~1200 °C, which causes substantial structural shrinkage and limits the choice of substrate materials. Here, 3D printing of solid silica glass with sub-micrometer resolution is demonstrated without the need of a sintering step. This is achieved by locally crosslinking hydrogen silsesquioxane to silica glass using nonlinear absorption of sub-picosecond laser pulses. The as-printed glass is optically transparent but shows a high ratio of 4-membered silicon-oxygen rings and photoluminescence. Optional annealing at 900 °C makes the glass indistinguishable from fused silica. The utility of the approach is demonstrated by 3D printing an optical microtoroid resonator, a luminescence source, and a suspended plate on an optical-fiber tip. This approach enables promising applications in fields such as photonics, medicine, and quantum-optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Han Huang
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Miku Laakso
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Pierre Edinger
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Oliver Hartwig
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich & SENS Research Center, Neubiberg, 85577, Germany
| | - Georg S Duesberg
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich & SENS Research Center, Neubiberg, 85577, Germany
| | - Lee-Lun Lai
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Joachim Mayer
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy (GFE), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Johan Nyman
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Carlos Errando-Herranz
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Göran Stemme
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Kristinn B Gylfason
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Frank Niklaus
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden.
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11
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Hua JG, Ren H, Huang J, Luan ML, Chen QD, Juodkazis S, Sun HB. Laser-Induced Cavitation-Assisted True 3D Nano-Sculpturing of Hard Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207968. [PMID: 36899492 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond lasers enable flexible and thermal-damage-free ablation of solid materials and are expected to play a critical role in high-precision cutting, drilling, and shaping of electronic chips, display panels, and industrial parts. Although the potential applications are theoretically predicted, true 3D nano-sculpturing of solids such as glasses and crystals, has not yet been demonstrated, owing to the technical challenge of negative cumulative effects of surface changes and debris accumulation on the delivery of laser pulses and subsequent material removal during direct-write ablation. Here, a femtosecond laser-induced cavitation-assisted true 3D nano-sculpturing technique based on the ingenious combination of cavitation dynamics and backside ablation is proposed to achieve stable clear-field point-by-point material removal in real time for precise 3D subtractive fabrication on various difficult-to-process materials. As a result, 3D devices including free-form silica lenses, micro-statue with vivid facial features, and rotatable sapphire micro-mechanical turbine, all with surface roughness less than 10 nm are readily produced. The true 3D processing capability can immediately enable novel structural and functional micro-nano optics and non-silicon micro-electro-mechanical systems based on various hard solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jiatai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mei-Ling Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Qi-Dai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, ANFF, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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12
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Williams GM, Dupuy C, Brown J, Grimm S, Akhavan H, Paul Harmon J. Three-dimensional gradient index microlens arrays for light-field and holographic imaging and displays. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:3710-3723. [PMID: 37706989 DOI: 10.1364/ao.485740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The geometric, intensity, and chromatic distortions that are a result of the limitations of the material and processes used to fabricate micro-optical lens arrays (MLAs) degrade the performance of light-field systems. To address these limitations, inkjet print additive manufacturing is used to fabricate planar gradient index (GRIN) lenslet arrays, in which volumetric refractive index profiles are used to embed optical functions that would otherwise require multiple homogeneous index MLA surfaces. By tailoring the optical ink feedstock refractive index spectra, independent control over dispersion is achieved, and achromatic performance is made possible. Digital manufacturing is shown to be beneficial for optimizing individual micro-optical channels in arrays wherein the shape, size, aspect ratio, focal length, and optical axis orientation of the lenslets vary as a function of the position within the optical field. Print fabrication also allows opaque inter-lens baffling and aperture stops that reduce inter-channel cross talk, improve resolution, and enhance contrast. These benefits are demonstrated in a light-field display testbed.
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13
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Hai R, Shao G, Ware HOT, Jones EH, Sun C. 3D Printing a Low-Cost Miniature Accommodating Optical Microscope. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208365. [PMID: 36624569 PMCID: PMC10198847 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This decade has witnessed the tremendous progress in miniaturizing optical imaging systems. Despite the advancements in 3D printing optical lenses at increasingly smaller dimensions, challenges remain in precisely manufacturing the dimensionally compatible optomechanical components and assembling them into a functional imaging system. To tackle this issue, the use of 3D printing to enable digitalized optomechanical component manufacturing, part-count-reduction design, and the inclusion of passive alignment features is reported here, all for the ease of system assembly. The key optomechanical components of a penny-sized accommodating optical microscope are 3D printed in 50 min at a significantly reduced unit cost near $4. By actuating a built-in voice-coil motor, its accommodating capability is validated to focus on specimens located at different distances, and a focus-stacking function is further utilized to greatly extend depth of field. The microscope can be readily customized and rapidly manufactured to respond to task-specific needs in form factor and optical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihan Hai
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Guangbin Shao
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Henry Oliver T Ware
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Evan Hunter Jones
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Cheng Sun
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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14
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Pragya A, Ghosh TK. Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures - Natural and Manmade: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300912. [PMID: 37031358 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Functionally gradient materials (FGM) have gradual variations in their properties along one or more dimensions due to local compositional or structural distinctions by design. Traditionally, hard materials (e.g., metals, ceramics) are used to design and fabricate FGMs; however, there is increasing interest in polymer-based soft and compliant FGMs mainly because of their potential application in the human environment. Soft FGMs are ideally suitable to manage interfacial problems in dissimilar materials used in many emerging devices and systems for human interaction, such as soft robotics and electronic textiles and beyond. Soft systems are ubiquitous in everyday lives; they are resilient and can easily deform, absorb energy, and adapt to changing environments. Here, the basic design and functional principles of biological FGMs and their manmade counterparts are discussed using representative examples. The remarkable multifunctional properties of natural FGMs resulting from their sophisticated hierarchical structures, built from a relatively limited choice of materials, offer a rich source of new design paradigms and manufacturing strategies for manmade materials and systems for emerging technological needs. Finally, the challenges and potential pathways are highlighted to leverage soft materials' facile processability and unique properties toward functional FGMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Pragya
- Department of Textile Engineering Chemistry and Science, Fiber, and Polymer Science Program, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Tushar K Ghosh
- Department of Textile Engineering Chemistry and Science, Fiber, and Polymer Science Program, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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15
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Zhu Y, Xu C, Mao Q, Guo C, Song W. Imaging stretching and displacement using gradient-index elements during the lens design process. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:47879-47895. [PMID: 36558706 DOI: 10.1364/oe.477805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we propose an approach to stretch or translate images using gradient-index (GRIN) elements with a rotationally symmetric shape in lens systems. In this method, the GRIN material, instead of optical surfaces, are utilized to enable a breaking of rotational symmetry for the two image translations. GRIN expression with anamorphic and tilting terms is introduced. A pair of GRIN elements in front of the given system alters the magnification in two orthogonal directions using the anamorphic terms in the expression, which realizes image stretching. A pair of GRIN elements with tilting terms is used after the given system tilts the optical path to achieve a transverse displacement of the image. The structure of the given system remains unchanged when these translations are performed. A design method for the GRIN elements is presented. Additionally, a design example is presented whose image is stretched by 1.33 times in one direction and displaced to one side of its axis to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. The approach in this study may enable novel imaging GRIN lens system designs with flexible image positions or special optical functions.
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16
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Tailoring thermal insulation architectures from additive manufacturing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4309. [PMID: 35879371 PMCID: PMC9314391 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailoring thermal transport by structural parameters could result in mechanically fragile and brittle networks. An indispensable goal is to design hierarchical architecture materials that combine thermal and mechanical properties in a continuous and cohesive network. A promising strategy to create such a hierarchical network targets additive manufacturing of hybrid porous voxels at nanoscale. Here we describe the convergence of agile additive manufacturing of porous hybrid voxels to tailor hierarchically and mechanically tunable objects. In one strategy, the uniformly distributed porous silica voxels, which form the basis for the control of thermal transport, are non-covalently interfaced with polymeric networks, yielding hierarchic super-elastic architectures with thermal insulation properties. Another additive strategy for achieving mechanical strength involves the versatile orthogonal surface hybridization of porous silica voxels retains its low thermal conductivity of 19.1 mW m−1 K−1, flexible compressive recovery strain (85%), and tailored mechanical strength from 71.6 kPa to 1.5 MPa. The printed lightweight high-fidelity objects promise thermal aging mitigation for lithium-ion batteries, providing a thermal management pathway using 3D printed silica objects. Nanoscale porous building blocks hold great promise for a range of thermal management technologies but often porous nanoparticle assemblies are intrinsically brittle. Here, the authors report 3D printing of porous silica voxels with polymeric additives to enable the coupling between additive manufacturing and hierarchical assembly for superior machinability and structural controllability.
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17
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Vaidya N, Solgaard O. Immersion graded index optics: theory, design, and prototypes. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:69. [PMID: 35769230 PMCID: PMC9234043 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Immersion optics enable creation of systems with improved optical concentration and coupling by taking advantage of the fact that the luminance of light is proportional to the square of the refractive index in a lossless optical system. Immersion graded index optical concentrators, that do not need to track the source, are described in terms of theory, simulations, and experiments. We introduce a generalized design guide equation which follows the Pareto function and can be used to create various immersion graded index optics depending on the application requirements of concentration, refractive index, height, and efficiency. We present glass and polymer fabrication techniques for creating broadband transparent graded index materials with large refractive index ranges, (refractive index ratio)2 of ~2, going many fold beyond what is seen in nature or the optics industry. The prototypes demonstrate 3x optical concentration with over 90% efficiency. We report via functional prototypes that graded-index-lens concentrators perform close to the theoretical maximum limit and we introduce simple, inexpensive, design-flexible, and scalable fabrication techniques for their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vaidya
- Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 7QF UK
| | - Olav Solgaard
- Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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18
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Hong Z, Ye P, Loy DA, Liang R. High-Precision Printing of Complex Glass Imaging Optics with Precondensed Liquid Silica Resin. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105595. [PMID: 35470571 PMCID: PMC9218758 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
3D printing of optics has gained significant attention in optical industry, but most of the research has been focused on organic polymers. In spite of recent progress in 3D printing glass, 3D printing of precision glass optics for imaging applications still faces challenges from shrinkage during printing and thermal processing, and from inadequate surface shape and quality to meet the requirements for imaging applications. This paper reports a new liquid silica resin (LSR) with higher curing speed, better mechanical properties, lower sintering temperature, and reduced shrinkage, as well as the printing process for high-precision glass optics for imaging applications. It is demonstrated that the proposed material and printing process can print almost all types of optical surfaces, including flat, spherical, aspherical, freeform, and discontinuous surfaces, with accurate surface shape and high surface quality for imaging applications. It is also demonstrated that the proposed method can print complex optical systems with multiple optical elements, completely removing the time-consuming and error-prone alignment process. Most importantly, the proposed printing method is able to print optical systems with active moving elements, significantly improving system flexibility and functionality. The printing method will enable the much-needed transformational manufacturing of complex freeform glass optics that are currently inaccessible with conventional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Hong
- James C. Wyant College of Optical SciencesThe University of Arizona1630 E University BlvdTucsonAZ85721USA
| | - Piaoran Ye
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryThe University of Arizona1306 E. University BlvdTucsonAZ85721‐0041USA
| | - Douglas A. Loy
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryThe University of Arizona1306 E. University BlvdTucsonAZ85721‐0041USA
| | - Rongguang Liang
- James C. Wyant College of Optical SciencesThe University of Arizona1630 E University BlvdTucsonAZ85721USA
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19
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Chinn A, Marsh EL, Nguyen T, Alhejaj ZB, Butler MJ, Nguyen BT, Sasan K, Dylla-Spears RJ, Destino JF. Silica-Encapsulated Germania Colloids as 3D-Printable Glass Precursors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17492-17500. [PMID: 35647440 PMCID: PMC9134392 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell colloids make attractive feedstocks for three-dimensional (3D) printing mixed oxide glass materials because they enable synthetic control of precursor dimensions and compositions, improving glass fabrication precision. Toward that end, we report the design and use of core-shell germania-silica (GeO2-SiO2) colloids and their use as precursors to fabricate GeO2-SiO2 glass monoliths by direct ink write (DIW) 3D printing. By this method, GeO2 colloids were prepared in solution using sol-gel chemistry and formed oblong, raspberry-like agglomerates with ∼15 nm diameter primary particles that were predominantly amorphous but contained polycrystalline domains. An ∼15 nm encapsulating SiO2 shell layer was formed directly on the GeO2 core agglomerates to form core-shell GeO2-SiO2 colloids. For glass 3D printing, GeO2-SiO2 colloidal sols were formulated into a viscous ink by solvent exchange, printed into monoliths by DIW additive manufacturing, and sintered to transparent glasses. Characterization of the glass components demonstrates that the core-shell GeO2-SiO2 presents a feasible route to prepare quality, optically transparent low wt % GeO2-SiO2 glasses by DIW printing. Additionally, the results offer a novel, hybrid colloid approach to fabricating 3D-printed Ge-doped silica glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra
C. Chinn
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Creighton
University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United
States
| | - Eric L. Marsh
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Creighton
University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United
States
| | - Tim Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Creighton
University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United
States
| | - Zackarea B. Alhejaj
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Creighton
University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United
States
- Omaha
North High Magnet School, 4410 N 36th Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68111, United
States
| | - Matthew J. Butler
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Creighton
University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United
States
| | - Bachtri T. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Creighton
University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United
States
| | - Koroush Sasan
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Dylla-Spears
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Joel F. Destino
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Creighton
University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United
States
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20
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Sato R, Yahagi T, Tatami J, Iijima M. Rapid Manufacturing of Complex-Structured Transparent Silica Glass Materials through a Hybridized Approach of Photo-Curing and Machining from Interparticle Photo-Cross-Linkable Suspensions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16445-16452. [PMID: 35377152 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid manufacturing of transparent SiO2 glass components via a hybridized 3D structuring approach for photo-curing and green machining, followed by a fast debinding/sintering process (at a heating rate of 20 °C min-1), is reported to be based on the design of a new series of interparticle photo-cross-linkable suspensions. In these suspensions, small amounts of multifunctional acrylates and silane alkoxides with acryloyl groups (A-Si) are co-photo-polymerized and further reacted with SiO2 particles modified using functionalized polyethyleneimine to form hybridized interparticle networks. The addition of A-Si increases the interparticle cross-linking densities, leading to an improvement in the mechanical properties and green machinability of the photo-cured bodies. Furthermore, the A-Si component in the cross-links forms siloxane-based networks among SiO2 particles in situ during the debinding/sintering process, which increases the mechanical strength of the debinded bodies and successfully prevents structural collapses under rapid heating conditions. The study demonstrates that the photo-cured body from the newly designed suspensions can be green-machined into pillars, microfluids, and assembling blocks and can be sintered into highly transparent SiO2 glass components. Overall, this work provides new options for the time- and energy-effective processing of SiO2 glass materials with tailor-made 3D structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sato
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogayaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Tsukaho Yahagi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogayaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
- Kawasaki Technical Support Department, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsuku, Kawasaki 213-0012, Japan
| | - Junichi Tatami
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogayaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Iijima
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogayaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
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21
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Barré N, Jesacher A. Inverse design of gradient-index volume multimode converters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:10573-10587. [PMID: 35473020 DOI: 10.1364/oe.450196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Graded-index optical elements are capable of shaping light precisely and in very specific ways. While classical freeform optics uses only a two-dimensional domain such as the surface of a lens, recent technological advances in laser manufacturing offer promising prospects for the realization of arbitrary three-dimensional graded-index volumes, i.e. transparent dielectric substrates with voxel-wise modified refractive index distributions. Such elements would be able to perform complex light transformations on compact scales. Here we present an algorithmic approach for computing 3D graded-index devices, which utilizes numerical beam propagation and error reduction based on gradient descent. We present solutions for millimeter-sized elements addressing important tasks in photonics: a mode sorter, a photonic lantern and a multimode intensity beam shaper. We further discuss suitable cost functions for all designs to be used in the algorithm. The 3D graded-index designs are spatially smooth and require a relatively small refractive index range in the order of 10-2, which is within the reach of direct laser writing manufacturing processes such as two-photon polymerization.
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22
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Kochan NS, Schmidt GR, Moore DT. Replacing optical surfaces with gradient index functions which preserve ray trajectory. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1311-1314. [PMID: 35290301 DOI: 10.1364/ol.449210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Laws of reflection and refraction between homogeneous media and gradient index (GRIN) ray behavior are both derived from Fermat's principle. Design methods for GRIN can be difficult to analytically develop. This Letter proposes a foundation for complete replacement of refracting and total internally reflecting optical interfaces in existing designs with GRIN distribution. The proposed method can aid in incorporating GRIN into existing optical designs. Refraction in GRIN is specified to match the ray striking and leaving the optical interface in both position and angle. This result is shown for a collection of similar GRIN functions. One GRIN function is analyzed over a full space of attainable ray bend angles. A local arbitrarily oriented planar interface is replaced with GRIN distribution, and ray behavior is maintained.
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23
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Low-Cost 3D Printer Drawn Optical Microfibers for Smartphone Colorimetric Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020054. [PMID: 35200315 PMCID: PMC8869565 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer extruder was utilized as a micro-furnace draw tower for the direct fabrication of low-cost optical fibers. An air-clad multimode microfiber was drawn from optically transparent polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) filament. A custom-made spooling collection allows for an automatic variation of fiber diameter between ϕ ∼ 72 to 397 μm by tuning the drawing speed. Microstructure imaging as well as the 3D beam profiling of the transmitted beam in the orthogonal axes was used to show good quality, functioning microfiber fabrication with uniform diameter and identical beam profiles for orthogonal axes. The drawn microfiber was used to demonstrate budget smartphone colorimetric-based absorption measurement to detect the degree of adulteration of olive oils with soybean oil.
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24
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Zhang H, Huang L, Tan M, Zhao S, Liu H, Lu Z, Li J, Liang Z. Overview of 3D-Printed Silica Glass. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:81. [PMID: 35056246 PMCID: PMC8779994 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Not satisfied with the current stage of the extensive research on 3D printing technology for polymers and metals, researchers are searching for more innovative 3D printing technologies for glass fabrication in what has become the latest trend of interest. The traditional glass manufacturing process requires complex high-temperature melting and casting processes, which presents a great challenge to the fabrication of arbitrarily complex glass devices. The emergence of 3D printing technology provides a good solution. This paper reviews the recent advances in glass 3D printing, describes the history and development of related technologies, and lists popular applications of 3D printing for glass preparation. This review compares the advantages and disadvantages of various processing methods, summarizes the problems encountered in the process of technology application, and proposes the corresponding solutions to select the most appropriate preparation method in practical applications. The application of additive manufacturing in glass fabrication is in its infancy but has great potential. Based on this view, the methods for glass preparation with 3D printing technology are expected to achieve both high-speed and high-precision fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory for UV Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Long Huang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory for UV Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Mingyue Tan
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory for UV Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory for UV Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory for UV Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zifeng Lu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory for UV Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jinhuan Li
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory for UV Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zhongzhu Liang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory for UV Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
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25
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Present state of 3D printing from glass. PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper deals with the issue of additive technologies using glass. At the beginning, our research dealt with a review of the current state and specification of potentially interesting methods and solutions. At present, this technology is being actively developed and studied in glass research. However, as the project started at the Department of Glass Producing Machines and Robotics, the following text will be more focused on the existing 3D printing machinery and basic technological approaches. Although “additive manufacturing” in the sense of adding materials has been used in glass manufacturing since the beginning of the production of glass by humans, the term additive manufacturing nowadays refers to 3D printing. Currently, there are several approaches to 3D printing of glass that have various outstanding advantages, but also several serious limitations. The resulting products very often have a high degree of shrinkage and rounding (after sintering), and specific shape structures (after the application in layers), but they generally have a large number of defects (especially bubbles or crystallization issues). Some technologies do not lead to the production of transparent glass and, therefore, its optical properties are significantly restricted. So far, the additive manufacturing of glass do not produce goods that are price competitive to goods produced by conventional glass-making technologies. If 3D glass printing is to be successful as an industrial and/or highly aesthetically valuable method, then it must bring new and otherwise unachievable features and properties, as with 3D printing of plastic, metal, or ceramics. Nowadays, these technologies promise to be such a tool and are beginning to attract more and more interest.
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Lippman DH, Kochan NS, Yang T, Schmidt GR, Bentley JL, Moore DT. Freeform gradient-index media: a new frontier in freeform optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:36997-37012. [PMID: 34809097 DOI: 10.1364/oe.443427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Freeform optics enable irregular system geometries and high optical performance by leveraging rotational variance. To this point, for both imaging and illumination, freeform optics has largely been synonymous with freeform surfaces. Here a new frontier in freeform optics is surveyed in the form of freeform gradient-index (F-GRIN) media. F-GRIN leverages arbitrary three-dimensional refractive index distributions to impart unique optical influence. When transversely variant, F-GRIN behaves similarly to freeform surfaces. By introducing a longitudinal refractive index variation as well, F-GRIN optical behavior deviates from that of freeform surfaces due to the effect of volume propagation. F-GRIN is a useful design tool that offers vast degrees of freedom and serves as an important complement to freeform surfaces in the design of advanced optical systems for both imaging and illumination.
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Abstract
The natural world provides many examples of multiphase transport and reaction processes that have been optimized by evolution. These phenomena take place at multiple length and time scales and typically include gas-liquid-solid interfaces and capillary phenomena in porous media1,2. Many biological and living systems have evolved to optimize fluidic transport. However, living things are exceptionally complex and very difficult to replicate3-5, and human-made microfluidic devices (which are typically planar and enclosed) are highly limited for multiphase process engineering6-8. Here we introduce the concept of cellular fluidics: a platform of unit-cell-based, three-dimensional structures-enabled by emerging 3D printing methods9,10-for the deterministic control of multiphase flow, transport and reaction processes. We show that flow in these structures can be 'programmed' through architected design of cell type, size and relative density. We demonstrate gas-liquid transport processes such as transpiration and absorption, using evaporative cooling and CO2 capture as examples. We design and demonstrate preferential liquid and gas transport pathways in three-dimensional cellular fluidic devices with capillary-driven and actively pumped liquid flow, and present examples of selective metallization of pre-programmed patterns. Our results show that the design and fabrication of architected cellular materials, coupled with analytical and numerical predictions of steady-state and dynamic behaviour of multiphase interfaces, provide deterministic control of fluidic transport in three dimensions. Cellular fluidics may transform the design space for spatial and temporal control of multiphase transport and reaction processes.
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