1
|
Qin J, Chen N, Scriber KE, Liu J, Wang Z, Yang K, Yang H, Liu F, Ding Y, Latif J, Jia H. Carbon emissions and priming effects derived from crop residues and their responses to nitrogen inputs. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17115. [PMID: 38273576 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Crop residue-derived carbon (C) emissions and priming effects (PE) in cropland soils can influence the global C cycle. However, their corresponding generality, driving factors, and responses to nitrogen (N) inputs are poorly understood. As a result, the total C emissions and net C balance also remain mysterious. To address the above knowledge gaps, a meta-analysis of 1123 observations, taken from 51 studies world-wide, has been completed. The results showed that within 360 days, emission ratios of crop residues C (ER) ranged from 0.22% to 61.80%, and crop residues generally induced positive PE (+71.76%). Comparatively, the contribution of crop residue-derived C emissions (52.82%) to total C emissions was generally higher than that of PE (12.08%), emphasizing the importance of reducing ER. The ER and PE differed among crop types, and both were low in the case of rice, which was attributed to its saturated water conditions. The ER and PE also varied with soil properties, as PE decreased with increasing C addition ratio in soils where soil organic carbon (SOC) was less than 10‰; in contrast, the opposite phenomenon was observed in soils with SOC exceeding 10‰. Moreover, N inputs increased ER and PE by 8.31% and 3.78%, respectively, which was predominantly attributed to (NH4 )2 SO4 . The increased PE was verified to be dominated by microbial stoichiometric decomposition. In summary, after incorporating crop residues, the total C emissions and relative net C balance in the cropland soils ranged from 0.03 to 23.47 mg C g-1 soil and 0.21 to 0.97 mg C g-1 residue-C g-1 soil, respectively, suggesting a significant impact on C cycle. These results clarify the value of incorporating crop residues into croplands to regulate global SOC dynamics and help to establish while managing site-specific crop return systems that facilitate C sequestration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Qin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Na Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Kevin E Scriber
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jinbo Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Kangjie Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Huiqiang Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Fuhao Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Junaid Latif
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen W, Wang S, Wang J, Xia J, Luo Y, Yu G, Niu S. Evidence for widespread thermal optimality of ecosystem respiration. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1379-1387. [PMID: 37488227 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02121-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem respiration (ER) is among the largest carbon fluxes between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Understanding the temperature response of ER is crucial for predicting the climate change-carbon cycle feedback. However, whether there is an apparent optimum temperature of ER ([Formula: see text]) and how it changes with temperature remain poorly understood. Here we analyse the temperature response curves of ER at 212 sites from global FLUXNET. We find that ER at 183 sites shows parabolic temperature response curves and [Formula: see text] at which ER reaches the maximum exists widely across biomes around the globe. Among the 15 biotic and abiotic variables examined, [Formula: see text] is mostly related to the optimum temperature of gross primary production (GPP, [Formula: see text]) and annual maximum daily temperature (Tmax). In addition, [Formula: see text] linearly increases with Tmax across sites and over vegetation types, suggesting its thermal adaptation. The adaptation magnitude of [Formula: see text], which is measured by the change in [Formula: see text] per unit change in Tmax, is positively correlated with the adaptation magnitude of [Formula: see text]. This study provides evidence of the widespread existence of [Formula: see text] and its thermal adaptation with Tmax across different biomes around the globe. Our findings suggest that carbon cycle models that consider the existence of [Formula: see text] and its adaptation have the potential to more realistically predict terrestrial carbon sequestration in a world with changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianyang Xia
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqi Luo
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Guirui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuli Niu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moya MR, López‐Ballesteros A, Sánchez‐Cañete EP, Serrano‐Ortiz P, Oyonarte C, Domingo F, Kowalski A. Ecosystem CO 2 release driven by wind occurs in drylands at global scale. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5320-5333. [PMID: 35727701 PMCID: PMC9545467 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Subterranean ventilation is a non-diffusive transport process that provokes the abrupt transfer of CO2 -rich air (previously stored) through water-free soil pores and cracks from the vadose zone to the atmosphere, under high-turbulence conditions. In dryland ecosystems, whose biological carbon exchanges are poorly characterized, it can strongly determine eddy-covariance CO2 fluxes that are used to validate remote sensing products and constrain models of gross primary productivity. Although subterranean ventilation episodes (VE) may occur in arid and semi-arid regions, which are unsung players in the global carbon cycle, little research has focused on the role of VE CO2 emissions in land-atmosphere CO2 exchange. This study shows clear empirical evidence of globally occurring VE. To identify VE, we used in situ quality-controlled eddy-covariance open data of carbon fluxes and ancillary variables from 145 sites in different open land covers (grassland, cropland, shrubland, savanna, and barren) across the globe. We selected the analyzed database from the FLUXNET2015, AmeriFlux, OzFlux, and AsiaFlux networks. To standardize the analysis, we designed an algorithm to detect CO2 emissions produced by VE at all sites considered in this study. Its main requirement is the presence of considerable and non-spurious correlation between the friction velocity (i.e., turbulence) and CO2 emissions. Of the sites analyzed, 34% exhibited the occurrence of VE. This vented CO2 emerged mainly from arid ecosystems (84%) and sites with hot and dry periods. Despite some limitations in data availability, this research demonstrates that VE-driven CO2 emissions occur globally. Future research should seek a better understanding of its drivers and the improvement of partitioning models, to reduce uncertainties in estimated biological CO2 exchanges and infer their contribution to the global net ecosystem carbon balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Rosario Moya
- Experimental Station of Arid Zones (EEZA‐CSIC), Desertification and GeoecologyAlmeríaSpain
| | - Ana López‐Ballesteros
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3)Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque CountryLeioaSpain
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the EnvironmentAgrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA)ZaragozaSpain
| | - Enrique P. Sánchez‐Cañete
- Applied PhysicsUniversity of Granada (UGR)GranadaSpain
- Inter‐University Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA‐CEAMA)GranadaSpain
| | - Penélope Serrano‐Ortiz
- Inter‐University Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA‐CEAMA)GranadaSpain
- EcologyUniversity of Granada (UGR)GranadaSpain
| | - Cecilio Oyonarte
- AgronomyUniversity of Almeria (UAL)AlmeríaSpain
- Andalusian Center for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change (CAESCG)AlmeríaSpain
| | - Francisco Domingo
- Experimental Station of Arid Zones (EEZA‐CSIC), Desertification and GeoecologyAlmeríaSpain
| | - Andrew S. Kowalski
- Applied PhysicsUniversity of Granada (UGR)GranadaSpain
- Inter‐University Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA‐CEAMA)GranadaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tian W, Sun H, Zhang Y, Xu J, Yao J, Li J, Li B, Nie M. Thermal adaptation occurs in the respiration and growth of widely distributed bacteria. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2820-2829. [PMID: 35090074 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbial respiration is an important factor in regulating carbon (C) exchange between the soil and atmosphere. Thermal adaptation of soil microorganisms will lead to a weakening of the positive feedback between climate warming and soil respiration. The thermal adaptation of microbial communities and fungal species has been proven. However, studies on the thermal adaptation of bacterial species, the most important decomposers in the soil, are still lacking. Here, we isolated six species of widely distributed dominant bacteria and studied the effects of constant warming and temperature fluctuations on those species. The results showed that constant warming caused a downregulation of respiratory temperature sensitivity (Q10 ) of the bacterial species, accompanied by an elevation of the minimum temperature (Tmin ) required for growth. Similar results were seen with the addition of temperature fluctuations, suggesting that both scenarios caused a significant thermal adaptation among the bacterial species. Fluctuating and increasing temperatures are considered an important component of future warming. Therefore, the inclusion of physiological responses of bacteria to these changes is essential to understand relationships between microbiota and temperature and enhance the prediction of global soil-atmosphere C feedbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Nie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Seasonal Variation of Soil Respiration in the Mongolian Oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch. Ex Ledeb.) Forests at the Cool Temperate Zone in Korea. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11090984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the variation in seasonal soil respiration (SR) as a function of soil temperature (Ts) and soil water content (SWC) in Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) forests in urban (Mt. Nam) and well-reserved (Mt. Jeombong) areas in South Korea, we conducted continuous field measurements of SR and other environmental parameters (Ts and SWC) using an automated chamber system. Overall, the SR rates in both stands were strongly correlated with the Ts variable during all seasons. However, abrupt fluctuations in SR were significantly related to episodic increases in SWC on a short time scale during the growing season. The integrated optimal regression models for SR using Ts at a depth of 5 cm and SWC at a depth of 15 cm yielded the following: the SR rate in Mt. Nam = SR(Ts) + ΔSR(Ts) = 104.87 exp(0.1108Ts) − 10.09(SWC)2 + 604.2(SWC) − 8627.7 for Ts ≥ 0 °C, and the SR rate in Mt. Jeombong = SR(Ts) + ΔSR(Ts) = 95.608 exp(0.1304Ts) − 33.086(SWC)2 + 1949.2(SWC) − 28499 for Ts ≥ 0 °C. In both cases, SR = 0 for Ts < 0 °C. As per these equations, the estimated annual total SRs were 1339.4 g C m−2 for Mt. Nam and 1003.0 g C m−2 for Mt. Jeombong. These values were quite similar to the measured values in field. Our results demonstrate that the improved empirical equation is an effective tool for estimating and predicting SR variability and provide evidence that the SR of Q. mongolica forests in the cool temperate zone of Korean Peninsula depends on Ts and SWC variables.
Collapse
|
6
|
Li F, Peng Y, Chen L, Yang G, Abbott BW, Zhang D, Fang K, Wang G, Wang J, Yu J, Liu L, Zhang Q, Chen K, Mohammat A, Yang Y. Warming alters surface soil organic matter composition despite unchanged carbon stocks in a Tibetan permafrost ecosystem. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Life Science Taizhou University Taizhou China
| | - Yunfeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Leiyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Guibiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Benjamin W. Abbott
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - Dianye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Kai Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Guanqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jianchun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Kelong Chen
- College of Life and Geography Sciences Qinghai Normal University Xining China
| | - Anwar Mohammat
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi China
| | - Yuanhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peršić V, Đerđ T, Varga M, Hackenberger BK. Real-time CO 2 uptake/emission measurements as a tool for early indication of toxicity in Lemna-tests. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 206:154-163. [PMID: 30476745 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an application of continuous monitoring of the emission and uptake rate of CO2 in Lemna toxicity test. On a real-time basis, the CO2 concentration data were collected by the Arduino platform-based respiratory activity measuring system (ResTox) and reported as CO2 concentration dynamic curves. The results of CO2 measurements demonstrated that tested metals (Co, Cu, Hg, and Cd), as well as herbicides (nicosulfuron, diquat, and tembotrione), stimulated the CO2 exchange rates at low doses, while at high doses CO2 exchange rates were inhibited. The addition of higher concentrations of clopyralid stimulated photosynthetic activity and caused a higher increase in respiration rates indicating its mode of action as auxin mimic herbicide. The results obtained underline the necessity of considering other biological endpoints like continuous measurements of gas exchange from the very beginning of exposure to toxicants. Simultaneous measurements of real-time CO2 concentrations, as the primary effect of toxicant mode of action, and processes that are supported by carbon flux, as the secondary effect or endpoint, are needed to relate actual and substrate-induced or inhibited respiration and photosynthesis to those processes. Therefore, continuous measurements of CO2 exchange rates can be implemented for the initial screening of potential toxicity to give valuable information that is needed for further examination of toxicity mechanisms and risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Peršić
- The University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Tamara Đerđ
- The University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Martina Varga
- The University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stutz SS, Anderson J, Zulick R, Hanson DT. Inside out: efflux of carbon dioxide from leaves represents more than leaf metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2849-2857. [PMID: 28575237 PMCID: PMC5853528 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of inorganic carbon in the xylem, produced from root, stem, and branch respiration, travel via the transpiration stream and eventually exit the plant through distant tissues as CO2. Unlike previous studies that focused on the efflux of CO2 from roots and woody tissues, we focus on efflux from leaves and the potential effect on leaf respiration measurements. We labeled transported inorganic carbon, spanning reported xylem concentrations, with 13C and then manipulated transpiration rates in the dark in order to vary the rates of inorganic carbon supply to cut leaves from Brassica napus and Populus deltoides. We used tunable diode laser absorbance spectroscopy to directly measure the rate of gross 13CO2 efflux, derived from inorganic carbon supplied from outside of the leaf, relative to gross 12CO2 efflux generated from leaf cells. These experiemnts showed that 13CO2 efflux was dependent upon the rate of inorganic carbon supply to the leaf and the rate of transpiration. Our data show that the gross leaf efflux of xylem-transported CO2 is likely small in the dark when rates of transpiration are low. However, gross leaf efflux of xylem-transported CO2 could approach half the rate of leaf respiration in the light when transpiration rates and branch inorganic carbon concentrations are high, irrespective of the grossly different petiole morphologies in our experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S Stutz
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03-2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jeremiah Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03-2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Rachael Zulick
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03-2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - David T Hanson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03-2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin X, Li J, Luo J, Wu X, Tian Y, Wang W. Precipitation Mediates the Response of Carbon Cycle to Rising Temperature in the Mid-to-High Latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132663. [PMID: 26172277 PMCID: PMC4501818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, rising air temperature has been accompanied by changes in precipitation. Despite relatively robust literature on the temperature sensitivity of carbon cycle at continental to global scales, less is known about the way this sensitivity is affected by precipitation. In this study we investigate how precipitation mediates the response of the carbon cycle to warming over the mid-to-high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere (north of 30 °N). Based on atmospheric CO2 observations at Point Barrow (BRW) in Alaska, satellite-derived NDVI (a proxy of vegetation productivity), and temperature and precipitation data, we analyzed the responses of carbon cycle to temperature change in wet and dry years (with precipitation above or below the multiyear average). The results suggest that, over the past three decades, the net seasonal atmospheric CO2 changes at BRW were significantly correlated with temperature in spring and autumn, yet only weakly correlated with temperature and precipitation during the growing season. We further found that responses of the net CO2 changes to warming in spring and autumn vary with precipitation levels, with the absolute temperature sensitivity in wet years roughly twice that in dry years. The analyses of NDVI and climate data also identify higher sensitivity of vegetation growth to warming in wet years for the growing season, spring and summer. The different temperature sensitivities in wet versus dry years probably result from differences in soil moisture and/or nutrient availability, which may enhance (inhibit) the responsiveness of carbon assimilation and/or decomposition to warming under high (low) precipitation levels. The precipitation-mediated response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to warming reported here emphasizes the important role of precipitation in assessing the temporal variations of carbon budgets in the past as well as in the future. More efforts are required to reduce uncertainty in future precipitation projections, and to better represent the nonlinearity of carbon cycle responses to climate in current state-of-the-art land surface models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lin
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jägermeyr J, Gerten D, Lucht W, Hostert P, Migliavacca M, Nemani R. A high-resolution approach to estimating ecosystem respiration at continental scales using operational satellite data. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:1191-1210. [PMID: 24259306 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the local variability in land-atmosphere carbon fluxes is crucial to improving the accuracy of global carbon budgets. Operational satellite data backed by ground measurements at Fluxnet sites proved valuable in monitoring local variability of gross primary production at highly resolved spatio-temporal resolutions. Yet, we lack similar operational estimates of ecosystem respiration (Re) to calculate net carbon fluxes. If successful, carbon fluxes from such a remote sensing approach would form an independent and sought after measure to complement widely used dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). Here, we establish an operational semi-empirical Re model, based only on data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) with a resolution of 1 km and 8 days. Fluxnet measurements between 2000 and 2009 from 100 sites across North America and Europe are used for parameterization and validation. Our analysis shows that Re is closely tied to temperature and plant productivity. By separating temporal and intersite variation, we find that MODIS land surface temperature (LST) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) are sufficient to explain observed Re across most major biomes with a negligible bias [R² = 0.62, RMSE = 1.32 (g C m(-2) d(-1)), MBE = 0.05 (g C m(-2) d(-1))]. A comparison of such satellite-derived Re with those simulated by the DGVM LPJmL reveals similar spatial patterns. However, LPJmL shows higher temperature sensitivities and consistently simulates higher Re values, in high-latitude and subtropical regions. These differences remain difficult to explain and they are likely associated either with LPJmL parameterization or with systematic errors in the Fluxnet sampling technique. While uncertainties remain with Re estimates, the model formulated in this study provides an operational, cross-validated and unbiased approach to scale Fluxnet Re to the continental scale and advances knowledge of spatio-temporal Re variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Jägermeyr
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, RD 1: Earth System Analysis, PO-Box 601203, D-14412, Potsdam, Germany; Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, D-10099, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Joseph T, Whitehead D, Turnbull MH. Soil water availability influences the temperature response of photosynthesis and respiration in a grass and a woody shrub. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2014; 41:468-481. [PMID: 32481006 DOI: 10.1071/fp13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seedlings of the shrub kānuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides (A. Rich) J. Thompson) and the pasture grass brown top (Agrostis capillarus L.) were grown in intact soil cores in climate-controlled cabinets to analyse the thermal response of leaf-level carbon exchange at four levels of volumetric soil water content (θ). The objective was to resolve the combined effects of relatively rapid and short-term changes in θ and temperature on the thermal responses of both photosynthesis and respiration in these two contrasting plant types. Results showed that θ had a greater effect on the short-term temperature response of photosynthesis than the temperature response of respiration. The optimum value of θ for net photosynthesis was around 30% for both plants. The photosynthetic capacity of kānuka and the grass declined significantly when θ fell below 20%. The temperature sensitivity of photosynthesis was low at low soil water content and increased at moderate to high soil water content in both plant types. Statistical analysis showed that the temperature sensitivity of photosynthetic parameters was similar for both plant types, but the sensitivity of respiratory parameters differed. Respiratory capacity increased with increasing soil water content in kānuka but declined significantly when θ fell below 15%. There was no significant influence of soil water content on respiratory capacity in the grass. Collectively, our results indicate that θ influenced the temperature sensitivity of photosynthesis and respiration, and altered the balance between foliar respiration and photosynthetic capacity in both plant types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Joseph
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | | | - Matthew H Turnbull
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bradford MA. Thermal adaptation of decomposer communities in warming soils. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:333. [PMID: 24339821 PMCID: PMC3825258 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature regulates the rate of biogeochemical cycles. One way it does so is through control of microbial metabolism. Warming effects on metabolism change with time as physiology adjusts to the new temperature. I here propose that such thermal adaptation is observed in soil microbial respiration and growth, as the result of universal evolutionary trade-offs between the structure and function of both enzymes and membranes. I review the basis for these trade-offs and show that they, like substrate depletion, are plausible mechanisms explaining soil respiration responses to warming. I argue that controversies over whether soil microbes adapt to warming stem from disregarding the evolutionary physiology of cellular metabolism, and confusion arising from the term thermal acclimation to represent phenomena at the organism- and ecosystem-levels with different underlying mechanisms. Measurable physiological adjustments of the soil microbial biomass reflect shifts from colder- to warmer-adapted taxa. Hypothesized declines in the growth efficiency of soil microbial biomass under warming are controversial given limited data and a weak theoretical basis. I suggest that energy spilling (aka waste metabolism) is a more plausible mechanism for efficiency declines than the commonly invoked increase in maintenance-energy demands. Energy spilling has many fitness benefits for microbes and its response to climate warming is uncertain. Modeled responses of soil carbon to warming are sensitive to microbial growth efficiency, but declines in efficiency mitigate warming-induced carbon losses in microbial models and exacerbate them in conventional models. Both modeling structures assume that microbes regulate soil carbon turnover, highlighting the need for a third structure where microbes are not regulators. I conclude that microbial physiology must be considered if we are to have confidence in projected feedbacks between soil carbon stocks, atmospheric CO2, and climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Bradford
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sweetlove LJ, Williams TCR, Cheung CYM, Ratcliffe RG. Modelling metabolic CO₂ evolution--a fresh perspective on respiration. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1631-1640. [PMID: 23531106 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Respiration is a major contributor to net exchange of CO₂ between plants and the atmosphere and thus an important aspect of the vegetation component of global climate change models. However, a mechanistic model of respiration is lacking, and so here we explore the potential for flux balance analysis (FBA) to predict cellular CO₂ evolution rates. Metabolic flux analysis reveals that respiration is not always the dominant source of CO₂, and that metabolic processes such as the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) and lipid synthesis can be quantitatively important. Moreover, there is considerable variation in the metabolic origin of evolved CO₂ between tissues, species and conditions. Comparison of FBA-predicted CO₂ evolution profiles with those determined from flux measurements reveals that FBA is able to predict the metabolic origin of evolved CO₂ in different tissues/species and under different conditions. However, FBA is poor at predicting flux through certain metabolic processes such as the OPPP and we identify the way in which maintenance costs are accounted for as a major area of improvement for future FBA studies. We conclude that FBA, in its standard form, can be used to predict CO₂ evolution in a range of plant tissues and in response to environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Sweetlove
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Crowther TW, Bradford MA. Thermal acclimation in widespread heterotrophic soil microbes. Ecol Lett 2013; 16:469-77. [PMID: 23331708 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiration by plants and microorganisms is primarily responsible for mediating carbon exchanges between the biosphere and atmosphere. Climate warming has the potential to influence the activity of these organisms, regulating exchanges between carbon pools. Physiological 'down-regulation' of warm-adapted species (acclimation) could ameliorate the predicted respiratory losses of soil carbon under climate change scenarios, but unlike plants and symbiotic microbes, the existence of this phenomenon in heterotrophic soil microbes remains controversial. Previous studies using complex soil microbial communities are unable to distinguish physiological acclimation from other community-scale adjustments. We explored the temperature-sensitivity of individual saprotrophic basidiomycete fungi growing in agar, showing definitively that these widespread heterotrophic fungi can acclimate to temperature. In almost all cases, the warm-acclimated individuals had lower growth and respiration rates at intermediate temperatures than cold-acclimated isolates. Inclusion of such microbial physiological responses to warming is essential to enhance the robustness of global climate-ecosystem carbon models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Crowther
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Graf A, Weihermüller L, Huisman JA, Herbst M, Vereecken H. Comment on “Global Convergence in the Temperature Sensitivity of Respiration at Ecosystem Level”. Science 2011; 331:1265; author reply 1265. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1196948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Graf
- Forschungszentrum Juelich, Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Lutz Weihermüller
- Forschungszentrum Juelich, Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Johan A. Huisman
- Forschungszentrum Juelich, Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael Herbst
- Forschungszentrum Juelich, Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Harry Vereecken
- Forschungszentrum Juelich, Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mahecha MD, Reichstein M, Carvalhais N, Lasslop G, Lange H, Seneviratne SI, Vargas R, Ammann C, Arain MA, Cescatti A, Janssens IA, Migliavacca M, Montagnani L, Richardson AD. Response to Comment on “Global Convergence in the Temperature Sensitivity of Respiration at Ecosystem Level”. Science 2011. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1197033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel D. Mahecha
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zurich Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Nuno Carvalhais
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829–516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gitta Lasslop
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Lange
- Norsk Institutt for Skog og Landskap, N–1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Sonia I. Seneviratne
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zurich Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, CICESE, Carretera Ensenada–Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, C.P. 22860, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Christof Ammann
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon, Federal Research Station, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH–8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. Altaf Arain
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences and McMaster Centre for Climate Change, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandro Cescatti
- European Commission, Joint Research Center, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mirco Migliavacca
- European Commission, Joint Research Center, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy
- Remote Sensing of Environmental Dynamics Laboratory, Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e del Territorio, University of Milano–Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Servizi Forestali, Agenzia per l’Ambiente, Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Free University of Bozen–Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andrew D. Richardson
- Harvard University Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|