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Fu B, Ma H, Liu D. Essential roles of the nucleolus during early embryonic development: a regulatory hub for chromatin organization. Open Biol 2024; 14:230358. [PMID: 38689555 PMCID: PMC11065130 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is the most prominent liquid droplet-like membrane-less organelle in mammalian cells. Unlike the nucleolus in terminally differentiated somatic cells, those in totipotent cells, such as murine zygotes or two-cell embryos, have a unique nucleolar structure known as nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs). Previously, it was widely accepted that NPBs in zygotes are simply passive repositories of materials that will be gradually used to construct a fully functional nucleolus after zygotic genome activation (ZGA). However, recent research studies have challenged this simplistic view and demonstrated that functions of the NPBs go beyond ribosome biogenesis. In this review, we provide a snapshot of the functions of NPBs in zygotes and early two-cell embryos in mice. We propose that these membrane-less organelles function as a regulatory hub for chromatin organization. On the one hand, NPBs provide the structural platform for centric and pericentric chromatin remodelling. On the other hand, the dynamic changes in nucleolar structure control the release of the pioneer factors (i.e. double homeobox (Dux)). It appears that during transition from totipotency to pluripotency, decline of totipotency and initiation of fully functional nucleolus formation are not independent events but are interconnected. Consequently, it is reasonable to hypothesize that dissecting more unknown functions of NPBs may shed more light on the enigmas of early embryonic development and may ultimately provide novel approaches to improve reprogramming efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, HeiLongJiang Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, Harbin150086, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry,
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ma
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, HeiLongJiang Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, Harbin150086, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry,
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, HeiLongJiang Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, Harbin150086, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry,
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin150086, People's Republic of China
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2
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Crasta DN, Nair R, Kumari S, Dutta R, Adiga SK, Zhao Y, Kannan N, Kalthur G. Haploid Parthenogenetic Embryos Exhibit Unique Stress Response to pH, Osmotic and Oxidative Stress. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:2137-2151. [PMID: 36690917 PMCID: PMC10310621 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Preimplantation-stage embryos are susceptible to various types of stress when cultured in vitro. Parthenogenetic embryos that lack spermatozoa contribution exhibit aberrant developmental dynamics due to their uniparental origin. Herein, we assessed whether the absence of paternal genome affects the susceptibility of the embryos to pH, osmotic and oxidative stress. Haploid parthenogenetic embryos (HPE) (activated oocytes with 1 pronucleus and 2 polar bodies) were generated by incubating cumulus oocyte complexes of Swiss albino mice with 10 mM strontium chloride for 3 h. Normally fertilized embryos (NFE) (fertilized oocytes with 2 pronuclei and 2 polar bodies) were derived using in vitro fertilization. At 2-cell stage, both HPE and NFE were exposed to various stressors including pH (6.8 to 8.2), osmotic (isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic), and peroxidatic oxidative (H2O2, 25 µM) stress. Endoplasmic reticulum stress response, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the rate of blastocyst development were assessed. HPE were susceptible to alteration in the pH that was well tolerated by NFE. Similarly, HPE displayed remarkable difference in sensitivity to hypertonic stress and oxidative stress compared to NFE. The results clearly indicate that the oocytes that develop into embryos in the absence of paternal contribution are more vulnerable to environmental stressors, further highlighting the importance of spermatozoa contribution and/or the ploidy status in mitigating these stressors and towards healthy early embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Norma Crasta
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Ramya Nair
- Manipal Center for Biotherapeutic Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Sandhya Kumari
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Rahul Dutta
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Satish Kumar Adiga
- Division of Clinical Embryology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Yulian Zhao
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Clinical Core Laboratory Services, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nagarajan Kannan
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Guruprasad Kalthur
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
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3
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Jiang Y, He Y, Pan X, Wang P, Yuan X, Ma B. Advances in Oocyte Maturation In Vivo and In Vitro in Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9059. [PMID: 37240406 PMCID: PMC10219173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality and maturation of an oocyte not only play decisive roles in fertilization and embryo success, but also have long-term impacts on the later growth and development of the fetus. Female fertility declines with age, reflecting a decline in oocyte quantity. However, the meiosis of oocytes involves a complex and orderly regulatory process whose mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. This review therefore mainly focuses on the regulation mechanism of oocyte maturation, including folliculogenesis, oogenesis, and the interactions between granulosa cells and oocytes, plus in vitro technology and nuclear/cytoplasm maturation in oocytes. Additionally, we have reviewed advances made in the single-cell mRNA sequencing technology related to oocyte maturation in order to improve our understanding of the mechanism of oocyte maturation and to provide a theoretical basis for subsequent research into oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jiang
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6149, Australia
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yingting He
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiangchun Pan
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Penghao Wang
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6149, Australia
| | - Xiaolong Yuan
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin Ma
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6149, Australia
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4
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Gill ME, Quaas AM. Looking with new eyes: advanced microscopy and artificial intelligence in reproductive medicine. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:235-239. [PMID: 36534231 PMCID: PMC9935756 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopy has long played a pivotal role in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART). The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has opened the door for new approaches to sperm and oocyte assessment and selection, with the potential for improved ART outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Gill
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alexander M Quaas
- Division of Reproductive Medicine and Gynecological Endocrinology (RME), University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Inoue T, Taguchi S, Uemura M, Tsujimoto Y, Kokunai K, Ikawa K, Yamashita Y. The migration speed of nucleolar precursor bodies in pronuclei affects in vitro fertilization-derived human embryo ploidy status and live birth. Reprod Med Biol 2023; 22:e12497. [PMID: 36699958 PMCID: PMC9853468 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study the relationship between clinical outcomes after assisted reproduction and the migration speed of nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs) in male and female pronuclei (mPN; fPN). Methods NPB migration speed, embryo ploidy status, and live birth (LB) were retrospectively analyzed in IVF-derived zygotes. The central coordinates of the mPN, fPN, and NPBs were noted at multiple timepoints. The migration distance of NPBs between two sequential images was measured to calculate NPB migration speed. Results The NPB migration speeds in mPN and fPN were significantly faster in euploid zygotes than in aneuploid zygotes. In multivariate logistic analysis, NPB migration speed in mPN and the female age were associated with euploidy. The NPB migration speeds in mPN and fPN were also significantly faster in zygotes that led to LB than in zygotes that led to no pregnancy. In a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of LB by NPB migration speed in mPN, the cut-off value was 3.74 μm/h (AUC: 0.825, 95%CI: 0.688-0.963). When the zygotes were categorized by this cut-off value, there were significantly more LBs in zygotes with migration speed ≥ the cut-off (78.9% vs. 21.1%). Conclusions Zygotes with quickly migrating NPBs demonstrated the developmental potential to become a baby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketo Inoue
- Umeda Fertility ClinicOsakaJapan,Department of Emergency, Disaster and Critical Care MedicineHyogo Medical UniversityNishinomiyaJapan
| | | | - Mikiko Uemura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health ScienceKansai University of Welfare SciencesOsakaJapan
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6
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Bari MW, Morishita Y, Kishigami S. Heterogeneity of nucleolar morphology in four-cell mouse embryos after IVF: association with developmental potential. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13907. [PMID: 38102887 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, around fertilization, the nucleolus of embryos transforms into the nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs), which continue to mature until the blastocyst stage, leading to distinct morphological changes. In our study, we observed two types of nucleolar morphology in mouse in vitro fertilized embryos at the four-cell stage, which we refer to single nucleolus (SN) and multiple nucleoli (MN). To visualize nucleolar morphology, four-cell embryos were immunostained with anti-NOPP140 antibody. These embryos were categorized into five types based on the number of blastomeres carrying SN: SN4/MN0, SN3/MN1, SN2/MN2, SN1/MN3, and SN0/MN4, with percentages of 13, 27, 21, 23 and 9, respectively. Next, using a light microscope, we divided the four-cell in vitro fertilized embryos without fixation into two groups: those with at least two blastomeres displaying SN (SN embryos) and those without (MN embryos). Notably, significantly more SN embryos developed into blastocysts and offspring at 18.5 dpc compared with MN embryos. Furthermore, SN embryos displayed a higher NANOG-positive cell number at the blastocyst stage, significantly lower body and placental weights, resulting in a higher fetal/placental ratio. These findings suggest a close association between nucleolar state at the four-cell stage and subsequent developmental potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Wasim Bari
- Department of Integrated Applied Life Science, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Morishita
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi Kofu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kishigami
- Department of Integrated Applied Life Science, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi Kofu, Japan
- Center for advanced Assisted Reproductive Technologies, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
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7
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Tian Q, Tian Y, He X, Yin Y, Zhou LQ. Ppan is essential for preimplantation development in mice†. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:723-731. [PMID: 35554497 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PETER PAN (PPAN), located to nucleoli and mitochondria, is a member of the Brix domain protein family, involved in rRNA processing through its rRNA binding motif and mitochondrial apoptosis by protecting mitochondria structure and suppressing basal autophagic flux. Ppan is important for cell proliferation and viability, and mutation of Ppan in Drosophila caused larval lethality and oogenesis failure. Yet, its role in mammalian reproduction remains unclear. In this study, we explored the function of Ppan in oocyte maturation and early embryogenesis using conditional knockout mouse model. Deficiency of maternal Ppan significantly downregulated the expression level of 5.8S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and 28S rRNA, though it had no effect on oocyte maturation or preimplantation embryo development. However, depletion of both maternal and zygotic Ppan blocked embryonic development at morula stage. Similar phenotype was obtained when only zygotic Ppan was depleted. We further identified no DNA binding activity of PPAN in mouse embryonic stem cells, and depletion of Ppan had minimum impact on transcriptome but decreased expression of 5.8S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and 28S rRNA nevertheless. Our findings demonstrate that Ppan is indispensable for early embryogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tian
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Ximiao He
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Ying Yin
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Li-Quan Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
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8
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Xie SQ, Leeke BJ, Whilding C, Wagner RT, Garcia-Llagostera F, Low Y, Chammas P, Cheung NTF, Dormann D, McManus MT, Percharde M. Nucleolar-based Dux repression is essential for embryonic two-cell stage exit. Genes Dev 2022; 36:331-347. [PMID: 35273077 PMCID: PMC8973846 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349172.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Upon fertilization, the mammalian embryo must switch from dependence on maternal transcripts to transcribing its own genome, and in mice this involves the transient up-regulation of MERVL transposons and MERVL-driven genes at the two-cell stage. The mechanisms and requirement for MERVL and two-cell (2C) gene up-regulation are poorly understood. Moreover, this MERVL-driven transcriptional program must be rapidly shut off to allow two-cell exit and developmental progression. Here, we report that robust ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and nucleolar maturation are essential for exit from the 2C state. 2C-like cells and two-cell embryos show similar immature nucleoli with altered structure and reduced rRNA output. We reveal that nucleolar disruption via blocking RNA polymerase I activity or preventing nucleolar phase separation enhances conversion to a 2C-like state in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) by detachment of the MERVL activator Dux from the nucleolar surface. In embryos, nucleolar disruption prevents proper nucleolar maturation and Dux silencing and leads to two- to four-cell arrest. Our findings reveal an intriguing link between rRNA synthesis, nucleolar maturation, and gene repression during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Q Xie
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony J Leeke
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Chad Whilding
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan T Wagner
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 91413, USA
| | - Ferran Garcia-Llagostera
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - YiXuan Low
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Chammas
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan T-F Cheung
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Dormann
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T McManus
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 91413, USA
| | - Michelle Percharde
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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9
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Chebrout M, Koné MC, Jan HU, Cournut M, Letheule M, Fleurot R, Aguirre-Lavin T, Peynot N, Jouneau A, Beaujean N, Bonnet-Garnier A. Transcription of rRNA in early mouse embryos promotes chromatin reorganization and expression of major satellite repeats. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274059. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first cell cycles of the early development, the chromatin of the embryo is highly reprogrammed alongside that embryonic genome starts its own transcription. The spatial organization of the genome is a major process that contributes to regulating gene transcription in time and space, however, it is poorly studied in the context of early embryos. To study the cause and effect link between transcription and spatial organization in embryos, we focused on the ribosomal genes, that are first silent and begin to transcribe during the 2-cell stage in the mouse. We demonstrated that ribosomal sequences and early unprocessed rRNAs are spatially organized in a very peculiar manner from the 2-cell to the 16-cell. Using drugs interfering with ribosomal DNA transcription, we show that this organization, totally different from somatic cells, depends on an active transcription of ribosomal genes and induces a unique chromatin environment that favors transcription of major satellite sequences after the 4-cell stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Chebrout
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maïmouna Coura Koné
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Habib U. Jan
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie Cournut
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Martine Letheule
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Renaud Fleurot
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Tiphaine Aguirre-Lavin
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nathalie Peynot
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alice Jouneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nathalie Beaujean
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Amélie Bonnet-Garnier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
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10
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FULKA H, LOI P, PALAZZESE L, BENC M, FULKA, Jr. J. Nucleus reprogramming/remodeling through selective enucleation (SE) of immature oocytes and zygotes: a nucleolus point of view. J Reprod Dev 2022; 68:165-172. [PMID: 35431279 PMCID: PMC9184824 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2022-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now approximately 25 years since the sheep Dolly, the first cloned mammal where the somatic cell nucleus from an adult donor was used for transfer, was born. So far, somatic cell
nucleus transfer, where G1-phase nuclei are transferred into cytoplasts obtained by enucleation of mature metaphase II (MII) oocytes followed by the activation of the reconstructed cells, is
the most efficient approach to reprogram/remodel the differentiated nucleus. In general, in an enucleated oocyte (cytoplast), the nuclear envelope (NE, membrane) of an injected somatic cell
nucleus breaks down and chromosomes condense. This condensation phase is followed, after subsequent activation, by chromatin decondensation and formation of a pseudo-pronucleus (i) whose
morphology should resemble the natural postfertilization pronuclei (PNs). Thus, the volume of the transferred nuclei increases considerably by incorporating the content released from the
germinal vesicles (GVs). In parallel, the transferred nucleus genes must be reset and function similarly as the relevant genes in normal embryo reprogramming. This, among others, covers the
relevant epigenetic modifications and the appropriate organization of chromatin in pseudo-pronuclei. While reprogramming in SCNT is often discussed, the remodeling of transferred nuclei is
much less studied, particularly in the context of the developmental potential of SCNT embryos. It is now evident that correct reprogramming mirrors appropriate remodeling. At the same time,
it is widely accepted that the process of rebuilding the nucleus following SCNT is instrumental to the overall success of this procedure. Thus, in our contribution, we will mostly focus on
the remodeling of transferred nuclei. In particular, we discuss the oocyte organelles that are essential for the development of SCNT embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena FULKA
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pasqualino LOI
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Luca PALAZZESE
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Michal BENC
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovak Republic
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11
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Su G, Wang L, Gao G, Wu S, Yang L, Wu M, Liu X, Yang M, Wei Z, Bai C, Li G. C23 gene regulates the nucleolin structure and biosynthesis of ribosomes in bovine intraspecific and interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21993. [PMID: 34670005 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100737rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) can reprogram differentiated somatic cells to produce individual animals, thus having advantages in animal breeding and chromatin reprogramming. Interspecies SCNT (iSCNT) provides extreme cases of reprogramming failure that can be used to understand the basic biological mechanism of genome reprogramming. It is important to understand the possible mechanisms for the failure of zygotic genome activation (ZGA) in iSCNT embryos in order to improve the efficiency of SCNT embryos. In the present study, we compared the development of bovine-bovine (B-B), ovine-ovine (O-O) SCNT, and ovine-bovine (O-B) iSCNT embryos and found that a developmental block existed in the 8-cell stage in O-B iSCNT embryos. RNA sequencing and q-PCR analysis revealed that the large ribosomal subunit genes (RPL) or the small ribosomal subunit genes (RPS) were expressed at lower levels in the O-B iSCNT embryos. The nucleolin (C23) gene that regulates the ribosomal subunit generation was transcribed at a lower level during embryonic development in O-B iSCNT embryos. In addition, the nucleolin exhibited a clear circular-ring structure in B-B 8-cell stage embryos, whereas this was shell-like or dot-like in the O-B embryos. Furthermore, overexpression of C23 could increase the blastocyst rate of both SCNT and iSCNT embryos and partly rectify the ring-like nucleolin structure and the expression of ribosomal subunit related genes were upregulation, while knockdown of C23 increased the shell-like nucleolin-structure in B-B cloned embryos and downregulated the expression of ribosomal subunit related genes. These results implied that abnormal C23 and ribosome subunit gene expression would lead to the developmental block of iSCNT embryos and ZGA failure. Overexpression of the C23 gene could partly improve the blastocyst development and facilitate the nucleolin structure in bovine preimplantation SCNT embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guangqi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Meiling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Miaomiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhuying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chunling Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
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12
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Wang T, Na J. Fibrillarin-GFP Facilitates the Identification of Meiotic Competent Oocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:648331. [PMID: 33937243 PMCID: PMC8082495 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.648331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus undergoes significant functional changes and plays important roles during mammalian oocyte meiotic maturation. Fibrillarin (FBL) is the component of nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particle and localizes to the dense fibrillar component (DFC) of the nucleolus. We found that FBL-GFP displays an uneven and cloudy localization in the nucleolus of non-surrounded nucleolus (NSN) oocytes, while it distributes evenly and to a few bright dots in the surrounded nucleolus (SN) oocytes. Accordingly, NSN oocytes showed active nascent RNA transcription, while the SN group was transcriptionally quiescent. NSN geminal vesicles also contained more DNA damage marker γH2AX foci. Based on different FBL-GFP patterns in live oocytes, the ones with superior meiotic maturation potential can be identified. Global transcriptome profiling revealed a significant difference in single SN and NSN oocytes. Thus, FBL-GFP can serve as a marker for nucleolus activity, which also correlates with transcription activity and the quality of oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Na
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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13
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Migration speed of nucleolus precursor bodies in human male pronuclei: a novel parameter for predicting live birth. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:1725-1736. [PMID: 33811586 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the relationship between the migration speed of nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs) in male and female pronuclei (mPN; fPN) and human embryo development during assisted reproduction. METHODS The migration speed of 263 NPBs from 47 zygotes was quantitated, and embryonic development was observed until the blastocyst stage. The central coordinates of mPN, fPN, and NPBs were noted at multiple timepoints. Then, the distance traveled by the NPBs between two sequential images was measured, and migration speed was calculated. Additionally, we investigated the relationship between NPB migration speed and ploidy status (N = 33) or live birth/ongoing pregnancy (LB/OP) (N = 60) after assisted reproduction. RESULTS The NPB migration speed in both mPN and fPN was significantly faster in the zygotes that developed into blastocysts (N = 25) than that in the zygotes that arrested (N = 22). The timing of blastulation was negatively correlated with NPB migration speed in the mPN. Faster NPB migration was significantly correlated with LB/OP. In multivariate logistic analysis, NPB migration speed in the mPN was the only morphokinetic parameter associated with LB/OP. In a receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis of LB/OP by the NPB migration speed in the mPN, the cut-off value was 4.56 μm/h. When this cut-off value was applied to blastocysts with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, 100% of the blastocysts faster than or equal to the cut-off value were euploid. CONCLUSION The NPBs migrated faster in zygotes having the potential to develop into a blastocyst, and eventually into a baby. This predictor could be an attractive marker for non-invasive embryo selection.
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14
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Benc M, Strejcek F, Morovic M, Bartkova A, Murin M, Gad A, Bonnet-Garnier A, Percinic FP, Laurincik J. Improving the Quality of Oocytes with the Help of Nucleolotransfer Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040328. [PMID: 33918523 PMCID: PMC8066131 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is an important nucleus sub-organelle found in almost all eukaryotic cells. On the one hand, it is known as a differentiated active site of ribosome biogenesis in somatic cells, but on the other hand, in fully grown oocytes, zygotes, and early embryos (up to the major embryonic genome activation), it is in the form of a particular homogenous and compact structure called a fibrillar sphere. Nowadays, thanks to recent studies, we know many important functions of this, no doubt, interesting membraneless nucleus sub-organelle involved in oocyte maturation, embryonic genome activation, rRNA synthesis, etc. However, many questions are still unexplained and remain a mystery. Our aim is to create a comprehensive overview of the recent knowledge on the fibrillar sphere and envision how this knowledge could be utilized in further research in the field of biotechnology and nucleolotransfer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Benc
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nabrezie mladeze 91, 94974 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.B.); (M.M.); (A.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Frantisek Strejcek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nabrezie mladeze 91, 94974 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.B.); (M.M.); (A.B.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-037-6408-584
| | - Martin Morovic
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nabrezie mladeze 91, 94974 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.B.); (M.M.); (A.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Alexandra Bartkova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nabrezie mladeze 91, 94974 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.B.); (M.M.); (A.B.); (J.L.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Matej Murin
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Ahmed Gad
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Amelie Bonnet-Garnier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Florina Popovska Percinic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Jozef Laurincik
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nabrezie mladeze 91, 94974 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.B.); (M.M.); (A.B.); (J.L.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (A.G.)
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15
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The nucleolus-like and precursor bodies of mammalian oocytes and embryos and their possible role in post-fertilization centromere remodelling. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:581-593. [PMID: 32318710 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In nearly all somatic cells, the ribosome biosynthesis is a key activity. The same is true also for mammalian oocytes and early embryos. This activity is intimately linked to the most prominent nuclear organelles - the nucleoli. Interestingly, during a short period around fertilization, the nucleoli in oocytes and embryos transform into ribosome-biosynthesis-inactive structures termed nucleolus-like or nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs). For decades, researchers considered these structures to be passive repositories of nucleolar proteins used by the developing embryo to rebuild fully functional, ribosome-synthesis competent nucleoli when required. Recent evidence, however, indicates that while these structures are unquestionably essential for development, the material is largely dispensable for the formation of active embryonic nucleoli. In this mini-review, we will describe some unique features of oocytes and embryos with respect to ribosome biogenesis and the changes in the structure of oocyte and embryonic nucleoli that reflect this. We will also describe some of the different approaches that can be used to study nucleoli and NPBs in embryos and discuss the different results that might be expected. Finally, we ask whether the main function of nucleolar precursor bodies might lie in the genome organization and remodelling and what the involved components might be.
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16
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Wang S, Gong Y, Wang Z, Greenbaum J, Xiao HM, Deng HW. Cell-specific network analysis of human folliculogenesis reveals network rewiring in antral stage oocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2851-2860. [PMID: 33599396 PMCID: PMC7957178 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have explored the gene expression profiles of human oocytes and granulosa cells by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), the dynamic regulatory network at a single-cell resolution during folliculogenesis remains largely unknown. We identified 10 functional modules by WGCNA, four of which were significantly correlated with primary/antral oocyte and antral/pre-ovulatory granulosa cells. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the brown module, which was correlated with antral oocyte, was enriched in oocyte differentiation, and two core subnetworks identified by MCODE were involved in cell cycle (blue subnetwork) and oogenesis (red subnetwork). The cell-specific network (CSN) analysis demonstrated a distinct gene network structure associated with the antral follicular stage, which was notably different from other developmental stages. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore gene functions during folliculogenesis at single-cell network level. We uncovered two potential gene subnetworks, which may play an important role in oocyte function beginning at the antral stage, and further established their rewiring process at intra-network/whole transcriptome level. The findings provide crucial insights from a novel network perspective to be further explored in functional mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengran Wang
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Gong
- Tulane Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zun Wang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jonathan Greenbaum
- Tulane Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hong-Mei Xiao
- Institute of Reproductive & Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center of Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Tulane Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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17
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Grosch M, Ittermann S, Shaposhnikov D, Drukker M. Chromatin-Associated Membraneless Organelles in Regulation of Cellular Differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:1220-1232. [PMID: 33217325 PMCID: PMC7724471 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-free intracellular biocondensates are enclosures of proteins and nucleic acids that form by phase separation. Extensive ensembles of nuclear "membraneless organelles" indicate their involvement in genome regulation. Indeed, nuclear bodies have been linked to regulation of gene expression by formation of condensates made of chromatin and RNA processing factors. Important questions pertain to the involvement of membraneless organelles in determining cell identity through their cell-type-specific composition and function. Paraspeckles provide a prism to these questions because they exhibit striking cell-type-specific patterns and since they are crucial in embryogenesis. Here, we outline known interactions between paraspeckles and chromatin, and postulate how such interactions may be important in regulation of cell fate transitions. Moreover, we propose long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as candidates for similar regulation because many form foci that resemble biocondensates and exhibit dynamic patterns during differentiation. Finally, we outline approaches that could ascertain how chromatin-associated membraneless organelles regulate cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Grosch
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ittermann
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dmitry Shaposhnikov
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Micha Drukker
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Gorlaeus Building, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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18
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Benc M, Martinkova S, Rychtarova J, Fulka J, Bartkova A, Fulka H, Laurincik J. Assessing the effect of interspecies oocyte nucleolar material dosage on embryonic development. Theriogenology 2020; 155:17-24. [PMID: 32590076 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sequence differences are considered to be the basic cause of developmental failure in interspecies embryos when more distant species are combined. However, other phenomena, such as insufficient or excessive quantity of specific cellular factors, might also influence the outcome. These effects are usually not considered. One of the organelles shown to contain different amount of proteins is the oocyte nucleolus-like body. Here we show that upon interspecies transfer, a single porcine nucleolus-like body is unable to support the development of a mouse parthenogenetic embryo derived from an enucleolated oocyte. However, when the amount of the porcine nucleolar material is increased to equalize the amount of mouse nucleolar material by transferring two nucleolus-like bodies, mouse embryos are able to pass the developmental block elicited by enucleolation. These embryos progress to the blastocyst stage at rates comparable to controls. Thus, using the model of an interspecies nucleolus-like body transplantation between mouse and pig oocytes, we show that an inadequate amount of nucleolar factors, rather than the species origin, affects the development. In a wider context of interspecies nuclear transfer schemes, the observed incompatibility between more distant species might not stem simply from sequence differences but also from improper dosage of key cellular factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Benc
- Institute of Animal Science, Prague, Czech Republic; Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | - Josef Fulka
- Institute of Animal Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Bartkova
- Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Nitra, Slovak Republic; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Fulka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Laurincik
- Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Nitra, Slovak Republic; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR, Libechov, Czech Republic
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19
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Deng K, Feng W, Liu X, Su X, Zuo E, Du S, Huang Y, Shi D, Lu F. Anti-silencing factor 1A is associated with genome stability maintenance of mouse preimplantation embryos†. Biol Reprod 2020; 102:817-827. [PMID: 31916576 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome stability is critical for the normal development of preimplantation embryos, as DNA damages may result in mutation and even embryo lethality. Anti-silencing factor 1A (ASF1A) is a histone chaperone and enriched in the MII oocytes as a maternal factor, which may be associated with the maintenance of genome stability. Thus, this study was undertaken to explore the role of ASF1A in maintaining the genome stability of early mouse embryos. The ASF1A expressed in the preimplantation embryos and displayed a dynamic pattern throughout the early embryonic development. Inhibition of ASF1A expression decreased embryonic development and increased DNA damages. Overexpression of ASF1A improved the developmental potential and decreased DNA damages. When 293T cells that had been integrated with RGS-NHEJ were co-transfected with plasmids of pcDNA3.1-ASF1A, gRNA-NHEJ, and hCas9, less cells expressed eGFP, indicating that non-homologous end joining was reduced by ASF1A. When 293T cells were co-transfected with plasmids of HR-donor, gRNA-HR, hCas9, and pcDNA3.1-ASF1A, more cells expressed eGFP, indicating that homologous recombination (HR) was enhanced by ASF1A. These results indicate that ASF1A may be associated with the genome stability maintenance of early mouse embryos and this action may be mediated by promoting DNA damage repair through HR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Deng
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China and
| | - Wanyou Feng
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China and
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China and
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China and
| | - Erwei Zuo
- Center for Animal Genomics, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shanshan Du
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China and
| | - Yongjun Huang
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China and
| | - Deshun Shi
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China and
| | - Fenghua Lu
- Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China and
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20
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Chowdhury MMR, Park J, Afrin F, Ko YG, Kim CL, Lee SS, Kim SW. Transcriptome profiling of in vitro-matured oocytes from a korean native cow (hanwoo) after cysteamine supplementation. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 32:401-412. [PMID: 31900040 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1706545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study elucidated the molecular markers that decrease oocyte quality during in vitro culture, restricting optimal developmental potential. Here, we evaluated the transcriptomic differences between cysteamine-treated and non-treated bovine cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) after 22 h of co-culture in the maturation media using RNA sequencing. In total, 39,014 transcripts were sequenced between cysteamine-treated and non-treated mature COCs. We evaluated the relative expression of 21,472 genes, with 59 genes showing differential expression between the two COC groups. The cysteamine-treated group had 36 up-regulated gene transcripts and 23 down-regulated gene transcripts. Moreover, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that multiple biological processes were significantly enriched after cysteamine supplementation. Differentially expressed genes appeared to maintain normal oocyte physiology, regulation of apoptosis, differentiation, ossification or bone formation, cardiac and muscle physiology, hormonal secretion, and membrane construction for further embryonic development. In conclusion, cysteamine affects the mRNA level of COCs during oocyte maturation by upregulating potential molecular markers and downregulating genes that affect further embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M R Chowdhury
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Hamyang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Joonghoon Park
- Department of International Agricultural Technology, Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
| | - Fahmida Afrin
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Hamyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoung-Gyu Ko
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Hamyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Lan Kim
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Hamyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Lee
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Hamyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Hamyang, Republic of Korea
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21
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Wang H, Wang L, Wang Z, Dang Y, Shi Y, Zhao P, Zhang K. The nucleolar protein NOP2 is required for nucleolar maturation and ribosome biogenesis during preimplantation development in mammals. FASEB J 2019; 34:2715-2729. [PMID: 31908012 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902623r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The maternal nucleolus plays an indispensable role in zygotic genome activation (ZGA) and early embryonic development in mice. During oocyte-to-embryo transition, the nucleolus is subject to substantial transformation. Despite the primary role of the nucleolus is ribosome biogenesis, accumulating evidence has uncovered its functions in various other cell processes. However, the regulation of nucleolar maturation and ribosome biogenesis and the molecules involved remain unclear during early embryonic development. In this study, we observed that nucleolar protein 2 (NOP2) is restrictedly localized within the nucleolus, first detected in the late two-cell embryos, and increases to a peak level at the eight-cell stage in mice. RNAi-mediated NOP2 depletion leads to a developmental arrest during the morula-to-blastocyst transition. RNA-seq analyses reveal that 208 genes are differentially expressed, including multiple lineage-specific genes and several genes encoding ribosome proteins. Indeed, we observe a failure of the first lineage specification with reduced TEA domain transcription factor 4(TEAD4) (trophectoderm-specific), tir na nog (NANOG), and kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) (inner cell mass-specific). Importantly, by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), we noted a decrease in the ratio of the nucleolus size and an increase in the ratio of the size of the nucleolus precursor body, suggesting the nucleolar maturation is disrupted. Moreover, both qPCR and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) data showcase a significant decrease in the abundance of ribosome RNAs. Similarly, NOP2 depletion causes reduced developmental potential and decreased rRNA level in bovine early embryos, suggesting a functional conservation of NOP2 in mammals. Taken together, these results suggest that NOP2 is required for mammalian preimplantation development, presumably by regulating nucleolar maturation and ribosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanan Wang
- Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular Embryology, College of Animal Sciences, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lefeng Wang
- Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular Embryology, College of Animal Sciences, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zizengchen Wang
- Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular Embryology, College of Animal Sciences, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanna Dang
- Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular Embryology, College of Animal Sciences, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular Embryology, College of Animal Sciences, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular Embryology, College of Animal Sciences, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular Embryology, College of Animal Sciences, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Fulka H, Ogura A, Loi P, Fulka Jr J. Dissecting the role of the germinal vesicle nuclear envelope and soluble content in the process of somatic cell remodelling and reprogramming. J Reprod Dev 2019; 65:433-441. [PMID: 31423000 PMCID: PMC6815741 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated nuclei can be reprogrammed/remodelled to totipotency after their transfer to enucleated metaphase II (MII) oocytes. The process of reprogramming/remodelling is, however, only
partially characterized. It has been shown that the oocyte nucleus (germinal vesicle – GV) components are essential for a successful remodelling of the transferred nucleus by providing the
materials for pseudo-nucleus formation. However, the nucleus is a complex structure and exactly what nuclear components are required for a successful nucleus remodelling and reprogramming is
unknown. Till date, the only nuclear sub-structure experimentally demonstrated to be essential is the oocyte nucleolus (nucleolus-like body, NLB). In this study, we investigated what other
GV components might be necessary for the formation of normal-sized pseudo-pronuclei (PNs). Our results showed that the removal of the GV nuclear envelope with attached chromatin and
chromatin-bound factors does not substantially influence the size of the remodelled nuclei in reconstructed cells and that their nuclear envelopes seem to have normal parameters. Rather than
the insoluble nuclear lamina, the GV content, which is dissolved in the cytoplasm with the onset of oocyte maturation, influences the characteristics and size of transferred nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Fulka
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Medicine, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Pasqualino Loi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo 64100, Italy
| | - Josef Fulka Jr
- Institute of Animal Science, 140 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Kresoja-Rakic J, Santoro R. Nucleolus and rRNA Gene Chromatin in Early Embryo Development. Trends Genet 2019; 35:868-879. [PMID: 31327501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The nucleolus is the largest substructure in the nucleus and forms around the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), which comprise hundreds of rRNA genes. Recent evidence highlights further functions of the nucleolus that go beyond ribosome biogenesis. Data indicate that the nucleolus acts as a compartment for the location and regulation of repressive genomic domains and, together with the nuclear lamina, represents the hub for the organization of the inactive heterochromatin. In this review, we discuss recent findings that have revealed how nucleolar structure and rRNA gene chromatin states are regulated during early mammalian development and their contribution to the higher-order spatial organization of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kresoja-Rakic
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Santoro
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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24
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Mohammed AENA, Al-Suwaiegh S, Al-Shaheen T. Do the Cytoplast and Nuclear Material of Germinal Vesicle Oocyte Support Developmental Competence Upon Reconstruction with Embryonic/Somatic Nucleus. Cell Reprogram 2019; 21:163-170. [PMID: 31313935 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2019.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturation conditions and oocytes quality have substantial roles on developmental competence of unreconstructed or reconstructed oocytes. Cloning has been reported successfully with low efficiency through embryonic or somatic nuclear transfer into enucleated metaphase II oocytes. It has been suggested that introducing embryonic or somatic nucleus to cytoplast at earlier stage might improve reprogramming of the introduced nucleus. In addition, the synchronization between the donor nucleus and recipient cytoplasts might effect on reprogramming and further embryonic development. Therefore, the question arises; does the cytoplast of germinal vesicle (GV) oocyte containing nuclear sap improve developmental competence upon reconstruction with embryonic/somatic nucleus compared with MII cytoplast. It has been indicated that GV material is essential for remodeling of sperm or embryonic or somatic nucleus in GV oocyte cytoplast and their further embryonic developmental competence. GV cytoplasts could be obtained through micromanipulation. Different micromanipulation techniques of immature oocytes at different stages were adapted in addition to introducing donor nuclei at G0/G1, S and G2/M phase, and enucleolation technique as well. Upon micromanipulation, it could obtain GV cytoplasts; cumulus-free and without GV material, cumulus-complexes and without GV material, cumulus-free and with GV material, and cumulus-complexes and with GV material in addition to enucleolated GV oocytes. Therefore, this short review will address briefly the importance of maturation conditions, cumulus cells, oocyte quality, the techniques of enucleation GV oocyte, the cell cycle stage of the introduced donor cell, or nucleus for oocyte maturation and embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd El-Nasser Ahmed Mohammed
- 1Department of Animal & Fish Production, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia
- 2Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- 3Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genet & Anim Breed, Polish Academy Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Saker Al-Suwaiegh
- 1Department of Animal & Fish Production, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Al-Shaheen
- 1Department of Animal & Fish Production, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia
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Romar R, Cánovas S, Matás C, Gadea J, Coy P. Pig in vitro fertilization: Where are we and where do we go? Theriogenology 2019; 137:113-121. [PMID: 31182223 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The pig is an important livestock animal. Biotechnological interest in this species has increased due to its use, among others, in the generation of transgenic animals for use in biomedicine based on its greater physiological proximity to the human species than other large domestic animals. This development has paralleled an improvement in Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ART) used for this species. However, the ability to generate animals from embryos produced entirely in vitro is still limited and a wide margin for improvement remains. Here we review the procedures, additives, and devices used during pig in vitro fertilization (IVF), focusing on the main points of each step that have offered the best results in terms of increased efficiency of the system. The lack of standardized protocols and consensus on the parameters to be assessed makes it difficult to compare results across different studies, but some conclusions are drawn from the literature. We anticipate that new physiological protocols will advance the field of swine IVF, including induction of prefertilization ZP hardening with oviductal fluid, sperm preparation by swim-up method, increased viscosity through the addition of inert molecules or reproductive biofluids, and the incorporation of 3D devices. Here we also reflect on the need to expand the variables on which the efficiency of pig IVF is based, providing new parameters that should be considered to supply more objective and quantitative assessment of IVF additives and protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Romar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Sebastián Cánovas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Matás
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Gadea
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Coy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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Fulka H, Langerova A. Nucleoli in embryos: a central structural platform for embryonic chromatin remodeling? Chromosome Res 2018; 27:129-140. [PMID: 30406864 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-018-9590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoli are the site of ribosomal RNA production and subunit assembly. In contrast to active nucleoli in somatic cells, where three basic sub-compartments can be observed, mammalian oocytes and early embryos contain atypical nucleoli termed "nucleolus-like bodies" or "nucleolus precursor bodies", respectively. Unlike their somatic counterparts, these structures are composed of dense homogenous fibrillar material and exhibit no polymerase activity. Irrespective of these unusual properties, they have been shown to be absolutely essential for embryonic development, as their microsurgical removal results in developmental arrest. Historically, nucleolus-like and nucleolus precursor bodies have been perceived as passive storage sites of nucleolar material, which is gradually utilized by embryos to construct fully functional nucleoli once they have activated their genome and have started to produce ribosomes. For decades, researchers have been trying to elucidate the composition of these organelles and provide the evidence for their repository role. However, only recently has it become clear that the function of these atypical nucleoli is altogether different, and rather than being involved in ribosome biogenesis, they participate in parental chromatin remodeling, and strikingly, the artificial introduction of a single NPB component is sufficient to rescue the developmental arrest elicited by the NPB removal. In this review, we will describe and summarize the experiments that led to the change in our understanding of these unique structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Fulka
- Institute of Animal Science, v.v.i., 104 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Molecular Genetics ASCR, v.v.i., 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Experimental Medicine ASCR, v.v.i., 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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27
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The Oocyte’s Nucleolus Precursor Body: The Globe for Life. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2018-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The nucleolus is the cell organelle responsible for ribosome synthesis and, hence, for protein synthesis. In the mammalian oocyte, the nucleolus compacts into a dense sphere with no ribosome synthesis well in advance of ovulation. It seems, that this body is of utmost importance for the development of the embryo. It is unknown, however, how it exerts this essential function. During the last two decades, great attention has been paid to the study of nucleogenesis in oocytes and early embryos, with transcription of ribosomal DNA being evaluated as one of the criteria of normal development. In this review, we summarize some aspects of nucleolus transformation during oocyte growth, as well as during early embryonic development with possible impact on the quality of the embryos used in biomedical research. This knowledge in connection with further observations will substantially contribute to the development of new criteria suitable for evaluation of oocytes and embryos used in biomedical application.
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28
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Maternally inherited rRNA triggers de novo nucleolus formation in porcine embryos. ZYGOTE 2018; 26:395-402. [PMID: 30311594 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199418000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe present study examines the role of RNA polymerase I (RPI)-mediated transcription, maternally inherited rRNA and nucleolar proteins in the resumption of fibrillogranular nucleoli during embryonic genome activation (EGA) in porcine embryos. Late 4-cell embryos were incubated in the absence (control) or presence of actinomycin D (AD) (0.2 μg/ml for inhibition of RPI; 2.0 μg/ml for inhibition of total transcription) and late 2-cell embryos were cultured to the late 4-cell stage with 0.2 μg/ml AD to block EGA. Embryos were then processed for reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and for autoradiography (ARG), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), silver staining and immunofluorescence (for RPI). Embryos in the control group displayed extranucleolar and intranucleolar ARG labelling, and exhibited de novo synthesis of rRNA and reticulated functional nucleoli. Nucleolar proteins were located in large foci. After RPI inhibition, nucleolar precursors transformed into segregated fibrillogranular structures, however no fibrillar centres were observed. The localization of rDNA and clusters of rRNA were detected in 57.1% immunoprecipitated (IP) analyzed nucleoli and dispersed RPI; 30.5% of nuclei showed large deposits of nucleolar proteins. Embryos from the AD-2.0 group did not display any transcriptional activity. Nucleolar formation was completely blocked, however 39.4% of nuclei showed rRNA clusters; 85.7% of nuclei were co-localized with nucleolar proteins. Long-term transcriptional inhibition resulted in the lack of ARG and RPI labelling; 40% of analyzed nuclei displayed the accumulation of rRNA molecules into large foci. In conclusion, maternally inherited rRNA co-localized with rDNA and nucleolar proteins can initiate a partial nucleolar assembly, resulting in the formation of fibrilogranular structures independently on activation of RPI-mediated transcription.
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29
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Kyogoku H, Wakayama T, Kitajima TS, Miyano T. Single nucleolus precursor body formation in the pronucleus of mouse zygotes and SCNT embryos. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202663. [PMID: 30125305 PMCID: PMC6101414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes and zygotes have nucleoli that are transcriptionally inactive and structurally distinct from nucleoli in somatic cells. These nucleoli have been termed nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs). Recent research has shown that NPBs are important for embryonic development, but they are only required during pronuclear formation. After fertilization, multiple small NPBs are transiently formed in male and female pronuclei and then fuse into a single large NPB in zygotes. In cloned embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), multiple NPBs are formed and maintained in the pseudo-pronucleus, and this is considered an abnormality of the cloned embryos. Despite this difference between SCNT and normal embryos, it is unclear how the size and number of NPBs in pronuclei is determined. Here, we show that in mouse embryos, the volume of NPB materials plays a major role in the NPB scaling through a limiting component mechanism and determines whether a single or multiple NPBs will form in the pronucleus. Extra NPB- and extra MII spindle-injection experiments demonstrated that the total volume of NPBs was maintained regardless of the pronucleus number and the ratio of pronucleus/NPB is important for fusion into a single NPB. Based on these results, we examined whether extra-NPB injection rescued multiple NPB maintenance in SCNT embryos. When extra-NPBs were injected into enucleated-MII oocytes before SCNT, the number of NPBs in pseudo-pronuclei of SCNT embryos was reduced. These results indicate that multiple NPB maintenance in SCNT embryos is caused by insufficient volume of NPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Kyogoku
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Tomoya S. Kitajima
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyano
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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30
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Silva WTAF. Methylation dynamics during the maternal-to-zygotic genome transition in dioecious species. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200028. [PMID: 29990374 PMCID: PMC6039002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The starting point of a new generation in sexually reproducing species is fertilization. In many species, fertilization is followed by cell divisions controlled primarily by maternal transcripts, with little to no zygotic transcription. The activation of the zygotic genome (ZGA) is part of a process called maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT), during which transcripts from the zygotic genome take control of development, setting the conditions for cellular specialization. While we know that epigenetic processes (e.g. methylation) are involved in the MZT, their roles and interplay in the transition are largely unknown. I developed a model and used simulations to elucidate the interaction between possible epigenetic processes, namely methylation processes, involved in the MZT. The model focuses on the dynamics of global methylation levels and how these interact with factors such as a parental repressor and the nucleocytoplasmic ratio to trigger the ZGA, followed by development from fertilization to adulthood. In addition, I included transgenerational effects transmitted to the zygote from both parents through their gametes to show that these may set the stage for plastic developmental processes. I demonstrate that the rates of maintenance methylation and demethylation, which are important for the achievement of the final methylation levels of an individual, exhibit a certain level of flexibility in terms of parameter values. I find that high final methylation levels require more restricted combinations of parameter values. The model is discussed in the context of the current empirical knowledge and provide suggestions for directions of future empirical and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian T. A. F. Silva
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 753 10 Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Lindström MS, Jurada D, Bursac S, Orsolic I, Bartek J, Volarevic S. Nucleolus as an emerging hub in maintenance of genome stability and cancer pathogenesis. Oncogene 2018; 37:2351-2366. [PMID: 29429989 PMCID: PMC5931986 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nucleolus is the major site for synthesis of ribosomes, complex molecular machines that are responsible for protein synthesis. A wealth of research over the past 20 years has clearly indicated that both quantitative and qualitative alterations in ribosome biogenesis can drive the malignant phenotype via dysregulation of protein synthesis. However, numerous recent proteomic, genomic, and functional studies have implicated the nucleolus in the regulation of processes that are unrelated to ribosome biogenesis, including DNA-damage response, maintenance of genome stability and its spatial organization, epigenetic regulation, cell-cycle control, stress responses, senescence, global gene expression, as well as assembly or maturation of various ribonucleoprotein particles. In this review, the focus will be on features of rDNA genes, which make them highly vulnerable to DNA damage and intra- and interchromosomal recombination as well as built-in mechanisms that prevent and repair rDNA damage, and how dysregulation of this interplay affects genome-wide DNA stability, gene expression and the balance between euchromatin and heterochromatin. We will also present the most recent insights into how malfunction of these cellular processes may be a central driving force of human malignancies, and propose a promising new therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael S Lindström
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Deana Jurada
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sladana Bursac
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ines Orsolic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- The Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sinisa Volarevic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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32
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Guo S, Yan X, Shi F, Ma K, Chen ZJ, Zhang C. Expression and distribution of the zinc finger protein, SNAI3, in mouse ovaries and pre-implantation embryos. J Reprod Dev 2018; 64:179-186. [PMID: 29445069 PMCID: PMC5902906 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Snail gene family includes Snai1, Snai2, and Snai3 that encode zinc finger-containing transcriptional repressors in mammals. The expression and localization of SNAI1 and SNAI2 have been studied extensively during folliculogenesis, ovulation, luteinization, and embryogenesis in mice. However, the role of SNAI3 is unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression of SNAI3 during these processes. Our immunohistochemistry data showed that SNAI3 first appeared in oocytes by postnatal day (PD) 9. Following this, SNAI3 was found to be expressed consistently in theca and interstitial cells, along with oocytes. In gonadotropin-treated immature mice, the expression of SNAI3 did not change significantly during follicular development. The expression of SNAI3 was reduced during ovulation, after which it increased gradually during luteinization. Similar results were obtained from western blot analyses. Furthermore, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses revealed varying mRNA levels of different Snail factors at a given time in gonadotropin-induced ovaries. During early embryo cleavage, SNAI3 was localized to the nucleus, except the nucleolus at the germinal vesicle and one-cell stages. From two- to eight-cell stages, SNAI3 was localized only to the nucleolus. Thereafter, SNAI3 was detected only in the cytoplasm, except during the blastocyst stage when it was localized to the nucleus of the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass. RT-PCR results showed that the expression of Snail superfamily genes was decreased during the blastocyst stage. From the eight-cell to morula stage, when compaction occurs that is a prerequisite for blastocyst formation, Snai3 mRNA was expressed at very low levels and was opposite to the highest expression level of the compaction-related gene, E-cadherin, at the eight-cell stage. Taken together, our results suggest that SNAI3 likely plays some roles during folliculogenesis, luteinization, and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Xingyu Yan
- Hebei Medical University Nursing School, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Feifei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250014, China
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, China
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33
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Review: Sperm-oocyte interactions and their implications for bull fertility, with emphasis on the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Animal 2018; 12:s121-s132. [PMID: 29477154 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilization is an intricate cascade of events that irreversibly alter the participating male and female gamete and ultimately lead to the union of paternal and maternal genomes in the zygote. Fertilization starts with sperm capacitation within the oviductal sperm reservoir, followed by gamete recognition, sperm-zona pellucida interactions and sperm-oolemma adhesion and fusion, followed by sperm incorporation, oocyte activation, pronuclear development and embryo cleavage. At fertilization, bull spermatozoon loses its acrosome and plasma membrane components and contributes chromosomes, centriole, perinuclear theca proteins and regulatory RNAs to the zygote. While also incorporated in oocyte cytoplasm, structures of the sperm tail, including mitochondrial sheath, axoneme, fibrous sheath and outer dense fibers are degraded and recycled. The ability of some of these sperm contributed components to give rise to functional zygotic structures and properly induce embryonic development may vary between bulls, bearing on their reproductive performance, and on the fitness, health, fertility and production traits of their offspring. Proper functioning, recycling and remodeling of gamete structures at fertilization is aided by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), the universal substrate-specific protein recycling pathway present in bovine and other mammalian oocytes and spermatozoa. This review is focused on the aspects of UPS relevant to bovine fertilization and bull fertility.
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Abstract
It is well known that nucleoli of fully grown mammalian oocytes are indispensable for embryonic development. Therefore, the embryos originated from previously enucleolated (ENL) oocytes undergo only one or two cleavages and then their development ceases. In our study the interspecies (mouse/pig) nucleolus transferred embryos (NuTE) were produced and their embryonic development was analyzed by autoradiography, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunofluorescence (C23 and upstream binding factor (UBF)). Our results show that the re-injection of isolated oocyte nucleoli, either from the pig (P + P) or mouse (P + M), into previously enucleolated and subsequently matured porcine oocytes rescues their development after parthenogenetic activation and some of these develop up to the blastocyst stage (P + P, 11.8%; P + M, 13.5%). In nucleolus re-injected 8-cell and blastocyst stage embryos the number of nucleoli labeled with C23 in P + P and P + M groups was lower than in control (non-manipulated) group. UBF was localized in small foci within the nucleoli of blastocysts in control and P + P embryos, however, in P + M embryos the labeling was evenly distributed in the nucleoplasm. The TEM and autoradiographic evaluations showed the formation of functional nucleoli and de novo rRNA synthesis at the 8-cell stage in both, control and P + P group. In the P + M group the formation of comparable nucleoli was delayed. In conclusion, our results indicate that the mouse nucleolus can rescue embryonic development of enucleolated porcine oocytes, but the localization of selected nucleolar proteins, the timing of transcription activation and the formation of the functional nucleoli in NuTE compared with control group show evident aberrations.
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Benc M, Strejcek F, Murin M, Morovic M, Martinkova S, Jettmarova D, Pendovski L, Fulka J, Laurincik J. Nucleologenesis and Nucleolotransfer in Mammalian Oocytes: A Review. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/macvetrev-2017-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
An effort to improve development potential of early embryos is one of the main goals of biotechnology in the area of reproductive biology with application in veterinary or human medicine. Recent observations of the function of nucleolus or rather its forms before, during and after the fertilisation or parthenogenetic activation show the key role(s) of nucleolus in the processes of early genome activation. The nucleolus is a subnuclear structure (organelle) mainly involved in regulation of transcription and translation. This organelle has been characterized in detail by immunofluorescence, cell transfection and proteomics. This data was, however, mostly obtained in nucleoli of differentiated eukaryotic cells. Much less is known about the nucleolar structural changes and related functional processes in growing and fully grown mammalian oocytes, zygotes and early cleavage stage embryos, especially in the context of embryonic genome activation. It has been shown, that nucleoli in mammalian oocytes and early embryos have several forms and functions, which vary during the oocyte growth and embryonic development. Certain functions have not been fully described or explained, yet. The method of enucleolation, which allows to remove nucleoli from the oocytes or to exchange nucleoli between oocytes or zygotes, together with their proteomic and structural analyses brought new information about functions of nucleoli in oocytes and early cleavage-stage embryos and allowed to explain some new key roles of nucleoli during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Benc
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra , Nabrezie mladeze 91, 949 74 Nitra , Slovak Republic
- Institute of Animal Science , Pratelstvi 815, 104 00 Prague - Uhrineves, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Strejcek
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra , Nabrezie mladeze 91, 949 74 Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Matej Murin
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra , Nabrezie mladeze 91, 949 74 Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Morovic
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra , Nabrezie mladeze 91, 949 74 Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Stanislava Martinkova
- Institute of Animal Science , Pratelstvi 815, 104 00 Prague - Uhrineves, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Jettmarova
- Institute of Animal Science , Pratelstvi 815, 104 00 Prague - Uhrineves, Czech Republic
| | - Lazo Pendovski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , st. Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje , Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of)
| | - Josef Fulka
- Institute of Animal Science , Pratelstvi 815, 104 00 Prague - Uhrineves, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Laurincik
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra , Nabrezie mladeze 91, 949 74 Nitra , Slovak Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR , Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov , Czech Republic
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Suppressing mosaicism by Au nanowire injector-driven direct delivery of plasmids into mouse embryos. Biomaterials 2017; 138:169-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ogushi S, Yamagata K, Obuse C, Furuta K, Wakayama T, Matzuk MM, Saitou M. Reconstitution of the oocyte nucleolus in mice through a single nucleolar protein, NPM2. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2416-2429. [PMID: 28600324 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.195875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian oocyte nucleolus, the most prominent subcellular organelle in the oocyte, is vital in early development, yet its key functions and constituents remain unclear. We show here that the parthenotes/zygotes derived from enucleolated oocytes exhibited abnormal heterochromatin formation around parental pericentromeric DNAs, which led to a significant mitotic delay and frequent chromosome mis-segregation upon the first mitotic division. A proteomic analysis identified nucleoplasmin 2 (NPM2) as a dominant component of the oocyte nucleolus. Consistently, Npm2-deficient oocytes, which lack a normal nucleolar structure, showed chromosome segregation defects similar to those in enucleolated oocytes, suggesting that nucleolar loss, rather than micromanipulation-related damage to the genome, leads to a disorganization of higher-order chromatin structure in pronuclei and frequent chromosome mis-segregation during the first mitosis. Strikingly, expression of NPM2 alone sufficed to reconstitute the nucleolar structure in enucleolated embryos, and rescued their first mitotic division and full-term development. The nucleolus rescue through NPM2 required the pentamer formation and both the N- and C-terminal domains. Our findings demonstrate that the NPM2-based oocyte nucleolus is an essential platform for parental chromatin organization in early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugako Ogushi
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Laboratory for Genomic Reprogramming, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Chikashi Obuse
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Keiko Furuta
- Division of Electron Microscopic Study, Center for Anatomical Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Laboratory for Genomic Reprogramming, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Martin M Matzuk
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Molecular and Human Genetics, and Pharmacology, and Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,JST, CREST/ERATO, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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38
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Hamdane N, Tremblay MG, Dillinger S, Stefanovsky VY, Németh A, Moss T. Disruption of the UBF gene induces aberrant somatic nucleolar bodies and disrupts embryo nucleolar precursor bodies. Gene 2017; 612:5-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lavrentyeva E, Shishova K, Kagarlitsky G, Zatsepina O. Localisation of RNAs and proteins in nucleolar precursor bodies of early mouse embryos. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:509-520. [PMID: 26376167 DOI: 10.1071/rd15200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early embryos of all mammalian species contain morphologically distinct but transcriptionally silent nucleoli called the nucleolar precursor bodies (NPBs), which, unlike normal nucleoli, have been poorly studied at the biochemical level. To bridge this gap, here we examined the occurrence of RNA and proteins in early mouse embryos with two fluorochromes - an RNA-binding dye pyronin Y (PY) and the protein-binding dye fluorescein-5'-isothiocyanate (FITC). The staining patterns of zygotic NPBs were then compared with those of nucleolus-like bodies (NLBs) in fully grown surrounded nucleolus (SN)-type oocytes, which are morphologically similar to NPBs. We show that both entities contain proteins, but unlike NLBs, NPBs are significantly impoverished for RNA. Detectable amounts of RNA appear on the NPB surface only after resumption of rDNA transcription and includes pre-rRNAs and 28S rRNA as evidenced by fluorescence in situ hybridisation with specific oligonucleotide probes. Immunocytochemical assays demonstrate that zygotic NPBs contain rRNA processing factors fibrillarin, nucleophosmin and nucleolin, while UBF (the RNA polymerase I transcription factor) and ribosomal proteins RPL26 and RPS10 are not detectable. Based on the results obtained and data in the contemporary literature, we suggest a scheme of NPB assembly and maturation to normal nucleoli that assumes utilisation of maternally derived nucleolar proteins but of nascent rRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lavrentyeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Kseniya Shishova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - German Kagarlitsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Zatsepina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
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40
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Nakaya M, Tanabe H, Takamatsu S, Hosokawa M, Mitani T. Visualization of the spatial arrangement of nuclear organization using three-dimensional fluorescence in situ hybridization in early mouse embryos: A new "EASI-FISH chamber glass" for mammalian embryos. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:167-174. [PMID: 28190810 PMCID: PMC5401810 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fertilized oocyte begins cleavage, leading to zygotic gene activation (ZGA), which re-activates the resting genome to acquire totipotency. In this process, genomic function is regulated by the dynamic structural conversion in the nucleus. Indeed, a considerable number of genes that are essential for embryonic development are located near the pericentromeric regions, wherein the heterochromatin is formed. These genes are repressed transcriptionally in somatic cells. Three-dimensional fluorescence in situ hybridization (3D-FISH) enables the visualization of the intranuclear spatial arrangement, such as gene loci, chromosomal domains, and chromosome territories (CTs). However, the 3D-FISH approach in mammalian embryos has been limited to certain repeated sequences because of its unfavorable properties. In this study, we developed an easy-to-use chamber device (EASI-FISH chamber) for 3D-FISH in early embryos, and visualized, for the first time, the spatial arrangements of pericentromeric regions, the ZGA-activated gene (Zscan4) loci, and CTs (chromosome 7), simultaneously during the early cleavage stage of mouse embryos by 3D-FISH. As a result, it was revealed that morphological changes of the pericentromeric regions and CTs, and relocation of the Zscan4 loci in CTs, occurred in the 1- to 4-cell stage embryos, which was different from those in somatic cells. This convenient and reproducible 3D-FISH technique for mammalian embryos represents a valuable tool that will provide insights into the nuclear dynamics of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Nakaya
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tanabe
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Shingo Takamatsu
- Department of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Misaki Hosokawa
- Department of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Tasuku Mitani
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.,Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan
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41
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Shakhov AM, Astafiev AA, Osychenko AA, Nadtochenko VA. Effect of femtosecond laser radiation on mammalian oocytes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793116050237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Oqani RK, Lin T, Lee JE, Kim SY, Sa SJ, Woo JS, Jin DI. Inhibition of P-TEFb disrupts global transcription, oocyte maturation, and embryo development in the mouse. Genesis 2016; 54:470-82. [PMID: 27488304 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is an RNA polymerase II kinase that phosphorylates Ser2 of the carboxyl-terminal domain and promotes the elongation phase of transcription. Despite the fact that P-TEFb has role in many cellular processes, the role of this kinase complex remains to be understood in early developmental events. In this study, using immunocytochemical analyses, we find that the P-TEFb components, Cyclin T1, CDK9, and its T-loop phosphorylated form, are localized to nuclear speckles, as well as in nucleoli in mouse germinal vesicle oocytes. Moreover, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we show that in absence of CDK9 activity, nucleolar integration, as well as production of 28S rRNA is impaired in oocytes and embryos. We also present evidence indicating that P-TEFb kinase activity is essential for completion of mouse oocyte maturation and embryo development. Treatment with CDK9 inhibitor, flavopiridol resulted in metaphase I arrest in maturing oocytes. Inhibition of CDK9 kinase activity did not interfere with in vitro fertilization and pronuclear formation. However, when zygotes or 2-cell embryos were treated with flavopiridol only in their G2 phase of the cell cycle, development to the blastocyst stage was impaired. Inhibition of the CDK9 activity after embryonic genome activation resulted in failure to form normal blastocysts and aberrant phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II CTD. In all stages analyzed, treatment with flavopiridol abrogated global transcriptional activity. Collectively, our data suggest that P-TEFb kinase activity is crucial for oocyte maturation, embryo development, and regulation of global RNA transcription in mouse early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza K Oqani
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Sa
- Department of Animal Resource Development, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, 31001, Korea
| | - Je Seok Woo
- Department of Animal Resource Development, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, 31001, Korea
| | - Dong Il Jin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Transgenic Cloned Pigs, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Borsos M, Torres-Padilla ME. Building up the nucleus: nuclear organization in the establishment of totipotency and pluripotency during mammalian development. Genes Dev 2016; 30:611-21. [PMID: 26980186 PMCID: PMC4803048 DOI: 10.1101/gad.273805.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, epigenetic reprogramming, the acquisition and loss of totipotency, and the first cell fate decision all occur within a 3-d window after fertilization from the one-cell zygote to the formation of the blastocyst. These processes are poorly understood in molecular detail, yet this is an essential prerequisite to uncover principles of stem cells, chromatin biology, and thus regenerative medicine. A unique feature of preimplantation development is the drastic genome-wide changes occurring to nuclear architecture. From studying somatic and in vitro cultured embryonic stem cells (ESCs) it is becoming increasingly established that the three-dimensional (3D) positions of genomic loci relative to each other and to specific compartments of the nucleus can act on the regulation of gene expression, potentially driving cell fate. However, the functionality, mechanisms, and molecular characteristics of the changes in nuclear organization during preimplantation development are only now beginning to be unraveled. Here, we discuss the peculiarities of nuclear compartments and chromatin organization during mammalian preimplantation development in the context of the transition from totipotency to pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Borsos
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, U964, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale F-67404 Illkirch, France; Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Maria-Elena Torres-Padilla
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, U964, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale F-67404 Illkirch, France; Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München D-81377 München, Germany
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Koshel E, Galkina S, Saifitdinova A, Dyomin A, Deryusheva S, Gaginskaya E. Ribosomal RNA gene functioning in avian oogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:533-542. [PMID: 27339801 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite long-term exploration into ribosomal RNA gene functioning during the oogenesis of various organisms, many intriguing problems remain unsolved. In this review, we describe nucleolus organizer region (NOR) activity in avian oocytes. Whereas oocytes from an adult avian ovary never reveal the formation of the nucleolus in the germinal vesicle (GV), an ovary from juvenile birds possesses both nucleolus-containing and non-nucleolus-containing oocytes. The evolutionary diversity of oocyte NOR functioning and the potential non-rRNA-related functions of the nucleolus in oocytes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Koshel
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Svetlana Galkina
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Alsu Saifitdinova
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Alexandr Dyomin
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Svetlana Deryusheva
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Elena Gaginskaya
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
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Astafev AA, Zalesskiy AD, Zatsepina OV, Kostrov AN, Krivoharchenko AS, Osychenko AA, Serobyan GA, Nadtochenko VA. Impact of tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses on nucleolus-like bodies of mouse GV oocyte and the ability of mouse oocytes to mature. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2016; 467:136-40. [PMID: 27193718 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672916020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using femtosecond laser radiation, nucleolus-like bodies (NLBs) of mouse oocytes were locally dissected without damage to zona pellucida, cytoplasmic membrane, nuclear membrane, and nucleoplasm surrounding NLB. It was found that, after dissection of 2.7 × 10(-11) cm(3) of NLB material, which is approximately 5.2% of 10 μm NLB volume, the probability of germinal vesicle oocyte development to metaphase II stage of meiosis decreased 3-7 times compared to the non-treated oocytes. This result indicates that NLB material organization is significant for mouse oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Astafev
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A D Zalesskiy
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - O V Zatsepina
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - A N Kostrov
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A S Krivoharchenko
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A A Osychenko
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - G A Serobyan
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V A Nadtochenko
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia. .,Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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RNA-Seq Profiling of Intact and Enucleated Oocyte SCNT Embryos Reveals the Role of Pig Oocyte Nucleus in Somatic Reprogramming. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153093. [PMID: 27070804 PMCID: PMC4829232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific molecular mechanisms involved in somatic reprogramming remain unidentified. Removal of the oocyte genome is one of the primary causes of developmental failure in cloned embryos, whereas intact oocyte shows stronger reprogramming capability than enucleated oocyte. To identify the reason for the low efficiency of cloning and elucidate the mechanisms involved in somatic reprogramming by the oocyte nucleus, we injected pig cumulus cells into 539 intact MII oocytes and 461 enucleated MII oocytes. Following activation, 260 polyploidy embryos developed to the blastocyst stage whereas only 93 traditionally cloned embryos (48.2% vs. 20.2%, P < 0.01) reached blastocyst stage. Blastocysts generated from intact oocytes also had more cells than those generated from enucleated oocytes (60.70 vs. 46.65, P < 0.01). To identify the genes that contribute to this phenomenon, two early embryos in 2-cell and 4-cell stages were collected for single-cell RNA sequencing. The two kinds of embryos were found to have dramatically different transcriptome profiles. Intact oocyte nuclear transfer embryos showed 1,738 transcripts that were up-regulated relative to enucleated cloned embryos at the 2-cell stage and 728 transcripts that were down-regulated (|log2Ratio| ≥ 5). They showed 2,941 transcripts that were up-regulated during the 4-cell stage and 1,682 that were down-regulated (|log2Ratio| ≥ 5). The most significantly enriched gene ontology categories were those involved in the regulation of binding, catalytic activity, and molecular transducer activity. Other genes that were notably up-regulated and expressed in intact oocyte nuclear transfer embryos were metabolic process. This study provides a comprehensive profile of the differences in gene expression between intact oocyte nuclear transfer embryos and traditional nuclear transfer embryos. This work thus paves the way for further research on the mechanisms underlying somatic reprogramming by oocytes.
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Jeon Y, Nam YH, Cheong SA, Kwak SS, Lee E, Hyun SH. Absence of nucleolus formation in raccoon dog-porcine interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos results in embryonic developmental failure. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:345-50. [PMID: 27064112 PMCID: PMC5004789 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) can be a solution for preservation of endangered species that have limited oocytes. It has been reported that blastocyst production by iSCNT is successful even if the genetic distances between donors and recipients are large. In particular, domestic pig oocytes can support the development of canine to porcine iSCNT embryos. Therefore, we examined whether porcine oocytes may be suitable recipient oocytes for Korean raccoon dog iSCNT. We investigated the effects of trichostatin A (TSA) treatment on iSCNT embryo developmental patterns and nucleolus formation. Enucleated porcine oocytes were fused with raccoon dog fibroblasts by electrofusion and cleavage, and blastocyst development and nucleolus formation were evaluated. To our knowledge, this study is the first in which raccoon dog iSCNT was performed using porcine oocytes; we found that 68.5% of 158 iSCNT embryos had the ability to cleave. However, these iSCNT embryos did not develop past the 4-cell stage. Treatment with TSA did not affect iSCNT embryonic development; moreover, the nuclei failed to form nucleoli at 48 and 72 h post-activation (hpa). In contrast, pig SCNT embryos of the control group showed 18.8% and 87.9% nucleolus formation at 48 and 72 hpa, respectively. Our results demonstrated that porcine cytoplasts efficiently supported the development of raccoon dog iSCNT embryos to the 4-cell stage, the stage of porcine embryonic genome activation (EGA); however, these embryos failed to reach the blastocyst stage and showed defects in nucleolus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubyeol Jeon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Fulka H, Aoki F. Nucleolus Precursor Bodies and Ribosome Biogenesis in Early Mammalian Embryos: Old Theories and New Discoveries. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:143. [PMID: 26935600 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.136093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, mature oocytes and early preimplantation embryos contain transcriptionally inactive structures termed nucleolus precursor bodies instead of the typical fibrillo-granular nucleoli. These nuclear organelles are essential and strictly of maternal origin. If they are removed from oocytes, the resulting embryos are unable to replace them and consequently fail to develop. Historically, nucleolus precursor bodies have been perceived as a passive repository site of nucleolar proteins that are required for embryos to form fully functional nucleoli. Recent results, however, contradict this long-standing dogma and show that these organelles are dispensable for nucleologenesis and ribosome biogenesis. In this article, we discuss the possible roles of nucleolus precursor bodies and propose how they might be involved in embryogenesis. Furthermore, we argue that these organelles are essential only shortly after fertilization and suggest that they might actively participate in centromeric chromatin establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Fulka
- Institute of Animal Science, Prague, Czech Republic Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fugaku Aoki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Cytoplasmic Determination of Meiotic Spindle Size Revealed by a Unique Inter-Species Germinal Vesicle Transfer Model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19827. [PMID: 26813698 PMCID: PMC4728387 DOI: 10.1038/srep19827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Spindle sizes are different in diverse species and cell types. In frogs, the meiotic spindle size is positively correlated with the egg cell volume. Across species, relatively small mouse oocytes (70–80 μm) have a relatively large spindle while larger pig oocytes (about 120 μm) have a considerably smaller spindle. In this study we investigated whether species-specific oocyte spindle size was determined by cytoplasmic or nuclear factors. By exchanging the germinal vesicle between mouse and pig oocytes, we obtained two kinds of reconstructed oocytes: one with mouse ooplasm and pig GV (mCy-pGV oocyte), and the other with pig ooplasm and mouse GV (pCy-mGV oocyte). We show that the MII spindle size of the mCy-pGV oocyte is similar to that of the mouse meiotic spindle and significantly larger than that of the pig meiotic spindle. The timing of oocyte maturation also followed that of the species from which the oocyte cytoplasm arose, although some impact of the origin of the GV was observed. These data suggest that spindle size and the timing of meiotic progression are governed by cytoplasmic components rather than cytoplasmic volume and GV materials.
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Fulka H, Kyogoku H, Zatsepina O, Langerova A, Fulka J. Can Nucleoli Be Markers of Developmental Potential in Human Zygotes? Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:663-672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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