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Stare D, Grošelj P, Pezdevšek Malovrh Š. Decision Support Framework for Evaluating The Barriers To Salvage Logging: A Case Study on Private Forest Management in Slovenia. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 71:718-729. [PMID: 36056936 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01712-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural disturbances have increased the extent of forest damage in recent decades and influenced the share of salvage logging and forest management practices in many European countries. These challenges have a significant impact on private forest owners, as 56% of all forestland in Europe is privately owned. The current study researched barriers to salvage logging in private forests in a three-phase framework. First, barriers were identified by conducting a literature review, and they were critically reviewed by experts. In the second phase, stakeholders were selected, and in the third phase, they evaluated barriers using the multicriteria decision-making, best-worst method. The developed framework was applied in the case of Slovenian private forest management. According to the stakeholders, the most important group of barriers consists of organizational and logistical factors, while the most important individual barrier is the organization of logging and skidding. It is expected that this framework can contribute to finding appropriate solutions that meet stakeholders' expectations and that are very helpful and important in removing barriers to the efficiency of salvage logging in private forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Stare
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Petra Grošelj
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Pezdevšek Malovrh
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 83, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Křenová Z, Janík T, Romportl D. One park, two owners—Inconsistencies in forest stewardship. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Křenová
- Department of Biodiversity Research Global Change Research Institute CAS Brno Czech Republic
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science Charles University Praha Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Janík
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science Charles University Praha Czech Republic
- Department of Spatial Ecology The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Public Research Institution, v.v.i. Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Romportl
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science Charles University Praha Czech Republic
- Department of Spatial Ecology The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Public Research Institution, v.v.i. Průhonice Czech Republic
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Korznikov K, Kislov D, Doležal J, Petrenko T, Altman J. Tropical cyclones moving into boreal forests: Relationships between disturbance areas and environmental drivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:156931. [PMID: 35772527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tropical cyclones (TCs) are common disturbance agents in tropical and subtropical latitudes. With global warming, TCs began to move to northern latitudes, with devastating effects on boreal forests. However, it remains unclear where and when these extraordinary events occur and how they affect forest structure and ecosystem functioning. Hence knowing which geomorphological features, landforms, and forest types are most susceptible to severe wind disturbance is vital to better predict the future impacts of intensifying tropical cyclones on boreal forests. In October 2015, catastrophic TC Dujuan hit the island of Sakhalin in the Russian Far East. With a wind speed of 63 m·s-1, it became the strongest wind recorded in Sakhalin, damaging >42,000 ha of native forests with different levels of severity. We used high-resolution RGB satellite images, DEM-derived geomorphological patterns, and the U-Net-like convolutional neural network to quantify the damaged area in specific landform, forest type, and windthrow patch size categories. We found that large gaps (>1 ha) represent >40 % of the damaged area while small gaps (<0.1 ha) only 20 %. The recorded canopy gaps are very large for the southern boreal forest. We found that the aspect (slope exposure) is the most important in explaining the damaged area, followed by canopy closure and landform type. Closed-canopy coniferous forests on steep, west-facing slopes (typical of convex reliefs such as ridges, spurs, and peaks) are at a much higher risk of being disturbed by TCs than open-canopy mountain birch forests or coniferous forests and broadleaved riparian forests in concave reliefs such as valley bottoms. We suggest that the projected ongoing poleward migration of TCs will lead to an unprecedentedly large area of disturbed forest, which results in complex changes in forest dynamics and ecosystem functioning. Our findings are crucial for the development of mitigation and adaptation strategies under future changes in TC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Korznikov
- Institute of Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379 01, Czech Republic; Botanical Garden-Institute, the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690024, Russia.
| | - Dmitry Kislov
- Botanical Garden-Institute, the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690024, Russia
| | - Jiří Doležal
- Institute of Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379 01, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Tatyana Petrenko
- Botanical Garden-Institute, the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690024, Russia
| | - Jan Altman
- Institute of Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379 01, Czech Republic; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6 -, Suchdol 165 21, Czech Republic
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Impact of Ice-Storms and Subsequent Salvage Logging on the Productivity of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Chinese Fir) Forests. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of ice-storms on forests have received growing attention in recent years. Although there is a wide agreement that ice-storms significantly affect forest structure and functions, how frequent ice-storms and subsequent salvage logging impact productivity of subtropical coniferous forests in the future still remains poorly understood. In this study, we used the Ecosystem Demography model, Version 2.2 (ED-2.2), to project the impact of salvage logging of ice-storm-damaged trees on the productivity of Cunninghamia lanceolata-dominated coniferous forest and C. lanceolata-dominated mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests. The results show that forest productivity recovery is delayed in coniferous forests when there is no shade-tolerant broadleaved species invasion after ice-storms, and C. lanceolata could continue to dominate the canopy in the mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests under high-frequency ice-storms and subsequent salvage logging. The resistance and resilience of the mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests to high-frequency ice-storms and subsequent salvage logging were stronger compared to coniferous forests. Although conifers could continue to dominate the canopy under shade-tolerant broadleaved species invasion, we could not rule out the possibility of a future forest community dominated by shade-tolerant broadleaf trees because there were few coniferous saplings and shade-tolerant broadleaf species dominated the understory. Our results highlight that post-disaster forest management should be continued after high-frequency ice-storms and subsequent salvage logging in C. lanceolata forests to prevent possible shade-tolerant, late successional broadleaf trees from dominating the canopy in the future.
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Çagatay Tavsanoglu
- Division of Ecology, Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Juli G Pausas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIDE-CSIC), 46113 Valencia, Spain
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Kelly J, Ibáñez TS, Santín C, Doerr SH, Nilsson MC, Holst T, Lindroth A, Kljun N. Boreal forest soil carbon fluxes one year after a wildfire: Effects of burn severity and management. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4181-4195. [PMID: 34028945 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The extreme 2018 hot drought that affected central and northern Europe led to the worst wildfire season in Sweden in over a century. The Ljusdal fire complex, the largest area burnt that year (8995 ha), offered a rare opportunity to quantify the combined impacts of wildfire and post-fire management on Scandinavian boreal forests. We present chamber measurements of soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes, soil microclimate and nutrient content from five Pinus sylvestris sites for the first growing season after the fire. We analysed the effects of three factors on forest soils: burn severity, salvage-logging and stand age. None of these caused significant differences in soil CH4 uptake. Soil respiration, however, declined significantly after a high-severity fire (complete tree mortality) but not after a low-severity fire (no tree mortality), despite substantial losses of the organic layer. Tree root respiration is thus key in determining post-fire soil CO2 emissions and may benefit, along with heterotrophic respiration, from the nutrient pulse after a low-severity fire. Salvage-logging after a high-severity fire had no significant effects on soil carbon fluxes, microclimate or nutrient content compared with leaving the dead trees standing, although differences are expected to emerge in the long term. In contrast, the impact of stand age was substantial: a young burnt stand experienced more extreme microclimate, lower soil nutrient supply and significantly lower soil respiration than a mature burnt stand, due to a thinner organic layer and the decade-long effects of a previous clear-cut and soil scarification. Disturbance history and burn severity are, therefore, important factors for predicting changes in the boreal forest carbon sink after wildfires. The presented short-term effects and ongoing monitoring will provide essential information for sustainable management strategies in response to the increasing risk of wildfire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kelly
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Theresa S Ibáñez
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cristina Santín
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
- Research Unit of Biodiversity, Spanish National Research Council, Mieres, Spain
| | - Stefan H Doerr
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Holst
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindroth
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Natascha Kljun
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Temporal changes in bird communities of wind-affected coniferous mountain forest in differently disturbed stands (High Tatra Mts., Slovakia). Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Forests in Germany cover around 11.4 million hectares and, thus, a share of 32% of Germany’s surface area. Therefore, forests shape the character of the country’s cultural landscape. Germany’s forests fulfil a variety of functions for nature and society, and also play an important role in the context of climate levelling. Climate change, manifested via rising temperatures and current weather extremes, has a negative impact on the health and development of forests. Within the last five years, severe storms, extreme drought, and heat waves, and the subsequent mass reproduction of bark beetles have all seriously affected Germany’s forests. Facing the current dramatic extent of forest damage and the emerging long-term consequences, the effort to preserve forests in Germany, along with their diversity and productivity, is an indispensable task for the government. Several German ministries have and plan to initiate measures supporting forest health. Quantitative data is one means for sound decision-making to ensure the monitoring of the forest and to improve the monitoring of forest damage. In addition to existing forest monitoring systems, such as the federal forest inventory, the national crown condition survey, and the national forest soil inventory, systematic surveys of forest condition and vulnerability at the national scale can be expanded with the help of a satellite-based earth observation. In this review, we analysed and categorized all research studies published in the last 20 years that focus on the remote sensing of forests in Germany. For this study, 166 citation indexed research publications have been thoroughly analysed with respect to publication frequency, location of studies undertaken, spatial and temporal scale, coverage of the studies, satellite sensors employed, thematic foci of the studies, and overall outcomes, allowing us to identify major research and geoinformation product gaps.
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Abstract
National monitoring of forestlands and the processes causing canopy cover loss, be they abrupt or gradual, partial or stand clearing, temporary (disturbance) or persisting (deforestation), are necessary at fine scales to inform management, science and policy. This study utilizes the Landsat archive and an ensemble of disturbance algorithms to produce maps attributing event type and timing to >258 million ha of contiguous Unites States forested ecosystems (1986–2010). Nationally, 75.95 million forest ha (759,531 km2) experienced change, with 80.6% attributed to removals, 12.4% to wildfire, 4.7% to stress and 2.2% to conversion. Between regions, the relative amounts and rates of removals, wildfire, stress and conversion varied substantially. The removal class had 82.3% (0.01 S.E.) user’s and 72.2% (0.02 S.E.) producer’s accuracy. A survey of available national attribution datasets, from the data user’s perspective, of scale, relevant processes and ecological depth suggests knowledge gaps remain.
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Abstract
In Europe only some small isolated patches of forests with a high degree of naturalness still exist. These are forests, whose structure, composition and function has been shaped by natural dynamics without substantial anthropogenic influence over the long period. In this respect, Białowieża Forest is a unique location in Europe, with continuous forest cover for close to 12,000 years. The palynological, archaeological and historical data document only a weak anthropogenic fingerprint compared to other European lowland forests in Holocene history. Due to long-lasting protection, a large portion of the forest is still composed of stands originating from the pre-silvicultural period. Moreover, the stands of Białowieża Forest converted by silvicultural activities during the 20th century have the potential to recover owing to patches of stands with high naturalness, scattered throughout the forest. As conflict over management of the forest has recurred regularly for close to century, there is a need to summarize our knowledge on the forest history and natural assets, to help making scientifically informed decisions over its future. Expansion of a non-intervention approach to the Polish part of the forest is suggested to increase the stability of the entire ecosystem and enhance the chances for its successful adaptation to changing environmental conditions. This will increase the importance of Białowieża Forest as an open-door laboratory for biology, ecology, and forestry.
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Martineau C, Beguin J, Séguin A, Paré D. Cumulative Effects of Disturbances on Soil Nutrients: Predominance of Antagonistic Short-Term Responses to the Salvage Logging of Insect-Killed Stands. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Saab VA, Latif QS, Dresser MA, Dudley JG. Woodpecker nest survival, density, and a pine beetle outbreak. J Wildl Manage 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Saab
- U.S. Forest ServiceRocky Mountain Research Station Bozeman MT 59717 USA
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Słowiński M, Lamentowicz M, Łuców D, Barabach J, Brykała D, Tyszkowski S, Pieńczewska A, Śnieszko Z, Dietze E, Jażdżewski K, Obremska M, Ott F, Brauer A, Marcisz K. Paleoecological and historical data as an important tool in ecosystem management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 236:755-768. [PMID: 30776550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, it has been observed that most forest fires in Europe were caused by people. Extreme droughts, which are more often prolonged, can increase the risk of forest fires, not only in southern Europe but also, in Central Europe. Nonetheless, catastrophic fire events are not well recognized in the Central European Lowlands (CEL), where large forest complexes are located. Knowledge of past fire activity in this part of Europe is scarce, although several fires have occurred in this area during the previous millennia. Large coniferous forest monocultures located in the CEL are highly susceptible to fires and other disturbances. Here, we present a case study from the Tuchola Pinewoods (TP; northern Poland), where large pine monocultures are present. The main aim of this study is to document the potential effects past land management has on modern day disturbance regimes using state-of-the-art paleoecological data, historical documents and cartographic materials. We then present a protocol that will help forest managers utilize long-term paleoecological records. Based on paleoecological investigations, historical documents, and cartographic materials, our results show that, in the past 300 years, the TP witnessed not only disastrous fires and but also windfalls by tornados and insect outbreaks. A change in management from Polish to Prussian/German in the 18th century led to the transformation of mixed forests into Scots pine monocultures with the purpose to allow better economic use of the forest. Those administrative decisions led to an ecosystem highly susceptible to disturbances. This article provides a critical review of past forest management as well as future research directions related to the impacts of fire risk on land management and ecosystem services: (a) habitat composition and structure (biodiversity); (b) natural water management; and (c) mitigation of climate changes. Designated forest conditions, management, and future fire risk are a controversial and highly debated topic of forest management by Forestry Units. More research will allow the gathering of reliable information pertinent to management practices with regard to the current fire risks. It is necessary to develop a dialog between scientists and managers to reduce the risk of fires in projected climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Słowiński
- Department of Environmental Resources and Geohazards, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Lamentowicz
- Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring & Department of Biogeography and Paleoecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Bogumiła Krygowskiego 10, 61-680, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dominika Łuców
- Department of Environmental Resources and Geohazards, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring & Department of Biogeography and Paleoecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Bogumiła Krygowskiego 10, 61-680, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Barabach
- Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring & Department of Biogeography and Paleoecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Bogumiła Krygowskiego 10, 61-680, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dariusz Brykała
- Department of Environmental Resources and Geohazards, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Tyszkowski
- Department of Environmental Resources and Geohazards, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Pieńczewska
- Institute of Geography, Kazimierz Wielki University, Pl. Kościeleckich 8, 85-033, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Śnieszko
- Institute of Geography, Kazimierz Wielki University, Pl. Kościeleckich 8, 85-033, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Elisabeth Dietze
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, D-14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Milena Obremska
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Florian Ott
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.2 - Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Telegrafenberg C, D-14473, Potsdam, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Achim Brauer
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.2 - Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Telegrafenberg C, D-14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Marcisz
- Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring & Department of Biogeography and Paleoecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Bogumiła Krygowskiego 10, 61-680, Poznań, Poland
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Rhoades CC. Soil Nitrogen Leaching in Logged Beetle-Killed Forests and Implications for Riparian Fuel Reduction. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2019; 48:305-313. [PMID: 30951119 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.04.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent extensive forest mortality and subsequent salvage logging may threaten the water supply from headwater catchments in western North America. Land managers confronting current insect outbreaks and projected increases in forest disturbance require information about the potential water quality consequences of these changes. This study is a hillslope-scale evaluation of soil N and C leaching in lodgepole pine forests that have experienced 80% overstory tree mortality. I measured extractable inorganic and ion resin exchangeable-N forms, in situ net mineralization and nitrification, and leaching in upland and riparian forests with the following treatment combinations: (i) uncut upland with uncut riparian, (ii) harvested upland with uncut riparian buffer, and (iii) harvested upland with harvested riparian. This design permitted comparison of N cycling and leaching in 30-m-wide riparian buffers and a riparian fuel break designed to remove canopy fuels and reduce wildfire concerns in areas with extensive bark beetle infestation. Harvesting increased NO-N, total dissolved N, and dissolved organic C leachate concentrations in upland landscapes but had little effect on net N transformations. Leachate N and C concentrations were 1.5 times higher in riparian buffers downslope of harvested uplands than those in riparian zones downslope of uncut uplands. Riparian forest harvest increased N leaching relative to uncut buffers, although postharvest concentrations remained well below regional water quality standards. Thus, while this study provides evidence that N leaching from dead buffers is low, it also suggests that riparian fuel reduction may complement wildfire mitigation objectives without compromising watershed protection.
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Perry KI, Herms DA. Dynamic Responses of Ground-Dwelling Invertebrate Communities to Disturbance in Forest Ecosystems. INSECTS 2019; 10:E61. [PMID: 30813524 PMCID: PMC6468525 DOI: 10.3390/insects10030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In forest ecosystems, natural and anthropogenic disturbances alter canopy structure, understory vegetation, amount of woody debris, and the properties of litter and soil layers. The magnitude of these environmental changes is context-dependent and determined by the properties of the disturbance, such as the frequency, intensity, duration, and extent. Therefore, disturbances can dynamically impact forest communities over time, including populations of ground-dwelling invertebrates that regulate key ecosystem processes. We propose conceptual models that describe the dynamic temporal effects of canopy gap formation and coarse woody debris accumulation following disturbances caused by invasive insects, wind, and salvage logging, and their impacts on ground-dwelling invertebrate communities. Within this framework, predictions are generated, literature on ground-dwelling invertebrate communities is synthesized, and pertinent knowledge gaps identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla I Perry
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Daniel A Herms
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
- The Davey Tree Expert Company, 1500 Mantua Street, Kent, OH 44240, USA.
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Thorn S, Leverkus AB, Thorn CJ, Beudert B. Education and knowledge determine preference for bark beetle control measures in El Salvador. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 232:138-144. [PMID: 30471547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extensive outbreaks of bark beetles have affected not only large parts of coniferous forests in the Northern Hemisphere, but also - largely absent from global attention - native pine forests of Central America. As such outbreaks frequently spark management debates among residents, land managers, forest owners and the public, the social acceptance of bark beetle control measures has become crucial for modern land management. However, the sociological and psychological determinants of the preference for specific bark beetle control measures outside protected areas remain unclear. To determine the acceptability of bark beetle control measures in El Salvador, we assessed how demographic variables, attitude towards the bark beetle, education, and self-reported knowledge affected the preference for different bark beetle control measures in a survey of government employees and local forest owners using a quantitative questionnaire survey. Cumulative link mixed models revealed that the general preference for control measures increased with increasing self-reported knowledge about the bark beetle but decreased with increasing level of respondent education and an increasing positive attitude towards the bark beetle. Respondents generally preferred beetle control measures on small areas than on large areas. Preferences for control measures did not differ between government employees and forest owners, with controlled burning and chemical control significantly less accepted than stand thinning or salvage logging. We discuss the most preferred control measures considering recent scientific evidence of their efficacy and conclude that the current bark beetle outbreak should be controlled through logging of pines weakened by fire in the short-term and by stand thinning in the medium-term to prevent further outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany.
| | - Alexandro B Leverkus
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Christine J Thorn
- Umwelt Bildungs Zentrum (UBiZ) Oberschleichach, Pfarrer-Baumann-Str. 17, 97514, Oberaurach, Germany.
| | - Burkhard Beudert
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Department of Nature Conservation and Research, Freyungerstraße 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany.
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Woody Species Composition, Diversity, and Recovery Six Years after Wind Disturbance and Salvage Logging of a Southern Appalachian Forest. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salvage logging after wind disturbance of a mixed conifer-hardwood forest results in sapling compositional changes but no changes to species diversity six years post-disturbance. Several conceptual frameworks allow for predictions of the effects of forest disturbances on composition, but fewer yield predictions of species diversity. Following compound disturbance, tree species diversity and composition is predicted to shift to early successional species. Because of the greater cumulative severity, diversity should be lower in areas experiencing windthrow + salvage logging than in similar sites experiencing windthrow alone. We examined the effects of wind disturbance and salvage logging on diversity parameters over six years. We hypothesized that the effects of salvage logging on diversity would be short-lived, but that species composition would be altered six years post-disturbance. Sampling plots were established in a mixed-hardwood forest in north Georgia, USA, after a 2011 EF3 tornado and surveyed in 2012 and 2017. Nineteen 20 × 20 m plots were surveyed (10 unsalvaged, 9 salvaged) for parameters including Shannon diversity, species richness, and composition. Ordinations were used to visualize tree and sapling species composition in salvage logged plots. We found that there was no significant difference in Shannon diversity between salvaged and unsalvaged plots before disturbance, <1 post-disturbance, or 6 years post-disturbance. The disturbances altered the tree and sapling species compositions, with salvaged plots having more mid-successional saplings but few true pioneer species. There appears to be an emerging pattern in the wind disturbance + salvaging literature which our study supports– salvaging does not affect tree species diversity but shifts species composition over time.
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Evaluation of Salvage Logging Productivity and Costs in Windthrown Norway Spruce-Dominated Forests. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9050280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Müller J, Noss RF, Thorn S, Bässler C, Leverkus AB, Lindenmayer D. Increasing disturbance demands new policies to conserve intact forest. Conserv Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach; Biocenter University of Würzburg; Glashüttenstraße 5 96181 Rauhenebrach Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Freyunger Str. 2 94481 Grafenau Germany
| | - Reed F. Noss
- Florida Institute for Conservation Science; 2205 Sultan Circle Chuluota FL 32766 USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment; Duke University; Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach; Biocenter University of Würzburg; Glashüttenstraße 5 96181 Rauhenebrach Germany
| | - Claus Bässler
- Bavarian Forest National Park; Freyunger Str. 2 94481 Grafenau Germany
| | - Alexandro B. Leverkus
- Ecology Unit, Department of Life Sciences; University of Alcalá. Campus Universitario; 28805 Alcalá de Henares Spain
| | - David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; the Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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21
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Overlapping Bark Beetle Outbreaks, Salvage Logging and Wildfire Restructure a Lodgepole Pine Ecosystem. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Using Intra-Annual Landsat Time Series for Attributing Forest Disturbance Agents in Central Europe. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8070251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Thorn S, Bässler C, Brandl R, Burton PJ, Cahall R, Campbell JL, Castro J, Choi CY, Cobb T, Donato DC, Durska E, Fontaine JB, Gauthier S, Hebert C, Hothorn T, Hutto RL, Lee EJ, Leverkus AB, Lindenmayer DB, Obrist MK, Rost J, Seibold S, Seidl R, Thom D, Waldron K, Wermelinger B, Winter MB, Zmihorski M, Müller J. Impacts of salvage logging on biodiversity: a meta-analysis. J Appl Ecol 2017; 55:279-289. [PMID: 29276308 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Logging to "salvage" economic returns from forests affected by natural disturbances has become increasingly prevalent globally. Despite potential negative effects on biodiversity, salvage logging is often conducted, even in areas otherwise excluded from logging and reserved for nature conservation, inter alia because strategic priorities for post-disturbance management are widely lacking.A review of the existing literature revealed that most studies investigating the effects of salvage logging on biodiversity have been conducted less than 5 years following natural disturbances, and focused on non-saproxylic organisms.A meta-analysis across 24 species groups revealed that salvage logging significantly decreases numbers of species of eight taxonomic groups. Richness of dead wood dependent taxa (i.e. saproxylic organisms) decreased more strongly than richness of non-saproxylic taxa. In contrast, taxonomic groups typically associated with open habitats increased in the number of species after salvage logging.By analysing 134 original species abundance matrices, we demonstrate that salvage logging significantly alters community composition in 7 of 17 species groups, particularly affecting saproxylic assemblages.Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that salvage logging is not consistent with the management objectives of protected areas. Substantial changes, such as the retention of dead wood in naturally disturbed forests, are needed to support biodiversity. Future research should investigate the amount and spatio-temporal distribution of retained dead wood needed to maintain all components of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | | | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Ecology, Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Philip J Burton
- University of Northern British Columbia, Terrace, BC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Cahall
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - John L Campbell
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jorge Castro
- Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Chang-Yong Choi
- Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tyler Cobb
- Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel C Donato
- School of Environmental & Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ewa Durska
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joseph B Fontaine
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Sylvie Gauthier
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Hebert
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Torsten Hothorn
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard L Hutto
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Eun-Jae Lee
- Urban Planning Research Group, Daejeon Sejong Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Alexandro B Leverkus
- Ecology Unit, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Martin K Obrist
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Josep Rost
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Food Industries, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Catalonia, Vic., Spain.,Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany.,Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Terrestrial Ecology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Thom
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kaysandra Waldron
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Beat Wermelinger
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Forest Dynamics - Forest Entomology, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Michal Zmihorski
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany.,Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
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24
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García-Orenes F, Arcenegui V, Chrenková K, Mataix-Solera J, Moltó J, Jara-Navarro AB, Torres MP. Effects of salvage logging on soil properties and vegetation recovery in a fire-affected Mediterranean forest: A two year monitoring research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:1057-1065. [PMID: 28214114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-fire management can have an additional impact on the ecosystem; in some cases, even more severe than the fire. Salvage logging (SL) is a common practice in most fire-affected areas. The management of burnt wood can determine microclimatic conditions and seriously affect soil properties. In some cases, the way of doing it, using heavy machinery, and the vulnerability of soils to erosion and degradation can make this management potentially aggressive to soil. Research was done in "Sierra de Mariola Natural Park" (E Spain). A forest fire (>500ha) occurred in July 2012. In February 2013, SL treatment was applied in a part of the affected forest. Plots for monitoring this effect were installed in this area and in a similar nearby area where no treatment was done, used as control (C). Soil samplings were done immediately after treatment and every 6months during two years. Some soil properties were analysed, including organic matter (OM) content, nitrogen (N) available phosphorous (P) basal soil respiration (BSR), microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), bulk density (BD), water repellency (WR), aggregate stability (AS) and field capacity (FC). SL treatment caused an increase in BD, a decrease of AS, FC, OM and N. In the control area, in general the soil properties remained constant across the 2years of monitoring, and the microbial parameters (BSR and Cmic), initially affected by the fire, recovered faster in C than in the SL area. Plant recovery also showed some differences between treatments. No significant differences were observed in the number of plant species recorded (richness) comparing C versus SL plots, but the number of individuals of each species (evenness) was significantly higher in C plots. In conclusion, we can affirm that for the conditions of this study case, SL had a negative effect on the soil-plant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F García-Orenes
- GEA, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain
| | - V Arcenegui
- GEA, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain
| | - K Chrenková
- GEA, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain
| | - J Mataix-Solera
- GEA, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain.
| | - J Moltó
- GEA, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain
| | - A B Jara-Navarro
- GEA, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain
| | - M P Torres
- Department of Applied Biology, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain
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25
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Spatial variability in tree regeneration after wildfire delays and dampens future bark beetle outbreaks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13075-13080. [PMID: 27821739 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615263113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is altering the frequency and severity of forest disturbances such as wildfires and bark beetle outbreaks, thereby increasing the potential for sequential disturbances to interact. Interactions can amplify or dampen disturbances, yet the direction and magnitude of future disturbance interactions are difficult to anticipate because underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We tested how variability in postfire forest development affects future susceptibility to bark beetle outbreaks, focusing on mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) in forests regenerating from the large high-severity fires that affected Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming in 1988. We combined extensive field data on postfire tree regeneration with a well-tested simulation model to assess susceptibility to bark beetle outbreaks over 130 y of stand development. Despite originating from the same fire event, among-stand variation in forest structure was very high and remained considerable for over a century. Thus, simulated emergence of stands susceptible to bark beetles was not temporally synchronized but was protracted by several decades, compared with stand development from spatially homogeneous regeneration. Furthermore, because of fire-mediated variability in forest structure, the habitat connectivity required to support broad-scale outbreaks and amplifying cross-scale feedbacks did not develop until well into the second century after the initial burn. We conclude that variability in tree regeneration after disturbance can dampen and delay future disturbance by breaking spatiotemporal synchrony on the landscape. This highlights the importance of fostering landscape variability in the context of ecosystem management given changing disturbance regimes.
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Blair DP, McBurney LM, Blanchard W, Banks SC, Lindenmayer DB. Disturbance gradient shows logging affects plant functional groups more than fire. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:2280-2301. [PMID: 27755744 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impacts of natural and human disturbances on forest biota is critical for improving forest management. Many studies have examined the separate impacts on fauna and flora of wildfire, conventional logging, and salvage logging, but empirical comparisons across a broad gradient of simultaneous disturbances are lacking. We quantified species richness and frequency of occurrence of vascular plants, and functional group responses, across a gradient of disturbances that occurred concurrently in 2009 in the mountain ash forests of southeastern Australia. Our study encompassed replicated sites in undisturbed forest (~70 yr post fire), forest burned at low severity, forest burned at high severity, unburned forest that was clearcut logged, and forest burned at high severity that was clearcut salvage logged post-fire. All sites were sampled 2 and 3 yr post fire. Mean species richness decreased across the disturbance gradient from 30.1 species/site on low-severity burned sites and 28.9 species/site on high-severity burned sites, to 25.1 species/site on clearcut sites and 21.7 species/site on salvage logged sites. Low-severity burned sites were significantly more species-rich than clearcut sites and salvage logged sites; high-severity burned sites supported greater species richness than salvage logged sites. Specific traits influenced species' sensitivity to disturbance. Resprouting species dominated undisturbed mountain ash forests, but declined significantly across the gradient. Fern and midstory trees decreased significantly in frequency of occurrence across the gradient. Ferns (excluding bracken) decreased from 34% of plants in undisturbed forest to 3% on salvage logged sites. High-severity burned sites supported a greater frequency of occurrence and species richness of midstory trees compared to clearcut and salvage logged sites. Salvage logging supported fewer midstory trees than any other disturbance category, and were distinctly different from clearcut sites. Plant life form groups, including midstory trees, shrubs, and ferns, were dominated by very few species on logged sites. The differences in biotic response across the gradient of natural and human disturbances have significant management implications, particularly the need to reduce mechanical disturbance overall and to leave specific areas with no mechanical disturbance across the cut area during logging operations, to ensure the persistence of resprouting taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Blair
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Lachlan M McBurney
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Wade Blanchard
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Sam C Banks
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia.
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27
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Royo AA, Peterson CJ, Stanovick JS, Carson WP. Evaluating the ecological impacts of salvage logging: can natural and anthropogenic disturbances promote coexistence? Ecology 2016; 97:1566-82. [DOI: 10.1890/15-1093.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A. Royo
- Northern Research Station; USDA Forest Service; PO Box 267 Irvine PA 16329-0267 USA
| | - Chris J. Peterson
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - John S. Stanovick
- Northern Research Station; USDA Forest Service; Newtown Square PA 19073 USA
| | - Walter P. Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
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28
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Zhang Q, Hong Y, Zou F, Zhang M, Lee TM, Song X, Rao J. Avian responses to an extreme ice storm are determined by a combination of functional traits, behavioural adaptations and habitat modifications. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22344. [PMID: 26929387 PMCID: PMC4772112 DOI: 10.1038/srep22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which species’ traits, behavior and habitat synergistically determine their response to extreme weather events (EWE) remains poorly understood. By quantifying bird and vegetation assemblages before and after the 2008 ice storm in China, combined with interspecific interactions and foraging behaviours, we disentangled whether storm influences avian reassembly directly via functional traits (i.e. behavioral adaptations), or indirectly via habitat variations. We found that overall species richness decreased, with 20 species detected exclusively before the storm, and eight species detected exclusively after. These shifts in bird relative abundance were linked to habitat preferences, dietary guild and flocking behaviours. For instance, forest specialists at higher trophic levels (e.g. understory-insectivores, woodpeckers and kingfishers) were especially vulnerable, whereas open-habitat generalists (e.g. bulbuls) were set to benefit from potential habitat homogenization. Alongside population fluctuations, we found that community reassembly can be rapidly adjusted via foraging plasticity (i.e. increased flocking propensity and reduced perching height). And changes in preferred habitat corresponded to a variation in bird assemblages and traits, as represented by intact canopy cover and high density of large trees. Accurate predictions of community responses to EWE are crucial to understanding ecosystem disturbances, thus linking species-oriented traits to a coherent analytical framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yongmi Hong
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Fasheng Zou
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- Woodrow Wilson School of International and Public Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA
| | - Xiangjin Song
- Guangdong Chebaling National Reserve, Shixing 512500, China
| | - Jiteng Rao
- Guangdong Chebaling National Reserve, Shixing 512500, China
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Hutto RL, Keane RE, Sherriff RL, Rota CT, Eby LA, Saab VA. Toward a more ecologically informed view of severe forest fires. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Hutto
- Division of Biological Sciences; University of Montana; Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Robert E. Keane
- USDA Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Research Station; Fire Sciences Lab; Missoula Montana USA
| | | | - Christopher T. Rota
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Lisa A. Eby
- Wildlife Biology Program; University of Montana; Missoula Montana USA
| | - Victoria A. Saab
- USDA Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Research Station; Bozeman Montana USA
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30
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Krueger LM, Peterson CJ. Effects of woody debris and ferns on herb-layer vegetation and deer herbivory in a Pennsylvania forest blowdown. ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/16-4-3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Beudert B, Bässler C, Thorn S, Noss R, Schröder B, Dieffenbach-Fries H, Foullois N, Müller J. Bark Beetles Increase Biodiversity While Maintaining Drinking Water Quality. Conserv Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claus Bässler
- Bavarian Forest National Park; 94481 Grafenau Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Bavarian Forest National Park; 94481 Grafenau Germany
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management; Technische Universität München; 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - Reed Noss
- Department of Biology; University of Central Florida; Orlando FL 32816-2368 USA
| | - Boris Schröder
- Institute of Geoecology; Technische Universität Braunschweig; 38106 Braunschweig Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB); 14195 Berlin Germany
| | | | | | - Jörg Müller
- Bavarian Forest National Park; 94481 Grafenau Germany
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management; Technische Universität München; 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
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Thorn S, Bässler C, Gottschalk T, Hothorn T, Bussler H, Raffa K, Müller J. New insights into the consequences of post-windthrow salvage logging revealed by functional structure of saproxylic beetles assemblages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101757. [PMID: 25050914 PMCID: PMC4106782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Windstorms, bark beetle outbreaks and fires are important natural disturbances in coniferous forests worldwide. Wind-thrown trees promote biodiversity and restoration within production forests, but also cause large economic losses due to bark beetle infestation and accelerated fungal decomposition. Such damaged trees are often removed by salvage logging, which leads to decreased biodiversity and thus increasingly evokes discussions between economists and ecologists about appropriate strategies. To reveal the reasons behind species loss after salvage logging, we used a functional approach based on four habitat-related ecological traits and focused on saproxylic beetles. We predicted that salvage logging would decrease functional diversity (measured as effect sizes of mean pairwise distances using null models) as well as mean values of beetle body size, wood diameter niche and canopy cover niche, but would increase decay stage niche. As expected, salvage logging caused a decrease in species richness, but led to an increase in functional diversity by altering the species composition from habitat-filtered assemblages toward random assemblages. Even though salvage logging removes tree trunks, the most negative effects were found for small and heliophilous species and for species specialized on wood of small diameter. Our results suggested that salvage logging disrupts the natural assembly process on windthrown trees and that negative ecological impacts are caused more by microclimate alteration of the dead-wood objects than by loss of resource amount. These insights underline the power of functional approaches to detect ecosystem responses to anthropogenic disturbance and form a basis for management decisions in conservation. To mitigate negative effects on saproxylic beetle diversity after windthrows, we recommend preserving single windthrown trees or at least their tops with exposed branches during salvage logging. Such an extension of the green-tree retention approach to windthrown trees will preserve natural succession and associated communities of disturbed spruce forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Thorn
- Sachgebiet Forschung und Dokumentation, Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Claus Bässler
- Sachgebiet Forschung und Dokumentation, Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Thomas Gottschalk
- Hochschule für Forstwirtschaft Rottenburg, Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany
| | - Torsten Hothorn
- Abteilung Biostatistik, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Bussler
- Bavarian State Institute for Forestry, Freising, Germany
| | - Kenneth Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States of America
| | - Jörg Müller
- Sachgebiet Forschung und Dokumentation, Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, Grafenau, Germany
- Chair for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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33
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Leverkus AB, Lorite J, Navarro FB, Sánchez-Cañete EP, Castro J. Post-fire salvage logging alters species composition and reduces cover, richness, and diversity in Mediterranean plant communities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 133:323-331. [PMID: 24412981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An intense debate exists on the effects of post-fire salvage logging on plant community regeneration, but scant data are available derived from experimental studies. We analyzed the effects of salvage logging on plant community regeneration in terms of species richness, diversity, cover, and composition by experimentally managing a burnt forest on a Mediterranean mountain (Sierra Nevada, S Spain). In each of three plots located at different elevations, three replicates of three treatments were implemented seven months after the fire, differing in the degree of intervention: "Non-Intervention" (all trees left standing), "Partial Cut plus Lopping" (felling 90% of the trees, cutting the main branches, and leaving all the biomass in situ), and "Salvage Logging" (felling and piling the logs, and masticating the woody debris). Plant composition in each treatment was monitored two years after the fire in linear point transects. Post-fire salvage logging was associated with reduced species richness, Shannon diversity, and total plant cover. Moreover, salvaged sites hosted different species assemblages and 25% lower cover of seeder species (but equal cover of resprouters) compared to the other treatments. Cover of trees and shrubs was also lowest in Salvage Logging, which could suggest a potential slow-down of forest regeneration. Most of these results were consistent among the three plots despite plots hosting different plant communities. Concluding, our study suggests that salvage logging may reduce species richness and diversity, as well as the recruitment of woody species, which could delay the natural regeneration of the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro B Leverkus
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan Lorite
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B Navarro
- Grupo de Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, Área de Producción Ecológica y Recursos Naturales, IFAPA Centro Camino de Purchil, Camino de Purchil s/n, E-18004 Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique P Sánchez-Cañete
- Departamento de Desertificación y Geo-ecología, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas-CSIC, E-04120 Almería, Spain; Centro Andaluz de Medio Ambiente (CEAMA), E-18006 Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Castro
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Boyd IL, Freer-Smith PH, Gilligan CA, Godfray HCJ. The consequence of tree pests and diseases for ecosystem services. Science 2013; 342:1235773. [PMID: 24233727 DOI: 10.1126/science.1235773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Trees and forests provide a wide variety of ecosystem services in addition to timber, food, and other provisioning services. New approaches to pest and disease management are needed that take into account these multiple services and the different stakeholders they benefit, as well as the likelihood of greater threats in the future resulting from globalization and climate change. These considerations will affect priorities for both basic and applied research and how trade and phytosanitary regulations are formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Boyd
- College Gate, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY18 9LB, UK
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Conservation value of forests attacked by bark beetles: Highest number of indicator species is found in early successional stages. J Nat Conserv 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Temporal changes in the breeding bird community caused by post-fire treatments after the Samcheok forest fire in Korea. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-012-0203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Castro J, Puerta-Piñero C, Leverkus AB, Moreno-Rueda G, Sánchez-Miranda A. Post-fire salvage logging alters a key plant-animal interaction for forest regeneration. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00089.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Mitchell CPJ, Kolka RK, Fraver S. Singular and combined effects of blowdown, salvage logging, and wildfire on forest floor and soil mercury pools. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:7963-70. [PMID: 22747193 DOI: 10.1021/es300133h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A number of factors influence the amount of mercury (Hg) in forest floors and soils, including deposition, volatile emission, leaching, and disturbances such as fire. Currently the impact on soil Hg pools from other widespread forest disturbances such as blowdown and management practices like salvage logging are unknown. Moreover, ecological and biogeochemical responses to disturbances are generally investigated within a single-disturbance context, with little currently known about the impact of multiple disturbances occurring in rapid succession. In this study we capitalize on a combination of blowdown, salvage logging and fire events in the sub-boreal region of northern Minnesota to assess both the singular and combined effects of these disturbances on forest floor and soil total Hg concentrations and pools. Although none of the disturbance combinations affected Hg in mineral soil, we did observe significant effects on both Hg concentrations and pools in the forest floor. Blowdown increased the mean Hg pool in the forest floor by 0.76 mg Hg m(-2) (223%). Salvage logging following blowdown created conditions leading to a significantly more severe forest floor burn during wildfire, which significantly enhanced Hg emission. This sequence of combined events resulted in a mean loss of approximately 0.42 mg Hg m(-2) (68% of pool) from the forest floor, after conservatively accounting for potential losses via enhanced soil leaching and volatile emissions between the disturbance and sampling dates. Fire alone or blowdown followed by fire did not significantly affect the total Hg concentrations or pools in the forest floor. Overall, unexpected consequences for soil Hg accumulation and by extension, atmospheric Hg emission and risk to aquatic biota, may result when combined impacts are considered in addition to singular forest floor and soil disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl P J Mitchell
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Lu T, Zeng H, Luo Y, Wang Q, Shi F, Sun G, Wu Y, Wu N. Monitoring vegetation recovery after China’s May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake using Landsat TM time-series data: a case study in Mao County. Ecol Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-012-0976-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Utility of Remotely Sensed Imagery for Assessing the Impact of Salvage Logging after Forest Fires. REMOTE SENSING 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/rs4072112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rost J, Clavero M, Brotons L, Pons P. The effect of postfire salvage logging on bird communities in Mediterranean pine forests: the benefits for declining species. J Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Fire Ecology and Post-Fire Restoration Approaches in Southern European Forest Types. MANAGING FOREST ECOSYSTEMS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2208-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fraver S, Jain T, Bradford JB, D'Amato AW, Kastendick D, Palik B, Shinneman D, Stanovick J. The efficacy of salvage logging in reducing subsequent fire severity in conifer-dominated forests of Minnesota, U.S.A. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 21:1895-1901. [PMID: 21939032 DOI: 10.1890/11-0380.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although primarily used to mitigate economic losses following disturbance, salvage logging has also been justified on the basis of reducing fire risk and fire severity; however, its ability to achieve these secondary objectives remains unclear. The patchiness resulting from a sequence of recent disturbances-blowdown, salvage logging, and wildfire-provided an excellent opportunity to assess the impacts of blowdown and salvage logging on wildfire severity. We used two fire-severity assessments (tree-crown and forest-floor characteristics) to compare post-wildfire conditions among three treatment combinations (Blowdown-Salvage-Fire, Blowdown-Fire, and Fire only). Our results suggest that salvage logging reduced the intensity (heat released) of the subsequent fire. However, its effect on severity (impact to the system) differed between the tree crowns and forest floor: tree-crown indices suggest that salvage logging decreased fire severity (albeit with modest statistical support), while forest-floor indices suggest that salvage logging increased fire severity. We attribute the latter finding to the greater exposure of mineral soil caused by logging operations; once exposed, soils are more likely to register the damaging effects of fire, even if fire intensity is not extreme. These results highlight the important distinction between fire intensity and severity when formulating post-disturbance management prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Fraver
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Grand Rapids, Minnesota 55744, USA.
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Saab VA, Russell RE, Rotella J, Dudley JG. Modeling nest survival of cavity-nesting birds in relation to postfire salvage logging. J Wildl Manage 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hautala H, Laaka-Lindberg S, Vanha-Majamaa I. Effects of Retention Felling on Epixylic Species in Boreal Spruce Forests in Southern Finland. Restor Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2009.00545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cobb TP, Morissette JL, Jacobs JM, Koivula MJ, Spence JR, Langor DW. Effects of postfire salvage logging on deadwood-associated beetles. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2011; 25:94-104. [PMID: 20735453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In Canada and the United States pressure to recoup financial costs of wildfire by harvesting burned timber is increasing, despite insufficient understanding of the ecological consequences of postfire salvage logging. We compared the species richness and composition of deadwood-associated beetle assemblages among undisturbed, recently burned, logged, and salvage-logged, boreal, mixed-wood stands. Species richness was lowest in salvage-logged stands, largely due to a negative effect of harvesting on the occurrence of wood- and bark-boring species. In comparison with undisturbed stands, the combination of wildfire and logging in salvage-logged stands had a greater effect on species composition than either disturbance alone. Strong differences in species composition among stand treatments were linked to differences in quantity and quality (e.g., decay stage) of coarse woody debris. We found that the effects of wildfire and logging on deadwood-associated beetles were synergistic, such that the effects of postfire salvage logging could not be predicted reliably on the basis of data on either disturbance alone. Thus, increases in salvage logging of burned forests may have serious negative consequences for deadwood-associated beetles and their ecological functions in early postfire successional forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Cobb
- Invertebrate Zoology, Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Striving for Sustainability and Resilience in the Face of Unprecedented Change: The Case of the Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreak in British Columbia. SUSTAINABILITY 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/su2082403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Castro J, Moreno-Rueda G, Hódar JA. Experimental test of postfire management in pine forests: impact of salvage logging versus partial cutting and nonintervention on bird-species assemblages. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2010; 24:810-819. [PMID: 20015262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is an intense debate about the effects of postfire salvage logging versus nonintervention policies on regeneration of forest communities, but scant information from experimental studies is available. We manipulated a burned forest area on a Mediterranean mountain to experimentally analyze the effect of salvage logging on bird-species abundance, diversity, and assemblage composition. We used a randomized block design with three plots of approximately 25 ha each, established along an elevational gradient in a recently burned area in Sierra Nevada Natural and National Park (southeastern Spain). Three replicates of three treatments differing in postfire burned wood management were established per plot: salvage logging, nonintervention, and an intermediate degree of intervention (felling and lopping most of the trees but leaving all the biomass). Starting 1 year after the fire, we used point sampling to monitor bird abundance in each treatment for 2 consecutive years during the breeding and winter seasons (720 censuses total). Postfire burned-wood management altered species assemblages. Salvage logged areas had species typical of open- and early-successional habitats. Bird species that inhabit forests were still present in the unsalvaged treatments even though trees were burned, but were almost absent in salvage-logged areas. Indeed, the main dispersers of mid- and late-successional shrubs and trees, such as thrushes (Turdus spp.) and the European Jay (Garrulus glandarius) were almost restricted to unsalvaged treatments. Salvage logging might thus hamper the natural regeneration of the forest through its impact on assemblages of bird species. Moreover, salvage logging reduced species abundance by 50% and richness by 40%, approximately. The highest diversity at the landscape level (gamma diversity) resulted from a combination of all treatments. Salvage logging may be positive for bird conservation if combined in a mosaic with other, less-aggressive postfire management, but stand-wide management with harvest operations has undesirable conservation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Castro
- Grupo de Ecología Terrestre. Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Differences in bird communities in postfire silvicultural practices stands within pine forest of South Korea. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-010-0111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Ecological succession and habitat attributes affect the postfire response of a Mediterranean reptile community. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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