1
|
Gao Y, Luo Y, Zhang J, Huang Z, Zheng B, Chen H, Ye D. Full-parameter omnidirectional transformation optical devices. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad171. [PMID: 38312374 PMCID: PMC10833459 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Transformation optics (TO) provides an unprecedented technique to control electromagnetic (EM) waves by engineering the constitutive parameters of the surrounding medium through a proper spatial transformation. In general, ideal transformation optical devices require simultaneous electric and magnetic responses along all three dimensions. To ease the practical implementation, previous studies usually made use of reduced parameters or other simplified approaches, which inevitably introduce extra reflection or unwanted phase shift. Up to today, experimental realizations of full-parameter transformation optical devices in free space are still quite limited. Here, a general design strategy is proposed to solve this problem. As a specific example, a full-parameter spatial-compression TO medium with constitutive parameters taking the diagonal form diag(a, a, 1/a) for the TM wave incidence was designed and realized experimentally. Such spatial-compression TO media were then applied to the implementation of an ideal omnidirectional invisibility cloak capable of concealing a large-scale object over a wide range of illumination angles. Both the simulation and experiment confirm that the cloak allows for nearly unity transmission of EM waves in the forward direction without introducing extra scattering or phase shift. This work constitutes an important stepping stone for future practical implementation of arbitrary full-parameter omnidirectional transformation optical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yu Luo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- CNRS-International-NTU-Thales Research Alliance, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhengjie Huang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Dexin Ye
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shao RW, Wu JW, Wang ZX, Xu H, Yang HQ, Cheng Q, Cui TJ. Macroscopic model and statistical model to characterize electromagnetic information of a digital coding metasurface. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad299. [PMID: 38312383 PMCID: PMC10833471 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A digital coding metasurface is a platform connecting the digital space and electromagnetic wave space, and has therefore gained much attention due to its intriguing value in reshaping wireless channels and realizing new communication architectures. Correspondingly, there is an urgent need for electromagnetic information theory that reveals the upper limit of communication capacity and supports the accurate design of metasurface-based communication systems. To this end, we propose a macroscopic model and a statistical model of the digital coding metasurface. The macroscopic model uniformly accommodates both digital and electromagnetic aspects of the meta-atoms and predicts all possible scattered fields of the digital coding metasurface based on a small number of simulations or measurements. Full-wave simulations and experimental results show that the macroscopic model is feasible and accurate. A statistical model is further proposed to correlate the mutual coupling between meta-atoms with covariance and to calculate the entropy of the equivalent currents of digital coding metasurface. These two models can help reconfigurable intelligent surfaces achieve more accurate beamforming and channel estimation, and thus improve signal power and coverage. Moreover, the models will encourage the creation of a precoding codebook in metasurface-based direct digital modulation systems, with the aim of approaching the upper limit of channel capacity. With these two models, the concepts of current space and current entropy, as well as the analysis of information loss from the coding space to wave space, is established for the first time, helping to bridge the gap between the digital world and the physical world, and advancing developments of electromagnetic information theory and new-architecture wireless systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wen Shao
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jun Wei Wu
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pazhou Laboratory (Huangpu), Guangzhou 510555, China
| | - Zheng Xing Wang
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Han Qing Yang
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pazhou Laboratory (Huangpu), Guangzhou 510555, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu ZH, Xu S, Qian C, Xu W, Ren H, Su W, Chen QD, Chen H, Sun HB. Chimera metasurface for multiterrain invisibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309096120. [PMID: 38285934 PMCID: PMC10861904 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309096120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Invisibility, a fascinating ability of hiding objects within environments, has attracted broad interest for a long time. However, current invisibility technologies are still restricted to stationary environments and narrow band. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a Chimera metasurface for multiterrain invisibility by synthesizing the natural camouflage traits of various poikilotherms. The metasurface achieves chameleon-like broadband in situ tunable microwave reflection mimicry of realistic water surface, shoal, beach/desert, grassland, and frozen ground from 8 to 12 GHz freely via the circuit-topology-transited mode evolution, while remaining optically transparent as an invisible glass frog. Additionally, the mechanic-driven Chimera metasurface without active electrothermal effect, owning a bearded dragon-like thermal acclimation, can decrease the maximum thermal imaging difference to 3.1 °C in tested realistic terrains, which cannot be recognized by human eyes. Our work transitions camouflage technologies from the constrained scenario to ever-changing terrains and constitutes a big advance toward the new-generation reconfigurable electromagnetics with circuit-topology dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Su Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Chao Qian
- Zhejiang University-University of Ilinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua321099, China
| | - Wenya Xu
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou215123, China
| | - Hang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Wenming Su
- Printable Electronics Research Centre, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou215123, China
| | - Qi-Dai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Zhejiang University-University of Ilinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua321099, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou Y, Wang S, Yin J, Wang J, Manshaii F, Xiao X, Zhang T, Bao H, Jiang S, Chen J. Flexible Metasurfaces for Multifunctional Interfaces. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2685-2707. [PMID: 38241491 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces, capable of manipulating the properties of light with a thickness at the subwavelength scale, have been the subject of extensive investigation in recent decades. This research has been mainly driven by their potential to overcome the limitations of traditional, bulky optical devices. However, most existing optical metasurfaces are confined to planar and rigid designs, functions, and technologies, which greatly impede their evolution toward practical applications that often involve complex surfaces. The disconnect between two-dimensional (2D) planar structures and three-dimensional (3D) curved surfaces is becoming increasingly pronounced. In the past two decades, the emergence of flexible electronics has ushered in an emerging era for metasurfaces. This review delves into this cutting-edge field, with a focus on both flexible and conformal design and fabrication techniques. Initially, we reflect on the milestones and trajectories in modern research of optical metasurfaces, complemented by a brief overview of their theoretical underpinnings and primary classifications. We then showcase four advanced applications of optical metasurfaces, emphasizing their promising prospects and relevance in areas such as imaging, biosensing, cloaking, and multifunctionality. Subsequently, we explore three key trends in optical metasurfaces, including mechanically reconfigurable metasurfaces, digitally controlled metasurfaces, and conformal metasurfaces. Finally, we summarize our insights on the ongoing challenges and opportunities in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Zhou
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shaolei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Farid Manshaii
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Hong Bao
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Fan H, Zhang Y, Ran L, Ye D, Chen X. Fourier metasurface cloaking: unidirectional cloaking of electrically large cylinder under oblique incidence. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:1047-1062. [PMID: 38175120 DOI: 10.1364/oe.507109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The existence of a non-electrically-small scatterer adjacent to the source can severely distort the radiation and lead to a poor electromagnetic compatibility. In this work, we use a conducting hollow cylinder to shield a cylindrical scatterer. The cylinder is shelled with a single dielectric layer enclosed by an electromagnetic metasurface. The relationship between the scattering field and the surface impedance is derived analytically. By optimizing the Fourier expansion coefficients of the surface impedance distribution along ϕ-dimension, the scattering cross-section can be effectively reduced. This unidirectional cloaking method is valid for both TM/TE and non-TM/TE incident field and is not limited to a plane-wave incident field. The accuracy and effectiveness of the method are verified by four cloaking scenarios in microwave regime. We demonstrate that with the surface impedance obtained by the proposed method, a metasurface is designed with physical subwavelength structures. We also show a cloaking scenario under a magnetic dipole radiation, which is closer to the case of a realistic antenna. This method can be further applied to cloaking tasks in terahertz and optical regimes.
Collapse
|
6
|
Viskadourakis Z, Fanourakis G, Tamiolakis E, Theodosi A, Katsara K, Vrithias NR, Tsilipakos O, Kenanakis G. Fabrication of mm-Scale Complementary Split Ring Resonators, for Potential Application as Water Pollution Sensors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5290. [PMID: 37569990 PMCID: PMC10420294 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Rectangular, millimeter-scale complementary split ring resonators were fabricated, employing the so-called Computer Numerical Control method, combined with a home-built mechanical engraver. Their electromagnetic performance was thoroughly investigated with respect to their dimensions in the frequency regime between 2 and 9 GHz via combining experiments and corresponding theoretical simulations, wherein a considerably effective consistency was obtained. Moreover, their sensing response was extensively investigated against various aqueous solutions enriched with typical fertilizers used in agriculture, as well as detergents commonly used in every-day life. Corresponding experimental results evidently establish the capability of the studied metasurfaces as potential sensors against water pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Viskadourakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (G.F.); (A.T.); (K.K.); (N.R.V.)
| | - George Fanourakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (G.F.); (A.T.); (K.K.); (N.R.V.)
| | - Evangelos Tamiolakis
- Department of Materials Science Technology, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Anna Theodosi
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (G.F.); (A.T.); (K.K.); (N.R.V.)
- Department of Materials Science Technology, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Klytaimnistra Katsara
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (G.F.); (A.T.); (K.K.); (N.R.V.)
- Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, GR-71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Rafael Vrithias
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (G.F.); (A.T.); (K.K.); (N.R.V.)
- Department of Materials Science Technology, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Odysseas Tsilipakos
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, GR-11635 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Kenanakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; (G.F.); (A.T.); (K.K.); (N.R.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Niu J, Jin X, Qian X, Xiao C, Wang W. Molecularly Resonant Metamaterials for Broad-Band Electromagnetic Stealth. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2301170. [PMID: 37085919 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic (EM) metamaterial is a composite material with EM stealth properties, which is constructed by artificially reverse engineering metal split resonance rings (SRR). However, the greatest limitation of EM metamaterials is that they can only stealth at a fixed and lower frequency of EM waves, and modern processing techniques still cannot meet the accuracy requirements to fabric nano-size structural unit. Nano-sized and even ultra-small SRR at molecular level are promising arrays to realize the ability of EM stealth function at a higher frequency, although it has proven challenging to synthesize long, straight, connected molecular SRR, and also difficult to arrange those molecular SRR into a strict array. Here, the study overcomes this challenge and demonstrates that the fabric of polypyrrole molecular SRR achieves an ultra-small inner diameter of 2.49 Å and realizes the arrays arrangement at molecular level. Furthermore, the study exploits the EM stealth function and verifies that such arrays of molecular SRR with 2.49 Å have the ability to reach high-performance EM stealth in the range of 106 -1016 Hz. This design concept opens a pathway for developing new metamaterials with broadband EM wave stealth and also serves the wider range of new applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jiarong Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xiaoming Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Changfa Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Fiber Materials Research Center, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Wenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liao J, Ji C, Yuan L, Huang C, Wang Y, Peng J, Luo X. Polarization-Insensitive Metasurface Cloak for Dynamic Illusions with an Electromagnetic Transparent Window. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16953-16962. [PMID: 36867759 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Artificial camouflage has garnered long-standing interest in both academia and industry. The metasurface-based cloak has attracted much attention due to the powerful capability of manipulating the electromagnetic wave, convenient multifunctional integration design, and easy fabrication. However, existing metasurface-based cloaks tend to be passive and of single function and monopolarization, which cannot meet the requirement of applications in ever-changing environments. So far, it is still challenging to realize a reconfigurable full-polarization metasurface cloak with multifunctional integration. Herein, we proposed an innovative metasurface cloak, which can simultaneously realize dynamic illusion effects at lower frequencies (e.g., 4.35 GHz) and specific microwave transparency at higher frequencies (e.g., X band) for communication with the outside environment. These electromagnetic functionalities are demonstrated by both numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The simulation and measurement results agree well with each other, indicating that our metasurface cloak can generate various electromagnetic illusions for full polarizations as well as a polarization-insensitive transparent window for the signal transmission to enable the communication between the cloaked device and the outside environment. It is believed that our design can offer powerful camouflage tactics to address the stealth problem in ever-changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Liming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuetang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Jinqiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Xiangang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li X, Cui T, Zhuang S, Qian W, Lin L, Su W, Gong C, Liu W. Multi-functional terahertz metamaterials based on nano-imprinting. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:9224-9235. [PMID: 37157496 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a multi-functional terahertz (THz) metamaterial based on a nano-imprinting method. The metamaterial is composed of four layers: 4 L resonant layer, dielectric layer, frequency selective layer, and dielectric layer. The 4 L resonant structure can achieve broadband absorption, while the frequency selective layer can achieve transmission of specific band. The nano-imprinting method combines electroplating of nickel mold and printing of silver nano-particle ink. Using this method, the multilayer metamaterial structures can be fabricated on ultrathin flexible substrates to achieve visible light transparency. For verification, a THz metamaterial with broadband absorption in low frequency and efficient transmission in high frequency is designed and printed. The sample's thickness is about 200 µm and area is 65 × 65 mm2. Moreover, a fiber-based multi-mode terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system was built to test its transmission and reflection spectra. The results are consistent with the expectations.
Collapse
|
10
|
Esfahani AM, Yousefi L. Low profile multi-layered invisibility carpet cloak using quantum dot core-shell nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3450. [PMID: 36859537 PMCID: PMC9977955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a method to reduce the profile of layered carpet cloaks is proposed. We analytically prove and numerically demonstrate that using a Low Index Material (LIM), a material with a relative dielectric constant smaller than 1, in construction of carpet cloaks can remarkably reduce their profiles. Using the proposed technique, a carpet cloak consisting of alternating LIM and silicon layers is designed to provide invisibility at visible wavelengths. The designed cloak has a profile that is 2.3 times smaller than a carpet cloak without LIM layers. To realize low index materials at optical wavelengths, silver-coated CdSe/CdS quantum dots dispersed in a polymer host are used. Quantum dots are utilized to compensate the loss of Silver and to achieve a low index medium with neglectable loss. The designed low profile carpet cloak is numerically analyzed showing a good performance for a wide range of incident angles which is the advantage of the proposed structure in comparison with metasurface-based carpet cloaks which work only for a very narrow range of incident angles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Monemian Esfahani
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417614411 Iran
| | - Leila Yousefi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang Q, Gan LT, Fan JA. Conformal Volumetric Grayscale Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204688. [PMID: 36565280 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Conformal artificial electromagnetic media that feature tailorable responses as a function of incidence wavelength and angle represent universal components for optical engineering. Conformal grayscale metamaterials are introduced as a new class of volumetric electromagnetic media capable of supporting highly multiplexed responses and arbitrary, curvilinear form factors. Subwavelength-scale voxels based on irregular shapes are designed to accommodate a continuum of dielectric values, enabling the freeform design process to reliably converge to exceptionally high figures of merit (FOMs) for a given multi-objective design problem. Through additive manufacturing of ceramic-polymer composites, microwave metamaterials, designed for the radio-frequency range of 8-12 GHz, are experimentally fabricated and devices with extreme dispersion profiles, an airfoil-shaped beam-steering device, and a broadband, broad-angle conformal carpet cloak, are demonstrated. It is anticipated that conformal volumetric metamaterials will lead to new classes of compact and multifunctional imaging, sensing, and communications systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglan Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, E.L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lucia T Gan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, E.L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, E.L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Developing a carpet cloak operating for a wide range of incident angles using a deep neural network and PSO algorithm. Sci Rep 2023; 13:670. [PMID: 36635479 PMCID: PMC9837171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing invisibility cloaks has always been one of the most fascinating fields of research; in this regard, metasurface-based carpet cloaks have drawn researchers' attention due to their inherent tenuousness, resulting in a lower loss and easier fabrication. However, their performances are dependent on the incident angle of the coming wave; as a result, designing a carpet cloak capable of rendering objects under it invisible for a wide range of angles requires advanced methods. In this paper, using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, along with a trained neural network, a metasurface-based carpet cloak is developed capable to operate for a wide range of incident angles. The deep neural network is trained and used in order to accelerate the process of calculation of reflection phases provided by different unit cell designs. The resultant carpet cloak is numerically analyzed, and its response is presented and discussed. Both near-field and far-field results show that the designed carpet cloak operates very well for all incident angles in the range of 0 to 65 degrees.
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang S, Liu X, Liu J, Ye D, Duan Y, Li K, Yin Z, Huang Y. Flexible Metamaterial Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200070. [PMID: 35325478 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, extensive efforts have been made on utilizing advanced materials and structures to improve the properties and functionalities of flexible electronics. While the conventional ways are approaching their natural limits, a revolutionary strategy, namely metamaterials, is emerging toward engineering structural materials to break the existing fetters. Metamaterials exhibit supernatural physical behaviors, in aspects of mechanical, optical, thermal, acoustic, and electronic properties that are inaccessible in natural materials, such as tunable stiffness or Poisson's ratio, manipulating electromagnetic or elastic waves, and topological and programmable morphability. These salient merits motivate metamaterials as a brand-new research direction and have inspired extensive innovative applications in flexible electronics. Here, such a groundbreaking interdisciplinary field is first coined as "flexible metamaterial electronics," focusing on enhancing and innovating functionalities of flexible electronics via the design of metamaterials. Herein, the latest progress and trends in this infant field are reviewed while highlighting their potential value. First, a brief overview starts with introducing the combination of metamaterials and flexible electronics. Then, the developed applications are discussed, such as self-adaptive deformability, ultrahigh sensitivity, and multidisciplinary functionality, followed by the discussion of potential prospects. Finally, the challenges and opportunities facing flexible metamaterial electronics to advance this cutting-edge field are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yongqing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhouping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - YongAn Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ayik M, Kurt H, Minin OV, Minin IV, Turduev M. Multi-Directional Cloak Design by All-Dielectric Unit-Cell Optimized Structure. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4194. [PMID: 36500817 PMCID: PMC9735794 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we demonstrate the design and experimental proof of an optical cloaking structure that multi-directionally conceals a perfectly electric conductor (PEC) object from an incident plane wave. The dielectric modulation around the highly reflective scattering PEC object is determined by an optimization process for multi-directional cloaking purposes. Additionally, to obtain the multi-directional effect of the cloaking structure, an optimized slice is mirror symmetrized through a radial perimeter. The three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain method is integrated with genetic optimization to achieve a cloaking design. In order to overcome the technological problems of the corresponding devices in the optical range and to experimentally demonstrate the proposed concept, our experiments were carried out on a scale model in the microwave range. The scaled proof-of-concept of the proposed structure is fabricated by 3D printing of polylactide material, and the brass metallic alloy is used as a perfect electrical conductor for microwave experiments. A good agreement between numerical and experimental results is achieved. The proposed design approach is not restricted only to multi-directional optical cloaking but can also be applied to different cloaking scenarios dealing with electromagnetic waves at nanoscales as well as other types such as acoustic waves. Using nanotechnology, our scale proof-of-concept research will take the next step toward the creation of "optical cloaking" devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muratcan Ayik
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Aselsan Inc., Ankara 06200, Turkey
| | - Hamza Kurt
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Oleg V. Minin
- Nondestructive School, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Igor V. Minin
- Nondestructive School, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Mirbek Turduev
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek 720038, Kyrgyzstan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu B, Xue S, Zhang Z, Chen H. Invisible devices with natural materials designed by evolutionary optimization. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:055312. [PMID: 36559475 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.055312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is a longstanding dream to put on a cloak and escape from sight. Transformation optics (TO) and artificial metamaterials turn this circumstance into reality, but the requirements for inhomogeneous and anisotropic materials make it almost impossible in practical realization. Furthermore, invisibility can only be constructed at a narrow frequency regime in previous studies and depends critically on the inescapable material losses. Here, the authors propose the multifrequency isotropic invisible devices and natural hyperbolic invisible devices using realistic materials, such as microwave materials and van der Waals (vdW) materials. The inherent material losses are taken into account in the optimization process, bringing the concept of invisibility closer to realistic conditions. To verify the stability of the proposed method, full-wave numerical simulations and analytical calculations are performed, and both obtained excellent invisibility performance. Due to the combined advantages of the simple two-layer core-shell configuration and natural materials, our work provides a promising platform for fabricating invisible devices at low cost and paves the way for new implementations of intelligent photonics beyond the limitations of TO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wu
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shuwen Xue
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Huanyang Chen
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li Y, Yu C, Liu C, Xu Z, Su Y, Qiao L, Zhou J, Bai Y. Mass Diffusion Metamaterials with "Plug and Switch" Modules for Ion Cloaking, Concentrating, and Selection: Design and Experiments. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201032. [PMID: 35975426 PMCID: PMC9596857 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding abilities of metamaterials to manipulate physical fields are extensively studied in both wave-based and diffusion-based fields. However, mass diffusion metamaterials, with the ability to manipulate diffusion with practical applications associated with chemical and biochemical engineering, have not yet been experimentally demonstrated. In this work, ion cloaking, concentrating, and selection in liquid solvents are verified by both simulations and experiments, and the concept of a "plug and switch" metamaterial is proposed based on scattering cancellation (SC) to achieve switchable functions by plugging modularized functional units into a functional motherboard. Plugging in any module barely affects the environmental diffusion field, but the module choice impacts different diffusion behaviors in the central region. Cloaking strictly hinds ion diffusion, and concentrating increase diffusion flux, while cytomembrane-like ion selection permits the entrance of some ions but blocks others. In addition, these functions are demonstrated in special applications like the catalytic enhancement by the concentrator and the protein protection by the ion selector. This work not only experimentally demonstrates the effective manipulation of mass diffusion by metamaterials, but also shows that the "plug and switch" design is extensible and reconfigurable. It facilitates novel applications including sustained drug release, catalytic enhancement, bioinspired cytomembranes, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Chengye Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Chuanbao Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Zhengjiao Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Yanjing Su
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Lijie Qiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Ji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine ProcessingSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yang Bai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Eskandari H. Strictly conformal transformation optics for directivity enhancement and unidirectional cloaking of a cylindrical wire antenna. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16278. [PMID: 36175589 PMCID: PMC9522858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Using conformal transformation optics, a cylindrical shell made of an isotropic refractive index material is designed to improve the directivity of a wire antenna while making it unidirectionally invisible. If the incident wave comes from a specific direction, it is guided around the wire. Furthermore, when an electrical current is used to excite the wire, the dielectric shell transforms the radiated wave into two lateral beams, improving directivity. The refractive index of the dielectric shell is calculated using the transformation optics recipe after establishing a closed-form conformal mapping between an annulus and a circle with a slit. The refractive index is then modified and discretized using a hexagonal lattice. Ray-tracing and full-wave simulations with COMSOL Multiphysics are used to validate the functionality of the proposed shell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Eskandari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 9177948944, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen MLN, Bi Y, Chan HC, Lin Z, Ma S, Zhang S. Anomalous Electromagnetic Tunneling in Bianisotropic ϵ-μ-Zero Media. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:123901. [PMID: 36179206 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.123901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantum tunneling, one of the most celebrated effects arising from the wave nature of matter, describes the partial penetration of an incident propagating wave through a potential barrier in the form of an evanescent field that exponentially decays from the incident interface. A similar tunneling effect has also been observed in classical systems, such as the frustrated total internal reflection. Here we reveal an unexplored form of tunneling for electromagnetic waves which features opposite behaviors for the electric and magnetic fields, with one turning into a growing field, and the other a decaying field, in a medium that exhibits both ϵ-μ-zero and bianisotropy. Our Letter provides a new mechanism for manipulating electromagnetic waves for novel device applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglin L N Chen
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangang Bi
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hsun-Chi Chan
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zemeng Lin
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojie Ma
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cai T, Zheng B, Lou J, Shen L, Yang Y, Tang S, Li E, Qian C, Chen H. Experimental Realization of a Superdispersion-Enabled Ultrabroadband Terahertz Cloak. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2205053. [PMID: 35926151 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Invisibility has been a topic of long-standing interest owing to the advent of metamaterials and transformation optics, but still faces open challenges after its tremendous development in recent decades. One of the big challenges is the narrow bandwidth, as the realization of an invisibility cloak is usually based on a metamaterial-an artificial composite material composed of subwavelength resonator structures that are always associated with dispersion. Different from previous works that have tried to eliminate the material dispersion to enhance the bandwidth of an invisibility cloak, here, it is found that by judiciously harnessing the material dispersion, the bandwidth of the cloak can still be significantly increased. Interestingly, the material dispersion does not violate the law of causality. As a proof of concept, an ultrabroadband terahertz (THz) carpet cloak is experimentally demonstrated through an array of superdispersive microparticles, rendering the target object invisible to detection by both time- and frequency-domain wideband systems. The work presents a feasible invisibility strategy that is closer to practical applications and may pave a brand-new way for the development of dispersion-dominated ultrabroadband metadevices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cai
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Air and Missile Defend College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, P. R. China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, P. R. China
| | - Jing Lou
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Air and Missile Defend College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, P. R. China
| | - Lian Shen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yihao Yang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shiwei Tang
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Erping Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chao Qian
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, P. R. China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bărar A, Dănilă O. Spectral Response and Wavefront Control of a C-Shaped Fractal Cadmium Telluride/Silicon Carbide Metasurface in the THz Bandgap. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15175944. [PMID: 36079325 PMCID: PMC9457378 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report theoretical investigations on the spectral behavior of two fractal metasurfaces, performed in the 3-6 THz frequency window (5-10 μm equivalent wavelength window), under illumination with both linear and circular polarization state fields. Both metasurfaces stem from the same tree-like structure, based on C-shaped elements, made of cadmium telluride (CdTe), and deposited on silicon carbide (SiC) substrates, the main difference between them being the level of structural complexity. The simulated spectral behavior of both structures indicates the tunability of the reflection spectrum by varying the complexity of the tree-like structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bărar
- Electronic Technology and Reliability Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavian Dănilă
- Physics Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu Y, Ding H, Li J, Lou X, Yang M, Zheng Y. Light-driven single-cell rotational adhesion frequency assay. ELIGHT 2022; 2:13. [PMID: 35965781 DOI: 10.1186/s43593-022-00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The interaction between cell surface receptors and extracellular ligands is highly related to many physiological processes in living systems. Many techniques have been developed to measure the ligand-receptor binding kinetics at the single-cell level. However, few techniques can measure the physiologically relevant shear binding affinity over a single cell in the clinical environment. Here, we develop a new optical technique, termed single-cell rotational adhesion frequency assay (scRAFA), that mimics in vivo cell adhesion to achieve label-free determination of both homogeneous and heterogeneous binding kinetics of targeted cells at the subcellular level. Moreover, the scRAFA is also applicable to analyze the binding affinities on a single cell in native human biofluids. With its superior performance and general applicability, scRAFA is expected to find applications in study of the spatial organization of cell surface receptors and diagnosis of infectious diseases. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43593-022-00020-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoran Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Hongru Ding
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Jingang Li
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Xin Lou
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808 Guangdong China
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang B, Sun F, Chen H, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu X. Full-space omnidirectional cloak by subwavelength metal channels filled with homogeneous dielectrics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:21386-21395. [PMID: 36224859 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cloaks can greatly reduce the scattering cross-section of hidden objects through various mechanisms, thereby making them invisible to outside observers. Among them, the full-space omnidirectional cloak based on transformation optic with full parameters are difficult to realize without metamaterials and often needs to be simplified before realization, while most cloaks with simplified parameters have limited working direction and cannot achieve omnidirectional cloaking effect. In this study, a full-space omnidirectional cloak is designed based on transformation optics and optic-null medium, which only needed natural materials without metamaterials. The designed omnidirectional cloak is realized by subwavelength metal channels filled with isotropic dielectrics whose refractive indices range from 1 to 2, which is homogeneous in each channel. The numerical simulation results verify good scattering suppression effect of the designed cloak for various detecting waves.
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu SQ, Ma ZY, Pei J, Jiao QB, Yang L, Zhang W, Li H, Li YH, Zou YB, Tan X. A review of anomalous refractive and reflective metasurfaces. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal refraction and reflection refers to the phenomenon in which light does not follow its traditional laws of propagation and instead is subject to refraction and reflection at abnormal angles that satisfy a generalization of Snell’s law. Metasurfaces can realize this phenomenon through appropriate selection of materials and structural design, and they have a wide range of potential applications in the military, communications, scientific, and biomedical fields. This paper summarizes the current state of research on abnormal refractive and reflective metasurfaces and their application scenarios. It discusses types of abnormal refractive and reflective metasurfaces based on their tuning modes (active and passive), their applications in different wavelength bands, and their future development. The technical obstacles that arise with existing metasurface technology are summarized, and prospects for future development and applications of abnormal refractive and reflective metasurfaces are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-qi Liu
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen-yu Ma
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-bin Jiao
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Li
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-hang Li
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-bo Zou
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Fine Instrument and Equipment R&D Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin 130033, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang Z, Che Z, Chen J, Zeng J, Huang H, Guan F, Shi L, Liu X, Zi J. Realization of ultrawide-angle high transmission and its applications in 5G millimeter-wave communications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:14002-14018. [PMID: 35473154 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By using single-layer metasurfaces, we realized ultrawide-angle high-transmission in the millimeter-wave band, which allowed more than 98% transmission of dual-polarized electromagnetic waves for almost all incident angles. The multipolar expansion method was used to analyze and verify the condition of the generalized Kerker effect at the corresponding reflected angles. Using quartz glass substrates with the same metallic periodic structures, electromagnetic windows are proposed that can improve any-directed 5G millimeter-wave communication signals from outdoor to indoor environments. The proposed interpretations can connect the Kerker effect with actual applications and enable the design of easy-to-integrate all-angle Kerker effect metasurface devices.
Collapse
|
25
|
Influence of Ca/Al ratio on physical and dielectric properties of Al2O3/CaO-B2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics composite coatings prepared by high enthalpy atmospheric plasma spraying. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
26
|
Broadband Generation of Polarization-Immune Cloaking via a Hybrid Phase-Change Metasurface. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9030156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metasurface-enabled cloaking offers an alternative platform to render scatterers of arbitrary shapes indiscernible. However, specific propagation phases generated by the constituent elements for cloaking are usually valid for a single or few states of polarization (SOP), imposing serious restrictions on their applications in broadband and spin-states manipulation. Moreover, the functionality of a conventional metasurface cloak is locked once fabricated due to the absence of active elements. Here, we propose a hybrid phase-change metasurface carpet cloak consisting of coupled phase-shift elements setting on novel phase-change material of Ge2Sb2Se4Te1 (GSST). By elaborately arranging meta-atoms at either 0 or 90 degrees on the external surface of the hidden targets, the wavefront of its scattered lights can be thoroughly rebuilt for arbitrary SOP exactly as if the incidence is reflected by a flat ground, ensuring the targets’ escape from polarization-scanning detections. Furthermore, the robustness of phase dispersion of meta-atoms endows the metasurface cloak wideband indiscernibility ranging from 7.55 to 8.35 µm and tolerated incident angles at least within ±25°. By reversibly switching of the phase states of Ge2Sb2Se4Te1, the stealth function of our design can be turned on and off. The generality of our approach will provide a straightforward platform for polarization-immune cloaking, and may find potential applications in various fields such as electromagnetic camouflage and illusion and so forth.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lin H, Hou J, Jin J, Wang Y, Tang R, Shi X, Tian Y, Xu W. Machine-learning-assisted inverse design of scattering enhanced metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:3076-3088. [PMID: 35209434 DOI: 10.1364/oe.448051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The scattering enhancement technique has shown prominent potential in various regimes such as satellite communication, Radar Cross Section (RCS) camouflage, and remote sensing. Currently, the scattering enhancement devices based on the metasurface have shown advantages in light weight and better performance. These metasurfaces always possess complex structure, it is hard to achieve through the tradition trial-and-error method which relies on the full-wave numerical simulation. In this paper, a new method combining the machine learning and the evolution optimization algorithm is proposed to design the metasurface retroreflector (MRF) for arbitrary direction incident wave. In this method, a predicting model and a generative inverse design model are constructed and trained, the predicting model is used to evaluate the fitness of each offspring in the genetic algorithm (GA), the generative model is used to initialize the first offspring of the GA by inverse generate the MRF based on the requirements of the designer. With the assistance of these two machine learning models, the evolution optimization algorithm is employed to find the optimal design of the MRF. This approach enables automatic solution of electromagnetic inverse design problems and opens the way to facilitate the optimization of other metadevices.
Collapse
|
28
|
Analysis of Asymmetry in Active Split-Ring Resonators to Design Circulating-Current Eigenmode: Demonstration of Beamsteering and Focal-Length Control toward Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22020681. [PMID: 35062642 PMCID: PMC8779269 DOI: 10.3390/s22020681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, toward an intelligent radio environment for 5G/6G, design methodologies of active split-ring resonators (SRRs) for more efficient dynamic control of metasurfaces are investigated. The relationship between the excitation of circulating-current eigenmode and the asymmetric structure of SRRs is numerically analyzed, and it is clarified that the excitation of the circulating-current mode is difficult when the level of asymmetry of the current path is decreased by the addition of large capacitance such as from semiconductor-based devices. To avoid change in the asymmetry, we incorporated an additional gap (slit) in the SRRs, which enabled us to excite the circulating-current mode even when a large capacitance was implemented. Prototype devices were fabricated according to this design methodology, and by the control of the intensity/phase distribution, the variable focal-length and beamsteering capabilities of the transmitted waves were demonstrated, indicating the high effectiveness of the design. The presented design methodology can be applied not only to the demonstrated case of discrete varactors, but also to various other active metamaterials, such as semiconductor-integrated types for operating in the millimeter and submillimeter frequency bands as potential candidates for future 6G systems.
Collapse
|
29
|
Sadrara M, Miri M. Collective cloaking of a cluster of electrostatically defined core-shell quantum dots in graphene. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:115703. [PMID: 34920446 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac4440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We study cloaking of aclusterof electrostatically defined core-shell quantum dots in graphene. Guided by the generalized multiparticle Mie theory, the Dirac electron scattering from a cluster of quantum dots is addressed. Indeed distant quantum dots may experience a sort of individual cloaking. But despite the multiple scattering of an incident electron from a set of adjacent quantum dots,collective cloakingmay happen. Via a proper choice of the radii and bias voltages of shells, two most important scattering coefficients and hence the scattering efficiency of the cluster dramatically decrease. Energy-selective electron cloaks are realizable. More importantly, clusters simultaneously transparent to electrons of different energies, are achievable. Being quite sensitive to applied bias voltages, clusters of core-shell quantum dots may be used to develop switches with high on-off ratios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Sadrara
- School of Nano Science, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), PO Box 19395-5531, Tehran, Iran
| | - MirFaez Miri
- Department of Physics, University of Tehran, PO Box 14395-547, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xu L, Chen H. Transformation Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005489. [PMID: 34622508 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Based on the form-invariance of Maxwell's equations under coordinate transformations, mathematically smooth deformation of space can be physically equivalent to inhomogeneous and anisotropic electromagnetic (EM) medium (called a transformation medium). It provides a geometric recipe to control EM waves at will. A series of examples of achieving transformation media by artificially structured units from conventional materials is summarized here. Such concepts are firstly implemented for EM waves, and then extended to other wave dynamics, such as elastic waves, acoustic waves, surface water waves, and even stationary fields. These shall be cataloged as transformation metamaterials. In addition, it might be conceptually attractive and practically useful to control diverse waves for multi-physics designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province & Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Huanyang Chen
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ultrawideband electromagnetic metamaterial absorber utilizing coherent absorptions and surface plasmon polaritons based on double layer carbon metapatterns. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23045. [PMID: 34845258 PMCID: PMC8630026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultrawideband electromagnetic metamaterial absorber is proposed that consists of double-layer metapatterns optimally designed by the genetic algorithm and printed using carbon paste. By setting the sheet resistance of the intermediate carbon metapattern to a half of that of the top one, it is possible to find an optimal intermediate metapattern that reflects and absorbs the EM wave simultaneously. By adding an absorption resonance via a constructive interference at the top metapattern induced by the reflection from the intermediate one, an ultrawideband absorption can be achieved without increasing the number of layers. Moreover, it is found that the metapatterns support the surface plasmon polaritons which can supply an additional absorption resonance as well as boost the absorption in a broad bandwidth. Based on the simulation, the [Formula: see text] absorption bandwidth is confirmed from 6.3 to 30.1 GHz of which the fractional bandwidth is 130.77[Formula: see text] for the normal incidence. The accuracy is verified via measurements well matched with the simulations. The proposed metamaterial absorber could not only break though the conventional concept that the number of layers should be increased to extend the bandwidth but also provide a powerful solution to realize a low-profile, lightweight, and low cost electromagnetic absorber.
Collapse
|
32
|
Design of Broadband and Wide-Angle Hexagonal Metamaterial Absorber Based on Optimal Tiling of Rhombus Carbon Pixels and Implantation of Copper Cylinders. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13112045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A design method for a broadband and wide-angle metamaterial absorber is proposed based on optimal tiling of rhombus carbon pixels on and implantation of metal cylinders inside an acrylic substrate for which the backside is blocked by the perfect conductor. First, an intermediate carbon metapattern is achieved via optimal tiling of rhombus carbon pixels based on the genetic algorithm (GA), which can minimize the reflectances of both of the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarized electromagnetic (EM) waves for the incident angles 0∘ and 60∘ simultaneously. Then, copper cylinders are implanted inside the substrate to boost the absorptions of both of the TE and TM polarizations for the 60∘ oblique incidences. To extend the absorption bandwidth, the design is finalized by evolving the intermediate metapattern using the GA. Based on the finalized carbon metapattern, the 90% absorption bandwidth is confirmed in the frequency range 8.8 to 11.6 GHz, for which the fractional bandwidth is 27.5% for both of the two polarizations with the incident angles from 0∘ to 60∘. The proposed method could open a way to design a broadband and wide-angle EM metamaterial absorber that can be applied to the edges of three-dimensional structures such as a regular tetrahedron or square pyramid that have interior angles of 60∘ that cannot be covered by conventional square or rectangular metamaterial absorbers.
Collapse
|
33
|
Varshney G, Giri P. Bipolar charge trapping for absorption enhancement in a graphene-based ultrathin dual-band terahertz biosensor. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:5813-5822. [PMID: 36132678 PMCID: PMC9416812 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00388g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmons generated at the graphene dielectric interface can be altered by trapping the electric charge. A technique is implemented for trapping the bipolar electric charge on the graphene surface and arranged in a desired way to enhance the performance of a monolayer graphene metamaterial based tunable, ultrathin, dual narrow band terahertz (THz) absorber. A monolayer graphene sheet placed on the dielectric substrate can provide dual-band resonance by utilizing the surface plasmons of the fundamental and third order mode index and an absorption of more than 99% and 50% can be obtained in the lower and upper band, respectively. The absorption is further enhanced to the level of perfect-absorption by utilizing the charge trapping mechanism on the graphene and generating bipolar charged nodes to create higher order surface plasmons. The multiple interference and reflection theory proves that the destructive interference in the dielectric layer is the cause of perfect absorption. The applied technique in the dual-band absorber configuration provides a tunable response which remains insensitive to the polarization and incident angle of the electromagnetic wave. The proposed perfect absorber can be utilized as a biosensor for refractive index sensing and the detection of glucose in water and the malaria virus in blood. It can provide an ultrahigh sensitivity of 14.88 THz RIU-1 with FOM as 53.09 RIU-1 with the variation in the chemical potential of graphene and 12.7 THz RIU-1 and FOM as 41.1 RIU-1 during glucose detection in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Varshney
- ECE Department, National Institute of Technology Patna India-800005
| | - Pushpa Giri
- ECE Department, National Institute of Technology Patna India-800005
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mou N, Tang B, Li J, Zhang Y, Dong H, Zhang L. Demonstration of Thermally Tunable Multi-Band and Ultra-Broadband Metamaterial Absorbers Maintaining High Efficiency during Tuning Process. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195708. [PMID: 34640103 PMCID: PMC8510348 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metamaterial absorbers (MMAs) with dynamic tuning features have attracted great attention recently, but most realizations to date have suffered from a decay in absorptivity as the working frequency shifts. Here, thermally tunable multi-band and ultra-broadband MMAs based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) are proposed, with nearly no reduction in absorption during the tuning process. Simulations demonstrated that the proposed design can be switched between two independently designable multi-band frequency ranges, with the absorptivity being maintained above 99.8%. Moreover, via designing multiple adjacent absorption spectra, an ultra-broadband switchable MMA that maintains high absorptivity during the tuning process is also demonstrated. Raising the ambient temperature from 298 K to 358 K, the broadband absorptive range shifts from 1.194–2.325 THz to 0.398–1.356 THz, while the absorptivity remains above 90%. This method has potential for THz communication, smart filtering, detecting, imaging, and so forth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanli Mou
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; (N.M.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China;
| | - Bing Tang
- Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Jingzhou Li
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; (N.M.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (H.D.)
| | - Yaqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China;
| | - Hongxing Dong
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; (N.M.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China;
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (H.D.)
| | - Long Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; (N.M.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China;
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dănilă O, Mănăilă-Maximean D, Bărar A, Loiko VA. Non-Layered Gold-Silicon and All-Silicon Frequency-Selective Metasurfaces for Potential Mid-Infrared Sensing Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5600. [PMID: 34451042 PMCID: PMC8402282 DOI: 10.3390/s21165600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report simulations on the spectral behavior of non-layered gold-silicon and all-silicon frequency-selective metasurfaces in an asymmetric element configuration in the mid-infrared spectral window of 5-5.8 μm. The non-layered layout is experimentally feasible due to recent technological advances such as nano-imprint and nano-stencil lithography, and the spectral window was chosen due to the multitude of applications in sensing and imaging. The architecture exhibits significant resonance in the window of interest as well as extended tunability by means of variation of cell element sizes and relative coordinates. The results indicate that the proposed metasurface architecture is a viable candidate for mid-infrared absorbers, sensors and imaging systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Octavian Dănilă
- Physics Department, ‘Politehnica’ University of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Doina Mănăilă-Maximean
- Physics Department, ‘Politehnica’ University of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ana Bărar
- Electronic Technology and Reliability Department, ‘Politehnica’ University of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Valery A. Loiko
- B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 68-2 Nezavisimosti Ave., 220072 Minsk, Belarus;
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bao L, Ma Q, Wu RY, Fu X, Wu J, Cui TJ. Programmable Reflection-Transmission Shared-Aperture Metasurface for Real-Time Control of Electromagnetic Waves in Full Space. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100149. [PMID: 34038615 PMCID: PMC8336522 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, programmable metamaterials or metasurfaces have been developed to dynamically edit electromagnetic waves for realizing different functions in the same platform. However, the proposed programmable metasurfaces can only control reflected or transmitted wavefronts in half-space. Here, a "Janus" digital coding metasurface with the capabilities to program various electromagnetic functions in the reflected (with R-codes) and transmitted (with T-codes) waves simultaneously is presented. Three PIN diodes are employed to design the metaparticle, and the state of the PIN diodes can be switched to change the reflected and transmitted phases independently. Three schemes achieved by the proposed programmable metasurface are provided as illustrative examples, including anomalous deflections, beam focusing, and scattering reduction in the full space. As a proof-of-concept, a prototype composed of 10 × 20 metaparticles is fabricated and the measured results are in good agreement with the designs and numerical results, validating the full-space modulations enabled by the programmable metasurface. It is expected that the new programmable metasurface can broaden the applications in stealth technologies, imaging systems, and the next generation of wireless communications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bao
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Intelligent MetamaterialsPazhou LaboratoryGuangzhou510330China
| | - Qian Ma
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Intelligent MetamaterialsPazhou LaboratoryGuangzhou510330China
| | - Rui Yuan Wu
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Intelligent MetamaterialsPazhou LaboratoryGuangzhou510330China
| | - Xiaojian Fu
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Intelligent MetamaterialsPazhou LaboratoryGuangzhou510330China
| | - Junwei Wu
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Intelligent MetamaterialsPazhou LaboratoryGuangzhou510330China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Intelligent MetamaterialsPazhou LaboratoryGuangzhou510330China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sun Y, Shi Y, Liu X, Song J, Li M, Wang X, Yang F. A wide-angle and TE/TM polarization-insensitive terahertz metamaterial near-perfect absorber based on a multi-layer plasmonic structure. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4072-4078. [PMID: 36132834 PMCID: PMC9419552 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00246e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A kind of near-perfect metamaterial absorber, made of only Au and Si, has been presented in the terahertz band with extremely high absorptance. A flexible design method is proposed, which could create absorbers with four independent functions as follows. First, selective perfect absorption is achieved at a single frequency, which means the absorptance is more than 99.9% at the required frequency and almost 0% at adjacent frequencies. Second, nearly 100% perfect absorption is realized at more frequencies, which can be changed by simply adjusting the geometric parameters. Third, broadband absorption with a controllable band is gained, and the average absorptance exceeds 99% from 1.2 to 2 THz. Finally, the combination of single-frequency absorption and broadband absorption is accomplished, which greatly expands the application prospects of the proposed absorber. Besides, the absorber exhibits high performance over a wide range of incident angles from 0° to 60°. Meanwhile, it is insensitive to both TE and TM waves. The aforementioned design idea can be extended to other bands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Sun
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Yanpeng Shi
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Jinmei Song
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Meiping Li
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 China
| | - Fuhua Yang
- Engineering Research Center for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Directivity enhancement of a cylindrical wire antenna by a graded index dielectric shell designed using strictly conformal transformation optics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13035. [PMID: 34158568 PMCID: PMC8219717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A transformation-optical method is presented to enhance the directivity of a cylindrical wire antenna by using an all-dielectric graded index medium. The strictly conformal mapping between two doubly connected virtual and physical domains is established numerically. Multiple directive beams are produced, providing directive emission. The state-of-the-art optical path rescaling method is employed to mitigate the superluminal regions. The resulting transformation medium is all-dielectric and nondispersive, which can provide broadband functionality and facilitate the realization of the device using available fabrication technologies. The realization of the device is demonstrated by dielectric perforation based on the effective medium theory. The device’s functionality is verified by carrying out both ray-tracing and full-wave simulations using finite-element-based software COMSOL Multiphysics.
Collapse
|
39
|
Deng T, Liang J, Cai T, Wang C, Wang X, Lou J, Du Z, Wang D. Ultra-thin and broadband surface wave meta-absorber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:19193-19201. [PMID: 34154160 DOI: 10.1364/oe.427992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perfect absorbers are highly desired in many engineering and military applications, including radar cross section (RCS) reduction, cloaking devices, and sensor detectors. However, most types of present absorbers can only absorb space propagation waves, but absorption for surface waves has not been researched intensively. Surface waves are easily excited on the interfaces between metal and dielectrics for electronic devices, which decreases their working performances due to the electromagnetic disturbances. Thus, it is of great significance to design appropriate absorbers to dissipate undesirable surface waves. Here, we propose the concept of a surface wave absorber, analyze its working principle, and prove its good performances experimentally. To demonstrate our concept, we design and fabricate a realistic surface wave absorber that is fixed on a metal surface. Experiments are performed to verify its electromagnetic characteristics. The results show that our designed meta-absorber can achieve an excellent surface wave absorption within a wide frequency window (5.8-11.2 GHz) and exhibit a very high efficiency over than 90%, but only with the thickness of 1 mm (0.028 λ). Our device can help to solve the issues of absorption at large angles, and it can find wide applications in large antenna array design and other communication systems.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ye KP, Pei WJ, Sa ZH, Chen H, Wu RX. Invisible Gateway by Superscattering Effect of Metamaterials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:227403. [PMID: 34152173 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.227403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Illusion devices, such as superscatterer and invisible gateway, have been theoretically studied under the theory of transformation optics and folded geometry transformations. The realization of these devices needs building blocks of metamaterials with negative permittivities and permeabilities. However, superscattering effects, such as stopping wave propagation in an air channel, have not been verified from illusion devices physically because of the challenge of metamaterial design, fabrication, and material loss. In this Letter, we implement a big metamaterial superscatterer, and experimentally demonstrate its superscattering effect at microwave frequencies by field-mapping technology. We confirm that superscattering is originated from the excitation of surface plasmons. Integrated with superscatterer, we experimentally display that an invisible gateway could stop electromagnetic waves in an air channel with a width much larger than the cutoff width of the corresponding rectangular waveguide. Our results provide a first direct observation of superscattering effect of double negative metamaterials and invisible gateway for electromagnetic waves. It builds up an ideal platform for future designs of other illusion devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Ping Ye
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wen-Jin Pei
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhong-Hao Sa
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Huanyang Chen
- Department of Physics and Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rui-Xin Wu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Active cloaking and illusion of electric potentials in electrostatics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10651. [PMID: 34017025 PMCID: PMC8137708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cloaking and illusion has been demonstrated theoretically and experimentally in several research fields. Here we present for the first time an active exterior cloaking device in electrostatics operating in a two-horizontally-layered electroconductive domain, and use the superposition principle to cloak electric potentials. The device uses an additional current source pattern introduced on the interface between two layers to cancel the total electric potential to be measured. Also, we present an active exterior illusion device allowing for detection of a signal pattern corresponding to any arbitrarily chosen current source instead of the existing current source. The performance of the cloaking/illusion devices is demonstrated by three-dimensional models and numerical experiments using synthetic measurements of the electric potential. Sensitivities of numerical results to a noise in measured data and to a size of cloaking devices are analysed. The numerical results show quite reasonable cloaking/illusion performance, which means that a current source can be hidden electrostatically. The developed active cloaking/illusion methodology can be used in subsurface geo-exploration studies, electrical engineering, live sciences, and elsewhere.
Collapse
|
42
|
Bifunctional Metamaterials Using Spatial Phase Gradient Architectures: Generalized Reflection and Refraction Considerations. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092201. [PMID: 33922987 PMCID: PMC8123341 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the possibility of achieving normal-incidence transmission at non-normal incidence angles using thin interfaces made of metasurface structures with an appropriately-designed positive spatial phase distributions. The reported effect represents a consequence of generalized reflection and refraction, which, although having been studied for discovering exotic effects such as negative refraction, to the best of our knowledge fails to address normal incidence conditions in positive phase distribution and its underlying consequences. Normal-incidence conditions can be angle-tuned by modifying the vales of the phase distribution gradients. Furthermore, for configurations around the normal-incidence angles, the metasurface will exhibit a bifunctional behavior—either divergent or convergent. All these properties are essential for applications such as optical guiding in integrated optics, wave front sensing devices, polarization controllers, wave front-to-polarization converters, holographic sensors, and spatially-resolved polarization measurement.
Collapse
|
43
|
Xu HX, Hu G, Wang Y, Wang C, Wang M, Wang S, Huang Y, Genevet P, Huang W, Qiu CW. Polarization-insensitive 3D conformal-skin metasurface cloak. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:75. [PMID: 33833215 PMCID: PMC8032745 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic metasurface cloaks provide an alternative paradigm toward rendering arbitrarily shaped scatterers invisible. Most transformation-optics (TO) cloaks intrinsically need wavelength-scale volume/thickness, such that the incoming waves could have enough long paths to interact with structured meta-atoms in the cloak region and consequently restore the wavefront. Other challenges of TO cloaks include the polarization-dependent operation to avoid singular parameters of composite cloaking materials and limitations of canonical geometries, e.g., circular, elliptical, trapezoidal, and triangular shapes. Here, we report for the first time a conformal-skin metasurface carpet cloak, enabling to work under arbitrary states of polarization (SOP) at Poincaré sphere for the incident light and arbitrary conformal platform of the object to be cloaked. By exploiting the foundry three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques to fabricate judiciously designed meta-atoms on the external surface of a conformal object, the spatial distributions of intensity and polarization of its scattered lights can be reconstructed exactly the same as if the scattering wavefront were deflected from a flat ground at any SOP, concealing targets under polarization-scanning detections. Two conformal-skin carpet cloaks working for partial- and full-azimuth plane operation are respectively fabricated on trapezoid and pyramid platforms via 3D printing. Experimental results are in good agreement with numerical simulations and both demonstrate the polarization-insensitive cloaking within a desirable bandwidth. Our approach paves a deterministic and robust step forward to the realization of interfacial, free-form, and full-polarization cloaking for a realistic arbitrary-shape target in real-world applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He-Xiu Xu
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China.
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, China.
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yanzhao Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaohui Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingzhao Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, 710051, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongjun Huang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Chengdu, China
| | - Patrice Genevet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Hétéro-Epitaxie et ses Applications (CRHEA), 06560, Valbonne, France.
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, China.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang XG, Sun YL, Yu Q, Cheng Q, Jiang WX, Qiu CW, Cui TJ. Smart Doppler Cloak Operating in Broad Band and Full Polarizations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007966. [PMID: 33851447 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Invisibility cloaks, a class of attractive devices that can hide objects from external observers, have become practical reality owing to the advent of metamaterials. In previous cloaking schemes, almost all demonstrated cloaks are time-invariant and are investigated in the system that is motionless, and hence they are limited to hide stationary objects. In addition, the current cloaks are typically static or require manual operation to achieve dynamic cloaking. Here, a smart Doppler cloak operating in broadband and full polarizations is reported, which consists of a time-modulated reflective metasurface and a sensing-feedback time-varying electronic control system. Experimental results show that the smart Doppler cloak is able to respond self-adaptively and rapidly to the ever-changing velocity of moving objects and then cancel different Doppler shifts in real time, without any human intervention. Moreover, the wideband and polarization-insensitive features enable the cloak to be more robust and practical. To illustrate the capabilities of the proposed approach, the smart Doppler cloak is measured in three scenarios with two different groups of linearly-polarized incidences at 3.3 and 4.9 GHz, and one group circularly-polarized incidences at 6.0 GHz, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ya Lun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang D, Liu F, Liu T, Sun S, He Q, Zhou L. Efficient generation of complex vectorial optical fields with metasurfaces. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:67. [PMID: 33790227 PMCID: PMC8012391 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Vectorial optical fields (VOFs) exhibiting arbitrarily designed wavefronts and polarization distributions are highly desired in photonics. However, current methods to generate them either require complicated setups or exhibit limited functionalities, which is unfavorable for integration-optics applications. Here, we propose a generic approach to efficiently generate arbitrary VOFs based on metasurfaces exhibiting full-matrix yet inhomogeneous Jones-matrix distributions. We illustrate our strategy with analytical calculations on a model system and an experimental demonstration of a meta-device that can simultaneously deflect light and manipulate its polarization. Based on these benchmark results, we next experimentally demonstrate the generation of a far-field VOF exhibiting both a vortex wavefront and an inhomogeneous polarization distribution. Finally, we design/fabricate a meta-device and experimentally demonstrate that it can generate a complex near-field VOF-a cylindrically polarized surface plasmon wave possessing orbital angular momentum-with an efficiency of ~34%. Our results establish an efficient and ultracompact platform for generating arbitrary predesigned VOFs in both the near- and far-fields, which may find many applications in optical manipulation and communications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photonics and Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qiong He
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhao D, Dong Z, Huang K. High-efficiency holographic metacoder for optical masquerade. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1462-1465. [PMID: 33720212 DOI: 10.1364/ol.419542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical masquerades are a low-cost camouflage strategy that avoids the hidden objects to be recognized despite being detected. Here, we demonstrate an optical holography-based masquerade that could encode the camouflaged object ("bomb") into another uncorrelated phase object ("dog") by using transmissive dielectric metasurfaces with the total efficiency as high as 78% at visible wavelengths. The phase modulation in the encoded "dog" is realized by changing the inplane orientation of nanostructures. Illuminated by the circularly polarized light, the experimental hologram fabricated by using electron-beam lithography exhibits only the "dog" pattern when observing the surface of sample. To recover the hidden "bomb," one can observe the holographic image reconstructed at the Fresnel region, which works at the broadband spectrum from 540 nm to 680 nm. Such a technique might find potential applications in information security and military affairs.
Collapse
|
47
|
Xu HX, Wang Y, Wang C, Wang M, Wang S, Ding F, Huang Y, Zhang X, Liu H, Ling X, Huang W. Deterministic Approach to Achieve Full-Polarization Cloak. RESEARCH 2021; 2021:6382172. [PMID: 33748763 PMCID: PMC7945686 DOI: 10.34133/2021/6382172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Achieving full-polarization (σ) invisibility on an arbitrary three-dimensional (3D) platform is a long-held knotty issue yet extremely promising in real-world stealth applications. However, state-of-the-art invisibility cloaks typically work under a specific polarization because the anisotropy and orientation-selective resonant nature of artificial materials made the σ-immune operation elusive and terribly challenging. Here, we report a deterministic approach to engineer a metasurface skin cloak working under an arbitrary polarization state by theoretically synergizing two cloaking phase patterns required, respectively, at spin-up (σ+) and spin-down (σ−) states. Therein, the wavefront of any light impinging on the cloak can be well preserved since it is a superposition of σ+ and σ− wave. To demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability, several proof-of-concept metasurface cloaks are designed to wrap over a 3D triangle platform at microwave frequency. Results show that our cloaks are essentially capable of restoring the amplitude and phase of reflected beams as if light was incident on a flat mirror or an arbitrarily predesigned shape under full polarization states with a desirable bandwidth of ~17.9%, conceiving or deceiving an arbitrary object placed inside. Our approach, deterministic and robust in terms of accurate theoretical design, reconciles the milestone dilemma in stealth discipline and opens up an avenue for the extreme capability of ultrathin 3D cloaking of an arbitrary shape, paving up the road for real-world applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He-Xiu Xu
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China.,Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.,College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Yanzhao Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Chaohui Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Mingzhao Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Fei Ding
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Yongjun Huang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xiaokuan Zhang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Haiwen Liu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaohui Ling
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Deng T, Liang J, Lou J, Zhang C, Du Z, Wang C, Cai T. High-performance meta-absorber for the surface wave under the spoof surface plasmon polariton mode. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:7558-7567. [PMID: 33726255 DOI: 10.1364/oe.420063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfect absorbers are highly desired in many engineering and military applications, including radar cross section (RCS) reduction, cloaking devices, and sensor detectors. However, most types of present absorbers can only absorb space propagation waves, yet absorption for the surface wave (SW) has not been researched intensively. In reality, when the space wave illuminates on the metal under large oblique angles, surface waves can be excited on the interface between metal and dielectric and thus would increase the RCS and influence the stealth performance. Here, based on the wave vector and impedance matching theories, we propose a broadband absorber for the surface wave under spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) mode. The former theory ensures that surface waves can enter the absorber efficiently, and the latter guarantees perfect absorption. The experimental results indicate that our absorber can achieve a broadband (9.4-18 GHz) performance with an absorption ratio better than 90%, which is in great agreement with the simulations. Therefore, our device can be applied in RCS reduction for the metal devices, antenna array decoupling and many other applications. Also, this work provides a unique methodology to design new types of broadband surface wave absorbers.
Collapse
|
49
|
Qian T. Reconfigurable Metasurface Antenna Based on the Liquid Metal for Flexible Scattering Fields Manipulation. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:243. [PMID: 33670875 PMCID: PMC7997355 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a reconfigurable metasurface antenna for flexible scattering field manipulation using liquid metal. Since the Eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) liquid metal has a melting temperature around the general room temperature (about 30 °C), the structure based on the liquid metal can be easily reconstructed under the temperature control. We have designed an element cavity structure to contain liquid metal for its flexible shape-reconstruction. By melting and rotating the element structure, the shape of liquid metal can be altered, resulting in the distinct reflective phase responses. By arranging different metal structure distribution, we show that the scattering fields generated by the surface have diverse versions including single-beam, dual-beam, and so on. The experimental results have good consistency with the simulation design, which demonstrated our works. The presented reconfigurable scheme may promote more interest in various antenna designs on 5G and intelligent applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qian
- Shanghai Technical Institute of Electronics and Information, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tian X, Xu J, Xu K, Qian Y, Ma X, Yang P, Duan X, Ding P, Li ZY. Phase-change reconfigurable metasurface for broadband, wide-angle, continuously tunable and switchable cloaking. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:5959-5971. [PMID: 33726127 DOI: 10.1364/oe.418200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Being invisible at will has fascinated humanity for centuries and it has become more tangible with the development of metasurfaces, which have demonstrated the extraordinary ability of wavefront manipulation. However, state-of-the-art invisibility cloaks typically work in a deterministic system with a limited bandwidth and small incident angle ranges. Here, by integrating the phase-change material of Ge2Sb2Te5 and the wavefront tailoring functionality of a reflective metasurface, we have achieved a unique carpet cloak that is endowed with broadband invisibility from 6920 to 8220 nm, fully concealing objects over a wide angular span of ±25° and a prominent radar cross-section reduction. Furthermore, the central cloaking wavelength can be continuously tuned with Ge2Sb2Te5 film under different intermediate phases by precisely controlling external stimuli, which will provide a flexible and encouraging way to achieve active features once fabricated. Simulation results also show that the cloaking bandwidth can be significantly extended by triggering Ge2Sb2Te5 from the amorphous to crystalline states. Importantly, the hybrid metasurface can realize switching of "ON" and "OFF" states in terms of cloaking features by converting Ge2Sb2Te5 from the amorphous to the crystalline state. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first metasurface carpet cloak that utilizes the phase-change material of Ge2Sb2Te5 to achieve ultra-broadband, wide-angle, continuously tunable and switchable cloaking with low profiles, light weights, and easy access. This design of a reconfigurable cloak is expected to find potential applications in various areas such as vehicle cloaking, illusions and so on.
Collapse
|