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Lin W, Lin F, Lin J, Xiao Z, Yuan D, Wang Y. Efficient Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction in Ellagic Acid-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16229-16236. [PMID: 38815186 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Employing covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CDRR) to generate high-value chemical fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions represents a sustainable catalytic conversion approach. However, achieving superior photocatalytic CDRR performance is hindered by the challenges of low charge separation efficiency, poor stability, and high preparation costs associated with COFs. Herein, in this work, we utilized perfluorinated metallophthalocyanine (MPcF16) and the organic biomolecule compound ellagic acid (EA) as building blocks to actualize functional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) named EPM-COF (M = Co, Ni, Cu). The designed EPCo-COF, featuring cobalt metal active sites, demonstrated an impressive CO production rate and selectivity in the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CDRR). Moreover, following alkaline treatment (EPCo-COF-AT), the COF exposed carboxylic acid anion (COO-) and hydroxyl group (OH), thereby enhancing the electron-donating capability of EA. This modification achieved a heightened CO production rate of 17.7 mmol g-1 h-1 with an outstanding CO selectivity of 97.8% in efficient photocatalytic CDRR. Theoretical calculations further illustrated that EPCo-COF-AT functionalized with COO- and OH can effectively alleviate the energy barriers involved in the CDRR process, which facilitates the proton-coupled electron transfer processes and enhances the photocatalytic performance on the cobalt active sites within EPCo-COF-AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fuwen Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jing Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Yaobing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
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Tang Z, Xu S, Yin N, Yang Y, Deng Q, Shen J, Zhang X, Wang T, He H, Lin X, Zhou Y, Zou Z. Reaction Site Designation by Intramolecular Electric Field in Tröger's-Base-Derived Conjugated Microporous Polymer for Near-Unity Selectivity of CO 2 Photoconversion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210693. [PMID: 36760097 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate solar-driven overall CO2 and H2 O convsersion into fuels and O2 , a series of covalent microporous polymers derived from Tröger's base are synthesized featuring flexural backbone and unusual charge-transfer properties. The incorporation of rigid structural twist Tröger's base unit grants the polymers enhanced microporosity and CO2 adsorption/activation capacity. Density function theory calculations and photo-electrochemical analyses reveal that an electric dipole moment (from negative to positive) directed to the Tröger's base unit is formed across two obliquely opposed molecular fragments and induces an intramolecular electric field. The Tröger's base unit located at folding point becomes an electron trap to attract photogenerated electrons in the molecular network, which brings about suppression of carrier recombination and designates the reaction site in synergy with the conjugated network. In response to the discrepancy in reaction pathways across the reaction sites, the product allocation in the catalytic reaction is thereby regulated. Optimally, CMP-nTB achieves the highest photocatalytic CO production of 163.53 µmol g-1 h-1 with approximately unity selectivity, along with H2 O oxidation to O2 in the absence of any photosensitizer or co-catalyst. This work provides new insight for developing specialized artificial organic photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Nan Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jinyou Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Huichao He
- Institute of Environmental Energy Materials and Intelligent Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Eco-Materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC), School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engnieering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- Eco-Materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC), School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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3
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Liu C, Mei X, Han C, Gong X, Song P, Xu W. Tuning strategies and structure effects of electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction reaction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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A framework to understand the role of biological time in responses to fluctuating climate drivers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10429. [PMID: 35729311 PMCID: PMC9213464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding biological responses to environmental fluctuations (e.g. heatwaves) is a critical goal in ecology. Biological responses (e.g. survival) are usually measured with respect to different time reference frames, i.e. at specific chronological times (e.g. at specific dates) or biological times (e.g. at reproduction). Measuring responses on the biological frame is central to understand how environmental fluctuation modifies fitness and population persistence. We use a framework, based on partial differential equations (PDEs) to explore how responses to the time scale and magnitude of fluctuations in environmental variables (= drivers) depend on the choice of reference frame. The PDEs and simulations enabled us to identify different components, responsible for the phenological and eco-physiological effects of each driver on the response. The PDEs also highlight the conditions when the choice of reference frame affects the sensitivity of the response to a driver and the type of join effect of two drivers (additive or interactive) on the response. Experiments highlighted the importance of studying how environmental fluctuations affect biological time keeping mechanisms, to develop mechanistic models. Our main result, that the effect of the environmental fluctuations on the response depends on the scale used to measure time, applies to both field and laboratory conditions. In addition, our approach, applied to experimental conditions, can helps us quantify how biological time mediates the response of organisms to environmental fluctuations.
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Zhang E, Tang J, Li Z, Zhou Y. Insight into the synergistic collaboration of g‐C3N4/SnO2 composites for photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erhui Zhang
- Anhui Science and Technology University College ofChemistry and Materials Engineering No.1501, HuangShan Avenue 233000 Bengbu CHINA
| | - Jing Tang
- Anhui Science and Technology University College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering CHINA
| | - Zirong Li
- Anhui Science and Technology University College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering CHINA
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Anhui Science and Technology University College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering CHINA
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Xu Z, Cui Y, Young DJ, Wang J, Li HY, Bian GQ, Li HX. Combination of Co2+-immobilized covalent triazine framework and TiO2 by covalent bonds to enhance photoreduction of CO2 to CO with H2O. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Kuffner IB, Stathakopoulos A, Toth LT, Bartlett LA. Reestablishing a stepping-stone population of the threatened elkhorn coral Acropora palmata to aid regional recovery. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2020. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery of the elkhorn coral Acropora palmata is critical to reversing coral reef ecosystem collapse in the western Atlantic, but the species is severely threatened. To gauge potential for the species’ restoration in Florida, USA, we conducted an assisted migration experiment where 50 coral fragments of 5 nursery-raised genetic strains (genets) from the upper Florida Keys were moved to 5 sites across 350 km of the offshore reef. Additionally, 4 fragments from the 1 remaining colony of A. palmata in Dry Tortugas National Park (DRTO) were added to the 2 DRTO experimental sites to test for local adaptation. To measure coral performance, we tracked coral survival, calcification, growth, and condition from May 2018 to October 2019. All 24 corals relocated to the DRTO sites survived and calcified ~85% faster than the fewer surviving corals transplanted to the 2 upper Keys sites. While coral survival across the entire experiment did not depend on genet, there was a weak but statistically significant genetic effect on calcification rate among the corals relocated to DRTO. The DRTO native genet was among the fastest growing genets, but it was not the fastest, suggesting a lack of local adaptation at this scale. Our results indicate that DRTO, a remote reef system inhabited by the species during the Holocene and located at the nexus of major ocean currents, may be a prime location for reestablishing A. palmata. Assisted migration of A. palmata to DRTO could restore a sexually reproducing population in <10 yr, thereby promoting the species’ regional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- IB Kuffner
- US Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA
| | - A Stathakopoulos
- US Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA
| | - LT Toth
- US Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA
| | - LA Bartlett
- Contracted by Cherokee Nation Technologies to US Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA
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You SQ, Zhou J, Chen MM, Sun CY, Qi XJ, Yousaf A, Wang XL, Su ZM. A hydrazone-based covalent organic framework/iridium (III) complex for photochemical CO2 reduction with enhanced efficiency and durability. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Zhang RZ, Wu BY, Li Q, Lu LL, Shi W, Cheng P. Design strategies and mechanism studies of CO2 electroreduction catalysts based on coordination chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Cao B, Bai C, Xue Y, Yang J, Gao P, Liang H, Zhang L, Che L, Wang J, Xu J, Duan C, Mao M, Li G. Wetlands rise and fall: Six endangered wetland species showed different patterns of habitat shift under future climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:138518. [PMID: 32417470 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Degradation and loss of species' suitable habitats in response to global warming are well documented, which are assumed to be affected by increasing temperature. Conversely, habitat increase of species is little reported and is often considered anomalous and unrelated to climate change. In this study, we first revealed the climate-change-driven habitat shifts of six endangered wetland plants - Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Carex doniana, Glyptostrobus pensilis, Leersia hexandra, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, and Pedicularis longiflora. The current and future potential habitats of the six species in China were predicted using a maximum entropy model based on thirty-year occurrence records and climate monitoring (from 1960 to 1990). Furthermore, we observed the change of real habitats of the six species based on eight-year field observations (from 2011 to 2019). We found that the six species exhibited three different patterns of habitat shifts including decrease, unstable, and increase. The analysis on the main decisive environmental factors showed that these patterns of habitat shifts are counter to what would be expected global warming but are mostly determined by precipitation-related environmental factors rather than temperature. Collectively, our findings highlight the importance of combining multiple environmental factors including temperature and precipitation for understanding plant responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China.
| | - Chengke Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Pufan Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Hui Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Le Che
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jun Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Chongyang Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Mingce Mao
- Climate Research Center, Meteorological Bureau of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710064, China
| | - Guishuang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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11
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Zhang M, Lu M, Lang Z, Liu J, Liu M, Chang J, Li L, Shang L, Wang M, Li S, Lan Y. Semiconductor/Covalent‐Organic‐Framework Z‐Scheme Heterojunctions for Artificial Photosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6500-6506. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Meng Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhong‐Ling Lang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of the Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal University Changchun 130000 P. R. China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Ming Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jia‐Nan Chang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Le‐Yan Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Lin‐Jie Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shun‐Li Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Ya‐Qian Lan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
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12
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Zhang M, Lu M, Lang Z, Liu J, Liu M, Chang J, Li L, Shang L, Wang M, Li S, Lan Y. Semiconductor/Covalent‐Organic‐Framework Z‐Scheme Heterojunctions for Artificial Photosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Meng Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhong‐Ling Lang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of the Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal University Changchun 130000 P. R. China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Ming Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jia‐Nan Chang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Le‐Yan Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Lin‐Jie Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shun‐Li Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Ya‐Qian Lan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal University No. 1, Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
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Ye Y, Du J, Sun L, Liu Y, Wang S, Song X, Liang Z. Two zinc metal-organic framework isomers based on pyrazine tetracarboxylic acid and dipyridinylbenzene for adsorption and separation of CO 2 and light hydrocarbons. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1135-1142. [PMID: 31894799 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04305e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Two highly porous metal-organic framework isomers Zn2(TCPP)(DPB) (1 and 2, H4TCPP = 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)pyrazine and DPB = 1,4-di(pyridin-4-yl)benzene) were successfully synthesized using different solvents and acid species to adjust the topologies of these two MOFs. Both of them were constructed by paddlewheel Zn2(COO)4, TCPP4-, and DPB ligands. In compound 1, the Zn2(COO)4 paddlewheel units were fitted together by the TCPP4- ligands to form two-dimensional layers, which were further connected by DPB ligands as pillars to construct a two-fold catenated 3D framework. In compound 2, the cross-linkage of Zn2(COO)4 paddlewheel units and TCPP4- ligands resulted in a three-dimensional framework of Zn-TCPP, in which DPB ligands coordinated to two axial vertical dinuclear Zn2(COO)4. Both activated MOFs exhibited permanent porosity with high BET areas (1324 m2 g-1 for 1 and 1247 m2 g-1 for 2) and possessed narrow pore size distributions (0.93 nm for 1 and 1.02 nm for 2). Moreover, the adsorption behaviors of the two activated MOFs for CO2 and light hydrocarbons (C1, C2, and C3) at low pressure were evaluated and favorable selectivity was proven for C3H8/C3H6 over CH4. These two MOF materials reported in this study for selective CO2 and light hydrocarbon capture have immense potential applications for environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ye
- State Key Lab of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Jianfeng Du
- State Key Lab of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Libo Sun
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yuchuan Liu
- State Key Lab of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Shun Wang
- State Key Lab of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaowei Song
- State Key Lab of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiqiang Liang
- State Key Lab of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
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Lickley M, cael BB, Solomon S. Time of Steady Climate Change. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 46:5445-5451. [PMID: 31423035 PMCID: PMC6686690 DOI: 10.1029/2018gl081704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Under an emission scenario where atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized, previous work suggests that on centennial time scales the rate of global temperature increases would steady at significantly lower rates than those of the 21st century. As climate change is not globally uniform, regional differences in achieving this steady rate of warming can be expected. Here, we define a "Time of Steady Change" (TSC) as the time of reaching this steady rate of warming, and we present a method for estimating TSC with the use of General Circulation Model experiments run under greenhouse gas stabilization scenarios. We find that TSC occurs latest in low latitudes and in the Arctic, despite these areas steadying at very different absolute warming rates. These broad patterns are robust across multiple General Circulation Model ensembles and alternative definitions of TSC. These results indicate large regional differences in the trajectory of climate change in coming centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Lickley
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - b. b. cael
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of Hawai'i at MānoaHonoluluHIUSA
| | - Susan Solomon
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
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Li X, Gao D, Hou L, Liu M. Salinity stress changed the biogeochemical controls on CH 4 and N 2O emissions of estuarine and intertidal sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:593-601. [PMID: 30368188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated salinity is expected to drive changes in biogeochemical cycling and microbial communities in estuarine and intertidal wetlands. However, limited information regarding the role of salinity in shaping biogeochemical controls and mediating greenhouse gas emissions is currently available. In this study, we used incubation experiment across salinity gradients of the estuarine and intertidal sediments to reveal the underlying interconnections of CH4 and N2O emissions, biogeochemical controls and salinity gradients. Our results indicated that sediment biogeochemical properties were significantly affected by the increasing salinity, which were attributed to the accelerated sediment enzyme activities. The increasing salinity promoted CH4 and N2O emission rates by stimulating organic carbon decomposition and nitrogen transformation rates. In addition, the copy number of mcrA, nirS and nirK genes increased along with the salinity gradients, which strongly mediated the CH4 and N2O emission rates. Stepwise regression analysis suggested that labile organic carbon and denitrification were the most crucial determinants of CH4 and N2O emission rates, respectively. Overall, salinity could enhance CH4 and N2O emission mainly by altering sediment geochemical variables, microbial activity and functional gene abundance in estuarine and intertidal environments. Furthermore, increasing salinity could enhance the carbon and nitrogen export, which may pose a threat to the ecological function of estuarine and intertidal ecosystems. This study may contribute to the knowledge about the importance of biogeochemical controls induced by salinity in mediating greenhouse gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Dengzhou Gao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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16
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Smith CJ, Forster PM, Allen M, Fuglestvedt J, Millar RJ, Rogelj J, Zickfeld K. Current fossil fuel infrastructure does not yet commit us to 1.5 °C warming. Nat Commun 2019; 10:101. [PMID: 30647408 PMCID: PMC6333788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07999-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Committed warming describes how much future warming can be expected from historical emissions due to inertia in the climate system. It is usually defined in terms of the level of warming above the present for an abrupt halt of emissions. Owing to socioeconomic constraints, this situation is unlikely, so we focus on the committed warming from present-day fossil fuel assets. Here we show that if carbon-intensive infrastructure is phased out at the end of its design lifetime from the end of 2018, there is a 64% chance that peak global mean temperature rise remains below 1.5 °C. Delaying mitigation until 2030 considerably reduces the likelihood that 1.5 °C would be attainable even if the rate of fossil fuel retirement was accelerated. Although the challenges laid out by the Paris Agreement are daunting, we indicate 1.5 °C remains possible and is attainable with ambitious and immediate emission reduction across all sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Smith
- Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Piers M Forster
- Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Myles Allen
- Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- University of Oxford Department of Physics, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | | | - Richard J Millar
- Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- College of Engineering, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Joeri Rogelj
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria
- Grantham Institute for Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland
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Lange CJ, Collins DP, Metzger KL, Ballard BM. Predicting impacts of sea level rise on wintering redhead ducks along the lower Texas Coast. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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18
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Jayanthi M, Thirumurthy S, Samynathan M, Duraisamy M, Muralidhar M, Ashokkumar J, Vijayan KK. Shoreline change and potential sea level rise impacts in a climate hazardous location in southeast coast of India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 190:51. [PMID: 29285659 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate change impact on the environment makes the coastal areas vulnerable and demands the evaluation of such susceptibility. Historical changes in the shoreline positions and inundation based on projected sea-level scenarios of 0.5 and 1 m were assessed for Nagapattinam District, a low-lying coastal area in the southeast coast of India, using high-resolution Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data; multi-dated Landsat satellite images of 1978, 1991, 2003, and 2015; and census data of 2011. Image processing, geographical information system, and digital shoreline analysis system methods were used in the study. The shoreline variation indicated that erosion rate varied at different time scales. The end point rate indicated the highest mean erosion of - 3.12 m/year, occurred in 73% of coast between 1978 and 1991. Weighted linear regression analysis revealed that the coast length of 83% was under erosion at a mean rate of - 2.11 m/year from 1978 to 2015. Sea level rise (SLR) impact indicated that the coastal area of about 14,122 ha from 225 villages and 31,318 ha from 272 villages would be permanently inundated for the SLR of 0.5 and 1 m, respectively, which includes agriculture, mangroves, wetlands, aquaculture, and forest lands. The loss of coastal wetlands and its associated productivity will severely threaten more than half the coastal population. Adaptation measures in people participatory mode, integrated into coastal zone management with a focus on sub-regional coastal activities, are needed to respond to the consequences of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marappan Jayanthi
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Santhome, Chennai, 600 028, India.
| | | | - Muthusamy Samynathan
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Santhome, Chennai, 600 028, India
| | - Muthusamy Duraisamy
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Santhome, Chennai, 600 028, India
| | - Moturi Muralidhar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Santhome, Chennai, 600 028, India
| | - Jangam Ashokkumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Santhome, Chennai, 600 028, India
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Proistosescu C, Huybers PJ. Slow climate mode reconciles historical and model-based estimates of climate sensitivity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602821. [PMID: 28695203 PMCID: PMC5498107 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report widened the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) range from 2° to 4.5°C to an updated range of 1.5° to 4.5°C in order to account for the lack of consensus between estimates based on models and historical observations. The historical ECS estimates range from 1.5° to 3°C and are derived assuming a linear radiative response to warming. A Bayesian methodology applied to 24 models, however, documents curvature in the radiative response to warming from an evolving contribution of interannual to centennial modes of radiative response. Centennial modes display stronger amplifying feedbacks and ultimately contribute 28 to 68% (90% credible interval) of equilibrium warming, yet they comprise only 1 to 7% of current warming. Accounting for these unresolved centennial contributions brings historical records into agreement with model-derived ECS estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Proistosescu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Peter J. Huybers
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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20
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Asumadu-Sarkodie S, Owusu PA. The causal nexus between carbon dioxide emissions and agricultural ecosystem-an econometric approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:1608-1618. [PMID: 27796968 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Achieving a long-term food security and preventing hunger include a better nutrition through sustainable systems of production, distribution, and consumption. Nonetheless, the quest for an alternative to increasing global food supply to meet the growing demand has led to the use of poor agricultural practices that promote climate change. Given the contribution of the agricultural ecosystem towards greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, this study investigated the causal nexus between carbon dioxide emissions and agricultural ecosystem by employing a data spanning from 1961 to 2012. Evidence from long-run elasticity shows that a 1 % increase in the area of rice paddy harvested will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 1.49 %, a 1 % increase in biomass-burned crop residues will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 1.00 %, a 1 % increase in cereal production will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 1.38 %, and a 1 % increase in agricultural machinery will decrease carbon dioxide emissions by 0.09 % in the long run. There was a bidirectional causality between carbon dioxide emissions, cereal production, and biomass-burned crop residues. The Granger causality shows that the agricultural ecosystem in Ghana is sensitive to climate change vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Asumadu-Sarkodie
- Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus, Kalkanli, Guzelyurt, TRNC, 99738, via Mersin 10, Turkey.
| | - Phebe Asantewaa Owusu
- Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus, Kalkanli, Guzelyurt, TRNC, 99738, via Mersin 10, Turkey
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21
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Amelung D, Fischer H, Kruse L, Sauerborn R. Defogging Climate Change Communication: How Cognitive Research Can Promote Effective Climate Communication. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1340. [PMID: 27630608 PMCID: PMC5006148 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Amelung
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Helen Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Lenelis Kruse
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Sauerborn
- Climate Change and Health Working Group, Institue of Public Health, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
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22
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Fisichelli NA, Schuurman GW, Hoffman CH. Is 'Resilience' Maladaptive? Towards an Accurate Lexicon for Climate Change Adaptation. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 57:753-8. [PMID: 26721473 PMCID: PMC4785211 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change adaptation is a rapidly evolving field in conservation biology and includes a range of strategies from resisting to actively directing change on the landscape. The term 'climate change resilience,' frequently used to characterize adaptation strategies, deserves closer scrutiny because it is ambiguous, often misunderstood, and difficult to apply consistently across disciplines and spatial and temporal scales to support conservation efforts. Current definitions of resilience encompass all aspects of adaptation from resisting and absorbing change to reorganizing and transforming in response to climate change. However, many stakeholders are unfamiliar with this spectrum of definitions and assume the more common meaning of returning to a previous state after a disturbance. Climate change, however, is unrelenting and intensifying, characterized by both directional shifts in baseline conditions and increasing variability in extreme events. This ongoing change means that scientific understanding and management responses must develop concurrently, iteratively, and collaboratively, in a science-management partnership. Divergent concepts of climate change resilience impede cross-jurisdictional adaptation efforts and complicate use of adaptive management frameworks. Climate change adaptation practitioners require clear terminology to articulate management strategies and the inherent tradeoffs involved in adaptation. Language that distinguishes among strategies that seek to resist change, accommodate change, and direct change (i.e., persistence, autonomous change, and directed change) is prerequisite to clear communication about climate change adaptation goals and management intentions in conservation areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Fisichelli
- Natural Resource Stewardship and Science, US National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Gregor W Schuurman
- Natural Resource Stewardship and Science, US National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Cat Hawkins Hoffman
- Natural Resource Stewardship and Science, US National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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23
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24
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Morrissey EM, Gillespie JL, Morina JC, Franklin RB. Salinity affects microbial activity and soil organic matter content in tidal wetlands. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:1351-1362. [PMID: 24307658 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change-associated sea level rise is expected to cause saltwater intrusion into many historically freshwater ecosystems. Of particular concern are tidal freshwater wetlands, which perform several important ecological functions including carbon sequestration. To predict the impact of saltwater intrusion in these environments, we must first gain a better understanding of how salinity regulates decomposition in natural systems. This study sampled eight tidal wetlands ranging from freshwater to oligohaline (0-2 ppt) in four rivers near the Chesapeake Bay (Virginia). To help isolate salinity effects, sites were selected to be highly similar in terms of plant community composition and tidal influence. Overall, salinity was found to be strongly negatively correlated with soil organic matter content (OM%) and C : N, but unrelated to the other studied environmental parameters (pH, redox, and above- and below-ground plant biomass). Partial correlation analysis, controlling for these environmental covariates, supported direct effects of salinity on the activity of carbon-degrading extracellular enzymes (β-1, 4-glucosidase, 1, 4-β-cellobiosidase, β-D-xylosidase, and phenol oxidase) as well as alkaline phosphatase, using a per unit OM basis. As enzyme activity is the putative rate-limiting step in decomposition, enhanced activity due to salinity increases could dramatically affect soil OM accumulation. Salinity was also found to be positively related to bacterial abundance (qPCR of the 16S rRNA gene) and tightly linked with community composition (T-RFLP). Furthermore, strong relationships were found between bacterial abundance and/or composition with the activity of specific enzymes (1, 4-β-cellobiosidase, arylsulfatase, alkaline phosphatase, and phenol oxidase) suggesting salinity's impact on decomposition could be due, at least in part, to its effect on the bacterial community. Together, these results indicate that salinity increases microbial decomposition rates in low salinity wetlands, and suggests that these ecosystems may experience decreased soil OM accumulation, accretion, and carbon sequestration rates even with modest levels of saltwater intrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ember M Morrissey
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 W Cary Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
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25
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Hess JJ, Schramm PJ, Luber G. Public health and climate change adaptation at the federal level: one agency's response to Executive Order 13514. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:e22-30. [PMID: 24432931 PMCID: PMC3953778 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Climate change will likely have adverse human health effects that require federal agency involvement in adaptation activities. In 2009, President Obama issued Executive Order 13514, Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance. The order required federal agencies to develop and implement climate change adaptation plans. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as part of a larger Department of Health and Human Services response to climate change, is developing such plans. We provide background on Executive Orders, outline tenets of climate change adaptation, discuss public health adaptation planning at both the Department of Health and Human Services and the CDC, and outline possible future CDC efforts. We also consider how these activities may be better integrated with other adaptation activities that manage emerging health threats posed by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Hess
- Jeremy J. Hess is with the Climate and Health Program, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, and the Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta. Paul J. Schramm and George Luber are with the Climate and Health Program, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Matthews HD, Solomon S, Pierrehumbert R. Cumulative carbon as a policy framework for achieving climate stabilization. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2012; 370:4365-4379. [PMID: 22869803 PMCID: PMC3405665 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that will avoid dangerous climate impacts. However, greenhouse gas concentration stabilization is an awkward framework within which to assess dangerous climate change on account of the significant lag between a given concentration level and the eventual equilibrium temperature change. By contrast, recent research has shown that global temperature change can be well described by a given cumulative carbon emissions budget. Here, we propose that cumulative carbon emissions represent an alternative framework that is applicable both as a tool for climate mitigation as well as for the assessment of potential climate impacts. We show first that both atmospheric CO(2) concentration at a given year and the associated temperature change are generally associated with a unique cumulative carbon emissions budget that is largely independent of the emissions scenario. The rate of global temperature change can therefore be related to first order to the rate of increase of cumulative carbon emissions. However, transient warming over the next century will also be strongly affected by emissions of shorter lived forcing agents such as aerosols and methane. Non-CO(2) emissions therefore contribute to uncertainty in the cumulative carbon budget associated with near-term temperature targets, and may suggest the need for a mitigation approach that considers separately short- and long-lived gas emissions. By contrast, long-term temperature change remains primarily associated with total cumulative carbon emissions owing to the much longer atmospheric residence time of CO(2) relative to other major climate forcing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Damon Matthews
- Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1M8.
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Holmner A, Rocklöv J, Ng N, Nilsson M. Climate change and eHealth: a promising strategy for health sector mitigation and adaptation. Glob Health Action 2012; 5:GHA-5-18428. [PMID: 22679398 PMCID: PMC3369672 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v5i0.18428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is one of today's most pressing global issues. Policies to guide mitigation and adaptation are needed to avoid the devastating impacts of climate change. The health sector is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in developed countries, and its climate impact in low-income countries is growing steadily. This paper reviews and discusses the literature regarding health sector mitigation potential, known and hypothetical co-benefits, and the potential of health information technology, such as eHealth, in climate change mitigation and adaptation. The promising role of eHealth as an adaptation strategy to reduce societal vulnerability to climate change, and the link's between mitigation and adaptation, are also discussed. The topic of environmental eHealth has gained little attention to date, despite its potential to contribute to more sustainable and green health care. A growing number of local and global initiatives on ‘green information and communication technology (ICT)’ are now mentioning eHealth as a promising technology with the potential to reduce emission rates from ICT use. However, the embracing of eHealth is slow because of limitations in technological infrastructure, capacity and political will. Further research on potential emissions reductions and co-benefits with green ICT, in terms of health outcomes and economic effectiveness, would be valuable to guide development and implementation of eHealth in health sector mitigation and adaptation policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Holmner
- Department of Radiation Sciences/Biomedical Engineering, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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29
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Intergenerational Justice: How Reasonable Man Discounts Climate Damage. SUSTAINABILITY 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/su4010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dutt V, Gonzalez C. Reducing the Linear Perception of Nonlinearity: Use of a Physical Representation. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Dutt
- Dynamic Decision Making Laboratory, Department of Social and Decision Sciences; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh; PA; USA
| | - Cleotilde Gonzalez
- Dynamic Decision Making Laboratory, Department of Social and Decision Sciences; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh; PA; USA
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Tyrrell T. Anthropogenic modification of the oceans. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2011; 369:887-908. [PMID: 21282152 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Human activities are altering the ocean in many different ways. The surface ocean is warming and, as a result, it is becoming more stratified and sea level is rising. There is no clear evidence yet of a slowing in ocean circulation, although this is predicted for the future. As anthropogenic CO(2) permeates into the ocean, it is making sea water more acidic, to the detriment of surface corals and probably many other calcifiers. Once acidification reaches the deep ocean, it will become more corrosive to CaCO(3), leading to a considerable reduction in the amount of CaCO(3) accumulating on the deep seafloor. There will be a several thousand-year-long interruption to CaCO(3) sedimentation at many points on the seafloor. A curious feedback in the ocean, carbonate compensation, makes it more likely that global warming and sea-level rise will continue for many millennia after CO(2) emissions cease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Tyrrell
- National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Neuman
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A & M University, MS 3137 College Station, Texas 77843-3137, United States
| | - Stuart W. Churchill
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 311A Towne Building, 220 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Hill JK, Griffiths HM, Thomas CD. Climate change and evolutionary adaptations at species' range margins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 56:143-59. [PMID: 20809802 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
During recent climate warming, many insect species have shifted their ranges to higher latitudes and altitudes. These expansions mirror those that occurred after the Last Glacial Maximum when species expanded from their ice age refugia. Postglacial range expansions have resulted in clines in genetic diversity across present-day distributions, with a reduction in genetic diversity observed in a wide range of insect taxa as one moves from the historical distribution core to the current range margin. Evolutionary increases in dispersal at expanding range boundaries are commonly observed in virtually all insects that have been studied, suggesting a positive feedback between range expansion and the evolution of traits that accelerate range expansion. The ubiquity of this phenomenon suggests that it is likely to be an important determinant of range changes. A better understanding of the extent and speed of adaptation will be crucial to the responses of biodiversity and ecosystems to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane K Hill
- Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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Greenhouse gas mitigation can reduce sea-ice loss and increase polar bear persistence. Nature 2010; 468:955-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature09653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Davis SJ, Caldeira K, Matthews HD. Future CO2 emissions and climate change from existing energy infrastructure. Science 2010; 329:1330-3. [PMID: 20829483 DOI: 10.1126/science.1188566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Slowing climate change requires overcoming inertia in political, technological, and geophysical systems. Of these, only geophysical warming commitment has been quantified. We estimated the commitment to future emissions and warming represented by existing carbon dioxide-emitting devices. We calculated cumulative future emissions of 496 (282 to 701 in lower- and upper-bounding scenarios) gigatonnes of CO2 from combustion of fossil fuels by existing infrastructure between 2010 and 2060, forcing mean warming of 1.3 degrees C (1.1 degrees to 1.4 degrees C) above the pre-industrial era and atmospheric concentrations of CO2 less than 430 parts per million. Because these conditions would likely avoid many key impacts of climate change, we conclude that sources of the most threatening emissions have yet to be built. However, CO2-emitting infrastructure will expand unless extraordinary efforts are undertaken to develop alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Davis
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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The Copenhagen Accord for limiting global warming: criteria, constraints, and available avenues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8055-62. [PMID: 20439712 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002293107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At last, all the major emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have agreed under the Copenhagen Accord that global average temperature increase should be kept below 2 degrees C. This study develops the criteria for limiting the warming below 2 degrees C, identifies the constraints imposed on policy makers, and explores available mitigation avenues. One important criterion is that the radiant energy added by human activities should not exceed 2.5 (range: 1.7-4) watts per square meter (Wm(-2)) of the Earth's surface. The blanket of man-made GHGs has already added 3 (range: 2.6-3.5) Wm(-2). Even if GHG emissions peak in 2015, the radiant energy barrier will be exceeded by 100%, requiring simultaneous pursuit of three avenues: (i) reduce the rate of thickening of the blanket by stabilizing CO(2) concentration below 441 ppm during this century (a massive decarbonization of the energy sector is necessary to accomplish this Herculean task), (ii) ensure that air pollution laws that reduce the masking effect of cooling aerosols be made radiant energy-neutral by reductions in black carbon and ozone, and (iii) thin the blanket by reducing emissions of short-lived GHGs. Methane and hydrofluorocarbons emerge as the prime targets. These actions, even if we are restricted to available technologies for avenues ii and iii, can reduce the probability of exceeding the 2 degrees C barrier before 2050 to less than 10%, and before 2100 to less than 50%. With such actions, the four decades we have until 2050 should be exploited to develop and scale-up revolutionary technologies to restrict the warming to less than 1.5 degrees C.
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Ammann CM, Naveau P. A statistical volcanic forcing scenario generator for climate simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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English PB, Sinclair AH, Ross Z, Anderson H, Boothe V, Davis C, Ebi K, Kagey B, Malecki K, Shultz R, Simms E. Environmental health indicators of climate change for the United States: findings from the State Environmental Health Indicator Collaborative. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1673-81. [PMID: 20049116 PMCID: PMC2801164 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop public health adaptation strategies and to project the impacts of climate change on human health, indicators of vulnerability and preparedness along with accurate surveillance data on climate-sensitive health outcomes are needed. We researched and developed environmental health indicators for inputs into human health vulnerability assessments for climate change and to propose public health preventative actions. DATA SOURCES We conducted a review of the scientific literature to identify outcomes and actions that were related to climate change. Data sources included governmental and nongovernmental agencies and the published literature. DATA EXTRACTION Sources were identified and assessed for completeness, usability, and accuracy. Priority was then given to identifying longitudinal data sets that were applicable at the state and community level. DATA SYNTHESIS We present a list of surveillance indicators for practitioners and policy makers that include climate-sensitive health outcomes and environmental and vulnerability indicators, as well as mitigation, adaptation, and policy indicators of climate change. CONCLUSIONS A review of environmental health indicators for climate change shows that data exist for many of these measures, but more evaluation of their sensitivity and usefulness is needed. Further attention is necessary to increase data quality and availability and to develop new surveillance databases, especially for climate-sensitive morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B English
- Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804, USA.
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Sasaki S, Suzuki H, Fujino Y, Kimura Y, Cheelo M. Impact of drainage networks on cholera outbreaks in Lusaka, Zambia. Am J Public Health 2009; 99:1982-7. [PMID: 19762668 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2008.151076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between precipitation patterns and cholera outbreaks and the preventative roles of drainage networks against outbreaks in Lusaka, Zambia. METHODS We collected data on 6542 registered cholera patients in the 2003-2004 outbreak season and on 6045 cholera patients in the 2005-2006 season. Correlations between monthly cholera incidences and amount of precipitation were examined. The distribution pattern of the disease was analyzed by a kriging spatial analysis method. We analyzed cholera case distribution and spatiotemporal cluster by using 2590 cholera cases traced with a global positioning system in the 2005-2006 season. The association between drainage networks and cholera cases was analyzed with regression analysis. RESULTS Increased precipitation was associated with the occurrence of cholera outbreaks, and insufficient drainage networks were statistically associated with cholera incidences. CONCLUSIONS Insufficient coverage of drainage networks elevated the risk of cholera outbreaks. Integrated development is required to upgrade high-risk areas with sufficient infrastructure for a long-term cholera prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sasaki
- Division of Public Health, Department of Infectious Disease Control and International Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo ward, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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Hess JJ, Heilpern KL, Davis TE, Frumkin H. Climate change and emergency medicine: impacts and opportunities. Acad Emerg Med 2009; 16:782-94. [PMID: 19673715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is scientific consensus that the climate is changing, that human activity plays a major role, and that the changes will continue through this century. Expert consensus holds that significant health effects are very likely. Public health and health care systems must understand these impacts to properly pursue preparedness and prevention activities. All of medicine will very likely be affected, and certain medical specialties are likely to be more significantly burdened based on their clinical activity, ease of public access, public health roles, and energy use profiles. These specialties have been called on to consider the likely impacts on their patients and practice and to prepare their practitioners. Emergency medicine (EM), with its focus on urgent and emergent ambulatory care, role as a safety-net provider, urban concentration, and broad-based clinical mission, will very likely experience a significant rise in demand for its services over and above current annual increases. Clinically, EM will see amplification of weather-related disease patterns and shifts in disease distribution. In EM's prehospital care and disaster response activities, both emergency medical services (EMS) activity and disaster medical assistance team (DMAT) deployment activities will likely increase. EM's public health roles, including disaster preparedness, emergency department (ED)-based surveillance, and safety-net care, are likely to face increasing demands, along with pressures to improve fuel efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, EM's roles in ED and hospital management, particularly related to building and purchasing, are likely to be impacted by efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance energy efficiency. Climate change thus presents multiple clinical and public health challenges to EM, but also creates numerous opportunities for research, education, and leadership on an emerging health issue of global scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Hess
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Eshel G, Martin PA. Geophysics and nutritional science: toward a novel, unified paradigm. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:1710S-1716S. [PMID: 19357219 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article discusses a few basic geophysical processes, which collectively indicate that several nutritionally adverse elements of current Western diets also yield environmentally harmful food consumption patterns. We address oceanic dead zones, which are at the confluence of oceanography, aquatic chemistry, and agronomy and which are a clear environmental problem, and agriculture's effects on the surface heat budget. These exemplify the unknown, complex, and sometimes unexpected large-scale environmental effects of agriculture. We delineate the significant alignment in purpose between nutritional and environmental sciences. We identify red meat, and to a lesser extent the broader animal-based portion of the diet, as having the greatest environmental effect, with clear nutritional parallels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gidon Eshel
- Department of Physics, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Sterman
- MIT Sloan School of Management, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Abstract
Estimates of 21st Century global-mean surface temperature increase have generally been based on scenarios that do not include climate policies. Newly developed multigas mitigation scenarios, based on a wide range of modeling approaches and socioeconomic assumptions, now allow the assessment of possible impacts of climate policies on projected warming ranges. This article assesses the atmospheric CO(2) concentrations, radiative forcing, and temperature increase for these new scenarios using two reduced-complexity climate models. These scenarios result in temperature increase of 0.5-4.4 degrees C over 1990 levels or 0.3-3.4 degrees C less than the no-policy cases. The range results from differences in the assumed stringency of climate policy and uncertainty in our understanding of the climate system. Notably, an average minimum warming of approximately 1.4 degrees C (with a full range of 0.5-2.8 degrees C) remains for even the most stringent stabilization scenarios analyzed here. This value is substantially above previously estimated committed warming based on climate system inertia alone. The results show that, although ambitious mitigation efforts can significantly reduce global warming, adaptation measures will be needed in addition to mitigation to reduce the impact of the residual warming.
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On avoiding dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system: formidable challenges ahead. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:14245-50. [PMID: 18799733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803838105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The observed increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) since the preindustrial era has most likely committed the world to a warming of 2.4 degrees C (1.4 degrees C to 4.3 degrees C) above the preindustrial surface temperatures. The committed warming is inferred from the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates of the greenhouse forcing and climate sensitivity. The estimated warming of 2.4 degrees C is the equilibrium warming above preindustrial temperatures that the world will observe even if GHG concentrations are held fixed at their 2005 concentration levels but without any other anthropogenic forcing such as the cooling effect of aerosols. The range of 1.4 degrees C to 4.3 degrees C in the committed warming overlaps and surpasses the currently perceived threshold range of 1 degrees C to 3 degrees C for dangerous anthropogenic interference with many of the climate-tipping elements such as the summer arctic sea ice, Himalayan-Tibetan glaciers, and the Greenland Ice Sheet. IPCC models suggest that approximately 25% (0.6 degrees C) of the committed warming has been realized as of now. About 90% or more of the rest of the committed warming of 1.6 degrees C will unfold during the 21st century, determined by the rate of the unmasking of the aerosol cooling effect by air pollution abatement laws and by the rate of release of the GHGs-forcing stored in the oceans. The accompanying sea-level rise can continue for more than several centuries. Lastly, even the most aggressive CO(2) mitigation steps as envisioned now can only limit further additions to the committed warming, but not reduce the already committed GHGs warming of 2.4 degrees C.
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Knutti R, Krähenmann S, Frame DJ, Allen MR. Comment on “Heat capacity, time constant, and sensitivity of Earth's climate system” by S. E. Schwartz. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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A rapid upward shift of a forest ecotone during 40 years of warming in the Green Mountains of Vermont. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:4197-202. [PMID: 18334647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708921105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting latitudinal range shifts of forest trees in response to recent climate change is difficult because of slow demographic rates and limited dispersal but may be facilitated by spatially compressed climatic zones along elevation gradients in montane environments. We resurveyed forest plots established in 1964 along elevation transects in the Green Mountains (Vermont) to examine whether a shift had occurred in the location of the northern hardwood-boreal forest ecotone (NBE) from 1964 to 2004. We found a 19% increase in dominance of northern hardwoods from 70% in 1964 to 89% in 2004 in the lower half of the NBE. This shift was driven by a decrease (up to 76%) in boreal and increase (up to 16%) in northern hardwood basal area within the lower portions of the ecotone. We used aerial photographs and satellite imagery to estimate a 91- to 119-m upslope shift in the upper limits of the NBE from 1962 to 2005. The upward shift is consistent with regional climatic change during the same period; interpolating climate data to the NBE showed a 1.1 degrees C increase in annual temperature, which would predict a 208-m upslope movement of the ecotone, along with a 34% increase in precipitation. The rapid upward movement of the NBE indicates little inertia to climatically induced range shifts in montane forests; the upslope shift may have been accelerated by high turnover in canopy trees that provided opportunities for ingrowth of lower elevation species. Our results indicate that high-elevation forests may be jeopardized by climate change sooner than anticipated.
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Lockwood M. Recent changes in solar outputs and the global mean surface temperature. III. Analysis of contributions to global mean air surface temperature rise. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2007.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A multivariate fit to the variation in global mean surface air temperature anomaly over the past half century is presented. The fit procedure allows for the effect of response time on the waveform, amplitude and lag of each radiative forcing input, and each is allowed to have its own time constant. It is shown that the contribution of solar variability to the temperature trend since 1987 is small and downward; the best estimate is −1.3% and the 2
σ
confidence level sets the uncertainty range of −0.7 to −1.9%. The result is the same if one quantifies the solar variation using galactic cosmic ray fluxes (for which the analysis can be extended back to 1953) or the most accurate total solar irradiance data composite. The rise in the global mean air surface temperatures is predominantly associated with a linear increase that represents the combined effects of changes in anthropogenic well-mixed greenhouse gases and aerosols, although, in recent decades, there is also a considerable contribution by a relative lack of major volcanic eruptions. The best estimate is that the anthropogenic factors contribute 75% of the rise since 1987, with an uncertainty range (set by the 2
σ
confidence level using an AR(1) noise model) of 49–160%; thus, the uncertainty is large, but we can state that at least half of the temperature trend comes from the linear term and that this term could explain the entire rise. The results are consistent with the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) estimates of the changes in radiative forcing (given for 1961–1995) and are here combined with those estimates to find the response times, equilibrium climate sensitivities and pertinent heat capacities (i.e. the depth into the oceans to which a given radiative forcing variation penetrates) of the quasi-periodic (decadal-scale) input forcing variations. As shown by previous studies, the decadal-scale variations do not penetrate as deeply into the oceans as the longer term drifts and have shorter response times. Hence, conclusions about the response to century-scale forcing changes (and hence the associated equilibrium climate sensitivity and the temperature rise commitment) cannot be made from studies of the response to shorter period forcing changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Lockwood
- Space Environment Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of SouthamptonSouthampton SO17 1BJ, Hampshire, UK
- Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryChilton OX11 0QX, Oxfordshire, UK
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Frumkin H, Hess J, Luber G, Malilay J, McGeehin M. Climate change: the public health response. Am J Public Health 2008; 98:435-45. [PMID: 18235058 PMCID: PMC2253589 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.119362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
There is scientific consensus that the global climate is changing, with rising surface temperatures, melting ice and snow, rising sea levels, and increasing climate variability. These changes are expected to have substantial impacts on human health. There are known, effective public health responses for many of these impacts, but the scope, timeline, and complexity of climate change are unprecedented. We propose a public health approach to climate change, based on the essential public health services, that extends to both clinical and population health services and emphasizes the coordination of government agencies (federal, state, and local), academia, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Frumkin
- National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, MS E-28, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Jiang S, Bae SC, Granick S. PDMS melts on mica studied by confocal Raman scattering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:1489-1494. [PMID: 18001071 DOI: 10.1021/la702295y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report surprising surface-induced torsional alignment of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chains in contact with the muscovite (001) mica surface with and without confinement. The alignment was measured by polarized confocal Raman spectroscopy over diffraction-limit circular spots with approximately 0.3 microm diameter. Our discussion here focuses on the intense symmetric methyl-group vibration centered at 2907 cm(-1), whose Raman scattering intensity is found to depend on whether incident light is polarized in the x or y direction of the surface, the x direction being parallel to one of the mica optical axes. Furthermore, the Raman peak broadens significantly relative to that of bulk PDMS while remaining Lorentzian in shape, implying slower but homogeneous vibrational dephasing. However, the preferred orientation differs, apparently stochastically, from spot to spot on the surface. Possible origins of this heterogeneous surface-induced structure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Lough JM. 10th Anniversary Review: a changing climate for coral reefs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:21-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b714627m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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