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Röltgen K, Boyd SD. Antibody and B Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination: The End of the Beginning. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:69-97. [PMID: 37738512 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-042754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic has evolved during the past years, interactions between human immune systems, rapidly mutating and selected SARS-CoV-2 viral variants, and effective vaccines have complicated the landscape of individual immunological histories. Here, we review some key findings for antibody and B cell-mediated immunity, including responses to the highly mutated omicron variants; immunological imprinting and other impacts of successive viral antigenic variant exposures on antibody and B cell memory; responses in secondary lymphoid and mucosal tissues and non-neutralizing antibody-mediated immunity; responses in populations vulnerable to severe disease such as those with cancer, immunodeficiencies, and other comorbidities, as well as populations showing apparent resistance to severe disease such as many African populations; and evidence of antibody involvement in postacute sequelae of infection or long COVID. Despite the initial phase of the pandemic ending, human populations will continue to face challenges presented by this unpredictable virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA;
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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2
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Sechan F, Loens K, Goossens H, Ieven M, van der Hoek L. Endemic Human Coronavirus-Specific Nasal Immunoglobulin A and Serum Immunoglobulin G Dynamics in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:90. [PMID: 38250903 PMCID: PMC10820673 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) NL63, 229E, OC43, and HKU1 cause respiratory infection. Following infection, a virus-specific serum antibody rise is usually observed, coinciding with recovery. In some cases, an infection is not accompanied by an immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody rise in serum in the first month after HCoV infection, even though the infection has cleared in that month and the patient has recovered. We investigated the possible role of nasal immunoglobulin A (IgA). We measured spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N)-specific nasal IgA during and after an HCoV lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and compared the IgA responses between subjects with and without a significant IgG rise in serum (IgG responders (n = 31) and IgG non-responders (n = 14)). We found that most IgG responders also exhibited significant nasal IgA rise in the first month after the infection, whereas such an IgA rise was lacking in most IgG non-responders. Interestingly, the serum IgG non-responders presented with a significantly higher nasal IgA when they entered this study than during the acute phase of the LRTI. Our data suggest that nasal IgA could be part of a fast acute response to endemic HCoV infection and may play a role in clearing the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdyansyah Sechan
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katherine Loens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.L.); (H.G.); (M.I.)
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.L.); (H.G.); (M.I.)
| | - Margareta Ieven
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.L.); (H.G.); (M.I.)
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fröberg J, Koomen VJCH, van der Gaast-de Jongh CE, Philipsen R, GeurtsvanKessel CH, de Vries RD, Baas MC, van der Molen RG, de Jonge MI, Hilbrands LB, Huynen MA, Diavatopoulos DA. Primary Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 via Infection or Vaccination Determines Mucosal Antibody-Dependent ACE2 Binding Inhibition. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:137-146. [PMID: 37675756 PMCID: PMC10786246 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal antibodies play a critical role in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections or reinfections by blocking the interaction of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on the cell surface. In this study, we investigated the difference between the mucosal antibody response after primary infection and vaccination. METHODS We assessed longitudinal changes in the quantity and capacity of nasal antibodies to neutralize the interaction of RBD with the ACE2 receptor using the spike protein and RBD from ancestral SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan-Hu-1), as well as the RBD from the Delta and Omicron variants. RESULTS Significantly higher mucosal IgA concentrations were detected postinfection vs postvaccination, while vaccination induced higher IgG concentrations. However, ACE2-inhibiting activity did not differ between the cohorts. Regarding whether IgA or IgG drove ACE2 inhibition, infection-induced binding inhibition was driven by both isotypes, while postvaccination binding inhibition was mainly driven by IgG. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new insights into the relationship between antibody isotypes and neutralization by using a sensitive and high-throughput ACE2 binding inhibition assay. Key differences are highlighted between vaccination and infection at the mucosal level, showing that despite differences in the response quantity, postinfection and postvaccination ACE2 binding inhibition capacity did not differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeri Fröberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
- Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | - Vera J C H Koomen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
- Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | | | - Ria Philipsen
- Radboud Technology Center Clinical Studies, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | | | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam
| | - Marije C Baas
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | - Renate G van der Molen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
- Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | - Luuk B Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | - Martijn A Huynen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitri A Diavatopoulos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
- Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
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Bellusci L, Grubbs G, Sait S, Yonker LM, Randolph AG, Novak T, Kobayashi T, Khurana S. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BQ.1, BQ.1.1 and XBB.1 variants following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination in children. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7952. [PMID: 38040697 PMCID: PMC10692185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence of highly transmissible Omicron subvariants led to increased SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease in children. However, minimal knowledge exists regarding the neutralization capacity against circulating Omicron BA.4/BA.5, BA.2.75, BQ.1, BQ.1.1 and XBB.1 subvariants following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in children versus during acute or convalescent COVID-19, or versus multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). Here, we evaluate virus-neutralizing capacity against SARS-CoV-2 variants in 151 age-stratified children ( <5, 5-11, 12-21 years old) hospitalized with acute severe COVID-19 or MIS-C or convalescent mild (outpatient) infection compared with 62 age-stratified vaccinated children. An age-associated effect on neutralizing antibodies is observed against SARS-CoV-2 following acute COVID-19 or vaccination. The primary series BNT162b2 mRNA vaccinated adolescents show higher vaccine-homologous WA-1 neutralizing titers compared with <12 years vaccinated children. Post-infection antibodies did not neutralize BQ.1, BQ.1.1 and XBB.1 subvariants. In contrast, monovalent mRNA vaccination induces more cross-neutralizing antibodies in young children <5 years against BQ.1, BQ.1.1 and XBB.1 variants compared with ≥5 years old children. Our study demonstrates that in children, infection and monovalent vaccination-induced neutralization activity is low against BQ.1, BQ.1.1 and XBB.1 variants. These findings suggest a need for improved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to induce durable, more cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies to provide effective protection against emerging variants in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Bellusci
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Gabrielle Grubbs
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Shaimaa Sait
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Lael M Yonker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Adrienne G Randolph
- Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tanya Novak
- Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takuma Kobayashi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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Koutsakos M, Turner JS, Guillamet MCV, Reynolds D, Lei T, Byers DE, Ellebedy AH, Mudd PA. Assessment of antibodies in the upper and lower human respiratory tract at steady state and after respiratory viral infection. Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1460. [PMID: 37564999 PMCID: PMC10410120 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives There is an increasing appreciation for the need to study mucosal antibody responses in humans. Our aim was to determine the utility of different types of samples from the human respiratory tract, specifically nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs obtained for diagnostic purposes and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) obtained in outpatient and inpatient settings. Methods We analysed antibody levels in plasma and NP swabs from 67 individuals with acute influenza as well as plasma and BAL from individuals undergoing bronchoscopy, including five control subjects as well as seven moderately and seven severely ill subjects with a respiratory viral infection. Levels of α2-macroglobulin were determined in BAL and plasma to assess plasma exudation. Results IgG and IgA were readily detectable in BAL and NP swabs, albeit at different ratios, while IgM levels were low. The total amount of antibody recovered from NP swabs varied greatly between study participants. Accordingly, the levels of influenza HA-specific antibodies varied, and individuals with lower amounts of total Ig in NP swabs had undetectable levels of HA-specific Ig. Similarly, the total amount of antibody recovered from BAL varied between study participants. However, severely ill patients showed evidence of increased plasma exudation, which may confound analysis of their BAL samples for mucosal antibodies. Conclusion Nasopharyngeal swabs collected for diagnostic purposes may have utility in assessing antibodies from the human nasal mucosa, but variability in sampling should be accounted for. BAL samples can be utilised to study antibodies from the lower respiratory tract, but the possibility of plasma exudation should be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
| | - M Cristina Vazquez Guillamet
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care, Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
| | - Daniel Reynolds
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care, Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
| | - Derek E Byers
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care, Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial PathogensWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy ProgramsWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
| | - Philip A Mudd
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial PathogensWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
- Department of Emergency MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
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Proteomic Analysis of Mucosal and Systemic Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Antigen. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020334. [PMID: 36851212 PMCID: PMC9960779 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal environment of the upper respiratory tract is the first barrier of protection against SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, the mucosal factors involved in viral transmission and potentially modulating the capacity to prevent such transmission have not fully been identified. In this pilot proteomics study, we compared mucosal and systemic compartments in a South African cohort of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals undergoing maxillofacial surgery with previous history of COVID-19 or not. Inflammatory profiles were analyzed in plasma, nasopharyngeal swabs, and nasal and oral tissue explant cultures, using Olink and Luminex technologies. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels were measured in serum and tissue explants. An increased pro-inflammatory proteomic profile was measured in the nasal compartment compared to plasma. However, IP-10 and MIG levels were higher in secretions than in nasal tissue, and the opposite was observed for TGF-β. Nasal anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG correlated with mucosal MIG expression for all participants. A further positive correlation was found with IP-10 in BioNTech/Pfizer-vaccinated individuals. Systemic levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG elicited by this vaccine correlated with plasma IL-10, IL-6 and HBD4. Proteomic profiles measured in mucosal tissues and secretions using combined technologies could reveal correlates of protection at the mucosal portals of viral entry.
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Ramos-Benitez MJ, Strich JR, Alehashemi S, Stein S, Rastegar A, de Jesus AA, Bhuyan F, Ramelli S, Babyak A, Perez-Valencia L, Vannella KM, Grubbs G, Khurana S, Gross R, Hadley K, Liang J, Mazur S, Postnikova E, Warner S, Holbrook MR, Busch LM, Warner B, Applefeld W, Warner S, Kadri SS, Davey RT, Goldbach-Mansky R, Chertow DS. Antiviral innate immunity is diminished in the upper respiratory tract of severe COVID-19 patients. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.11.08.22281846. [PMID: 36415460 PMCID: PMC9681051 DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.08.22281846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding early innate immune responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is crucial to developing targeted therapies to mitigate disease severity. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infection elicits interferon expression leading to transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to control viral replication and spread. SARS-CoV-2 infection also elicits NF-κB signaling which regulates inflammatory cytokine expression contributing to viral control and likely disease severity. Few studies have simultaneously characterized these two components of innate immunity to COVID-19. We designed a study to characterize the expression of interferon alpha-2 (IFNA2) and interferon beta-1 (IFNB1), both type-1 interferons (IFN-1), interferon-gamma (IFNG), a type-2 interferon (IFN-2), ISGs, and NF-κB response genes in the upper respiratory tract (URT) of patients with mild (outpatient) versus severe (hospitalized) COVID-19. Further, we characterized the weekly dynamics of these responses in the upper and lower respiratory tracts (LRTs) and blood of severe patients to evaluate for compartmental differences. We observed significantly increased ISG and NF-κB responses in the URT of mild compared with severe patients early during illness. This pattern was associated with increased IFNA2 and IFNG expression in the URT of mild patients, a trend toward increased IFNB1-expression and significantly increased STING/IRF3/cGAS expression in the URT of severe patients. Our by-week across-compartment analysis in severe patients revealed significantly higher ISG responses in the blood compared with the URT and LRT of these patients during the first week of illness, despite significantly lower expression of IFNA2, IFNB1, and IFNG in blood. NF-κB responses, however, were significantly elevated in the LRT compared with the URT and blood of severe patients during peak illness (week 2). Our data support that severe COVID-19 is associated with impaired interferon signaling in the URT during early illness and robust pro-inflammatory responses in the LRT during peak illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos J. Ramos-Benitez
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Postdoctoral Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Ponce Health Science University and Ponce Research Institute, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Strich
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sara Alehashemi
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section (TADS), Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy, and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sydney Stein
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andre Rastegar
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section (TADS), Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy, and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adriana Almeida de Jesus
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section (TADS), Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy, and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Farzana Bhuyan
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section (TADS), Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy, and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabrina Ramelli
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ashley Babyak
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Luis Perez-Valencia
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kevin M. Vannella
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gabrielle Grubbs
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Robin Gross
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Kyra Hadley
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Steven Mazur
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Seth Warner
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael R. Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Lindsay M. Busch
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Blake Warner
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Willard Applefeld
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sarah Warner
- The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sameer S Kadri
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard T Davey
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section (TADS), Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy, and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel S. Chertow
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Yaugel-Novoa M, Bourlet T, Paul S. Role of the humoral immune response during COVID-19: guilty or not guilty? Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1170-1180. [PMID: 36195658 PMCID: PMC9530436 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses are crucial to fight respiratory viral infections in the current pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the dynamics of systemic and mucosal antibody infections are affected by patient characteristics, such as age, sex, disease severity, or prior immunity to other human coronaviruses. Patients suffering from severe disease develop higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum and mucosal tissues than those with mild disease, and these antibodies are detectable for up to a year after symptom onset. In hospitalized patients, the aberrant glycosylation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies enhances inflammation-associated antibody Fc-dependent effector functions, thereby contributing to COVID-19 pathophysiology. Current vaccines elicit robust humoral immune responses, principally in the blood. However, they are less effective against new viral variants, such as Delta and Omicron. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2, with a particular focus on the protective and pathological role of humoral immunity in COVID-19 severity. We also discuss the humoral immune response elicited by COVID-19 vaccination and protection against emerging viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melyssa Yaugel-Novoa
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France,CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
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9
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Bellusci L, Grubbs G, Zahra FT, Forgacs D, Golding H, Ross TM, Khurana S. Antibody affinity and cross-variant neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.3 following third mRNA vaccination. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4617. [PMID: 35941152 PMCID: PMC9358642 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32298-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited knowledge on durability of neutralization capacity and antibody affinity maturation generated following two versus three doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in naïve versus convalescent individuals (hybrid immunity) against the highly transmissible Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.3 subvariants. Virus neutralization titers against the vaccine-homologous strain (WA1) and Omicron sublineages are measured in a pseudovirus neutralization assay (PsVNA). In addition, antibody binding and antibody affinity against spike proteins from WA1, BA.1, and BA.2 is determined using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The convalescent individuals who after SARS-CoV-2 infection got vaccinated develop hybrid immunity that shows broader neutralization activity and cross-reactive antibody affinity maturation against the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 after either second or third vaccination compared with naïve individuals. Neutralization activity correlates with antibody affinity against Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2 spikes. Importantly, at four months post-third vaccination the neutralization activity and antibody affinity against the Omicron subvariants is maintained and trended higher for the individuals with hybrid immunity compared with naïve adults. These findings about hybrid immunity resulting in superior immune kinetics, breadth, and durable high affinity antibodies support the need for booster vaccinations to provide effective protection from emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants like the rapidly spreading Omicron subvariants. Here the authors show that a third SARS-CoV-2 vaccination significantly boosts neutralizing antibodies against Omicron subvariants and that hybrid immunity (infection and vaccination) results in broader neutralization activity and cross-reactive antibody affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Bellusci
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20871, USA
| | - Gabrielle Grubbs
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20871, USA
| | - Fatema Tuz Zahra
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20871, USA
| | - David Forgacs
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20871, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20871, USA.
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10
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Biological and Immune Responses to Current Anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines beyond Anti-Spike Antibody Production. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:4028577. [PMID: 35607407 PMCID: PMC9124111 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4028577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several vaccine strategies are now available to fight the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Those based on the administration of lipid-complexed messenger(m)RNA molecules represent the last frontiers in terms of technology innovation. mRNA molecules coding for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein are intramuscularly injected, thereby entering cells by virtue of their encapsulation into synthetic lipid nanovesicles. mRNA-targeted cells express the Spike protein on their plasma membrane in a way that it can be sensed by the immune system, which reacts generating anti-Spike antibodies. Although this class of vaccines appears as the most effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease, their safety and efficiency are challenged by several factors included, but not limited to the following: emergence of viral variants, lack of adequate pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics studies, inability to protect oral mucosa from infection, and antibody waning. Emergence of viral variants can be a consequence of mass vaccination carried out in a pandemic time using suboptimal vaccines against an RNA virus. On the other hand, understanding the remainder flaws could be of some help in designing next generation anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this commentary, issues regarding the fate of injected mRNA, the tissue distribution of the induced antiviral antibodies, and the generation of memory B cells are discussed. Careful evaluation of both experimental and clinical observations on these key aspects should be taken into account before planning booster administration, vaccination to non-at-risk population, and social restrictions.
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11
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Zahra FT, Grubbs G, Dummer K, Tremoulet AH, Shimizu C, Burns JC, Khurana S. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other variants in serum from children with vaccination-induced myocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:1645-1648. [PMID: 35445250 PMCID: PMC9047211 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study demonstrates that children who developed SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-induced myocarditis and may not receive another vaccination, could be susceptible to infection with Omicron and emerging variants. We observed higher neutralizing antibody titers in myocarditis patients vs. healthy vaccinated children, but significantly lower neutralization titers against Omicron in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Tuz Zahra
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Gabrielle Grubbs
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Kirsten Dummer
- Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Rady Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adriana H. Tremoulet
- Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Rady Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chisato Shimizu
- Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Rady Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jane C. Burns
- Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Rady Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
- Corresponding author: Surender Khurana, Ph.D. Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 10903 New Hampshire Avenue Silver Spring, MD, USA 20993 E. mail-
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12
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Lee Y, Grubbs G, Ramelli SC, Levine AR, Bathula A, Saharia K, Purcell M, Singireddy S, Dugan CL, Kirchoff L, Lankford A, Cipriano S, Curto RA, Wu J, Raja K, Kelley E, Herr D, Vannella KM, Ravichandran S, Tang J, Harris A, Sajadi M, Chertow DS, Grazioli A, Khurana S. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine induced higher antibody affinity and IgG titers against variants of concern in post-partum vs non-post-partum women. EBioMedicine 2022; 77:103940. [PMID: 35301181 PMCID: PMC8920181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited knowledge exists in post-partum women regarding durability of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced antibody responses and their neutralising ability against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC). METHODS We elucidated longitudinal mRNA vaccination-induced antibody profiles of 13 post-partum and 13 non-post-partum women (control). FINDINGS The antibody neutralisation titres against SARS-CoV-2 WA-1 strain were comparable between post-partum and non-post-partum women and these levels were sustained up to four months post-second vaccination in both groups. However, neutralisation titers declined against several VOCs, including Beta and Delta. Higher antibody binding was observed against SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) mutants with key VOC amino acids when tested with post-second vaccination plasma from post-partum women compared with controls. Importantly, post-vaccination plasma antibody affinity against VOCs RBDs was significantly higher in post-partum women compared with controls. INTERPRETATION This study demonstrates that there is a differential vaccination-induced immune responses in post-partum women compared with non-post-partum women, which could help inform future vaccination strategies for these groups. FUNDING The antibody characterisation work described in this manuscript was supported by FDA's Medical Countermeasures Initiative (MCMi) grant #OCET 2021-1565 to S.K and intramural FDA-CBER COVID-19 supplemental funds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youri Lee
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20871, USA
| | - Gabrielle Grubbs
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20871, USA
| | - Sabrina C Ramelli
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrea R Levine
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allison Bathula
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kapil Saharia
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Allison Lankford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Cipriano
- University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ryan A Curto
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jocelyn Wu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Katherine Raja
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Emily Kelley
- University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Daniel Herr
- Department of Medicine, Program in Trauma, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M Vannella
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Supriya Ravichandran
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20871, USA
| | - Juanjie Tang
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20871, USA
| | - Anthony Harris
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Mohammad Sajadi
- Department of Medicine, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison Grazioli
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20871, USA.
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13
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Systemic and Lower Respiratory Tract Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Variants in Pediatric Severe COVID-19 and Mis-C. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020270. [PMID: 35214728 PMCID: PMC8879098 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunity plays an important role in the control of viral respiratory infections like SARS-CoV-2. While systemic immune responses against the SARS-2-CoV-2 have been studied in children, there is no information on mucosal antibody response, especially in the lower respiratory tract of children coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and post-infectious multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Therefore, we evaluated neutralizing antibody responses in paired plasma and endotracheal aspirates of pediatric severe, acute COVID-19 or MIS-C patients against SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020, as well as against variants of concern (VOCs). Neutralizing antibody responses against the SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 strain in pediatric plasma were 2-fold or 35-fold higher compared with the matched endotracheal aspirate in COVID-19 or MIS-C patients, respectively. In contrast to plasma, neutralizing antibody responses against the VOCs and variants of interest (VOIs) in endotracheal aspirates were lower, with only one endotracheal aspirate demonstrating neutralizing titers against the Iota, Kappa, Beta, Gamma, and Omicron variants. In conclusion, our findings suggest that children and adolescents with severe COVID-19 or MIS-C have weak mucosal neutralizing antibodies in the trachea against circulating SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other VOCs, which may have implications for recovery and for re-infection with emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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14
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Tang J, Grubbs G, Lee Y, Wu H, Luke TC, Egland KA, Bausch CL, Sullivan EJ, Khurana S. OUP accepted manuscript. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:655-663. [PMID: 35106573 PMCID: PMC8903330 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive antibody immunotherapeutics directed against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are promising countermeasures for protection and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs) can impact the clinical efficacy of immunotherapeutics. A fully human polyclonal antibody immunotherapeutic purified from plasma of transchromosomic (Tc) bovines hyperimmunized with SARS-CoV-2 WA-1 spike (SAB-185) is being assessed for efficacy in a phase 2/3 clinical trial when different circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants predominated. We evaluated antibody binding, avidity maturation, and SARS-CoV-2 VOCs/VOIs virus-neutralizing capacity of convalescent plasma compared with different lots of SAB-185 and individual Tc bovine sera sequentially obtained after each vaccination against Alpha, Epsilon, Iota, Gamma, Beta, Kappa, and Delta variants. In contrast to convalescent plasma, sera and SAB-185 derived from hyperimmunized Tc bovines demonstrated higher antibody avidity and more potent cross-neutralizing activity of VOCs/VOIs. Thus, SAB-185 is a potential promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjie Tang
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabrielle Grubbs
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Youri Lee
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Correspondence: Surender Khurana, PhD, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA ()
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15
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Portilho AI, Lima GG, De Gaspari E. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Potential refinements through induction of mucosal and trained immunity. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2022; 77:100057. [PMID: 35679760 PMCID: PMC9148925 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Izeli Portilho
- Departament of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Gradute Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Gimenes Lima
- Departament of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Gradute Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth De Gaspari
- Departament of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Gradute Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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