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Twardowska A, Kowalski M. The Microstructure, Mechanical, and Friction-Wear Properties of Boron Carbide-Based Composites with TiB 2 and SiC Formed In Situ by Reactive Spark Plasma Sintering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2379. [PMID: 38793446 PMCID: PMC11123432 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The paper presents the influence of the temperature of the sintering process on the microstructure and selected properties of boron carbide/TiB2/SiC composites obtained in situ by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The homogeneous mixture of boron carbide and 5% vol. Ti5Si3 micropowders were used as the initial material. Spark plasma sintering was conducted at 1700 °C, 1800 °C, and 1900 °C for 10 min after the initial pressing at 35 MPa. The heating and cooling rate was 200 °C/min. The obtained boron carbide composites were subjected to density measurement, an analysis of the chemical and phase composition, microstructure examination, and dry friction-wear tests in ball-on-disc geometry using WC as a counterpart material. The phase compositions of the produced composites differed from the composition of the initial powder mixture. Instead of titanium silicide, two new phases appeared: TiB2 and SiC. The complete disappearance of Ti5Si3 was accompanied by a decrease in the boron carbide content of the stoichiometry formula B13C2 and an increase in the content of TiB2, while the SiC content was almost constant. The relative density of the obtained boron carbide composites, as well as their hardness and resistance to wear, increased with the sintering temperature and TiB2 content. Unfortunately, the reactions occurring during sintering did not allow us to obtain composites with high density and hardness. The relative density was 76-85.2% of the theoretical one, while the Vickers hardness was in the range of 4-12 GPa. The mechanism wear of boron carbide composites tested in friction contact with WC was abrasive. The volumetric wear rate (Wv) of composites decreased with increasing sintering temperature and TiB2 content. The average value of coefficient of friction (CoF) was in the range of 0.54-0.61, i.e., it did not differ significantly from the value for B4C sinters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Twardowska
- Institute of Technology, University of the National Education Commission, 2 Podchorazych, 30-084 Krakow, Poland;
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Liang H, Wang D, Song X, Guo Q, Li Q. Structural and Stress Response of Nanotwinned B 13CN under Large Strains. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10475-10481. [PMID: 37967198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Boron-rich carbides with icosahedral cages as pivotal structural units, which exhibit high hardness and low density, have promising industrial applications. However, the insufficient fracture toughness of these materials hinders their engineering applications. A recent first-principles study revealed that single-crystal B13CN (sc-B13CN) exhibits interesting structural deformation modes and superior mechanical properties to boron-rich carbides, prompting us to further explore this intriguing material. Herein, we adopted sc-B13CN as an archetypal system owing to its excellent structural and mechanical properties to construct nanotwinned B13CN (nt-B13CN) and explore its mechanical properties and structural deformation modes under large strains. We unraveled the specific stress-strain relationship of nt-B13CN and the considerable effect of twinning on its structural deformation modes under diverse loading conditions. Our results indicate that twinning leads to interesting structural deformation patterns and is extremely beneficial to improving the structural stability and mechanical properties of boron-rich materials. The current results provide an improved understanding of the theoretical design for various nanotwinned boron-rich materials with intricate bonding configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liang
- State Key Lab of Superhard Materials and Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Di Wang
- State Key Lab of Superhard Materials and Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xianqi Song
- State Key Lab of Superhard Materials and Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qing Guo
- State Key Lab of Superhard Materials and Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Quan Li
- State Key Lab of Superhard Materials and Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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3
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Somayazulu M, Ahart M, Meng Y, Ciezak J, Velisavlevic N, Hemley RJ. P-V-T equation of state of boron carbide. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220331. [PMID: 37634539 PMCID: PMC10460643 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the P-V-T equation of state measurements of B4C to 50 GPa and approximately 2500 K in laser-heated diamond anvil cells. We obtain an ambient temperature, third-order Birch-Murnaghan fit to the P-V data that yields a bulk modulus K0 of 221(2) GPa and derivative, (dK/dP)0 of 3.3(1). These were used in fits with both a Mie-Grüneisen-Debye model and a temperature-dependent, Birch-Murnaghan equation of state that includes thermal pressure estimated by thermal expansion (α) and a temperature-dependent bulk modulus (dK0/dT). The ambient pressure thermal expansion coefficient (α0 + α1T), Grüneisen γ(V) = γ0(V/V0)q and volume-dependent Debye temperature, were used as input parameters for these fits and found to be sufficient to describe the data in the whole P-T range of this study. This article is part of the theme issue 'Exploring the length scales, timescales and chemistry of challenging materials (Part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddury Somayazulu
- HPCAT, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Muhtar Ahart
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yue Meng
- HPCAT, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer Ciezak
- Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Aberdeen, MD, USA
| | - Nenad Velisavlevic
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Russell J. Hemley
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Katagiri K, Pikuz T, Fang L, Albertazzi B, Egashira S, Inubushi Y, Kamimura G, Kodama R, Koenig M, Kozioziemski B, Masaoka G, Miyanishi K, Nakamura H, Ota M, Rigon G, Sakawa Y, Sano T, Schoofs F, Smith ZJ, Sueda K, Togashi T, Vinci T, Wang Y, Yabashi M, Yabuuchi T, Dresselhaus-Marais LE, Ozaki N. Transonic dislocation propagation in diamond. Science 2023; 382:69-72. [PMID: 37796999 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The motion of line defects (dislocations) has been studied for more than 60 years, but the maximum speed at which they can move is unresolved. Recent models and atomistic simulations predict the existence of a limiting velocity of dislocation motion between the transonic and subsonic ranges at which the self-energy of dislocation diverges, though they do not deny the possibility of the transonic dislocations. We used femtosecond x-ray radiography to track ultrafast dislocation motion in shock-compressed single-crystal diamond. By visualizing stacking faults extending faster than the slowest sound wave speed of diamond, we show the evidence of partial dislocations at their leading edge moving transonically. Understanding the upper limit of dislocation mobility in crystals is essential to accurately model, predict, and control the mechanical properties of materials under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Katagiri
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tatiana Pikuz
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research in Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Lichao Fang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bruno Albertazzi
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC, Univ Paris 06: Sorbonne Universites, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, F-91128, France
| | - Shunsuke Egashira
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inubushi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Genki Kamimura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kodama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research in Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michel Koenig
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC, Univ Paris 06: Sorbonne Universites, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, F-91128, France
| | | | - Gooru Masaoka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Hirotaka Nakamura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Ota
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Gabriel Rigon
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Youichi Sakawa
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sano
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Frank Schoofs
- United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Zoe J Smith
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Tadashi Togashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tommaso Vinci
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC, Univ Paris 06: Sorbonne Universites, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, F-91128, France
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Makina Yabashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yabuuchi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Leora E Dresselhaus-Marais
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Norimasa Ozaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
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Hu X, Liu N, Jambur V, Attarian S, Su R, Zhang H, Xi J, Luo H, Perepezko J, Szlufarska I. Amorphous shear bands in crystalline materials as drivers of plasticity. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:1071-1077. [PMID: 37400590 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the formation of amorphous shear bands in crystalline materials has been undesirable, because shear bands can nucleate voids and act as precursors to fracture. They also form as a final stage of accumulated damage. Only recently were shear bands found to form in undefected crystals, where they serve as the primary driver of plasticity without nucleating voids. Here we have discovered trends in materials properties that determine when amorphous shear bands will form and whether they will drive plasticity or lead to fracture. We have identified the materials systems that exhibit shear-band deformation, and by varying the composition, we were able to switch from ductile to brittle behaviour. Our findings are based on a combination of experimental characterization and atomistic simulations, and they provide a potential strategy for increasing the toughness of nominally brittle materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxin Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nuohao Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vrishank Jambur
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Siamak Attarian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ranran Su
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Jianqi Xi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hubin Luo
- CISRI & NIMTE Joint Innovation Center for Rare Earth Permanent Magnets, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, PR China
| | - John Perepezko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Izabela Szlufarska
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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6
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Zhao S, Wu X. Amorphization-mediated plasticity. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:1057-1058. [PMID: 37644223 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiteng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
- Tianmushan Laboratory, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaolei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Xu H, Ji W, Jiang J, Liu J, Wang H, Zhang F, Yu R, Tu B, Zhang J, Zou J, Wang W, Wu J, Fu Z. Contribution of boundary non-stoichiometry to the lower-temperature plasticity in high-pressure sintered boron carbide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4889. [PMID: 37604800 PMCID: PMC10442403 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The improvement of non-oxide ceramic plasticity while maintaining the high-temperature strength is a great challenge through the classical strategy, which generally includes decreasing grain size to several nanometers or adding ductile binder phase. Here, we report that the plasticity of fully dense boron carbide (B4C) is greatly enhanced due to the boundary non-stoichiometry induced by high-pressure sintering technology. The effect decreases the plastic deformation temperature of B4C by 200 °C compared to that of conventionally-sintered specimens. Promoted grain boundary diffusion is found to enhance grain boundary sliding, which dominate the lower-temperature plasticity. In addition, the as-produced specimen maintains extraordinary strength before the occurrence of plasticity. The study provides an efficient strategy by boundary chemical change to facilitate the plasticity of ceramic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Junliang Liu
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology Xiangyang Demonstration Zone, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | - Ruohan Yu
- Nanostructure Research Centre, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bingtian Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ji Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Nanostructure Research Centre, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhengyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Li J, Luo K, An Q. Activating Mobile Dislocation in Boron Carbide at Room Temperature via Al Doping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:116104. [PMID: 37001075 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.116104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Dislocation glide, deformation twinning, and phase transition are critical mechanisms resulting in irreversible plastic deformations of materials. Because of the lack of dislocation movement, superhard ceramics generally exhibit brittle failure at room temperature. Here, by employing molecular dynamics simulations using a machine-learning force field, we reveal several plastic deformation mechanisms in superhard boron carbide as a small amount of aluminum (Al) is doped. Under shear deformation, dislocation nucleation and glide occur in Al-doped boron carbide (B_{12}-CAlC) due to the breakage of weakened chain bonds rather than the disintegration of icosahedral clusters. The dislocation activities then cause twin boundaries to migrate, thereby mitigating amorphization and enhancing ductility. Furthermore, the mobile dislocation with the Burgers vector of b=⟨11[over ¯]0⟩{111} is observed in the tensile nanopillar, which is well consistent with the experiment. This Letter demonstrates that mobile dislocation could be activated in superstrong covalent materials through a simple doping strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Kun Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Qi An
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Pt-induced atomic-level tailoring towards paracrystalline high-entropy alloy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:775. [PMID: 36774415 PMCID: PMC9922268 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracrystalline state achieved in the diamond system guides a direction to explore the missing link between amorphous and crystalline states. However, such a state is still challenging to reach in alloy systems in a controlled manner. Here, based on the vast composition space and the complex atomic interactions in the high-entropy alloys (HEAs), we present an "atomic-level tailoring" strategy to create the paracrystalline HEA. The addition of atomic-level Pt with the large and negative mixing enthalpy induces the local atomic reshuffling around Pt atoms for the well-targeted local amorphization, which separates severe-distorted crystalline Zr-Nb-Hf-Ta-Mo HEA into the high-density crystalline MRO motifs on atomic-level. The paracrystalline HEA exhibits high hardness (16.6 GPa) and high yield strength (8.37 GPa) and deforms by nanoscale shear-banding and nanocrystallization modes. Such an enthalpy-guided strategy in HEAs can provide the atomic-level tailoring ability to purposefully regulate structural characteristics and desirable properties.
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Jeong B, Lahkar S, An Q, Reddy KM. Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of Superhard Lightweight Nanocrystalline Ceramics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12183228. [PMID: 36145016 PMCID: PMC9502115 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight polycrystalline ceramics possess promising physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, which can be used in a variety of important structural applications. However, these ceramics with coarse-grained structures are brittle and have low fracture toughness due to their rigid covalent bonding (more often consisting of high-angle grain boundaries) that can cause catastrophic failures. Nanocrystalline ceramics with soft interface phases or disordered structures at grain boundaries have been demonstrated to enhance their mechanical properties, such as strength, toughness, and ductility, significantly. In this review, the underlying deformation mechanisms that are contributing to the enhanced mechanical properties of superhard nanocrystalline ceramics, particularly in boron carbide and silicon carbide, are elucidated using state-of-the-art transmission electron microscopy and first-principles simulations. The observations on these superhard ceramics revealed that grain boundary sliding induced amorphization can effectively accommodate local deformation, leading to an outstanding combination of mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongyun Jeong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Simanta Lahkar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382355, India
| | - Qi An
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kolan Madhav Reddy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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11
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Tang Y, Li DY. Dynamic response of high-entropy alloys to ballistic impact. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp9096. [PMID: 35960800 PMCID: PMC9374344 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are promising to provide effective antiballistic capability because of their superior mechanical properties. However, the twinning-active Cantor alloy is found less ballistic resistant, compared with its Mn-free companion. It is unclear how the HEAs resist ballistic impact and why Mn does not benefit the ballistic resistance. Here, we used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the ballistic resistances of CrMnFeCoNi and CrFeCoNi and elucidate underlying mechanisms. It is shown that the alloys' ballistic resistances dominantly benefit from active dislocations generated at higher strain rates. Stronger atomic bonding and higher dislocation densities make the CrFeCoNi easier to be strain hardened with elevated toughness to resist high-speed deformation, while weaker atomic bonding and easier occurrence of dislocation tangling make CrMnFeCoNi less resistant to failure under ballistic impact. This work helps better understand the antiballistic behavior of HEAs and guide the design of armor and energy-absorption materials.
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12
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He Y, Shen Y, Tang B, An Q. Electron-Hole Excitation Induced Softening in Boron Carbide-Based Superhard Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:25792-25801. [PMID: 35608966 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photomechanical effect in semiconductors refers to a phenomenon that plastic deformation is influenced by light-induced electron-hole (e-h) excitation. To date, increasing amounts of theoretical and experimental studies have been performed to illustrate the physical origin of this phenomenon. In contrast, there has been little discussion about this effect in superhard materials. Here, we adopted constrained density functional theory simulations to assess how e-h excitation influences two boron-based superhard materials: boron carbide (B4C) and boron subphosphide (B12P2). We found that the ideal shear strengths of both systems decrease under e-h excited states. Under e-h excitation, the redistribution of electrons and holes contributes to the decreased strength, weakening the bonds initially broken under the shear deformation. The simulation results provide a fundamental explanation for the softening effects of superhard materials under e-h excitation. This study also provides a basis to tune the mechanical properties of superhard materials via light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yidi Shen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Bin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Qi An
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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14
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Effects of SiC on the microstructures and mechanical properties of B4C–SiC–rGO composites prepared using spark plasma sintering. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Effect of low content sintering aids addition on β-SiC sintered by spark plasma sintering. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Defect-induced B 4C electrodes for high energy density supercapacitor devices. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11627. [PMID: 34078964 PMCID: PMC8172886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90878-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron carbide powders were synthesized by mechanically activated annealing process using anhydrous boron oxide (B2O3) and varying carbon (C) sources such as graphite and activated carbon: The precursors were mechanically activated for different times in a high energy ball mill and reacted in an induction furnace. According to the Raman analyses of the carbon sources, the I(D)/I(G) ratio increased from ~ 0.25 to ~ 0.99, as the carbon material changed from graphite to active carbon, indicating the highly defected and disordered structure of active carbon. Complementary advanced EPR analysis of defect centers in B4C revealed that the intrinsic defects play a major role in the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor device once they have an electrode component made of bare B4C. Depending on the starting material and synthesis conditions the conductivity, energy, and power density, as well as capacity, can be controlled hence high-performance supercapacitor devices can be produced.
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17
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Spark plasma sintering of B4C and B4C-TiB2 composites: Deformation and failure mechanisms under quasistatic and dynamic loading. Ann Ital Chir 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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19
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Upatov M, Vleugels J, Koval Y, Bolbut V, Bogomol I. Microstructure and mechanical properties of B4C-NbB2-SiC ternary eutectic composites by a crucible-free zone melting method. Ann Ital Chir 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Reddy KM, Guo D, Song S, Cheng C, Han J, Wang X, An Q, Chen M. Dislocation-mediated shear amorphization in boron carbide. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/8/eabc6714. [PMID: 33597237 PMCID: PMC7888984 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The failure of superhard materials is often associated with stress-induced amorphization. However, the underlying mechanisms of the structural evolution remain largely unknown. Here, we report the experimental measurements of the onset of shear amorphization in single-crystal boron carbide by nanoindentation and transmission electron microscopy. We verified that rate-dependent loading discontinuity, i.e., pop-in, in nanoindentation load-displacement curves results from the formation of nanosized amorphous bands via shear amorphization. Stochastic analysis of the pop-in events reveals an exceptionally small activation volume, slow nucleation rate, and lower activation energy of the shear amorphization, suggesting that the high-pressure structural transition is activated and initiated by dislocation nucleation. This dislocation-mediated amorphization has important implications in understanding the failure mechanisms of superhard materials at stresses far below their theoretical strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolan Madhav Reddy
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dezhou Guo
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Shuangxi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chun Cheng
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jiuhui Han
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qi An
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Mingwei Chen
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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21
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Zhao S, Li Z, Zhu C, Yang W, Zhang Z, Armstrong DEJ, Grant PS, Ritchie RO, Meyers MA. Amorphization in extreme deformation of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/5/eabb3108. [PMID: 33514537 PMCID: PMC7846165 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ever-harsher service conditions in the future will call for materials with increasing ability to undergo deformation without sustaining damage while retaining high strength. Prime candidates for these conditions are certain high-entropy alloys (HEAs), which have extraordinary work-hardening ability and toughness. By subjecting the equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi HEA to severe plastic deformation through swaging followed by either quasi-static compression or dynamic deformation in shear, we observe a dense structure comprising stacking faults, twins, transformation from the face-centered cubic to the hexagonal close-packed structure, and, of particular note, amorphization. The coordinated propagation of stacking faults and twins along {111} planes generates high-deformation regions, which can reorganize into hexagonal packets; when the defect density in these regions reaches a critical level, they generate islands of amorphous material. These regions can have outstanding mechanical properties, which provide additional strengthening and/or toughening mechanisms to enhance the capability of these alloys to withstand extreme loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiteng Zhao
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zezhou Li
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chaoyi Zhu
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wen Yang
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Marc A Meyers
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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22
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Liang H, Li Q, Chen C. Atomistic Mechanisms for Contrasting Stress-Strain Relations of B 13CN and B 13C 2. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:10454-10462. [PMID: 33269938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Boron-rich compounds comprise intricate bonding structures and possess excellent mechanical properties. Here, we report on a comparative study of B13CN and B13C2, which are isostructural but differ in electron fillings, with the former being electron-precise and the latter electron-deficient. Our results show that the different electron fillings in B13CN and B13C2 have profound effects on the bonding features despite their shared crystal structure, generating distinct structural deformation modes and the accompanying stress responses under diverse loading strain conditions. The most striking phenomena include a creeplike stress response under a tensile strain and superior strength under the vast majority of loading conditions for B13CN compared to B13C2. Such enhanced stability of the B12 icosahedra in B13CN by N-induced electron compensation may be effective for structural and mechanical enhancement of other boron-rich compounds and offers improved understanding of a broader class of covalent crystals with complex bonding networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liang
- International Center for Computational Method and Software, State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, International Center of Future Science, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, and Department of Materials Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Quan Li
- International Center for Computational Method and Software, State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, International Center of Future Science, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, and Department of Materials Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Changfeng Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
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23
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Dai J, Singh J, Yamamoto N. Fabrication and characterization of FAST sintered micro/nano boron carbide composites with enhanced fracture toughness. Ann Ital Chir 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Microwave-assisted pressureless sintering of silicon-reinforced boron carbide composites. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Zhang S, Marshall MC, Yang LH, Sterne PA, Militzer B, Däne M, Gaffney JA, Shamp A, Ogitsu T, Caspersen K, Lazicki AE, Erskine D, London RA, Celliers PM, Nilsen J, Whitley HD. Benchmarking boron carbide equation of state using computation and experiment. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:053203. [PMID: 33327061 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.053203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Boron carbide (B_{4}C) is of both fundamental scientific and practical interest due to its structural complexity and how it changes upon compression, as well as its many industrial uses and potential for use in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high-energy density physics experiments. We report the results of a comprehensive computational study of the equation of state (EOS) of B_{4}C in the liquid, warm dense matter, and plasma phases. Our calculations are cross-validated by comparisons with Hugoniot measurements up to 61 megabar from planar shock experiments performed at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Our computational methods include path integral Monte Carlo, activity expansion, as well as all-electron Green's function Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker and molecular dynamics that are both based on density functional theory. We calculate the pressure-internal energy EOS of B_{4}C over a broad range of temperatures (∼6×10^{3}-5×10^{8} K) and densities (0.025-50 g/cm^{3}). We assess that the largest discrepancies between theoretical predictions are ≲5% near the compression maximum at 1-2×10^{6} K. This is the warm-dense state in which the K shell significantly ionizes and has posed grand challenges to theory and experiment. By comparing with different EOS models, we find a Purgatorio model (LEOS 2122) that agrees with our calculations. The maximum discrepancies in pressure between our first-principles predictions and LEOS 2122 are ∼18% and occur at temperatures between 6×10^{3}-2×10^{5} K, which we believe originate from differences in the ion thermal term and the cold curve that are modeled in LEOS 2122 in comparison with our first-principles calculations. To account for potential differences in the ion thermal term, we have developed three new equation-of-state models that are consistent with theoretical calculations and experiment. We apply these new models to 1D hydrodynamic simulations of a polar direct-drive NIF implosion, demonstrating that these new models are now available for future ICF design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.,Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | | | - Lin H Yang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Philip A Sterne
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Burkhard Militzer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Markus Däne
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - James A Gaffney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Andrew Shamp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Tadashi Ogitsu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Kyle Caspersen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Amy E Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - David Erskine
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Richard A London
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Peter M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Joseph Nilsen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Heather D Whitley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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26
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Huang W, Shishehbor M, Guarín-Zapata N, Kirchhofer ND, Li J, Cruz L, Wang T, Bhowmick S, Stauffer D, Manimunda P, Bozhilov KN, Caldwell R, Zavattieri P, Kisailus D. A natural impact-resistant bicontinuous composite nanoparticle coating. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:1236-1243. [PMID: 32807923 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nature utilizes the available resources to construct lightweight, strong and tough materials under constrained environmental conditions. The impact surface of the fast-striking dactyl club from the mantis shrimp is an example of one such composite material; the shrimp has evolved the capability to localize damage and avoid catastrophic failure from high-speed collisions during its feeding activities. Here we report that the dactyl club of mantis shrimps contains an impact-resistant coating composed of densely packed (about 88 per cent by volume) ~65-nm bicontinuous nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite integrated within an organic matrix. These mesocrystalline hydroxyapatite nanoparticles are assembled from small, highly aligned nanocrystals. Under impacts of high strain rates (around 104 s-1), particles rotate and translate, whereas the nanocrystalline networks fracture at low-angle grain boundaries, form dislocations and undergo amorphization. The interpenetrating organic network provides additional toughening, as well as substantial damping, with a loss coefficient of around 0.02. An unusual combination of stiffness and damping is therefore achieved, outperforming many engineered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mehdi Shishehbor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Jason Li
- Oxford Instruments Asylum Research, Goleta, CA, USA
| | - Luz Cruz
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Taifeng Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Krassimir N Bozhilov
- Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Roy Caldwell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Zavattieri
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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27
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Ojalvo C, Moreno R, Guiberteau F, Ortiz AL. Processing of orthotropic and isotropic superhard B4C composites reinforced with reduced graphene oxide. Ann Ital Chir 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Xiang S, Ma L, Yang B, Dieudonne Y, Pharr GM, Lu J, Yadav D, Hwang C, LaSalvia JC, Haber RA, Hemker KJ, Xie KY. Tuning the deformation mechanisms of boron carbide via silicon doping. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaay0352. [PMID: 31692742 PMCID: PMC6814370 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Boron carbide suffers from a loss of strength and toughness when subjected to high shear stresses due to amorphization. Here, we report that a small amount of Si doping (~1 atomic %) leads to a substantial decrease in stress-induced amorphization due to a noticeable change of the deformation mechanisms in boron carbide. In the undoped boron carbide, the Berkovich indentation-induced quasi-plasticity is dominated by amorphization and microcracking along the amorphous shear bands. This mechanism resulted in long, distinct, and single-variant shear faults. In contrast, substantial fragmentation with limited amorphization was activated in the Si-doped boron carbide, manifested by the short, diffuse, and multivariant shear faults. Microcracking via fragmentation competed with and subsequently mitigated amorphization. This work highlights the important roles that solute atoms play on the structural stability of boron carbide and opens up new avenues to tune deformation mechanisms of ceramics via doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Xiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Luoning Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Bruce Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yvonne Dieudonne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - George M. Pharr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jing Lu
- NanoMEGAS USA, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Digvijay Yadav
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Chawon Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jerry C. LaSalvia
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD 21005, USA
| | - Richard A. Haber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kevin J. Hemker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kelvin Y. Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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29
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Huang W, Restrepo D, Jung JY, Su FY, Liu Z, Ritchie RO, McKittrick J, Zavattieri P, Kisailus D. Multiscale Toughening Mechanisms in Biological Materials and Bioinspired Designs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901561. [PMID: 31268207 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological materials found in Nature such as nacre and bone are well recognized as light-weight, strong, and tough structural materials. The remarkable toughness and damage tolerance of such biological materials are conferred through hierarchical assembly of their multiscale (i.e., atomic- to macroscale) architectures and components. Herein, the toughening mechanisms of different organisms at multilength scales are identified and summarized: macromolecular deformation, chemical bond breakage, and biomineral crystal imperfections at the atomic scale; biopolymer fibril reconfiguration/deformation and biomineral nanoparticle/nanoplatelet/nanorod translation, and crack reorientation at the nanoscale; crack deflection and twisting by characteristic features such as tubules and lamellae at the microscale; and structure and morphology optimization at the macroscale. In addition, the actual loading conditions of the natural organisms are different, leading to energy dissipation occurring at different time scales. These toughening mechanisms are further illustrated by comparing the experimental results with computational modeling. Modeling methods at different length and time scales are reviewed. Examples of biomimetic designs that realize the multiscale toughening mechanisms in engineering materials are introduced. Indeed, there is still plenty of room mimicking the strong and tough biological designs at the multilength and time scale in Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - David Restrepo
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Jae-Young Jung
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Frances Y Su
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Zengqian Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Fatigue and Fracture Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joanna McKittrick
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Pablo Zavattieri
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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30
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Elusive super-hard B 6C accessible through the laser-floating zone method. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13340. [PMID: 31527636 PMCID: PMC6746857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron carbide is among the most promising ceramic materials nowadays: their mechanical properties are outstanding, and they open potential critical applications in near future. Since sinterability is the most critical drawback to this goal, innovative and competitive sintering procedures are attractive research topics in the science and technology of this carbide. This work reports the pioneer use of the laser-floating zone technique with this carbide. Crystallographic, microstructural and mechanical characterization of the so-prepared samples is carefully analysed. One unexpected output is the fabrication of a B6C composite when critical conditions of growth rate are adopted. Since this is one of the hardest materials in Nature and it is achievable only under extremely high pressures and temperatures in hot-pressing, the use of this technique offers a promising alternative for the fabrication. Hardness and elastic modulus of this material reached to 52 GPa and 600 GPa respectively, which is close to theoretical predictions reported in literature.
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31
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Cheng T, Jaramillo-Botero A, An Q, Ilyin DV, Naserifar S, Goddard WA. First principles-based multiscale atomistic methods for input into first principles nonequilibrium transport across interfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18193-18201. [PMID: 30076227 PMCID: PMC6744898 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800035115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This issue of PNAS features "nonequilibrium transport and mixing across interfaces," with several papers describing the nonequilibrium coupling of transport at interfaces, including mesoscopic and macroscopic dynamics in fluids, plasma, and other materials over scales from microscale to celestial. Most such descriptions describe the materials in terms of the density and equations of state rather than specific atomic structures and chemical processes. It is at interfacial boundaries where such atomistic information is most relevant. However, there is not yet a practical way to couple these phenomena with the atomistic description of chemistry. The starting point for including such information is the quantum mechanics (QM). However, practical QM calculations are limited to a hundred atoms for dozens of picoseconds, far from the scales required to inform the continuum level with the proper atomistic description. To bridge this enormous gap, we need to develop practical methods to extend the scale of the atomistic simulation by several orders of magnitude while retaining the level of QM accuracy in describing the chemical process. These developments would enable continuum modeling of turbulent transport at interfaces to incorporate the relevant chemistry. In this perspective, we will focus on recent progress in accomplishing these extensions in first principles-based atomistic simulations and the strategies being pursued to increase the accuracy of very large scales while dramatically decreasing the computational effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cheng
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Andres Jaramillo-Botero
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Qi An
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Daniil V Ilyin
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Saber Naserifar
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
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32
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Cao S, Zhang Y, Liao D, Zhong P, Wang KG. Shock-Induced Damage and Dynamic Fracture in Cylindrical Bodies Submerged in Liquid. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES 2019; 169:55-71. [PMID: 31423024 PMCID: PMC6697132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the response of solid materials to shock loading is important for mitigating shock-induced damages and failures, as well as advancing the beneficial use of shock waves for material modifications. In this paper, we consider a representative brittle material, BegoStone, in the form of cylindrical bodies and submerged in water. We present a computational study on the causal relationship between the prescribed shock load and the resulting elastic waves and damage in the solid material. A recently developed three-dimensional computational framework, FIVER, is employed, which couples a finite volume compressible fluid solver with a finite element structural dynamics solver through the construction and solution of local, one-dimensional fluid-solid Riemann problems. The material damage and fracture are modeled and simulated using a continuum damage mechanics model and an element erosion method. The computational model is validated in the context of shock wave lithotripsy and the results are compared with experimental data. We first show that after calibrating the growth rate of microscopic damage and the threshold for macroscopic fracture, the computational framework is capable of capturing the location and shape of the shock-induced fracture observed in a laboratory experiment. Next, we introduce a new phenomenological model of shock waveform, and present a numerical parametric study on the effects of a single shock load, in which the shock waveform, magnitude, and the size of the target material are varied. In particular, we vary the waveform gradually from one that features non-monotonic decay with a tensile phase to one that exhibits monotonic decay without a tensile phase. The result suggests that when the length of the shock pulse is comparable to that of the target material, the former waveform may induce much more significant damage than the latter one, even if the two share the same magnitude, duration, and acoustic energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Cao
- Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 90271, United States
| | - D. Liao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 90271, United States
| | - P. Zhong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 90271, United States
| | - K. G. Wang
- Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
- Corresponding author (K. G. Wang)
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33
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Luo H, Sheng H, Zhang H, Wang F, Fan J, Du J, Ping Liu J, Szlufarska I. Plasticity without dislocations in a polycrystalline intermetallic. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3587. [PMID: 31399566 PMCID: PMC6689057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dislocation activity is critical to ductility and the mechanical strength of metals. Dislocations are the primary drivers of plastic deformation, and their interactions with each other and with other microstructural features such as grain boundaries (GBs) lead to strengthening of metals. In general, suppressing dislocation activity leads to brittleness of polycrystalline materials. Here, we find an intermetallic that can accommodate large plastic strain without the help of dislocations. For small grain sizes, the primary deformation mechanism is GB sliding, whereas for larger grain sizes the material deforms by direct amorphization along shear planes. The unusual deformation mechanisms lead to the absence of traditional Hall-Petch (HP) relation commonly observed in metals and to an extended regime of strength weakening with grain refinement, referred to as the inverse HP relation. The results are first predicted in simulations and then confirmed experimentally. The deformation of materials depends on dislocation activity, and suppressing dislocations should lead to brittleness. Here, the authors combine simulations and experiments to show a samarium-cobalt intermetallic can exhibit plasticity without dislocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706-1595, USA
| | - Hongwei Sheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, 22030, USA.,Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706-1595, USA
| | - Fengqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Jinkui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - J Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China. .,Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
| | - Izabela Szlufarska
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706-1595, USA.
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34
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DeVries M, Subhash G. Influence of carbon nanotubes as secondary phase addition on the mechanical properties and amorphization of boron carbide. Ann Ital Chir 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Victor G, Pipon Y, Moncoffre N, Bérerd N, Esnouf C, Douillard T, Gentils A. In situ TEM observations of ion irradiation damage in boron carbide. Ann Ital Chir 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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He Z, Maurice JL, Li Q, Pribat D. Direct evidence of 2H hexagonal Si in Si nanowires. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4846-4853. [PMID: 30816896 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10370d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal Si (2H polytype) has attracted great interest because of its unique physical properties and wide range of potential applications. For example, it might be used in heterojunctions based on hexagonal and cubic Si. Although hexagonal Si has been reported in Si nanowires, its existence is doubted because structural defects of diamond cubic Si can produce structural signals similar to those attributed to hexagonal Si. Here, through the use of atomic resolution high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging, we unambiguously report the coherent intergrowth of diamond cubic (3C polytype) and 2H hexagonal Si in Si nanowires grown by chemical vapor deposition. A model describing the intergrowth of 3C and 2H Si is proposed and the reasons for the generation of 2H Si are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanbing He
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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37
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Dai H, Li H, Li Z, Zhao J, Yu X, Sun J, An Q. Sonication induced amorphisation in Ag nanowires. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2114. [PMID: 30765807 PMCID: PMC6375950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been conjectured that pure-element face-centred cubic (fcc) metals can be transformed into a glassy state by deformation at ultra-high strain rates. However, when an impact force is applied at the nanoscale, deformation-induced melting prevents observations of fcc metal amorphisation. Here we propose a sonication treatment of Ag nanowires (fcc) and confirmed amorphisation induced by high strain rates at bent areas of the Ag nanowires. Owing to the mismatch of the deformation modes between the core and the surface, we observed a diameter related increase of the ductility of Ag nanowires under deformation at ultra-high strain rates generated by sonication. The sonication-prepared amorphous Ag was stable at room temperature. Amorphous Ag at the bent areas was highly reactive and was readily recrystallized under light illumination or vulcanised. Our study verifies the occurrence of high strain rate induced amorphisation in pure fcc MGs and provides a powerful tool for mechanical studies on metal nanomaterials under extremely high strain rates and forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dai
- Laboratory of Advanced Light Alloy Materials and Devices, Yantai Nanshan University, Longkou, 265713, China. .,Hang Xin Material Technology Co. Ltd, Longkou, 264006, China.
| | - Haitao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhutie Li
- Hang Xin Material Technology Co. Ltd, Longkou, 264006, China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Light Alloy Materials and Devices, Yantai Nanshan University, Longkou, 265713, China
| | - Xinxiang Yu
- Laboratory of Advanced Light Alloy Materials and Devices, Yantai Nanshan University, Longkou, 265713, China.,Hang Xin Material Technology Co. Ltd, Longkou, 264006, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Laboratory of Advanced Light Alloy Materials and Devices, Yantai Nanshan University, Longkou, 265713, China
| | - Qi An
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
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38
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Huang C, Klinzing G, Procopio A, Yang F, Ren J, Burlage R, Zhu L, Su Y. Understanding Compression-Induced Amorphization of Crystalline Posaconazole. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:825-833. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Huang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 United States
| | - Gerard Klinzing
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Adam Procopio
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Jie Ren
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Rubi Burlage
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
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39
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Guo D, Song S, Luo R, Goddard WA, Chen M, Reddy KM, An Q. Grain Boundary Sliding and Amorphization are Responsible for the Reverse Hall-Petch Relation in Superhard Nanocrystalline Boron Carbide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:145504. [PMID: 30339450 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.145504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent observation of the reverse Hall-Petch relation in nanocrystalline ceramics offers a possible pathway to achieve enhanced ductility for traditional brittle ceramics via the nanosize effect, just as nanocrystalline metals and alloys. However, the underlying deformation mechanisms of nanocrystalline ceramics have not been well established. Here we combine reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) simulations and experimental transmission electron microscopy to determine the atomic level deformation mechanisms of nanocrystalline boron carbide (B_{4}C). We performed large-scale (up to ∼3 700 000 atoms) ReaxFF RMD simulations on finite shear deformation of three models of grain boundaries with grain sizes from 4.84 (135 050 atoms) to 14.64 nm (3 702 861 atoms). We found a reverse Hall-Petch relationship in nanocrystalline B_{4}C in which the deformation mechanism is dominated by the grain boundary (GB) sliding. This GB sliding leads to the amorphous band formation at predistorted icosahedral GB regions with initiation of cavitation within the amorphous bands. Our simulation results are validated by the experimental observations of an intergranular amorphous GB phase due to GBs sliding under indentation experiments. These theoretical and experimental results provide an atomistic explanation for the influence of GBs on the deformation behavior of nanocrystalline ceramics, explaining the reverse Hall-Petch relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhou Guo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Shuangxi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruichun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Mingwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Kolan Madhav Reddy
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qi An
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
- Nevada Institute for Sustainability, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA
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40
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Li J, Liu L, Xu S, Zhang J, Wu Y. The Effects of Carbon Content on the Anisotropic Deformation Mechanism of Boron Carbide. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11101861. [PMID: 30274282 PMCID: PMC6213040 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of carbon content on the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of boron carbides were investigated by first-principles calculations, based on the density functional theory. The B12–CBC (13.33 at % C) and B10C2P–CC (28.75 at % C) were studied and then compared with the deformation of regular B11CP–CBC (20.0 at % C). The results show the B10C2P–CC, which has the lowest carbon content, has the highest strength and hardness as well as the lowest toughness. With the increase of carbon content, the rhombohedral symmetry will be broken and the three-atoms chains will be replaced by diatomic carbon chains. These changes may have an influence on their anisotropic deformation mechanisms. For the B12–CBC, the destruction of icosahedra without bending three-atom chains causes structural failure for compression along the c axis; while for compression along the a axis, new B–B bonds are formed, causing an unrecoverable deformation; then it is gradually destroyed until full destruction. For the B10C2P–CC, the anisotropic deformation mechanism is not obvious. For both loading directions, the breakage of B–CP bonds causes the stress to drop, suggesting that the structure is beginning to be destroyed. Finally, the icosahedra are fully destroyed, resulting in structural failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Lisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shuang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yuanli Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
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41
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Yang X, Goddard WA, An Q. Asymmetric twins in boron rich boron carbide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:13340-13347. [PMID: 29717734 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01429a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Twin boundaries (TBs) play an essential role in enhancing the mechanical, electronic and transport properties of polycrystalline materials. However, the mechanisms are not well understood. In particular, we considered that they may play an important role in boron rich boron carbide (BvrBC), which exhibits promising properties such as low density, super hardness, high abrasion resistance, and excellent neutron absorption. Here, we apply first-principles-based simulations to identify the atomic structures of TBs in BvrBC and their roles for the inelastic response to applied stresses. In addition to symmetric TBs in BvrBC, we identified a new type of asymmetric twin that constitutes the phase boundaries between boron rich boron carbide (B13C2) and BvrBC (B14C). The predicted mechanical response of these asymmetric twins indicates a significant reduction of the ideal shear strength compared to single crystals B13C2 and B14C, suggesting that the asymmetric twins facilitate the disintegration of icosahedral clusters under applied stress, which in turn leads to amorphous band formation and brittle failure. These results provide a mechanistic basis towards understating the roles of TBs in BvrBC and related superhard ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89577, USA.
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Qi An
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89577, USA. and Nevada Institute for Sustainability, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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42
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Yang X, Coleman SP, Lasalvia JC, Goddard WA, An Q. Shear-Induced Brittle Failure along Grain Boundaries in Boron Carbide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:5072-5080. [PMID: 29346723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The role that grain boundaries (GBs) can play on mechanical properties has been studied extensively for metals and alloys. However, for covalent solids such as boron carbide (B4C), the role of GB on the inelastic response to applied stresses is not well established. We consider here the unusual ceramic, boron carbide (B4C), which is very hard and lightweight but exhibits brittle impact behavior. We used quantum mechanics (QM) simulations to examine the mechanical response in atomistic structures that model GBs in B4C under pure shear and also with biaxial shear deformation that mimics indentation stress conditions. We carried out these studies for two simple GB models including also the effect of adding Fe atoms (possible sintering aid and/or impurity) to the GB. We found that the critical shear stresses of these GB models are much lower than that for crystalline and twinned B4C. The two GB models lead to different interfacial energies. The higher interfacial energy at the GB only slightly decreases the critical shear stress but dramatically increases the critical failure strain. Doping the GB with Fe decreases the critical shear stress of at the boundary by 14% under pure shear deformation. In all GBs studied here, failure arises from deconstructing the icosahedra within the GB region under shear deformation. We find that Fe dopant interacts with icosahedra at the GB to facilitate this deconstruction of icosahedra. These results provide significant insight into designing polycrystalline B4C with improved strength and ductility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno , Reno, Nevada 89577, United States
| | - Shawn P Coleman
- United States Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Jerry C Lasalvia
- United States Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Qi An
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno , Reno, Nevada 89577, United States
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43
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Zhang L, Zhang H, Ren X, Eckert J, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Gemming T, Pauly S. Amorphous martensite in β-Ti alloys. Nat Commun 2018; 9:506. [PMID: 29410411 PMCID: PMC5802800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Martensitic transformations originate from a rigidity instability, which causes a crystal to change its lattice in a displacive manner. Here, we report that the martensitic transformation on cooling in Ti–Zr–Cu–Fe alloys yields an amorphous phase instead. Metastable β-Ti partially transforms into an intragranular amorphous phase due to local lattice shear and distortion. The lenticular amorphous plates, which very much resemble α′/α″ martensite in conventional Ti alloys, have a well-defined orientation relationship with the surrounding β-Ti crystal. The present solid-state amorphization process is reversible, largely cooling rate independent and constitutes a rare case of congruent inverse melting. The observed combination of elastic softening and local lattice shear, thus, is the unifying mechanism underlying both martensitic transformations and catastrophic (inverse) melting. Not only do we reveal an alternative mechanism for solid-state amorphization but also establish an explicit experimental link between martensitic transformations and catastrophic melting. Displacive martensitic transformations through lattice distortion usually involve a change from one crystal structure to another. Here however, the authors “melt” metastable Ti alloys during cooling and show that a martensitic transformation can lead to the formation of an intragranular amorphous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.,IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Xiaobing Ren
- Multi-disciplinary Materials Research Centre, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China. .,Ferroic Physics Group, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0047, Japan.
| | - Jürgen Eckert
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstraße 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria.,Department Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstraße 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Yandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhengwang Zhu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Thomas Gemming
- IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon Pauly
- IFW Dresden, Institute for Complex Materials, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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44
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Jafari A, Mosavat M, Meidanchi A, Hossienkhani H. Growth of Boron Carbide Nanostructures on Silicon Using Hot Filament Chemical Vapour Deposition. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3184/174751918x15178264975471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Boron carbide nanostructures were grown on Si wafers through introduction of a mixture of B2O3 dissolved in methanol using hot filament chemical vapour deposition. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy and the four-point probe technique were applied to characterise the properties of the boron carbide nanostructures. The XRD results showed that two kinds of boron carbide chemical compounds (B4C and B2C2) were deposited and the effect of boron concentration was significant. The FESEM images showed that the boron carbide nanostructures are made of crystal clusters with a cauliflower-like shape, in which the grain boundaries appear more clearly with increasing boron concentration. In addition, the AFM results showed that the surface roughness of the boron carbide films decreased with increasing boron concentration due to grain boundary diffusivity. The Raman spectrum results confirmed the presence of a B4C network and G and D bands. The results of the four-point probe method indicated that samples with higher boron incorporation showed the lowest sheet resistance (0.06 ω sq−1), which may be because of the decrease in inter-grain boundaries caused by the larger cluster size. This study suggests that higher boron incorporation in boron carbide nanostructures results in larger crystal clusters, higher thickness and lower film resistivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Jafari
- Department of Physics, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mosavat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amir Kabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - H. Hossienkhani
- Department of Physics, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
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45
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Zhang X, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Liu H, Yao Y, Cheng T, Chen H. Novel boron channel-based structure of boron carbide at high pressures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:455401. [PMID: 28869218 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa8a08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Boron carbide (B4C) is one of the hardest materials known to date. The extreme hardness of B4C arises from architecturally efficient B12 or B11C icosahedrons and strong inter-icosahedral B-C bonding. As an excellent material for use in ballistic armor, the mechanic limit of B4C and possible phase transitions under extreme stress conditions are of great interest. Here we systematically explored the post-icosahedral solid structures of B4C under high pressure, using an unbiased structure search method. A new structure composed of extended framework of B and zigzag chains of C is predicted to be stable above 96 GPa. The new structure was predicted to have a high Vickers hardness of 55 GPa and simultaneously to retain a metallic ground state. The exceptional mechanical properties found in this structure are attributed to strong sp 3 covalent network formed under extreme pressure conditions. The predicted structure represents a new type of superhard boron carbides that form under high pressure without the presence of boron icosahedrons, which encourages experimental exploration in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, People's Republic of China
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46
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Chuvashova I, Gasharova B, Mathis YL, Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia N. Structural Stability of Boron Carbide under Pressure Proven by Spectroscopic Studies up to 73 GPa. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Chuvashova
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions; Laboratory of Crystallography; University of Bayreuth; 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut; University of Bayreuth; 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | | | | | | | - Natalia Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions; Laboratory of Crystallography; University of Bayreuth; 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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47
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Taylor DE. Convergence acceleration of molecular dynamics methods for shocked materials using velocity scaling. Mol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1241905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Liu C, Chen M, He J, Yu S, Liang T. Superhard B2CO phases derived from carbon allotropes. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09277f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new superhard orthorhombic B2CO structures (oP16- and oC16-B2CO) have been predicted theoretically by manual construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- Institute of Engineering Research
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Julong He
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology
- Yanshan University
- Qinhuangdao 066004
- China
| | - Shuangshuang Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Tongxiang Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
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An Q, Goddard WA, Xie KY, Sim GD, Hemker KJ, Munhollon T, Toksoy MF, Haber RA. Superstrength through Nanotwinning. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7573-7579. [PMID: 27960511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The theoretical strength of a material is the minimum stress to deform or fracture the perfect single crystal material that has no defects. This theoretical strength is considered as an upper bound on the attainable strength for a real crystal. In contradiction to this expectation, we use quantum mechanics (QM) simulations to show that for the boron carbide (B4C) hard ceramic, this theoretical shear strength can be exceeded by 11% by imposing nanoscale twins. We also predict from QM that the indentation strength of nanotwinned B4C is 12% higher than that of the perfect crystal. Further, we validate this effect experimentally, showing that nanotwinned samples are harder by 2.3% than the twin-free counterpart of B4C. The origin of this strengthening mechanism is suppression of twin boundary (TB) slip within the nanotwins due to the directional nature of covalent bonds at the TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kelvin Y Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Gi-Dong Sim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kevin J Hemker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tyler Munhollon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - M Fatih Toksoy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Richard A Haber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Xie KY, An Q, Sato T, Breen AJ, Ringer SP, Goddard WA, Cairney JM, Hemker KJ. Breaking the icosahedra in boron carbide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12012-12016. [PMID: 27790982 PMCID: PMC5087016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607980113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings of laser-assisted atom probe tomography experiments on boron carbide elucidate an approach for characterizing the atomic structure and interatomic bonding of molecules associated with extraordinary structural stability. The discovery of crystallographic planes in these boron carbide datasets substantiates that crystallinity is maintained to the point of field evaporation, and characterization of individual ionization events gives unexpected evidence of the destruction of individual icosahedra. Statistical analyses of the ions created during the field evaporation process have been used to deduce relative atomic bond strengths and show that the icosahedra in boron carbide are not as stable as anticipated. Combined with quantum mechanics simulations, this result provides insight into the structural instability and amorphization of boron carbide. The temporal, spatial, and compositional information provided by atom probe tomography makes it a unique platform for elucidating the relative stability and interactions of primary building blocks in hierarchically crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Y Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Qi An
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Takanori Sato
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew J Breen
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Simon P Ringer
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Julie M Cairney
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kevin J Hemker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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