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Peng H, Nijp JJ, Ratcliffe JL, Li C, Hong B, Lidberg W, Zeng M, Mauquoy D, Bishop K, Nilsson MB. Climatic controls on the dynamic lateral expansion of northern peatlands and its potential implication for the 'anomalous' atmospheric CH 4 rise since the mid-Holocene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168450. [PMID: 37967626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamic changes in peatland area during the Holocene is essential for unraveling the connections between northern peatland development and global carbon budgets. However, studies investigating the centennial to millennial-scale process of peatland expansion and its climate and environmental drivers are still limited. In this study, we present a reconstruction of the peatland area and lateral peatland expansion rate of a peatland complex in northern Sweden since the mid-Holocene, based on Ground Penetrating Radar measurements of peat thickness supported by radiocarbon (14C) dates from four peat cores. Based on this analysis, lateral expansion of the peatland followed a northwest-southeast directionality, constrained by the undulating post-glacial topography. The areal extent of peat has increased non-linearly since the mid-Holocene, and the peatland lateral expansion rate has generally been on the rise, with intensified expansion occurring after around 3500 cal yr BP. Abrupt declines in lateral expansion rates were synchronized with the decreases in total solar irradiance superimposed on the millennial ice-rafted debris events in the northern high latitudes. Supported by the temporal evolution of peatland extent in four other Fennoscandian peatlands, it appears that the northern peatland areal extent during the early to middle Holocene was much smaller compared to previous empirical model reconstructions based on basal age compilations. Interestingly, our reconstruction shows the increments of peat area since the mid-Holocene coincide with the rise in atmospheric CH4 concentration, and that abrupt variations in atmospheric CH4 on decadal to centennial timescales could be synchronized with peatland lateral expansion rates. Based on our analysis we put forward the hypothesis that lateral expansion of northern peatlands is a significant driver of dynamics in the late Holocene atmospheric CH4 budget. We strongly urge for more empirical data to quantify lateral expansion rates and test such hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081 Guiyang, China; Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jelmer J Nijp
- KWR Water Research Institute, Ecohydrology Group, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Wageningen University, Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joshua L Ratcliffe
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chuxian Li
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081 Guiyang, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - William Lidberg
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mengxiu Zeng
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004 Jinhua, China
| | - Dmitri Mauquoy
- School Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UF, Scotland, UK
| | - Kevin Bishop
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala 12, Sweden
| | - Mats B Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Natali C, Ferrari M, Bragagni A, Bianchini G, Salani GM, Avanzinelli R, Ghiotto M. The trace element distribution in peat soils affected by natural burning events: A proxy of the original composition and metals mobility assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167826. [PMID: 37839488 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluates for the first time the effects on the trace element composition of peat soils affected by natural burning events, a recurrent phenomenon in the reclaimed wetland of the Mezzano Lowland (Padanian plain, NE Italy). The trace element distribution of two neighboring soil profiles, one pristine and one deeply affected by burning events, were compared to identify the original geochemical fingerprint of saltmarsh peat environment. The pre-combustion composition of the fired profile was reconstructed to infer the physico-chemical changes occurred as a consequence of the burning event, with a special attention to the mobility of elements of environmental concern, such as potentially toxic trace metals. The increase in concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTE) was particularly evident in two layers of the fired profile. V, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, and As contents progressively increase toward intermediate depths (30-75 cm) together with Th, Sr, Ba, U. On the contrary, Tl, Bi and Cd show a concentration peak in a thin, shallower (14-17 cm depth) horizon. The trace element composition of the unfired profile allowed the identification of specific ratios between immobile elements that can be used as geochemical fingerprint of the soils horizons with different soil organic matter (SOM) content. On the basis of Sr/Rb, Th/U and Ba/Sr it was possible to classify three types of sedimentary deposits characterizing both the unfired and fired profile, as well as to delineate the fire severity trends occurred in the different soil horizons of the fired profile. The distribution of immobile trace element, representative of the organic (U) and mineral (silicate, Th, Ba, REE and non-silicate, Sr) soil fractions with organic matter and bulk density in the non-fired profile, allowed the reconstruction of the original physico-chemical composition of the fired/burned profile and the accurate determination of the relative CO2 lost during the burning event. Moreover, the distribution of PTE with respect to immobile trace elements, used to estimate the element redistribution and mobility after burning in the fired profile, suggested that elements such as Cr, Ni, Zn, V were mainly immobile, whereas Pb, Mo and in particular Tl and Bi suffered a significant redistribution along the burned profile. Nonetheless, results of the gain/loss calculation for the whole soil profile suggested that no significant entry or leak of these elements occurred, limiting their redistribution inside the investigated soil system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Natali
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, via La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; CNR, Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, strada Provinciale 35d, 9-00010 Montelibretti (RM), Italy.
| | - Mattia Ferrari
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, via La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bragagni
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, via La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bianchini
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Salani
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Avanzinelli
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, via La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; CNR, Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, via La Pira, 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Matthias Ghiotto
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, via La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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Li Y, Xiong L, Zeng K, Wei Y, Li H, Ji X. Microbial-driven carbon fixation in natural wetland. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:1115-1127. [PMID: 37440152 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
With the development of global industrialization, carbon neutrality has become an issue that we must be paid attention to. Microorganisms not only have an important impact on the carbon chemical cycle between the Earth's biosphere and biogeography but also play a key role in maintaining the global organic carbon balance. Wetlands are the main reservoir of organic carbon in the mainland of China, and wetland carbon sinks are indispensable for China to achieve the goal of "dual carbon," and China has taken the consolidation and improvement of wetland carbon sink capacity as an important part of the carbon peaking action plan. As a unique low-latitude, high-altitude seasonal plateau wetland in China, Napahai shows high research value. However, the role of microbes in maintaining dissolved organic carbon balance in this area has not been reported. In the study, six carbon fixation genes, accA, aclB, acsA, acsB, cbbL, and rbcL, were analyzed based on metagenomics to elucidate the rich genetic diversity, uniqueness and differences in the Napahai plateau wetland. It was found that the microbial diversity in the Napahai plateau wetland was different from other habitats. In addition, the aclB gene, a rare taxon with high genetic diversity and rich species in the Napahai plateau wetland, played a key role in the microbial metabolic pathway. Finally, the construction of a metabolic pathway through the Kyoto encyclopedia for genes and genomes revealed the contribution of microbes to carbon fixation and the role of microbes in maintaining the organic carbon balance of the Napahai plateau wetland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lingling Xiong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Kun Zeng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yunlin Wei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiuling Ji
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Startsev V, Gorbach N, Mazur A, Prokushkin A, Karpenko L, Dymov A. Macrocharcoal Signals in Histosols Reveal Wildfire History of Vast Western Siberian Forest-Peatland Complexes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3478. [PMID: 36559591 PMCID: PMC9787764 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fires are a naturally cyclical factor regulating ecosystems’ function and forming new postfire ecosystems. Peat soils are unique archives that store information about ecological and climatic changes and the history of past fires during the Holocene. The paper presents a reconstruction of the dynamics of fires in the subzone of the middle taiga of Western Siberia in the Holocene. Data on fires were obtained based on the results of a study of the content of macroscopic coal particles and radiocarbon dating. The effect of fires on soil organic matter (SOM) was estimated using 13C NMR spectroscopy and the content of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It is shown that throughout the Holocene, the peatlands studied were prone to fires. The conducted analyses show that the maximum content of charcoal particles is observed in the Atlantic (~9100−5800 cal. B.P.) and Subatlantic (~3100 cal. B.P. to the present) periods. The high correlation dependence of the content of coals with the content of PAHs (r = 0.56, p < 0.05) and aromatic structures of SOM (r = 0.61, p < 0.05) in peat horizons is shown, which can characterize these parameters as a reliable marker of pyrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Startsev
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar 167982, Russia
| | - Nikolay Gorbach
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar 167982, Russia
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University, Syktyvkar 167000, Russia
| | - Anton Mazur
- Center for Magnetic Resonance, St. Petersburg State University, University Av. 26, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | | | - Lyudmila Karpenko
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Alexey Dymov
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar 167982, Russia
- Department of Physics and Soil Reclamation, Faculty of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Hydrochemistry of Medium-Size Pristine Rivers in Boreal and Subarctic Zone: Disentangling Effect of Landscape Parameters across a Permafrost, Climate, and Vegetation Gradient. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14142250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied two medium size pristine rivers (Taz and Ket) of boreal and subarctic zone, western Siberia, for a better understanding of the environmental factors controlling major and trace element transport in riverine systems. Our main objective was to test the impact of climate and land cover parameters (permafrost, vegetation, water coverage, soil organic carbon, and lithology) on carbon, major and trace element concentration in the main stem and tributaries of each river separately and when considering them together, across contrasting climate/permafrost zones. In the permafrost-bearing Taz River (main stem and 17 tributaries), sizable control of vegetation on element concentration was revealed. In particular, light coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest controlled DOC, and some nutrients (NO2, NO3, Mn, Fe, Mo, Cd, Ba), deciduous needle-leaf forest positively correlated with macronutrients (PO4, Ptot, Si, Mg, P, Ca) and Sr, and dark needle-leaf forest impacted Ntot, Al, and Rb. Organic C stock in the upper 30–100 cm soil positively correlated with Be, Mn, Co, Mo, Cd, Sb, and Bi. In the Ket River basin (large right tributary of the Ob River) and its 26 tributaries, we revealed a correlation between the phytomass stock at the watershed and alkaline-earth metals and U concentration in the river water. This control was weakly pronounced during high-water period (spring flood) and mostly occurred during summer low water period. Pairwise correlations between elements in both river systems demonstrated two group of solutes—(1) positively correlated with DIC (Si, alkalis (Li, Na), alkaline-earth metals (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba), and U), this link originated from groundwater feeding of the river when the labile elements were leached from soluble minerals such as carbonates; and (2) elements positively correlated with DOC (trivalent, tetravalent, and other hydrolysates, Se and Cs). This group reflected mobilization from upper silicate mineral soil profile and plant litter, which was strongly facilitated by element colloidal status, notably for low-mobile geochemical tracers. The observed DOC vs DIC control on riverine transport of low-soluble and highly mobile elements, respectively, is also consistent with former observations in both river and lake waters of the WSL as well as in soil waters and permafrost ice. A principal component analysis demonstrated three main factors potentially controlling the major and TE concentrations. The first factor, responsible for 26% of overall variation, included aluminum and other low mobile trivalent and tetravalent hydrolysates, Be, Cr, Nb, and elements strongly complexed with DOM such as Cu and Se. This factor presumably reflected the presence of organo-mineral colloids, and it was positively affected by the proportion of forest and organic C in soils of the watershed. The second factor (14% variation) likely represented a combined effect of productive litter in larch forest growing on carbonate-rich rocks and groundwater feeding of the rivers and acted on labile Na, Mg, Si, Ca, P, and Fe(II), but also DOC, micronutrients (Zn, Rb, Ba), and phytomass at the watershed. Via applying a substituting space for time approach for south-north gradient of studied river basins, we predict that climate warming in northern rivers may double or triple the concentration of DIC, Ca, Sr, U, but also increase the concentration of DOC, POC, and nutrients.
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Gabyshev VA, Gabysheva OI. Effect of the Concentration Gradient of Organic Matter and Nutrients on the Spatial Structure of Mixotrophic Phytophlagellate Plankton of Large East Siberian Rivers. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lopatin J, Araya‐López R, Galleguillos M, Perez‐Quezada JF. Disturbance alters relationships between soil carbon pools and aboveground vegetation attributes in an anthropogenic peatland in Patagonia. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8694. [PMID: 35342552 PMCID: PMC8935636 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic-based disturbances may alter peatland soil-plant causal associations and their ability to sequester carbon. Likewise, it is unclear how the vegetation attributes are linked with different soil C decomposition-based pools (i.e., live moss, debris, and poorly- to highly-decomposed peat) under grassing and harvesting conditions. Therefore, we aimed to assess the relationships between aboveground vegetation attributes and belowground C pools in a Northern Patagonian peatland of Sphagnum magellanicum with disturbed and undisturbed areas. We used ordination to depict the main C pool and floristic gradients and structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the direct and indirect relationships among these variables. In addition, we evaluated whether attributes derived from plant functional types (PFTs) are better suited to predict soil C pools than attributes derived from species gradients. We found that the floristic composition of the peatland can be classified into three categories that follow the C pool gradient. These categories correspond to (1) woody species, such as Baccharis patagonica, (2) water-logged species like Juncus procerus, and (3) grasslands. We depicted that these classes are reliable indicators of soil C decomposition stages. However, the relationships change between management. We found a clear statistical trend showing a decrease of live moss, debris, and poorly-decomposed C pools in the disturbed area. We also depicted that plant diversity, plant height, and PFT composition were reliable indicators of C decomposition only under undisturbed conditions, while the species-based attributes consistently yielded better overall results predicting soil C pools than PFT-based attributes. Our results imply that managed peatlands of Northern Patagonia with active grassing and harvesting activities, even if small-scaled, will significantly alter their future C sequestration capacities by decreasing their live and poorly-decomposed components. Finally, aboveground vegetation attributes cannot be used as proxies of soil C decomposition in disturbed peatlands as they no longer relate to decomposition stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lopatin
- Faculty of Engineering and ScienceUniversity Adolfo IbáñezSantiagoChile
- Data Observatory FoundationSantiagoChile
- Center for Climate Resilience Research (CR)University of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Rocío Araya‐López
- Center for Integrative EcologySchool of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Environmental Science and Renewable Natural ResourcesUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Mauricio Galleguillos
- Center for Climate Resilience Research (CR)University of ChileSantiagoChile
- Department of Environmental Science and Renewable Natural ResourcesUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Jorge F. Perez‐Quezada
- Department of Environmental Science and Renewable Natural ResourcesUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
- Institute of Ecology and BiodiversitySantiagoChile
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Wang Y, Paul SM, Jocher M, Espic C, Alewell C, Szidat S, Leifeld J. Soil carbon loss from drained agricultural peatland after coverage with mineral soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149498. [PMID: 34426363 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drainage for agriculture has turned peatlands from a net sink to a net source of carbon (C). In order to reduce the environmental footprint of agricultural peatland drainage, and to counteract soil subsidence, mineral soil coverage is becoming an increasingly used practice in Switzerland. To explore the effect of mineral soil coverage on soil C loss and the source of CO2 from peatland drained for agriculture, we utilized the radiocarbon signature (F14C) of soil C and emitted CO2 in the field. The experiment, located in the Swiss Rhine Valley, was carried out on two adjacent drained organic soils, either without mineral soil cover (reference 'Ref'), or covered with mineral soil (thickness ~ 40 cm) (coverage 'Cov') 13 years ago. Drainage already commenced 130 years ago and the site was managed as meadow since the 1970ies. Drainage induced 41-75 kg C m-2 loss, which is equivalent to annual C loss rates of 0.49-0.58 kg C m-2 yr-1 and 0.31-0.63 kg C m-2 yr-1 for Cov and Ref, respectively. Mineral soil coverage had no significant effect on the amount of heterotrophic respiration, however, at Cov, the radiocarbon signature of heterotrophic CO2 was significantly (p<0.01) younger than at Ref, indicating that mineral soil coverage moved the source of decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) from a higher share of old peat towards a higher share of relatively younger material. In summary, our study lends support to the hypothesis that mineral soil coverage might reduce the decomposition of old peat underneath, and may therefore be a promising peatland management technique for the future use of drained peatland for agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiao Wang
- Climate and Agriculture Group, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland; Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sonja M Paul
- Climate and Agriculture Group, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Jocher
- Climate and Agriculture Group, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Espic
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christine Alewell
- Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sönke Szidat
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens Leifeld
- Climate and Agriculture Group, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
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Natali C, Bianchini G, Cremonini S, Salani GM, Vianello G, Brombin V, Ferrari M, Vittori Antisari L. Peat Soil Burning in the Mezzano Lowland (Po Plain, Italy): Triggering Mechanisms and Environmental Consequences. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000444. [PMID: 34355110 PMCID: PMC8319814 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of peat burning on organic-rich agricultural soils of the Mezzano Lowland (NE Italy) were evaluated on soil profiles variously affected by smoldering. Profiles were investigated for pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density, elemental and isotopic composition of distinct carbon (and nitrogen) fractions. The results suggest that the horizons affected by carbon loss lie at depths 10-70 cm, where the highest temperatures are developed. We suggest that the exothermal oxidation of methane (mediated by biological activity) plays a significant role in the triggering mechanism. In the interested soils we estimated a potential loss of Soil Organic Carbon of approximately 110 kg m -2 within the first meter, corresponding to 580 kg CO2 m -3. The released greenhouse gas is coupled with a loss of soil structure and nutrients. Moreover, the process plausibly triggers mobility of metals bound in organometallic complexes. All these consequences negatively affect the environment, the agricultural activities and possibly also health of the local people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Natali
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
- Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering of the Italian National Research Council (CNR‐IGAG)MontelibrettiItaly
| | - Gianluca Bianchini
- Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering of the Italian National Research Council (CNR‐IGAG)MontelibrettiItaly
- Department of Physics and Earth SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Stefano Cremonini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Gian Marco Salani
- Department of Physics and Earth SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Gilmo Vianello
- Department of Agricultural and Food SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Valentina Brombin
- Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering of the Italian National Research Council (CNR‐IGAG)MontelibrettiItaly
- Department of Physics and Earth SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Mattia Ferrari
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
- Department of Physics and Earth SciencesUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
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Sun T, Guzman JJL, Seward JD, Enders A, Yavitt JB, Lehmann J, Angenent LT. Suppressing peatland methane production by electron snorkeling through pyrogenic carbon in controlled laboratory incubations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4119. [PMID: 34226558 PMCID: PMC8257765 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern peatlands are experiencing more frequent and severe fire events as a result of changing climate conditions. Recent studies show that such a fire-regime change imposes a direct climate-warming impact by emitting large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. However, the fires also convert parts of the burnt biomass into pyrogenic carbon. Here, we show a potential climate-cooling impact induced by fire-derived pyrogenic carbon in laboratory incubations. We found that the accumulation of pyrogenic carbon reduced post-fire methane production from warm (32 °C) incubated peatland soils by 13–24%. The redox-cycling, capacitive, and conductive electron transfer mechanisms in pyrogenic carbon functioned as an electron snorkel, which facilitated extracellular electron transfer and stimulated soil alternative microbial respiration to suppress methane production. Our results highlight an important, but overlooked, function of pyrogenic carbon in neutralizing forest fire emissions and call for its consideration in the global carbon budget estimation. Warmer and drier conditions are increasing the frequency of forest fires, which in turn produce pyrogenic carbon. Here the authors show that accumulation of pyrogenic carbon can suppress post-fire methane production in northern peatlands and can effectively buffer fire-derived greenhouse gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianran Sun
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juan J L Guzman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - James D Seward
- Vale Living with Lakes Centre and the Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Akio Enders
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Joseph B Yavitt
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Largus T Angenent
- Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. .,Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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11
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Huang X, Silvennoinen H, Kløve B, Regina K, Kandel TP, Piayda A, Karki S, Lærke PE, Höglind M. Modelling CO 2 and CH 4 emissions from drained peatlands with grass cultivation by the BASGRA-BGC model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144385. [PMID: 33401058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated peatlands under drainage practices contribute significant carbon losses from agricultural sector in the Nordic countries. In this research, we developed the BASGRA-BGC model coupled with hydrological, soil carbon decomposition and methane modules to simulate the dynamic of water table level (WTL), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions for cultivated peatlands. The field measurements from four experimental sites in Finland, Denmark and Norway were used to validate the predictive skills of this novel model under different WTL management practices, climatic conditions and soil properties. Compared with daily observations, the model performed well in terms of RMSE (Root Mean Square Error; 0.06-0.11 m, 1.22-2.43 gC/m2/day, and 0.002-0.330 kgC/ha/day for WTL, CO2 and CH4, respectively), NRMSE (Normalized Root Mean Square Error; 10.3-18.3%, 13.0-18.6%, 15.3-21.9%) and Pearson's r (Pearson correlation coefficient; 0.60-0.91, 0.76-0.88, 0.33-0.80). The daily/seasonal variabilities were therefore captured and the aggregated results corresponded well with annual estimations. We further provided an example on the model's potential use in improving the WTL management to mitigate CO2 and CH4 emissions while maintaining grass production. At all study sites, the simulated WTLs and carbon decomposition rates showed a significant negative correlation. Therefore, controlling WTL could effectively reduce carbon losses. However, given the highly diverse carbon decomposition rates within individual WTLs, adding indicators (e.g. soil moisture and peat quality) would improve our capacity to assess the effectiveness of specific mitigation practices such as WTL control and rewetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Klepp Station, Norway.
| | | | - Bjørn Kløve
- Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kristiina Regina
- Bioeconomy and Environment Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Jokioinen, Finland
| | | | - Arndt Piayda
- Thünen Institute for Climate-Smart Agriculture, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sandhya Karki
- Delta Water Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Jonesboro, USA
| | - Poul Erik Lærke
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mats Höglind
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Klepp Station, Norway
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12
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Abstract
High-latitude regions play a key role in the carbon (C) cycle and climate system. An important question is the degree of mobilization and atmospheric release of vast soil C stocks, partly stored in permafrost, with amplified warming of these regions. A fraction of this C is exported to inland waters and emitted to the atmosphere, yet these losses are poorly constrained and seldom accounted for in assessments of high-latitude C balances. This is particularly relevant for Western Siberia, with its extensive peatland C stocks, which can be strongly sensitive to the ongoing changes in climate. Here we quantify C emission from inland waters, including the Ob’ River (Arctic’s largest watershed), across all permafrost zones of Western Siberia. We show that the inland water C emission is high (0.08–0.10 Pg C yr−1) and of major significance in the regional C cycle, largely exceeding (7–9 times) C export to the Arctic Ocean and reaching nearly half (35–50%) of the region’s land C uptake. This important role of C emission from inland waters highlights the need for coupled land–water studies to understand the contemporary C cycle and its response to warming. Rivers and lakes are thought to be a major conduit of loss for the massive amounts of carbon locked away in high-latitude systems, but such losses are poorly constrained. Here the authors quantify carbon emissions from rivers and lakes across Western Siberia, finding that emissions are high and exceed carbon export to the Arctic Ocean.
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13
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van Winden JF, Talbot HM, Reichart G, McNamara NP, Benthien A, Sinninghe Damsté JS. Influence of temperature on the δ 13 C values and distribution of methanotroph-related hopanoids in Sphagnum-dominated peat bogs. GEOBIOLOGY 2020; 18:497-507. [PMID: 32180328 PMCID: PMC7383571 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Methane emissions from peat bogs are mitigated by methanotrophs, which live in symbiosis with peat moss (e.g. Sphagnum). Here, we investigate the influence of temperature and resultant changes in methane fluxes on Sphagnum and methanotroph-related biomarkers, evaluating their potential as proxies in ancient bogs. A pulse-chase experiment using 13 C-labelled methane in the field clearly showed label uptake in diploptene, a biomarker for methanotrophs, demonstrating in situ methanotrophic activity in Sphagnum under natural conditions. Peat cores containing live Sphagnum were incubated at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C for two months, causing differences in net methane fluxes. The natural δ13 C values of diploptene extracted from Sphagnum showed a strong correlation with temperature and methane production. The δ13 C values ranged from -34‰ at 5°C to -41‰ at 25°C. These results are best explained by enhanced expression of the methanotrophic enzymatic isotope effect at higher methane concentrations. Hence, δ13 C values of diploptene, or its diagenetic products, potentially provide a useful tool to assess methanotrophic activity in past environments. Increased methane fluxes towards Sphagnum did not affect δ13 C values of bulk Sphagnum and its specific marker, the C23 n-alkane. The concentration of methanotroph-specific bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs), aminobacteriohopanetetrol (aminotetrol, characteristic for type II and to a lesser extent type I methanotrophs) and aminobacteriohopanepentol (aminopentol, a marker for type I methanotrophs) showed a non-linear response to increased methane fluxes, with relatively high abundances at 25°C compared to those at 20°C or below. Aminotetrol was more abundant than aminopentol, in contrast to similar abundances of aminotetrol and aminopentol in fresh Sphagnum. This probably indicates that type II methanotrophs became prevalent under the experimental conditions relative to type I methanotrophs. Even though BHP concentrations may not directly reflect bacterial activity, they may provide insight into the presence of different types of methanotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F. van Winden
- Department of Earth SciencesFaculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Helen M. Talbot
- School of Civil Engineering and GeoscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Present address:
Department of Archaeology (BioArCh)University of YorkYorkUK
| | - Gert‐Jan Reichart
- Department of Earth SciencesFaculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Departments of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry and Ocean SystemsNIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht UniversityDen BurgThe Netherlands
| | - Niall P. McNamara
- UK Centre for Ecology & HydrologyLancaster Environment CentreLancasterUK
| | - Albert Benthien
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchBremerhavenGermany
| | - Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté
- Department of Earth SciencesFaculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Departments of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry and Ocean SystemsNIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht UniversityDen BurgThe Netherlands
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14
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Masyagina OV, Menyailo OV. The impact of permafrost on carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in Siberia: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109096. [PMID: 31918314 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There are serious concerns associated with greenhouse gases (GHG) fluxes in high latitude ecosystems and how the permafrost thawing may potentially affect the global climate, through the alteration of carbon (C) dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions. We performed a meta-analysis of 3002 observations from 104 published studies on CO2 and CH4 fluxes in Siberia (Russian Federation). Siberia is a vast region characterized by a large C-rich permafrost region, which is already degrading due to escalating climate change, and also large wetland areas, also regarded as a source of CH4. GHG fluxes were strongly controlled by location (Western, Central, Eastern, and Far East Siberia), permafrost presence and season. Maximum CO2 fluxes, in the permafrost zone, were observed in Central and Eastern Siberia. In the non-permafrost zone, maximum CO2 fluxes were found in Western Siberia. According to our analyses, CH4 fluxes in the permafrost zone were significantly different in all parts of Siberia. Thus, permafrost has a more profound effect on CH4 than on CO2 flux. The rank order of increase of CH4 emissions among the various Siberian regions is as follows: Central < Eastern < Western < Far East. In the non-permafrost area, CH4 fluxes in Western Siberia are higher than those in the Central part. Soil temperature was the only significant predictor of soil CO2 flux in the permafrost area. CH4 fluxes were well correlated with temperature and soil water content in the permafrost zone, but only dependent on temperature in the non-permafrost area. In this meta-analysis, we established several statistically significant temporal trends of long-term changes of GHG fluxes over three decades (1984-2017): an increasing trend of soil CO2 fluxes in the non-permafrost area of Western Siberia and a declining trend in the non-permafrost area of Central Siberia. There was also a significant increasing trend of CH4 fluxes in the permafrost area of Eastern Siberia, and its decreasing trend in the non-permafrost area of Western Siberia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana V Masyagina
- Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS, 50/28 Akademgorodok St., 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Oleg V Menyailo
- Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS, 50/28 Akademgorodok St., 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
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15
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Birch Bog on Anthropogenically Transformed Raised Bogs. A Case Study from Pomerania (Poland). WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11061224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Birch bog is formed on the margins of or within raised bogs, on secondary habitats. The study aim was to understand the vegetation and mycological diversity of birch bog on the background of habitat conditions on raised bogs subject to anthropogenic changes, including 15 areas located on seven bogs. Two of the analyzed areas were located on a peat bog not subject to human impact. Phytosociological and mycosociological relevés were taken and substrate analyses were carried out (pH, humidity, N-NH4, N-NO2, N-NO3 and P-PO4). Based on habitat predictors, two area groups were distinguished, differing primarily in humidity. More humid habitats were present on the margins of bogs, and were characterized by lower acidity and higher N-NH4 and P-PO4 abundance. Despite the fact they were enriched by runoffs from the neighboring arable fields, this was not always reflected in the plant and fungi species richness. Quercus robur appeared on less humid habitats, which may be a symptom of unfavorable changes toward habitat drying. In the majority of cases, changes in the habitat independent of the birch patches located and the human impact type are not yet reflected in the vegetation. However, they may be indicated by the fungal diversity, highest in former peat extraction pits, and lowest in pristine peat.
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16
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Piao S, Liu Q, Chen A, Janssens IA, Fu Y, Dai J, Liu L, Lian X, Shen M, Zhu X. Plant phenology and global climate change: Current progresses and challenges. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1922-1940. [PMID: 30884039 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenology, the annually recurring sequence of plant developmental stages, is important for plant functioning and ecosystem services and their biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks to the climate system. Plant phenology depends on temperature, and the current rapid climate change has revived interest in understanding and modeling the responses of plant phenology to the warming trend and the consequences thereof for ecosystems. Here, we review recent progresses in plant phenology and its interactions with climate change. Focusing on the start (leaf unfolding) and end (leaf coloring) of plant growing seasons, we show that the recent rapid expansion in ground- and remote sensing- based phenology data acquisition has been highly beneficial and has supported major advances in plant phenology research. Studies using multiple data sources and methods generally agree on the trends of advanced leaf unfolding and delayed leaf coloring due to climate change, yet these trends appear to have decelerated or even reversed in recent years. Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the plant phenology responses to climate warming is still limited. The interactions between multiple drivers complicate the modeling and prediction of plant phenology changes. Furthermore, changes in plant phenology have important implications for ecosystem carbon cycles and ecosystem feedbacks to climate, yet the quantification of such impacts remains challenging. We suggest that future studies should primarily focus on using new observation tools to improve the understanding of tropical plant phenology, on improving process-based phenology modeling, and on the scaling of phenology from species to landscape-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Yongshuo Fu
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Junhu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lingli Liu
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Lian
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaogen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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17
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Ishikura K, Hirata R, Hirano T, Okimoto Y, Wong GX, Melling L, Aeries EB, Kiew F, Lo KS, Musin KK, Waili JW, Ishii Y. Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions from Peat Soil in an Undrained Tropical Peat Swamp Forest. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Patterns and Determinants of Post-Soviet Cropland Abandonment in the Western Siberian Grain Belt. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10121973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transition from a command to a market economy resulted in widespread cropland abandonment across the former Soviet Union during the 1990s. Spatial patterns and determinants of abandonment are comparatively well understood for European Russia, but have not yet been assessed for the vast grain belt of Western Siberia, situated in the Eurasian forest steppe. This is unfortunate, as land-use change in Western Siberia is of global significance: Fertile black earth soils and vast mires store large amounts of organic carbon, and both undisturbed and traditional cultural landscapes harbor threatened biodiversity. We compared Landsat images from ca. 1990 (before the break-up of the Soviet Union) and ca. 2015 (current situation) with a supervised classification to estimate the extent and spatial distribution of abandoned cropland. We used logistic regression models to reveal important determinants of cropland abandonment. Ca. 135,000 ha classified as cropland around 1990 were classified as grassland around 2015. This suggests that ca. 20% of all cropland remain abandoned ca. 25 years after the end of the Soviet Union. Abandonment occurred mostly at poorly drained sites. The likelihood of cropland abandonment increased with decreasing soil quality, and increasing distance to medium-sized settlements, roads and railroads. We conclude that soil suitability, access to transport infrastructure and availability of workforce are key determinants of cropland abandonment in Western Siberia.
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19
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Raudina TV, Loiko SV, Lim A, Manasypov RM, Shirokova LS, Istigechev GI, Kuzmina DM, Kulizhsky SP, Vorobyev SN, Pokrovsky OS. Permafrost thaw and climate warming may decrease the CO 2, carbon, and metal concentration in peat soil waters of the Western Siberia Lowland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:1004-1023. [PMID: 29660859 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil pore waters are a vital component of the ecosystem as they are efficient tracers of mineral weathering, plant litter leaching, and nutrient uptake by vegetation. In the permafrost environment, maximal hydraulic connectivity and element transport from soils to rivers and lakes occurs via supra-permafrost flow (i.e. water, gases, suspended matter, and solutes migration over the permafrost table). To assess possible consequences of permafrost thaw and climate warming on carbon and Green House gases (GHG) dynamics we used a "substituting space for time" approach in the largest frozen peatland of the world. We sampled stagnant supra-permafrost (active layer) waters in peat columns of western Siberia Lowland (WSL) across substantial gradients of climate (-4.0 to -9.1°C mean annual temperature, 360 to 600mm annual precipitation), active layer thickness (ALT) (>300 to 40cm), and permafrost coverage (sporadic, discontinuous and continuous). We analyzed CO2, CH4, dissolved carbon, and major and trace elements (TE) in 93 soil pit samples corresponding to several typical micro landscapes constituting the WSL territory (peat mounds, hollows, and permafrost subsidences and depressions). We expected a decrease in intensity of DOC and TE mobilization from soil and vegetation litter to the supra-permafrost water with increasing permafrost coverage, decreasing annual temperature and ALT along a latitudinal transect from 62.3°N to 67.4°N. However, a number of solutes (DOC, CO2, alkaline earth metals, Si, trivalent and tetravalent hydrolysates, and micronutrients (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, V, Mo) exhibited a northward increasing trend with highest concentrations within the continuous permafrost zone. Within the "substituting space for time" climate change scenario and northward shift of the permafrost boundary, our results suggest that CO2, DOC, and many major and trace elements will decrease their concentration in soil supra-permafrost waters at the boundary between thaw and frozen layers. As a result, export of DOC and elements from peat soil to lakes and rivers of the WSL (and further to the Arctic Ocean) may decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Raudina
- BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Lenina av, 36 Tomsk, Russia
| | - S V Loiko
- BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Lenina av, 36 Tomsk, Russia
| | - A Lim
- BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Lenina av, 36 Tomsk, Russia
| | - R M Manasypov
- BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Lenina av, 36 Tomsk, Russia; N Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Institute of Ecological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Science, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - L S Shirokova
- N Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Institute of Ecological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Science, Arkhangelsk, Russia; Geoscience and Environment Toulouse (GET), UMR 5563 CNRS University of Toulouse, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - G I Istigechev
- BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Lenina av, 36 Tomsk, Russia
| | - D M Kuzmina
- BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Lenina av, 36 Tomsk, Russia
| | - S P Kulizhsky
- BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Lenina av, 36 Tomsk, Russia
| | - S N Vorobyev
- BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Lenina av, 36 Tomsk, Russia
| | - O S Pokrovsky
- Geoscience and Environment Toulouse (GET), UMR 5563 CNRS University of Toulouse, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France,.
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20
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Long-Term Peatland Condition Assessment via Surface Motion Monitoring Using the ISBAS DInSAR Technique over the Flow Country, Scotland. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Koltz AM, Schmidt NM, Høye TT. Differential arthropod responses to warming are altering the structure of Arctic communities. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171503. [PMID: 29765633 PMCID: PMC5936898 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is experiencing some of the fastest rates of warming on the planet. Although many studies have documented responses to such warming by individual species, the idiosyncratic nature of these findings has prevented us from extrapolating them to community-level predictions. Here, we leverage the availability of a long-term dataset from Zackenberg, Greenland (593 700 specimens collected between 1996 and 2014), to investigate how climate parameters influence the abundance of different arthropod groups and overall community composition. We find that variation in mean seasonal temperatures, winter duration and winter freeze-thaw events is correlated with taxon-specific and habitat-dependent changes in arthropod abundances. In addition, we find that arthropod communities have exhibited compositional changes consistent with the expected effects of recent shifts towards warmer active seasons and fewer freeze-thaw events in NE Greenland. Changes in community composition are up to five times more extreme in drier than wet habitats, with herbivores and parasitoids generally increasing in abundance, while the opposite is true for surface detritivores. These results suggest that species interactions and food web dynamics are changing in the Arctic, with potential implications for key ecosystem processes such as decomposition, nutrient cycling and primary productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Koltz
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 30338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, Box 1137, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Author for correspondence: Amanda M. Koltz e-mail:
| | - Niels M. Schmidt
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 AarhusC, Denmark
| | - Toke T. Høye
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 AarhusC, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, DK-8000 AarhusC, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience Kalø, Aarhus University, DK-8410 Rønde, Denmark
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22
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Wei S, Cui H, Zhu Y, Lu Z, Pang S, Zhang S, Dong H, Su X. Shifts of methanogenic communities in response to permafrost thaw results in rising methane emissions and soil property changes. Extremophiles 2018; 22:447-459. [PMID: 29429010 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-018-1007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Permafrost thaw can bring negative consequences in terms of ecosystems, resulting in permafrost collapse, waterlogging, thermokarst lake development, and species composition changes. Little is known about how permafrost thaw influences microbial community shifts and their activities. Here, we show that the dominant archaeal community shifts from Methanomicrobiales to Methanosarcinales in response to the permafrost thaw, and the increase in methane emission is found to be associated with the methanogenic archaea, which rapidly bloom with nearly tenfold increase in total number. The mcrA gene clone libraries analyses indicate that Methanocellales/Rice Cluster I was predominant both in the original permafrost and in the thawed permafrost. However, only species belonging to Methanosarcinales showed higher transcriptional activities in the thawed permafrost, indicating a shift of methanogens from hydrogenotrophic to partly acetoclastic methane-generating metabolic processes. In addition, data also show the soil texture and features change as a result of microbial reproduction and activity induced by this permafrost thaw. Those data indicate that microbial ecology under warming permafrost has potential impacts on ecosystem and methane emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China. .,School of Marine Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hongpeng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Youhai Zhu
- Oil and Gas Survey, Geological Survey, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhenquan Lu
- Oil and Gas Survey, Geological Survey, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shouji Pang
- Oil and Gas Survey, Geological Survey, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Oil and Gas Survey, Geological Survey, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hailiang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China. .,School of Marine Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
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23
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Reithmaier GMS, Knorr KH, Arnhold S, Planer-Friedrich B, Schaller J. Enhanced silicon availability leads to increased methane production, nutrient and toxicant mobility in peatlands. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8728. [PMID: 28821870 PMCID: PMC5562759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Peatlands perform important ecosystem functions, such as carbon storage and nutrient retention, which are affected, among other factors, by vegetation and peat decomposition. The availability of silicon (Si) in peatlands differs strongly, ranging from <1 to >25 mg L−1. Since decomposition of organic material was recently shown to be accelerated by Si, the aim of this study was to examine how Si influences decomposition of carbon and nutrient and toxicant mobilization in peatlands. We selected a fen site in Northern Bavaria with naturally bioavailable Si pore water concentrations of 5 mg/L and conducted a Si addition experiment. At a fourfold higher Si availability, dissolved organic carbon, carbon dioxide, and methane concentrations increased significantly. Furthermore, dissolved nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, manganese, cobalt, zinc, and arsenic concentrations were significantly higher under high Si availability. This enhanced mobilization may result from Si competing for binding sites but also from stronger reducing conditions, caused by accelerated respiration. The stronger reducing conditions also increased reduction of arsenate to arsenite and thus the mobility of this toxicant. Hence, higher Si availability is suggested to decrease carbon storage and increase nutrient and toxicant mobility in peatland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria-Maria Susanne Reithmaier
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus-Holger Knorr
- Ecohydrology and Biogeochemistry Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Arnhold
- Ecological Services, Department of Earth Sciences, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jörg Schaller
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
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24
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Nakayama T. Scaled-dependence and seasonal variations of carbon cycle through development of an advanced eco-hydrologic and biogeochemical coupling model. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Wu X, Cao R, Wei X, Xi X, Shi P, Eisenhauer N, Sun S. Soil drainage facilitates earthworm invasion and subsequent carbon loss from peatland soil. J Appl Ecol 2017; 54:1291-1300. [PMID: 30319142 PMCID: PMC6181200 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Human activities have been a significant driver of environmental changes with tremendous consequences for carbon dynamics. Peatlands are critical ecosystems because they store ~30% of the global soil organic carbon pool and are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic changes. The Zoige peatland on the eastern Tibet Plateau, as the largest alpine peatland in the world, accounts for 1‰ of global peat soil organic carbon storage. However, this peatland has experienced dramatic climate change including increased temperature and reduced precipitation in the past decades, which likely is responsible for a decline of the water table and facilitated earthworm invasion, two major factors reducing soil organic carbon (SOC) storage of peatlands. 2. Because earthworms are often more active in low- than in high- moisture peatlands, we hypothesized that the simultaneous occurrence of water table decline and earthworm invasion would synergistically accelerate the release of SOC from peatland soil. We conducted a field experiment with a paired split-plot design, i.e. presence vs. absence of the invasive earthworms (Pheretima aspergillum) nested in drained vs. undrained plots, respectively, for three years within the homogenous Zoige peatland. 3. Water table decline significantly decreased soil water content and bulk density, resulting in a marked reduction of SOC storage. Moreover, consistent with our hypothesis, earthworm presence dramatically reduced SOC in the drained but not in the undrained peatland through the formation of deep burrows and decreasing bulk density of the lower soil layer over three years. The variation in SOC likely was due to changes in aboveground plant biomass, root growth, and earthworm behavior induced by the experimental treatments. 4. Synthesis and applications. We suggest that incentive measures should be taken to prevent further water table decline and earthworm invasion for maintaining the soil C pool in Zoige peatland. Artificial filling of drainage canals should be implemented to increase the water table level, facilitating the recovery of drained peatlands. Moreover, the dispersal of earthworms and their cocoons attached to the roots of crop plants and tree saplings from low-lying areas to the Zoige region should be controlled and restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Wu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xue Wei
- Center for Ecological Studies, Chengdu Institute of Biology, 9 Section 4 Renminnan Rd, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinqiang Xi
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peili Shi
- Lhasa National Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Center for Ecological Studies, Chengdu Institute of Biology, 9 Section 4 Renminnan Rd, Chengdu 610041, China
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26
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Peacock M, Ridley LM, Evans CD, Gauci V. Management effects on greenhouse gas dynamics in fen ditches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:601-612. [PMID: 27847183 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Globally, large areas of peatland have been drained through the digging of ditches, generally to increase agricultural production. By lowering the water table it is often assumed that drainage reduces landscape-scale emissions of methane (CH4) into the atmosphere to negligible levels. However, drainage ditches themselves are known to be sources of CH4 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs), but emissions data are scarce, particularly for carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and show high spatial and temporal variability. Here, we report dissolved GHGs and diffusive fluxes of CH4 and CO2 from ditches at three UK lowland fens under different management; semi-natural fen, cropland, and cropland restored to low-intensity grassland. Ditches at all three fens emitted GHGs to the atmosphere, but both fluxes and dissolved GHGs showed extensive variation both seasonally and within-site. CH4 fluxes were particularly large, with medians peaking at all three sites in August at 120-230mgm-2d-1. Significant between site differences were detected between the cropland and the other two sites for CO2 flux and all three dissolved GHGs, suggesting that intensive agriculture has major effects on ditch biogeochemistry. Multiple regression models using environmental and water chemistry data were able to explain 29-59% of observed variation in dissolved GHGs. Annual CH4 fluxes from the ditches were 37.8, 18.3 and 27.2gCH4m-2yr-1 for the semi-natural, grassland and cropland, and annual CO2 fluxes were similar (1100 to 1440gCO2m-2yr-1) among sites. We suggest that fen ditches are important contributors to landscape-scale GHG emissions, particularly for CH4. Ditch emissions should be included in GHG budgets of human modified fens, particularly where drainage has removed the original terrestrial CH4 source, e.g. agricultural peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Peacock
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom.
| | - Luke M Ridley
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; School of Geographical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, BS8 1SS, United Kingdom
| | - Chris D Evans
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Gauci
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
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27
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Massive remobilization of permafrost carbon during post-glacial warming. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13653. [PMID: 27897191 PMCID: PMC5141343 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent hypotheses, based on atmospheric records and models, suggest that permafrost carbon (PF-C) accumulated during the last glaciation may have been an important source for the atmospheric CO2 rise during post-glacial warming. However, direct physical indications for such PF-C release have so far been absent. Here we use the Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean) as an archive to investigate PF-C destabilization during the last glacial–interglacial period. Our results show evidence for massive supply of PF-C from Siberian soils as a result of severe active layer deepening in response to the warming. Thawing of PF-C must also have brought about an enhanced organic matter respiration and, thus, these findings suggest that PF-C may indeed have been an important source of CO2 across the extensive permafrost domain. The results challenge current paradigms on the post-glacial CO2 rise and, at the same time, serve as a harbinger for possible consequences of the present-day warming of PF-C soils. Atmospheric CO2 increases during the last deglaciation have been linked to the destabilisation of permafrost carbon reservoirs. Here, using a sediment core from the Laptev Sea, Tesi et al. indicate a massive supply of permafrost carbon was released from Siberia following active layer deepening.
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28
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Xu H, Lan J, Sheng E, Liu Y, Liu B, Yu K, Ye Y, Cheng P, Qiang X, Lu F, Wang X. Tropical/Subtropical Peatland Development and Global CH4 during the Last Glaciation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30431. [PMID: 27465566 PMCID: PMC4964359 DOI: 10.1038/srep30431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of peatland development over the tropical/subtropical zone during the last glaciation is critical for understanding the glacial global methane cycle. Here we present a well-dated ‘peat deposit-lake sediment’ alternate sequence at Tengchong, southwestern China, and discuss the peatland development and its linkage to the global glacial methane cycle. Peat layers were formed during the cold Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)-2 and -4, whereas lake sediments coincided with the relatively warm MIS-3, which is possibly related to the orbital/suborbital variations in both temperature and Asian summer monsoon intensity. The Tengchong peatland formation pattern is broadly synchronous with those over subtropical southern China and other tropical/subtropical areas, but it is clearly in contrast to those over the mid-high Northern Hemisphere. The results of this work suggest that the shifts of peatland development between the tropical/subtropical zone and mid-high Northern Hemisphere may have played important roles in the glacial/interglacial global atmospheric CH4 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xu
- State key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Xi'an, China.,Department of Environment Science and Technology, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianghu Lan
- State key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Xi'an, China
| | - Enguo Sheng
- State key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Tourism and Geographical Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Xi'an, China
| | - Keke Yu
- State key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Xi'an, China.,Graduate university of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing, China
| | - Yuanda Ye
- State key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Xi'an, China.,Graduate university of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- State key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoke Qiang
- State key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Xi'an, China
| | - Fengyan Lu
- State key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Xi'an, China
| | - Xulong Wang
- State key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Xi'an, China
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29
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Fleischer E, Khashimov I, Hölzel N, Klemm O. Carbon exchange fluxes over peatlands in Western Siberia: Possible feedback between land-use change and climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:424-433. [PMID: 26748007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for agricultural products has been leading to an expansion and intensification of agriculture around the world. More and more unused land is currently reclaimed in the regions of the former Soviet Union. Driven by climate change, the Western Siberian grain belt might, in a long-term, even expand into the drained peatland areas to the North. It is crucial to study the consequences of this land-use change with respect to the carbon cycling as this is still a major knowledge gap. We present for the first time data on the atmosphere-ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide and methane of an arable field and a neighboring unused grassland on peat soil in Western Siberia. Eddy covariance measurements were performed over one vegetation period. No directed methane fluxes were found due to an effective drainage of the study sites. The carbon dioxide fluxes appeared to be of high relevance for the global carbon and greenhouse gas cycles. They showed very site-specific patterns resulting from the development of vegetation: the persistent plants of the grassland were able to start photosynthesizing soon after snow melt, while the absence of vegetation on the managed field lead to a phase of emissions until the oat plants started to grow in June. The uptake peak of the oat field is much later than that of the grassland, but larger due to a rapid plant growth. Budgeting the whole measurement period, the grassland served as a carbon sink, whereas the oat field was identified to be a carbon source. The conversion from non-used grasslands on peat soil to cultivated fields in Western Siberia is therefore considered to have a positive feedback on climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fleischer
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Climatology Research Group, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Ilhom Khashimov
- Institute of Earth Science, Physical Geography and Geoecology Department, Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia.
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Otto Klemm
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Climatology Research Group, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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30
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Bukvareva EN, Grunewald K, Bobylev SN, Zamolodchikov DG, Zimenko AV, Bastian O. The current state of knowledge of ecosystems and ecosystem services in Russia: A status report. AMBIO 2015; 44:491-507. [PMID: 25990583 PMCID: PMC4552711 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper focusses on a conceptual overview of ways to address a comprehensive analysis of ecosystem services (ES) in a country as large and heterogeneous as Russia. As a first step, a methodology for assessing the services for the federal subjects of Russia was chosen, i.e., its constituent provinces and similar entities, in physical terms. Russia harbors a great diversity of natural conditions and ecosystems which are suppliers of ES, and likewise a variety of the socio-economic conditions that shape the demand for these services and their consumption. The methodological approach described permits several important tasks to be addressed: the evaluation of the degree of satisfaction of people's needs for ES, the identification of ecological donor and acceptor regions, and zoning of the country's territory for ES assessment. The next step is to prepare a prototype of a National Report on ES in Russia, for which we are presenting the planned structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N. Bukvareva
- />Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Karsten Grunewald
- />Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development, Weberplatz 1, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sergey N. Bobylev
- />Faculty of Economics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexey V. Zimenko
- />Biodiversity Conservation Center, Vavilova Street 41, Office 2, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olaf Bastian
- />Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development, Weberplatz 1, 01217 Dresden, Germany
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31
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Moore EK, Villanueva L, Hopmans EC, Rijpstra WIC, Mets A, Dedysh SN, Sinninghe Damsté JS. Abundant Trimethylornithine Lipids and Specific Gene Sequences Are Indicative of Planctomycete Importance at the Oxic/Anoxic Interface in Sphagnum-Dominated Northern Wetlands. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6333-44. [PMID: 26150465 PMCID: PMC4542221 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00324-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern wetlands make up a substantial terrestrial carbon sink and are often dominated by decay-resistant Sphagnum mosses. Recent studies have shown that planctomycetes appear to be involved in degradation of Sphagnum-derived debris. Novel trimethylornithine (TMO) lipids have recently been characterized as abundant lipids in various Sphagnum wetland planctomycete isolates, but their occurrence in the environment has not yet been confirmed. We applied a combined intact polar lipid (IPL) and molecular analysis of peat cores collected from two northern wetlands (Saxnäs Mosse [Sweden] and Obukhovskoye [Russia]) in order to investigate the preferred niche and abundance of TMO-producing planctomycetes. TMOs were present throughout the profiles of Sphagnum bogs, but their concentration peaked at the oxic/anoxic interface, which coincided with a maximum abundance of planctomycete-specific 16S rRNA gene sequences. The sequences detected at the oxic/anoxic interface were affiliated with the Isosphaera group, while sequences present in the anoxic peat layers were related to an uncultured planctomycete group. Pyrosequencing-based analysis identified Planctomycetes as the major bacterial group at the oxic/anoxic interface at the Obukhovskoye peat (54% of total 16S rRNA gene sequence reads), followed by Acidobacteria (19% reads), while in the Saxnäs Mosse peat, Acidobacteria were dominant (46%), and Planctomycetes contributed to 6% of the total reads. The detection of abundant TMO lipids in planctomycetes isolated from peat bogs and the lack of TMO production by cultures of acidobacteria suggest that planctomycetes are the producers of TMOs in peat bogs. The higher accumulation of TMOs at the oxic/anoxic interface and the change in the planctomycete community with depth suggest that these IPLs could be synthesized as a response to changing redox conditions at the oxic/anoxic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli K Moore
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Villanueva
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen C Hopmans
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - W Irene C Rijpstra
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Anchelique Mets
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Svetlana N Dedysh
- S. N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jaap S Sinninghe Damsté
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Texel, The Netherlands Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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32
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Lara MJ, McGuire AD, Euskirchen ES, Tweedie CE, Hinkel KM, Skurikhin AN, Romanovsky VE, Grosse G, Bolton WR, Genet H. Polygonal tundra geomorphological change in response to warming alters future CO2 and CH4 flux on the Barrow Peninsula. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:1634-1651. [PMID: 25258295 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The landscape of the Barrow Peninsula in northern Alaska is thought to have formed over centuries to millennia, and is now dominated by ice-wedge polygonal tundra that spans drained thaw-lake basins and interstitial tundra. In nearby tundra regions, studies have identified a rapid increase in thermokarst formation (i.e., pits) over recent decades in response to climate warming, facilitating changes in polygonal tundra geomorphology. We assessed the future impact of 100 years of tundra geomorphic change on peak growing season carbon exchange in response to: (i) landscape succession associated with the thaw-lake cycle; and (ii) low, moderate, and extreme scenarios of thermokarst pit formation (10%, 30%, and 50%) reported for Alaskan arctic tundra sites. We developed a 30 × 30 m resolution tundra geomorphology map (overall accuracy:75%; Kappa:0.69) for our ~1800 km² study area composed of ten classes; drained slope, high center polygon, flat-center polygon, low center polygon, coalescent low center polygon, polygon trough, meadow, ponds, rivers, and lakes, to determine their spatial distribution across the Barrow Peninsula. Land-atmosphere CO2 and CH4 flux data were collected for the summers of 2006-2010 at eighty-two sites near Barrow, across the mapped classes. The developed geomorphic map was used for the regional assessment of carbon flux. Results indicate (i) at present during peak growing season on the Barrow Peninsula, CO2 uptake occurs at -902.3 10(6) gC-CO2 day(-1) (uncertainty using 95% CI is between -438.3 and -1366 10(6) gC-CO2 day(-1)) and CH4 flux at 28.9 10(6) gC-CH4 day(-1) (uncertainty using 95% CI is between 12.9 and 44.9 10(6) gC-CH4 day(-1)), (ii) one century of future landscape change associated with the thaw-lake cycle only slightly alter CO2 and CH4 exchange, while (iii) moderate increases in thermokarst pits would strengthen both CO2 uptake (-166.9 10(6) gC-CO2 day(-1)) and CH4 flux (2.8 10(6) gC-CH4 day(-1)) with geomorphic change from low to high center polygons, cumulatively resulting in an estimated negative feedback to warming during peak growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Lara
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
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33
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Gao Y, Couwenberg J. Carbon accumulation in a permafrost polygon peatland: steady long-term rates in spite of shifts between dry and wet conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:803-815. [PMID: 25230297 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ice-wedge polygon peatlands contain a substantial part of the carbon stored in permafrost soils. However, little is known about their long-term carbon accumulation rates (CAR) in relation to shifts in vegetation and climate. We collected four peat profiles from one single polygon in NE Yakutia and cut them into contiguous 0.5 cm slices. Pollen density interpolation between AMS (14)C dated levels provided the time span contained in each of the sample slices, which--in combination with the volumetric carbon content--allowed for the reconstruction of CAR over decadal and centennial timescales. Vegetation representing dry palaeo-ridges and wet depressions was reconstructed with detailed micro- and macrofossil analysis. We found repeated shifts between wet and dry conditions during the past millennium. Dry ridges with associated permafrost growth originated during phases of (relatively) warm summer temperature and collapsed during relatively cold phases, illustrating the important role of vegetation and peat as intermediaries between ambient air temperature and the permafrost. The average long-term CAR across the four profiles was 10.6 ± 5.5 g C m(-2) yr(-1). Time-weighted mean CAR did not differ significantly between wet depression and dry ridge/hummock phases (10.6 ± 5.2 g C m(-2) yr(-1) and 10.3 ± 5.7 g C m(-2) yr(-1), respectively). Although we observed increased CAR in relation to warm shifts, we also found changes in the opposite direction and the highest CAR actually occurred during the Little Ice Age. In fact, CAR rather seems to be governed by strong internal feedback mechanisms and has roughly remained stable on centennial time scales. The absence of significant differences in CAR between dry ridge and wet depression phases suggests that recent warming and associated expansion of shrubs will not affect long-term rates of carbon burial in ice-wedge polygon peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan, China; Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
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34
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Anthony KMW, Zimov SA, Grosse G, Jones MC, Anthony PM, Chapin FS, Finlay JC, Mack MC, Davydov S, Frenzel P, Frolking S. A shift of thermokarst lakes from carbon sources to sinks during the Holocene epoch. Nature 2014; 511:452-6. [PMID: 25043014 DOI: 10.1038/nature13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thermokarst lakes formed across vast regions of Siberia and Alaska during the last deglaciation and are thought to be a net source of atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide during the Holocene epoch. However, the same thermokarst lakes can also sequester carbon, and it remains uncertain whether carbon uptake by thermokarst lakes can offset their greenhouse gas emissions. Here we use field observations of Siberian permafrost exposures, radiocarbon dating and spatial analyses to quantify Holocene carbon stocks and fluxes in lake sediments overlying thawed Pleistocene-aged permafrost. We find that carbon accumulation in deep thermokarst-lake sediments since the last deglaciation is about 1.6 times larger than the mass of Pleistocene-aged permafrost carbon released as greenhouse gases when the lakes first formed. Although methane and carbon dioxide emissions following thaw lead to immediate radiative warming, carbon uptake in peat-rich sediments occurs over millennial timescales. We assess thermokarst-lake carbon feedbacks to climate with an atmospheric perturbation model and find that thermokarst basins switched from a net radiative warming to a net cooling climate effect about 5,000 years ago. High rates of Holocene carbon accumulation in 20 lake sediments (47 ± 10 grams of carbon per square metre per year; mean ± standard error) were driven by thermokarst erosion and deposition of terrestrial organic matter, by nutrient release from thawing permafrost that stimulated lake productivity and by slow decomposition in cold, anoxic lake bottoms. When lakes eventually drained, permafrost formation rapidly sequestered sediment carbon. Our estimate of about 160 petagrams of Holocene organic carbon in deep lake basins of Siberia and Alaska increases the circumpolar peat carbon pool estimate for permafrost regions by over 50 per cent (ref. 6). The carbon in perennially frozen drained lake sediments may become vulnerable to mineralization as permafrost disappears, potentially negating the climate stabilization provided by thermokarst lakes during the late Holocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Walter Anthony
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5860, USA
| | - S A Zimov
- Northeast Scientific Station, Pacific Institute for Geography, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Cherskii 678830, Russia
| | - G Grosse
- 1] Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7320, USA [2] Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam 14473, Germany
| | - M C Jones
- 1] Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5860, USA [2] US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, USA
| | - P M Anthony
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5860, USA
| | - F S Chapin
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7000, USA
| | - J C Finlay
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - M C Mack
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - S Davydov
- Northeast Scientific Station, Pacific Institute for Geography, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Cherskii 678830, Russia
| | - P Frenzel
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - S Frolking
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3525, USA
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Packalen MS, Finkelstein SA, McLaughlin JW. Carbon storage and potential methane production in the Hudson Bay Lowlands since mid-Holocene peat initiation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4078. [PMID: 24916043 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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McLauchlan KK, Higuera PE, Gavin DG, Perakis SS, Mack MC, Alexander H, Battles J, Biondi F, Buma B, Colombaroli D, Enders SK, Engstrom DR, Hu FS, Marlon JR, Marshall J, McGlone M, Morris JL, Nave LE, Shuman B, Smithwick EAH, Urrego DH, Wardle DA, Williams CJ, Williams JJ. Reconstructing Disturbances and Their Biogeochemical Consequences over Multiple Timescales. Bioscience 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/bit017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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37
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Tsitko I, Lusa M, Lehto J, Parviainen L, Ikonen ATK, Lahdenperä AM, Bomberg M. The Variation of Microbial Communities in a Depth Profile of an Acidic, Nutrient-Poor Boreal Bog in Southwestern Finland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/oje.2014.413071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Serkebaeva YM, Kim Y, Liesack W, Dedysh SN. Pyrosequencing-based assessment of the bacteria diversity in surface and subsurface peat layers of a northern wetland, with focus on poorly studied phyla and candidate divisions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63994. [PMID: 23700443 PMCID: PMC3660313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern peatlands play a key role in the global carbon and water budget, but the bacterial diversity in these ecosystems remains poorly described. Here, we compared the bacterial community composition in the surface (0-5 cm depth) and subsurface (45-50 cm) peat layers of an acidic (pH 4.0) Sphagnum-dominated wetland, using pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes. The denoised sequences (37,229 reads, average length ∼430 bp) were affiliated with 27 bacterial phyla and corresponded to 1,269 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) determined at 97% sequence identity. Abundant OTUs were affiliated with the Acidobacteria (35.5±2.4% and 39.2±1.2% of all classified sequences in surface and subsurface peat, respectively), Alphaproteobacteria (15.9±1.7% and 25.8±1.4%), Actinobacteria (9.5±2.0% and 10.7±0.5%), Verrucomicrobia (8.5±1.4% and 0.6±0.2%), Planctomycetes (5.8±0.4% and 9.7±0.6%), Deltaproteobacteria (7.1±0.4% and 4.4%±0.3%), and Gammaproteobacteria (6.6±0.4% and 2.1±0.1%). The taxonomic patterns of the abundant OTUs were uniform across all the subsamples taken from each peat layer. In contrast, the taxonomic patterns of rare OTUs were different from those of the abundant OTUs and varied greatly among subsamples, in both surface and subsurface peat. In addition to the bacterial taxa listed above, rare OTUs represented the following groups: Armatimonadetes, Bacteroidetes, Chlamydia, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Elusimicrobia, Fibrobacteres, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Spirochaetes, AD3, WS1, WS4, WS5, WYO, OD1, OP3, BRC1, TM6, TM7, WPS-2, and FCPU426. OTU richness was notably higher in the surface layer (882 OTUs) than in the anoxic subsurface peat (483 OTUs), with only 96 OTUs common to both data sets. Most members of poorly studied phyla, such as the Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes and the candidate division TM6, showed a clear preference for growth in either oxic or anoxic conditions. Apparently, the bacterial communities in surface and subsurface layers of northern peatlands are highly diverse and taxonomically distinct, reflecting the different abiotic conditions in microhabitats within the peat profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia M. Serkebaeva
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yongkyu Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Werner Liesack
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Svetlana N. Dedysh
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Hornibrook ERC. The Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of Methane Produced and Emitted from Northern Peatlands. CARBON CYCLING IN NORTHERN PEATLANDS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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40
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Upscaling of Peatland-Atmosphere Fluxes of Methane: Small-Scale Heterogeneity in Process Rates and the Pitfalls of “Bucket-and-Slab” Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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41
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Belyea LR. Nonlinear Dynamics of Peatlands and Potential Feedbacks on the Climate System. CARBON CYCLING IN NORTHERN PEATLANDS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Frolking S, Roulet N, Lawrence D. Issues Related to Incorporating Northern Peatlands into Global Climate Models. CARBON CYCLING IN NORTHERN PEATLANDS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Temperature-induced increase in methane release from peat bogs: a mesocosm experiment. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39614. [PMID: 22768100 PMCID: PMC3387254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peat bogs are primarily situated at mid to high latitudes and future climatic change projections indicate that these areas may become increasingly wetter and warmer. Methane emissions from peat bogs are reduced by symbiotic methane oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs). Higher temperatures and increasing water levels will enhance methane production, but also methane oxidation. To unravel the temperature effect on methane and carbon cycling, a set of mesocosm experiments were executed, where intact peat cores containing actively growing Sphagnum were incubated at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C. After two months of incubation, methane flux measurements indicated that, at increasing temperatures, methanotrophs are not able to fully compensate for the increasing methane production by methanogens. Net methane fluxes showed a strong temperature-dependence, with higher methane fluxes at higher temperatures. After removal of Sphagnum, methane fluxes were higher, increasing with increasing temperature. This indicates that the methanotrophs associated with Sphagnum plants play an important role in limiting the net methane flux from peat. Methanotrophs appear to consume almost all methane transported through diffusion between 5 and 15°C. Still, even though methane consumption increased with increasing temperature, the higher fluxes from the methane producing microbes could not be balanced by methanotrophic activity. The efficiency of the Sphagnum-methanotroph consortium as a filter for methane escape thus decreases with increasing temperature. Whereas 98% of the produced methane is retained at 5°C, this drops to approximately 50% at 25°C. This implies that warming at the mid to high latitudes may be enhanced through increased methane release from peat bogs.
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The Effects of Permafrost Thaw on Soil Hydrologic, Thermal, and Carbon Dynamics in an Alaskan Peatland. Ecosystems 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-011-9504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Harris A, Dash J. A new approach for estimating northern peatland gross primary productivity using a satellite-sensor-derived chlorophyll index. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dedysh SN. Cultivating uncultured bacteria from northern wetlands: knowledge gained and remaining gaps. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:184. [PMID: 21954394 PMCID: PMC3174395 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Northern wetlands play a key role in the global carbon budget, particularly in the budgets of the greenhouse gas methane. These ecosystems also determine the hydrology of northern rivers and represent one of the largest reservoirs of fresh water in the Northern Hemisphere. Sphagnum-dominated peat bogs and fens are the most extensive types of northern wetlands. In comparison to many other terrestrial ecosystems, the bacterial diversity in Sphagnum-dominated wetlands remains largely unexplored. As demonstrated by cultivation-independent studies, a large proportion of the indigenous microbial communities in these acidic, cold, nutrient-poor, and water-saturated environments is composed of as-yet-uncultivated bacteria with unknown physiologies. Most of them are slow-growing, oligotrophic microorganisms that are difficult to isolate and to manipulate in the laboratory. Yet, significant breakthroughs in cultivation of these elusive organisms have been made during the last decade. This article describes the major prerequisites for successful cultivation of peat-inhabiting microbes, gives an overview of the currently captured bacterial diversity from northern wetlands and discusses the unique characteristics of the newly discovered organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N. Dedysh
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
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Sannel ABK, Kuhry P. Warming-induced destabilization of peat plateau/thermokarst lake complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schirrmeister L, Grosse G, Wetterich S, Overduin PP, Strauss J, Schuur EAG, Hubberten HW. Fossil organic matter characteristics in permafrost deposits of the northeast Siberian Arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Grosse G, Harden J, Turetsky M, McGuire AD, Camill P, Tarnocai C, Frolking S, Schuur EAG, Jorgenson T, Marchenko S, Romanovsky V, Wickland KP, French N, Waldrop M, Bourgeau-Chavez L, Striegl RG. Vulnerability of high-latitude soil organic carbon in North America to disturbance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Northern peatland initiation lagged abrupt increases in deglacial atmospheric CH4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:4748-53. [PMID: 21368146 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1013270108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peatlands are a key component of the global carbon cycle. Chronologies of peatland initiation are typically based on compiled basal peat radiocarbon (14C) dates and frequency histograms of binned calibrated age ranges. However, such compilations are problematic because poor quality 14C dates are commonly included and because frequency histograms of binned age ranges introduce chronological artefacts that bias the record of peatland initiation. Using a published compilation of 274 basal 14C dates from Alaska as a case study, we show that nearly half the 14C dates are inappropriate for reconstructing peatland initiation, and that the temporal structure of peatland initiation is sensitive to sampling biases and treatment of calibrated 14C dates. We present revised chronologies of peatland initiation for Alaska and the circumpolar Arctic based on summed probability distributions of calibrated 14C dates. These revised chronologies reveal that northern peatland initiation lagged abrupt increases in atmospheric CH4 concentration at the start of the Bølling-Allerød interstadial (Termination 1A) and the end of the Younger Dryas chronozone (Termination 1B), suggesting that northern peatlands were not the primary drivers of the rapid increases in atmospheric CH4. Our results demonstrate that subtle methodological changes in the synthesis of basal 14C ages lead to substantially different interpretations of temporal trends in peatland initiation, with direct implications for the role of peatlands in the global carbon cycle.
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