1
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Urgel JI, Sánchez-Grande A, Vicent DJ, Jelínek P, Martín N, Écija D. On-Surface Covalent Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials by Harnessing Carbon gem-Polyhalides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402467. [PMID: 38864470 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The design of innovative carbon-based nanostructures stands at the forefront of both chemistry and materials science. In this context, π-conjugated compounds are of great interest due to their impact in a variety of fields, including optoelectronics, spintronics, energy storage, sensing and catalysis. Despite extensive research efforts, substantial knowledge gaps persist in the synthesis and characterization of new π-conjugated compounds with potential implications for science and technology. On-surface synthesis has emerged as a powerful discipline to overcome limitations associated with conventional solution chemistry methods, offering advanced tools to characterize the resulting nanomaterials. This review specifically highlights recent achievements in the utilization of molecular precursors incorporating carbon geminal (gem)-polyhalides as functional groups to guide the formation of π-conjugated 0D species, as well as 1D, quasi-1D π-conjugated polymers, and 2D nanoarchitectures. By delving into reaction pathways, novel structural designs, and the electronic, magnetic, and topological features of the resulting products, the review provides fundamental insights for a new generation of π-conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I Urgel
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez-Grande
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Praha, 16200, Czech Republic
| | - Diego J Vicent
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Praha, 16200, Czech Republic
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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2
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Gao HY. Recent advances in organic molecule reactions on metal surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 38860468 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06148e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Chemical reactions of organic molecules on metal surfaces have been intensively investigated in the past decades, where metals play the role of catalysts in many cases. In this review, first, we summarize recent works on spatial molecules, small H2O, O2, CO, CO2 molecules, and the molecules carrying silicon groups as the new trends of molecular candidates for on-surface chemistry applications. Then, we introduce spectroscopy and DFT study advances in on-surface reactions. Especially, in situ spectroscopy technologies, such as electron spectroscopy, force spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, STM-induced luminescence, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption spectroscopy, and infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy, are important to confirm the occurrence of organic reactions and analyze the products. To understand the underlying mechanism, the DFT study provides detailed information about reaction pathways, conformational evolution, and organometallic intermediates. Usually, STM/nc-AFM topological images, in situ spectroscopy data, and DFT studies are combined to describe the mechanism behind on-surface organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300350, China
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3
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Sun K, Ishikawa A, Itaya R, Toichi Y, Yamakado T, Osuka A, Tanaka T, Sakamoto K, Kawai S. On-Surface Synthesis of Polyene-Linked Porphyrin Cooligomer. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13551-13559. [PMID: 38757371 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
π-Conjugated molecules are viewed as fundamental components in forthcoming molecular nanoelectronics in which semiconducting functional units are linked to each other via metallic molecular wires. However, it is still challenging to construct such block cooligomers on the surface. Here, we present a synthesis of [18]-polyene-linked Zn-porphyrin cooligomers via a two-step reaction of the alkyl groups on Cu(111) and Cu(110). Nonyl groups (-C9H19) substituted at the 5,15-meso positions of Zn-porphyrin were first transformed to alkenyl groups (-C9H10) by dehydrogenation. Subsequently, homocoupling of the terminal -CH2 groups resulted in the formation of extended [18]-polyene-linked porphyrin cooligomers. The structures of the products at each reaction step were investigated by bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy at low temperatures. A combination of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations revealed the metallic property of the all trans [18]-polyene linker on Cu(110). This finding may provide an approach to fabricate complex nanocarbon structures on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishikawa
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ryota Itaya
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Toichi
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamakado
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Spintronics Research Network Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
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4
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Sun K, Kurki L, Silveira OJ, Nishiuchi T, Kubo T, Foster AS, Kawai S. On-Surface Synthesis of Silole and Disila-Cyclooctene Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401027. [PMID: 38415373 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of Si atoms into organic compounds significantly increases a variety of functionality, facilitating further applications. Recently, on-surface synthesis was introduced into organosilicon chemistry as 1,4-disilabenzene bridged nanostructures were obtained via coupling between silicon atoms and brominated phenyl groups at the ortho position on Au(111). Here, we demonstrate a high generality of this strategy via syntheses of silole derivatives and nanoribbon structures with eight-membered sila-cyclic rings from dibrominated molecules at the bay and peri positions on Au(111), respectively. Their structures and electronic properties were investigated by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. This work demonstrates a great potential to deal with heavy group 14 elements in on-surface silicon chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Lauri Kurki
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box, 11100, Aalto, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Orlando J Silveira
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box, 11100, Aalto, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Adam S Foster
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box, 11100, Aalto, Espoo 00076, Finland
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan
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5
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Lin Y, Li J, Liang X, Hu T, Huang Z, Zhu Z, Diao M, Zhao X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Chen Q, Liu J, Wu K. Steering Electron-Induced Surface Reaction via a Molecular Assembly Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10150-10158. [PMID: 38557061 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Electrons not only serve as a "reactant" in redox reactions but also play a role in "catalyzing" some chemical processes. Despite the significance and ubiquitousness of electron-induced chemistry, many related scientific issues still await further exploration, among which is the impact of molecular assembly. In this work, microscopic insights into the vital role of molecular assembly in tweaking the electron-induced surface chemistry are unfolded by combined scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory studies. It is shown that the selective dissociation of a C-Cl bond in 4,4″-dichloro-1,1':3',1''-terphenyl (DCTP) on Cu(111) can be efficiently triggered by an electron injection via the STM tip into the unoccupied molecular orbital. The DCTP molecules are embedded in different assembly structures, including its self-assembly and coassemblies with Br adatoms. The energy threshold for the C-Cl bond cleavage increases as more Br adatoms stay close to the molecule, indicative of the sensitive response of the electron-induced surface reactivity of the C-Cl bond to the subtle change in the molecular assembly. Such a phenomenon is rationalized by the energy shift of the involved unoccupied molecular orbital of DCTP that is embedded in different assemblies. These findings shed new light on the tuning effect of molecular assembly on electron-induced reactions and introduce an efficient approach to precisely steer surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Lin
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ting Hu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhichao Huang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengxiao Diao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinwei Zhao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhantao Peng
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Liu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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6
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Wang J, Niu K, Zhu H, Xu C, Deng C, Zhao W, Huang P, Lin H, Li D, Rosen J, Liu P, Allegretti F, Barth JV, Yang B, Björk J, Li Q, Chi L. Universal inter-molecular radical transfer reactions on metal surfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3030. [PMID: 38589464 PMCID: PMC11001993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
On-surface synthesis provides tools to prepare low-dimensional supramolecular structures. Traditionally, reactive radicals are a class of single-electron species, serving as exceptional electron-withdrawing groups. On metal surfaces, however, such species are affected by conduction band screening effects that may even quench their unpaired electron characteristics. As a result, radicals are expected to be less active, and reactions catalyzed by surface-stabilized radicals are rarely reported. Herein, we describe a class of inter-molecular radical transfer reactions on metal surfaces. With the assistance of aryl halide precursors, the coupling of terminal alkynes is steered from non-dehydrogenated to dehydrogenated products, resulting in alkynyl-Ag-alkynyl bonds. Dehalogenated molecules are fully passivated by detached hydrogen atoms. The reaction mechanism is unraveled by various surface-sensitive technologies and density functional theory calculations. Moreover, we reveal the universality of this mechanism on metal surfaces. Our studies enrich the on-surface synthesis toolbox and develop a pathway for producing low-dimensional organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Wang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Huaming Zhu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Chaojie Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chuan Deng
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Peipei Huang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Haiping Lin
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Dengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Peinian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Biao Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden.
| | - Qing Li
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China.
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7
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Di Giovannantonio M, Qiu Z, Pignedoli CA, Asako S, Ruffieux P, Müllen K, Narita A, Fasel R. On-surface cyclization of vinyl groups on poly-para-phenylene involving an unusual pentagon to hexagon transformation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1910. [PMID: 38429274 PMCID: PMC10907692 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
On-surface synthesis relies on carefully designed molecular precursors that are thermally activated to afford desired, covalently coupled architectures. Here, we study the intramolecular reactions of vinyl groups in a poly-para-phenylene-based model system and provide a comprehensive description of the reaction steps taking place on the Au(111) surface under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. We find that vinyl groups successfully cyclize with the phenylene rings in the ortho positions, forming a dimethyl-dihydroindenofluorene as the repeating unit, which can be further dehydrogenated to a dimethylene-dihydroindenofluorene structure. Interestingly, the obtained polymer can be transformed cleanly into thermodynamically stable polybenzo[k]tetraphene at higher temperature, involving a previously elusive pentagon-to-hexagon transformation via ring opening and rearrangement on a metal surface. Our insights into the reaction cascade unveil fundamental chemical processes involving vinyl groups on surfaces. Because the formation of specific products is highly temperature-dependent, this innovative approach offers a valuable tool for fabricating complex, low-dimensional nanostructures with high precision and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia - CNR (ISM-CNR), 00133, Roma, Italy.
| | - Zijie Qiu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Guangdong, 518172, P.R. China
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sobi Asako
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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8
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Xu X, Kinikar A, Di Giovannantonio M, Pignedoli CA, Ruffieux P, Müllen K, Fasel R, Narita A. On-Surface Synthesis of Anthracene-Fused Zigzag Graphene Nanoribbons from 2,7-Dibromo-9,9'-bianthryl Reveals Unexpected Ring Rearrangements. PRECISION CHEMISTRY 2024; 2:81-87. [PMID: 38425747 PMCID: PMC10900509 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.3c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has emerged as a powerful strategy to fabricate unprecedented forms of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). However, the on-surface synthesis of zigzag GNRs (ZGNR) has met with only limited success. Herein, we report the synthesis and on-surface reactions of 2,7-dibromo-9,9'-bianthryl as the precursor toward π-extended ZGNRs. Characterization by scanning tunneling microscopy and high-resolution noncontact atomic force microscopy clearly demonstrated the formation of anthracene-fused ZGNRs. Unique skeletal rearrangements were also observed, which could be explained by intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Theoretical calculations of the electronic properties of the anthracene-fused ZGNRs revealed spin-polarized edge-states and a narrow bandgap of 0.20 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiushang Xu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Organic
and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute
of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amogh Kinikar
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Structure of Matter − CNR (ISM-CNR), via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg
University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Organic
and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute
of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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9
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Jiang H, He Y, Lu J, Zheng F, Zhu Z, Yan Y, Sun Q. Unraveling the Mechanisms of On-Surface Photoinduced Reaction with Polarized Light Excitations. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1118-1125. [PMID: 38117979 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
On-surface reaction has been shown as a powerful strategy to achieve atomically precise nanostructures. Numerous reactions have been realized on surfaces with thermal annealing as the primary excitation. In contrast, far fewer reactions have been triggered by light on surfaces despite its advantages due to the nonthermal process. This is possibly ascribed to our limited understanding on the excitation mechanisms of on-surface photoinduced reactions. In this work, we have studied the photoinduced debrominated coupling by using a linearly polarized light. We successfully achieved the reaction with no annealing process and obtained oligomers as the primary reaction products, which is in contrast with the formation of polymers with traditional thermal treatments. By exploring the dependence of reaction yield on the angle of incidence, we demonstrate an experimental method that can provide fundamental insights. The comparison with the theoretical approximation suggests indirect hot carrier excitation as the leading excitation mechanism. Our results not only provide fundamental insight into the surface photochemical reactions but also set the basis for harnessing light to construct unconventional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Yu He
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Lu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Fengru Zheng
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyi Yan
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
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10
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Arribas D, Villalobos-Vilda V, Tosi E, Lacovig P, Baraldi A, Bignardi L, Lizzit S, Martínez JI, de Andres PL, Gutiérrez A, Martín-Gago JÁ, Merino P. In situ observation of the on-surface thermal dehydrogenation of n-octane on Pt(111). NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14458-14467. [PMID: 37458500 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02564k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic dehydrogenation of alkanes constitutes a key step for the industrial conversion of these inert sp3-bonded carbon chains into other valuable unsaturated chemicals. To this end, platinum-based materials are among the most widely used catalysts. In this work, we characterize the thermal dehydrogenation of n-octane (n-C8H18) on Pt(111) under ultra-high vacuum using synchrotron-radiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption and scanning tunneling microscopy, combined with ab initio calculations. At low activation temperatures, two different dehydrogenation stages are observed. At 330 K, n-C8H18 effectively undergoes a 100% regioselective single C-H bond cleavage at one methyl end. At 600 K, the chemisorbed molecules undergo a double dehydrogenation, yielding double bonds in their carbon skeletons. Diffusion of the dehydrogenated species leads to the formation of carbon molecular clusters, which represents the first step towards poisoning of the catalyst. Our results reveal the chemical mechanisms behind the first stages of alkane dehydrogenation on a platinum model surface at the atomic scale, paving the way for designing more efficient dehydrogenation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Arribas
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, Spain.
| | | | - Ezequiel Tosi
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, Spain.
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Lacovig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Baraldi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, Trieste, Italy
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Bignardi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvano Lizzit
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, Trieste, Italy
| | - José Ignacio Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, Spain.
| | - Pedro Luis de Andres
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, Spain.
- On leave of absence at nanoteeche@surfaces Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600-Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Gutiérrez
- Applied Physics Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Cantoblanco, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Merino
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, Spain.
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11
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Zhang Y, Chen Q, Zhang H. Mechanism research reveals the role of Fe n ( n = 2-5) supported C 2N as single-cluster catalysts (SCCs) for the non-oxidative propane dehydrogenation in the optimization of catalytic performance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24143-24154. [PMID: 37655603 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03204c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Single cluster catalysts show excellent potential for propane dehydrogenation, compensating for the limited catalytic performance of single-atom catalysts in reactions involving multiple reaction steps and intermediates. Herein, density functional theory is used to investigate the catalytic activity and mechanism for non-oxidized propane dehydrogenation on Fen-C2N (n = 2-5). Firstly, the stability of Fen-C2N (n = 2-5) is evaluated by comparing the mean values of binding energy and cohesive energy. The results show that Fen-C2N (n = 2-4) can exist stably, which is also verified by the molecular dynamics calculation at 873 K. Band structure analysis shows that the screened catalysts have metal properties, which are conducive to charge transfer. Fukui function analysis is used to predict the optimal adsorption site. The electronic properties of propane and propylene adsorbed on catalysts are further studied by the partial density of states and deformation charge density. The activation barrier (Ea) and reaction energy (ΔE) of the main reaction steps are evaluated. The results show that Fe2-C2N (Ea = 0.97 eV, ΔE= 0.22 eV) has the best catalytic activity. The Ea for further propylene dehydrogenation is also used to evaluate the yield of propylene. Compared with Fe-C2N, Fe2-C2N can regulate the adsorption strength of propane and propylene, showing better catalytic ability and higher selectivity for propylene. The above research provides ideas for the design of new catalysts with high selectivity and activity for non-oxidative propane dehydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Center for Computational Chemistry and Molecular Simulation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Qin Chen
- Center for Computational Chemistry and Molecular Simulation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Center for Computational Chemistry and Molecular Simulation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
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12
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Xing GY, Zhu YC, Li DY, Liu PN. On-Surface Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4462-4470. [PMID: 37154541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as a bottom-up synthetic method, has been proven to be a powerful tool for atomically precise fabrication of low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials over the past 15 years. This method relies on covalent coupling reactions that occur on solid substrates such as metal or metal oxide surfaces under ultra-high-vacuum conditions, and the achievements with this method have greatly enriched fundamental science and technology. However, due to the complicated reactivity of organic groups, distinct diffusion of reactants and intermediates, and irreversibility of covalent bonds, achieving the high selectivity of covalent coupling reactions on surfaces remains a great challenge. As a result, only a few on-surface covalent coupling reactions, mainly involving dehalogenation and dehydrogenation homocoupling, are frequently used in the synthesis of low-dimensional carbon nanosystems. In this Perspective, we focus on the development and synthetic applications of on-surface cross-coupling reactions, mainly Ullmann, Sonogashira, Heck, and divergent cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yan Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ya-Cheng Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Deng-Yuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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13
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Yuan J, Gao M, Liu Z, Tang X, Tian Y, Ma G, Ye M, Zheng A. Hyperloop-like diffusion of long-chain molecules under confinement. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1735. [PMID: 36977714 PMCID: PMC10050162 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The ultrafast transport of adsorbates in confined spaces is a goal pursued by scientists. However, diffusion will be generally slower in nano-channels, as confined spaces inhibit motion. Here we show that the movement of long-chain molecules increase with a decrease in pore size, indicating that confined spaces promote transport. Inspired by a hyperloop running on a railway, we established a superfast pathway for molecules in zeolites with nano-channels. Rapid diffusion is achieved when the long-chain molecules keep moving linearly, as well as when they run along the center of the channel, while this phenomenon do not exist for short-chain molecules. This hyperloop-like diffusion is unique for long-chain molecules in a confined space and is further verified by diffusion experiments. These results offer special insights into molecule diffusion under confinement, providing a reference for the selection of efficient catalysts with rapid transport in the industrial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingbin Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Ma
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Ye
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Anmin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Cai ZF, Chen T, Wang D. Insights into the Polymerization Reactions on Solid Surfaces Provided by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2463-2472. [PMID: 36867434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the polymerization process at the molecular level is essential for the rational design and synthesis of polymers with controllable structures and properties. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is one of the most important techniques to investigate the structures and reactions on conductive solid surfaces, and it has successfully been used to reveal the polymerization process on the surface at the molecular level in recent years. In this Perspective, after a brief introduction of on-surface polymerization reactions and STM, we focus on the applications of STM in the study of the processes and mechanism of on-surface polymerization, from one-dimensional to two-dimensional polymerization reactions. We conclude by a discussion of the challenges and perspectives on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Wu H, Wang Y, Tang C, Jones LO, Song B, Chen XY, Zhang L, Wu Y, Stern CL, Schatz GC, Liu W, Stoddart JF. High-efficiency gold recovery by additive-induced supramolecular polymerization of β-cyclodextrin. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1284. [PMID: 36894545 PMCID: PMC9998620 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing an eco-friendly, efficient, and highly selective gold-recovery technology is urgently needed in order to maintain sustainable environments and improve the utilization of resources. Here we report an additive-induced gold recovery paradigm based on precisely controlling the reciprocal transformation and instantaneous assembly of the second-sphere coordinated adducts formed between β-cyclodextrin and tetrabromoaurate anions. The additives initiate a rapid assembly process by co-occupying the binding cavity of β-cyclodextrin along with the tetrabromoaurate anions, leading to the formation of supramolecular polymers that precipitate from aqueous solutions as cocrystals. The efficiency of gold recovery reaches 99.8% when dibutyl carbitol is deployed as the additive. This cocrystallization is highly selective for square-planar tetrabromoaurate anions. In a laboratory-scale gold-recovery protocol, over 94% of gold in electronic waste was recovered at gold concentrations as low as 9.3 ppm. This simple protocol constitutes a promising paradigm for the sustainable recovery of gold, featuring reduced energy consumption, low cost inputs, and the avoidance of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Leighton O Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA. .,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. .,Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, 311215, Hangzhou, China.
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16
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Lin Y, Diao M, Dai J, Xu Z, Zhao X, Wen X, Xing L, Zhou X, Chen Q, Liu J, Wu K. Molecular insight into on-surface chemistry of an organometallic polymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1006-1013. [PMID: 36533548 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04858b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A molecular investigation of Cu-elimination and subsequent C-C coupling of DCTP (4,4''-dichloro-1,1':3',1''-terphenyl)-Cu organometallic (OM) polymers on Cu(111) is conducted by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, revealing that the Cu adatoms embedded in the DCTP-Cu chains are located at the hollow and bridge sites on the Cu(111) surface. The difference in the catalytic activities of these surface sites leads to stepwise elimination of Cu adatoms in the OM chains. Moreover, the interchain interaction plays an important role in the Cu-elimination process of the DCTP-Cu chains as well. The interchain steric hindrance, on the one hand, induces the formation of Cu-eliminated intermediates that are scarcely observed in other Ullmann coupling systems, and on the other hand, promotes the cooperative Cu-elimination and C-C coupling of the OM segments in neighboring chains. These findings demonstrate the key role of the molecule-substrate and intermolecular interactions in mediating the reaction processes of the extended molecular systems on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Lin
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Mengxiao Diao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jingxin Dai
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhen Xu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xinwei Zhao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Lingbo Xing
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiong Zhou
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Qiwei Chen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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17
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Zou Z, Sala A, Panighel M, Tosi E, Lacovig P, Lizzit S, Scardamaglia M, Kokkonen E, Cepek C, Africh C, Comelli G, Günther S, Patera LL. In Situ Observation of C-C Coupling and Step Poisoning During the Growth of Hydrocarbon Chains on Ni(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213295. [PMID: 36325959 PMCID: PMC10108169 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of high-value fuels and plastics starting from small hydrocarbon molecules plays a central role in the current transition towards renewable energy. However, the detailed mechanisms driving the growth of hydrocarbon chains remain to a large extent unknown. Here we investigated the formation of hydrocarbon chains resulting from acetylene polymerization on a Ni(111) model catalyst surface. Exploiting X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy up to near-ambient pressures, the intermediate species and reaction products have been identified. Complementary in situ scanning tunneling microscopy observations shed light onto the C-C coupling mechanism. While the step edges of the metal catalyst are commonly assumed to be the active sites for the C-C coupling, we showed that the polymerization occurs instead on the flat terraces of the metallic surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Zou
- CNR-IOM Materials Foundry Institute, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sala
- CNR-IOM Materials Foundry Institute, 34149, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mirco Panighel
- CNR-IOM Materials Foundry Institute, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Esko Kokkonen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cinzia Cepek
- CNR-IOM Materials Foundry Institute, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Comelli
- CNR-IOM Materials Foundry Institute, 34149, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sebastian Günther
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Laerte L Patera
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Zhang W, Guo J, Ma H, Wen J, He C. Anchoring of transition metals to CN as efficient single-atom catalysts for propane dehydrogenation. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Wang J, Niu K, Xu C, Zhu H, Ding H, Han D, Zheng Y, Xi J, You S, Deng C, Lin H, Rosen J, Zhu J, Björk J, Li Q, Chi L. Influence of Molecular Configurations on the Desulfonylation Reactions on Metal Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21596-21605. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Chaojie Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huaming Zhu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Honghe Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yuanjing Zheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiahao Xi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sifan You
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chuan Deng
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Haiping Lin
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Qing Li
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
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20
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Lowe B, Hellerstedt J, Matěj A, Mutombo P, Kumar D, Ondráček M, Jelinek P, Schiffrin A. Selective Activation of Aromatic C–H Bonds Catalyzed by Single Gold Atoms at Room Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21389-21397. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lowe
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria3800, Australia
| | - Jack Hellerstedt
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria3800, Australia
| | - Adam Matěj
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00Prague, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 46Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dhaneesh Kumar
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria3800, Australia
| | - Martin Ondráček
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jelinek
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00Prague, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Agustin Schiffrin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria3800, Australia
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21
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Edmondson M, Saywell A. Molecular Diffusion and Self-Assembly: Quantifying the Influence of Substrate hcp and fcc Atomic Stacking. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8210-8215. [PMID: 36198056 PMCID: PMC9614974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular diffusion is a fundamental process underpinning surface-confined molecular self-assembly and synthesis. Substrate topography influences molecular assembly, alignment, and reactions with the relationship between topography and diffusion linked to the thermodynamic evolution of such processes. Here, we observe preferential adsorption sites for tetraphenylporphyrin (2H-TPP) on Au(111) and interpret nucleation and growth of molecular islands at these sites in terms of spatial variation in diffusion barrier driven by local atomic arrangements of the Au(111) surface (the 22× √3 "herringbone" reconstruction). Variable-temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy facilitates characterization of molecular diffusion, and Arrhenius analysis allows quantitative characterization of diffusion barriers within fcc and hcp regions of the surface reconstruction (where the in-plane arrangement of the surface atoms is identical but the vertical stacking differs). The higher barrier for diffusion within fcc locations underpins the ubiquitous observation of preferential island growth within fcc regions, demonstrating the relationship between substrate-structure, diffusion, and molecular self-assembly.
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22
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Wan H, Gong N, Liu L. Solid catalysts for the dehydrogenation of long-chain alkanes: lessons from the dehydrogenation of light alkanes and homogeneous molecular catalysis. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Gao Y, Huang L, Cao Y, Richter M, Qi J, Zheng Q, Yang H, Ma J, Chang X, Fu X, Palma CA, Lu H, Zhang YY, Cheng Z, Lin X, Ouyang M, Feng X, Du S, Gao HJ. Selective activation of four quasi-equivalent C-H bonds yields N-doped graphene nanoribbons with partial corannulene motifs. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6146. [PMID: 36253383 PMCID: PMC9576682 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective C–H bond activation is one of the most challenging topics for organic reactions. The difficulties arise not only from the high C–H bond dissociation enthalpies but also the existence of multiple equivalent/quasi-equivalent reaction sites in organic molecules. Here, we successfully achieve the selective activation of four quasi-equivalent C–H bonds in a specially designed nitrogen-containing polycyclic hydrocarbon (N-PH). Density functional theory calculations reveal that the adsorption of N-PH on Ag(100) differentiates the activity of the four ortho C(sp3) atoms in the N-heterocycles into two groups, suggesting a selective dehydrogenation, which is demonstrated by sequential-annealing experiments of N-PH/Ag(100). Further annealing leads to the formation of N-doped graphene nanoribbons with partial corannulene motifs, realized by the C–H bond activation process. Our work provides a route of designing precursor molecules with ortho C(sp3) atom in an N-heterocycle to realize surface-induced selective dehydrogenation in quasi-equivalent sites. Selective activation of C–H bonds is a key challenge in organic reactions. Here, the authors achieve the selective activation of four quasi-equivalent C–H bonds, leading to the formation of N-doped graphene nanoribbons with partial corannulene motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Gao
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Yun Cao
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Marcus Richter
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jing Qi
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Huan Yang
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiao Chang
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Xiaoshuai Fu
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Carlos-Andres Palma
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Zhihai Cheng
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, 100872, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Min Ouyang
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069, Dresden, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany.
| | - Shixuan Du
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, PR China.
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, PR China.
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24
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Mandal D, Roychowdhury S, Biswas JP, Maiti S, Maiti D. Transition-metal-catalyzed C-H bond alkylation using olefins: recent advances and mechanistic aspects. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7358-7426. [PMID: 35912472 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00923k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysis has contributed immensely to C-C bond formation reactions over the last few decades, and alkylation is no exception. The superiority of such methodologies over traditional alkylation is evident from minimal reaction steps, shorter reaction times, and atom economy while also allowing control over regio- and stereo-selectivity. In particular, hydrocarbonation of alkenes has grabbed increased attention due its fundamental ability to effectively and selectively synthesise a wide range of industrially and pharmaceutically relevant moieties. This review attempts to provide a scientific viewpoint and a systematic analysis of the recent developments in transition-metal-catalyzed alkylation of various C-H bonds using simple and activated olefins. The key features and mechanistic studies involved in these transformations are described briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Sumali Roychowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Jyoti Prasad Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Siddhartha Maiti
- School of Bioengineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Bhopal University, Bhopal-Indore Highway, Kothrikalan, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh-466114, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India. .,Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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25
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Wu Z, Wang F, Sun G, Xiong F, Teng B, Huang W. Step Site-Specific Semihydrogenation of Acetylene on the Au Surface. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7667-7672. [PMID: 35960022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Supported Au catalysts are highly selective and size-sensitive in catalytic hydrogenation of alkynes under mild conditions. Using thermal-programmed desorption and density functional theory calculations, we study the hydrogenation reactions of C2 hydrocarbons with atomic H and clarify the site-specific selective hydrogenation of C2H2 on Au(997) at low temperatures. On atomic H(a) covered Au(997), hydrogenation of C2H2 goes with 100% selectivity to C2H4 at steps, yet no hydrogenation occurs at terraces; adsorbed C2H4 on neither steps nor terraces reacts with H(a). DFT calculations suggest that the increased adsorption free energies and appropriate reaction barriers of C2 species at steps lead to the step-site specific semihydrogenation of C2H2. These results elucidate the elementary surface reactions between C2 hydrocarbons and atomic H on Au surfaces at the molecular level and significantly deepen the fundamental understanding of the unique selectivity of Au catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongfang Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Botao Teng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Weixin Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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26
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Giovanelli L, Pawlak R, Hussein F, MacLean O, Rosei F, Song W, Pigot C, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Ksari Y, Bondino F, Magnano E, Meyer E, Clair S. On‐Surface Synthesis of Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Chains through C−S Activation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200809. [PMID: 35657383 PMCID: PMC9540368 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- University of Basel Department of Physics Basel CH4056 Switzerland
| | | | - Oliver MacLean
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education Jilin Normal University Changchun 130103 China
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Varennes Québec J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Varennes Québec J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Wentao Song
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IM2NP Marseille France
| | | | | | | | - Younal Ksari
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IM2NP Marseille France
| | - Federica Bondino
- IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC AREA Science Park, Basovizza 34149 Trieste Italy
| | - Elena Magnano
- IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC AREA Science Park, Basovizza 34149 Trieste Italy
- Department of Physics University of Johannesburg PO Box 524 Auckland Park 2006 South Africa
| | - Ernst Meyer
- University of Basel Department of Physics Basel CH4056 Switzerland
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27
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Ma K, Zhang T, Qin Y, Hu Z, Sun Z, Han Y, Zhao D, Gao HY. Desilylative Coupling Involving C(sp 2)-Si Bond Cleavage on Metal Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8789-8796. [PMID: 35503747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Desilylative coupling involving C-Si bond cleavage has emerged as one of the most important synthetic strategies for carbon-carbon/heteroatom bond formation in solution chemistry. However, in on-surface chemistry, C-Si bond cleavage remains a synthetic challenge. Here, we report the implementation of C(sp2)-Si bond cleavage and subsequent C-C bond formation on metal surfaces. The combination of scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculation successfully reveals that the incorporation of the C-Br group on the arylsilanes is critical to the success of this desilylative coupling reaction on metal surfaces. Our study represents a promising approach for the removal of protecting silyl groups in on-surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tiantong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Qin
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhixin Hu
- Department of Physics & Center for Joint Quantum Studies, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhixiang Sun
- Department of Physics & Center for Joint Quantum Studies, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - You Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Dongbing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hong-Ying Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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28
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Ji P, Dettmann D, Liu YH, Berti G, Preetha Genesh N, Cui D, MacLean O, Perepichka DF, Chi L, Rosei F. Tandem Desulfurization/C-C Coupling Reaction of Tetrathienylbenzenes on Cu(111): Synthesis of Pentacene and an Exotic Ladder Polymer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6506-6514. [PMID: 35363486 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface-confined reactions represent a powerful approach for the precise synthesis of low-dimensional organic materials. A complete understanding of the pathways of surface reactions would enable the rational synthesis of a wide range of molecules and polymers. Here, we report different reaction pathways of tetrathienylbenzene (T1TB) and its extended congener tetrakis(dithienyl)benzene (T2TB) on Cu(111), investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Both T1TB and T2TB undergo desulfurization when deposited on Cu(111) at room temperature. Deposition of T1TB at 453 K yields pentacene through desulfurization, hydrogen transfer, and a cascade of intramolecular cyclization. In contrast, for T2TB the intramolecular cyclization stops at anthracene and the following intermolecular C-C coupling produces a conjugated ladder polymer. We show that tandem desulfurization/C-C coupling provides a versatile approach for growing carbon-based nanostructures on metal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Dominik Dettmann
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Ying-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Giulia Berti
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Navathej Preetha Genesh
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Daling Cui
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Oliver MacLean
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P.R. China
| | - Dmytro F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
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29
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Hao Z, Peng G, Wang L, Li X, Liu Y, Xu C, Niu K, Ding H, Hu J, Zhang L, Dong B, Zhang H, Zhu J, Chi L. Converting n-Alkanol to Conjugated Polyenal on Cu(110) Surface at Mild Temperature. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3276-3282. [PMID: 35389642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Achieving C(sp3)-H activation at a mild temperature is of great importance from both scientific and technologic points of view. Herein, on the basis of the on-surface synthesis strategy, we report the significant reduction of the C(sp3)-H activation barrier, which results in the full C(sp3)-H to C(sp2)-H transformation of n-alkanol (octacosan-1-ol) at a mild temperature as low as 350 K on the Cu(110) surface, yielding the conjugated polyenal (octacosa-tridecaenal) as the final product. The reaction mechanism is revealed by the combined scanning tunneling microscope, density functional theory, and synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Hao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Guyue Peng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xuechao Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ye Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chaojie Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Honghe Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Jun Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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30
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Guo W, Yin J, Xu Z, Li W, Peng Z, Weststrate CJ, Yu X, He Y, Cao Z, Wen X, Yang Y, Wu K, Li Y, Niemantsverdriet JW, Zhou X. Visualization of on-surface ethylene polymerization through ethylene insertion. Science 2022; 375:1188-1191. [PMID: 35271314 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi4407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene production through catalytic ethylene polymerization is one of the most common processes in the chemical industry. The popular Cossee-Arlman mechanism hypothesizes that the ethylene be directly inserted into the metal-carbon bond during chain growth, which has been awaiting microscopic and spatiotemporal experimental confirmation. Here, we report an in situ visualization of ethylene polymerization by scanning tunneling microscopy on a carburized iron single-crystal surface. We observed that ethylene polymerization proceeds on a specific triangular iron site at the boundary between two carbide domains. Without an activator, an intermediate, attributed to surface-anchored ethylidene (CHCH3), serves as the chain initiator (self-initiation), which subsequently grows by ethylene insertion. Our finding provides direct experimental evidence of the ethylene polymerization pathway at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Guo
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junqing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wentao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhantao Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - C J Weststrate
- SynCat@DIFFER, Syngaschem BV, 5600 HH Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Xin Yu
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China
| | - Yurong He
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China.,State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China.,State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongwang Li
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China.,State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - J W Niemantsverdriet
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China.,SynCat@DIFFER, Syngaschem BV, 5600 HH Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Xiong Zhou
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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31
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Hao Z, Zhang J, Xie M, Li X, Wang L, Liu Y, Niu K, Wang J, Song L, Cheng T, Zhang H, Chi L. From n-alkane to polyacetylene on Cu (110): Linkage modulation in chain growth. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Yang Y, Song R, Fan X, Liu Y, Kong N, Lin H, Li Y. A mechanistic study of selective propane dehydrogenations on MoS2 supported single Fe atoms. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Yang B, Niu K, Haag F, Cao N, Zhang J, Zhang H, Li Q, Allegretti F, Björk J, Barth JV, Chi L. Abiotic Formation of an Amide Bond via Surface‐Supported Direct Carboxyl–Amine Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Linköping University 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Nan Cao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | | | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Linköping University 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS) Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany
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34
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Li X, Ge H, Xue R, Wu M, Chi L. Anchoring and Reacting On-Surface to Achieve Programmability. JACS AU 2022; 2:58-65. [PMID: 35098221 PMCID: PMC8790738 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has developed into a modern method to fabricate low-dimensional molecular nanostructures with atomic precision. It impresses the chemistry community mostly via its simplicity, selectivity, and programmability during the synthesis. However, an insufficient mechanistic understanding of on-surface reactions and the discriminations in methodologies block it out from the conventional cognition of reaction and catalysis, which inhibits the extensive implication of on-surface synthesis. In this Perspective, we summarize the empirical paradigms of conceptually appealing programmability in on-surface synthesis. We endeavor to deliver the message that the impressive programmability is related to chemical heterogeneity which can also be coded at the molecular level and deciphered by the catalytic surfaces in varying chemical environments as specific chemical selectivity. With the assistance of structure-sensitive techniques, it is possible to recognize the chemical heterogeneity on surfaces to provide insight into the programmable on-surface construction of molecular nanoarchitectures and to reshape the correlation between the mechanistic understanding in on-surface synthesis and conventional chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Li
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haitao Ge
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Renjie Xue
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano &
Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional
Materials and Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of
Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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35
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Wang S, Nishiuchi T, Pignedoli CA, Yao X, Di Giovannantonio M, Zhao Y, Narita A, Feng X, Müllen K, Ruffieux P, Fasel R. Steering on-surface reactions through molecular steric hindrance and molecule-substrate van der Waals interactions. QUANTUM FRONTIERS 2022; 1:23. [PMID: 36619715 PMCID: PMC9809985 DOI: 10.1007/s44214-022-00023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is a rapidly developing field involving chemical reactions on well-defined solid surfaces to access synthesis of low-dimensional organic nanostructures which cannot be achieved via traditional solution chemistry. On-surface reactions critically depend on a high degree of chemoselectivity in order to achieve an optimum balance between target structure and possible side products. Here, we demonstrate synthesis of graphene nanoribbons with a large unit cell based on steric hindrance-induced complete chemoselectivity as revealed by scanning probe microscopy measurements and density functional theory calculations. Our results disclose that combined molecule-substrate van der Waals interactions and intermolecular steric hindrance promote a selective aryl-aryl coupling, giving rise to high-quality uniform graphene nanostructures. The established coupling strategy has been used to synthesize two types of graphene nanoribbons with different edge topologies inducing a pronounced variation of the electronic energy gaps. The demonstrated chemoselectivity is representative for n-anthryl precursor molecules and may be further exploited to synthesize graphene nanoribbons with novel electronic, topological and magnetic properties with implications for electronic and spintronic applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44214-022-00023-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Wang
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- grid.419547.a0000 0001 1010 1663Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Suita, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Xuelin Yao
- grid.419547.a0000 0001 1010 1663Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Present Address: Istituto di Struttura della Materia—CNR (ISM-CNR), via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, 00133 Italy
| | - Yan Zhao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- grid.419547.a0000 0001 1010 1663Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- grid.419547.a0000 0001 1010 1663Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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36
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Yang Y, Wang J, Lin H, Dong H, Li Y. On-purpose design of dual active sites in single V atom anchored C2N nanosheet for propane dehydrogenation catalysis. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01463g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As an emerging propylene production technology, propane dehydrogenation (PDH) has attracted much attentions from researchers. In this work, we designed the single transition metal atom anchored C2N nanosheets (TM1/C2N) with...
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37
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Li X, Niu K, Zhang J, Yu X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Guo Q, Wang P, Li F, Hao Z, Xu C, Tang Y, Xu Z, Lu S, Liu P, Xue G, Wei Y, Chi L. Direct transformation of n-alkane into all- trans conjugated polyene via cascade dehydrogenation. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwab093. [PMID: 34858613 PMCID: PMC8566175 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective C(sp3) −H activation is of fundamental importance in processing alkane feedstocks to produce high-value-added chemical products. By virtue of an on-surface synthesis strategy, we report selective cascade dehydrogenation of n-alkane molecules under surface constraints, which yields monodispersed all-trans conjugated polyenes with unprecedented length controllability. We are also able to demonstrate the generality of this concept for alkyl-substituted molecules with programmable lengths and diverse functionalities, and more importantly its promising potential in molecular wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yu
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuemin Wang
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pengdong Wang
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation (Nano-X), Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fangsen Li
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation (Nano-X), Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengming Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chaojie Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanning Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuai Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guigu Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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38
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Zhang Z, Perepichka DF, Khaliullin RZ. Adatoms in the Surface-Confined Ullmann Coupling of Phenyl Groups. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11061-11069. [PMID: 34747624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the on-surface Ullmann coupling for synthesis of atomically precise carbon nanostructures, it is still unclear whether this reaction is catalyzed by surface atoms or adatoms. Here, the feasibility of the adatom creation and adatom-catalyzed Ullmann coupling of chloro-, bromo-, and iodobenzene on Cu(111), Ag(111), and Au(111) surfaces is examined using density functional theory modeling. The extraction of a metal atom is found to be greatly facilitated by the formation of strong phenyl-metal bonds, making the extraction energy barrier comparable to, and in the case of Ag(111) even lower than, that for the competing surface-catalyzed phenyl-phenyl bond formation. However, if the phenyl-adatom bonds are too strong, as on Cu(111) and Ag(111), they create an insurmountable barrier for the subsequent adatom-catalyzed C-C coupling. In contrast, Au adatoms do not bind phenyl groups strongly and can catalyze the C-C bond formation almost as efficiently as surface atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Rustam Z Khaliullin
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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39
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Liu L, Timmer A, Kolodzeiski E, Gao HY, Mönig H, Klaasen H, Meng X, Ren J, Studer A, Amirjalayer S, Fuchs H. Conformational evolution following the sequential molecular dehydrogenation of PMDI on a Cu(111) surface. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6373-6378. [PMID: 36133488 PMCID: PMC9417866 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular spatial conformational evolution following the corresponding chemical reaction pathway at surfaces is important to understand and optimize chemical processes. Combining experimental and theoretical methods, the sequential N-H and C-H dehydrogenation of pyromellitic diimide (PMDI) on a Cu(111) surface are reported. STM experiments and atomistic modeling allow structural analysis at each well-defined reaction step. First, exclusively the aromatic N-H dehydrogenation of the imide group is observed. Subsequently, the C-H group at the benzene core of PMDI gets activated leading to a dehydrogenation reaction forming metalorganic species where Cu adatoms pronouncedly protruding from the surface are coordinated by one or two PMDI ligands at the surface. All reactions of PMDI induce conformational changes at the surface as confirmed by STM imaging and DFT simulations. Such conformational evolution in sequential N-H and C-H activation provides a detailed insight to understand molecular dehydrogenation processes at surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacheng Liu
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Alexander Timmer
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Elena Kolodzeiski
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Hong-Ying Gao
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Henning Klaasen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Leibnizstraße 19 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Jindong Ren
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
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40
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Yang B, Niu K, Haag F, Cao N, Zhang J, Zhang H, Li Q, Allegretti F, Björk J, Barth JV, Chi L. Abiotic Formation of Amide Bond via Surface-Supported Direct Carboxyl-Amine Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113590. [PMID: 34708485 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Amide bond formation is one of the most important reactions in biochemistry, notably being of crucial importance for the origin of life. Herein, we combine scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies to provide evidence for thermally activated abiotic formation of amide bonds between adsorbed precursors through direct carboxyl-amine coupling under ultrahigh vacuum conditions by means of on-surface synthesis. Complementary insights from temperature-programmed desorption measurements and density functional theory calculations reveal the competition between cross-coupling amide formation and decarboxylation reactions on the Au(111) surface. Furthermore, we demonstrate the critical influence of the employed metal support: whereas on Au(111) the coupling readily occurs, different reaction scenarios prevail on Ag(111) and Cu(111). The systematic experiments signal that archetypical bio-related molecules can be abiotically synthesized in clean environments without water or oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- Soochow University, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Suzhou, CHINA
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Soochow University, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Suzhou, CHINA
| | - Felix Haag
- Technical University of Munich: Technische Universitat Munchen, Physics department, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, GARCHING, GERMANY
| | - Nan Cao
- Soochow University, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Suzhou, CHINA
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Soochow University, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Suzhou, CHINA
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Soochow University, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Suzhou, CHINA
| | - Qing Li
- Soochow University, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Suzhou, CHINA
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Technical University Munich: Technische Universitat Munchen, Physics department, James-Franck-Str.1, 85748, Garching, GERMANY
| | - Jonas Björk
- Linköping University, Department of Phesics, Chemistry and Biology, 58183, Linköping, SWEDEN
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Technical University of Munich: Technische Universitat Munchen, Physics department, James-Franck-Str.1, 85748, Garching, GERMANY
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Soochow University, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Box 33, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, also: Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, 215123, Suzhou, CHINA
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41
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Chen S, Cai Z, Ou Z, Wang Z, Guo D, Zhong D. Direct aryl-aryl coupling of pentacene on Au(110). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22155-22159. [PMID: 34580696 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03460j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective C-H bond activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is challenging due to the relatively high bond dissociation energy and the existence of multiple equivalent C-H sites. Herein, we report a scanning tunneling microscopy study on the covalent coupling of pentacene molecules on Au(110) surfaces. The missing-row reconstruction of Au(110) surfaces strengthens the molecule-substrate interactions. At elevated temperatures (470-520 K), pentacenes undergo direct aryl-aryl coupling via C-H bond activation. Due to the anisotropic feature of the reconstructed Au(110) surface, pentacenes are preferentially oriented parallel or perpendicular, making the linear and T-shaped dimers the predominant products. Based on density functional theory calculations, the aryl C-H bond activation barrier is reduced to 1.42 eV on Au(110)-(1 × 3) reconstructed surfaces, at which the extra row of gold atoms located in the (1 × 3) reconstructed grooves plays a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenwei Chen
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeying Cai
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.,Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, 523803 Dongguan, China
| | - Zengfu Ou
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Donghui Guo
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dingyong Zhong
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
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42
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Sun K, Sagisaka K, Peng L, Watanabe H, Xu F, Pawlak R, Meyer E, Okuda Y, Orita A, Kawai S. Head-to-Tail Oligomerization by Silylene-Tethered Sonogashira Coupling on Ag(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19598-19603. [PMID: 33955126 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is a powerful method for the fabrication of π-conjugated nanomaterials. Herein, we demonstrate chemoselective Sonogashira coupling between (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl and chlorophenyl groups in silylethynyl- and chloro-substituted partially fluorinated phenylene ethynylenes (SiCPFPEs) on Ag(111). The desilylative Sonogashira coupling occurred with high chemoselectivity up to 75 %, while the competing Ullmann and desilylative Glaser homocoupling reactions were suppressed. A combination of bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy/atomic force microscopy (STM/AFM) and DFT calculations revealed that the oligomers were obtained by the formation of intermolecular silylene tethers (-Me2 Si-) through CH3 -Si bond activation at 130 °C and subsequent elimination of the tethers at an elevated temperature of 200 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sagisaka
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Lifen Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.,Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China
| | - Hikaru Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiro Okuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Akihiro Orita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan
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43
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Timm MJ, Leung L, Polanyi JC. Direct Observation of Knock-on in Surface Reactions at Zero Impact Parameter. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12644-12649. [PMID: 34370480 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reaction dynamics examines molecular motions in reactive collisions. The aiming of reagents at one another has been achieved at selected miss distances (impact parameters, b) by using the corrugations on crystalline surfaces as collimator. Prior experimental work and ab initio calculation showed single atoms aimed at chemisorbed molecules with b = 0 gave knock-on of atomic reaction products through a linear transition state. Here we report a study of b = 0 collision between directed CF2 and stationary chemisorbed CF3. Experiments and ab initio calculations again show linear reaction with a linear transition state, despite the additional degrees of freedom for CF2. The directed motion of CF2 is conserved through this linear transition state. Conservation of directionality is evidenced experimentally by the observation of a knock-on chain reaction along a line of chemisorbed CF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Timm
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lydie Leung
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John C Polanyi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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44
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Han D, Zhu J. Surface-assisted fabrication of low-dimensional carbon-based nanoarchitectures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:343001. [PMID: 34111858 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0a1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as an alternative to traditional in-solution synthesis, has become an emerging research field and attracted extensive attention over the past decade due to its ability to fabricate nanoarchitectures with exotic properties. Compared to wet chemistry, the on-surface synthesis conducted on atomically flat solid surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum exhibits unprecedented characteristics and advantages, opening novel reaction pathways for chemical synthesis. Various low-dimensional nanostructures have been fabricated on solid surfaces (mostly metal surfaces) based on this newly developed approach. This paper reviews the classic and latest works regarding carbon-based low-dimensional nanostructures since the arrival of on-surface synthesis era. These nanostructures are categorized into zero-, one- and two-dimensional classes and each class is composed of numerous sub-nanostructures. For certain specific nanostructures, comprehensive reports are given, including precursor design, substrate choice, synthetic strategies and so forth. We hope that our review will shed light on the fabrication of some significant nanostructures in this young and promising scientific area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
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45
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Sun K, Sagisaka K, Peng L, Watanabe H, Xu F, Pawlak R, Meyer E, Okuda Y, Orita A, Kawai S. Head‐to‐Tail Oligomerization by Silylene‐Tethered Sonogashira Coupling on Ag(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Keisuke Sagisaka
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Lifen Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan Hunan 411201 China
| | - Hikaru Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiro Okuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Akihiro Orita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba 305-8571 Japan
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46
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Thermal resistance effect on anomalous diffusion of molecules under confinement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102097118. [PMID: 34001593 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102097118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion is generally faster at higher temperatures. Here, a counterintuitive behavior is observed in that the movement of long-chain molecules slows as the temperature increases under confinement. This report confirms that this anomalous diffusion is caused by the "thermal resistance effect," in which the diffusion resistance of linear-chain molecules is equivalent to that with branched-chain configurations at high temperature. It then restrains the molecular transportation in the nanoscale channels, as further confirmed by zero length column experiments. This work enriches our understanding of the anomalous diffusion family and provides fundamental insights into the mechanism inside confined systems.
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Verstraete L, De Feyter S. 2D Self-assembled molecular networks and on-surface reactivity under nanoscale lateral confinement. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5884-5897. [PMID: 34027935 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01338b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assembly at surfaces provides a pathway for building chemically customized interfaces. Over the last three decades, research on the role of key parameters such as temperature, solute concentration, and molecular design has enabled a steady increase in the complexity of self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) that can thus be created. However, the structure and quality of SAMNs is often determined during the early stages of nucleation and growth. To study and influence self-assembly processes at this deterministic length scale, spatial confinement of molecular adsorbates to well-defined surface patterns with nanoscale lateral dimensions offers exciting possibilities. The aim of this tutorial review is to give an overview of the various ways in which confinement impacts SAMN formation, and how we can use that knowledge to direct assemblies towards desired structures. The possibility to exploit confinement for improved control over on-surface reactions is also contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Verstraete
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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48
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Bian K, Gerber C, Heinrich AJ, Müller DJ, Scheuring S, Jiang Y. Scanning probe microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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49
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Zou Y, Xiao K, Qin Q, Shi JW, Heil T, Markushyna Y, Jiang L, Antonietti M, Savateev A. Enhanced Organic Photocatalysis in Confined Flow through a Carbon Nitride Nanotube Membrane with Conversions in the Millisecond Regime. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6551-6561. [PMID: 33822587 PMCID: PMC8155341 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired nanoconfined catalysis has developed to become an important tool for improving the performance of a wide range of chemical reactions. However, photocatalysis in a nanoconfined environment remains largely unexplored. Here, we report the application of a free-standing and flow-through carbon nitride nanotube (CNN) membrane with pore diameters of 40 nm for confined photocatalytic reactions where reactants are in contact with the catalyst for <65 ms, as calculated from the flow. Due to the well-defined tubular structure of the membrane, we are able to assess quantitatively the photocatalytic performance in each of the parallelized single carbon nitride nanotubes, which act as spatially isolated nanoreactors. In oxidation of benzylamine, the confined reaction shows an improved performance when compared to the corresponding bulk reaction, reaching a turnover frequency of (9.63 ± 1.87) × 105 s-1. Such high rates are otherwise only known for special enzymes and are clearly attributed to the confinement of the studied reactions within the one-dimensional nanochannels of the CNN membrane. Namely, a concave surface maintains the internal electric field induced by the polar surface of the carbon nitride inside the nanotube, which is essential for polarization of reagent molecules and extension of the lifetime of the photogenerated charge carriers. The enhanced flow rate upon confinement provides crucial insight on catalysis in such an environment from a physical chemistry perspective. This confinement strategy is envisioned not only to realize highly efficient reactions but also to gain a fundamental understanding of complex chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zou
- State
Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center
of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, School
of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kai Xiao
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qing Qin
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jian-Wen Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center
of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, School
of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tobias Heil
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yevheniia Markushyna
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical
Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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50
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Polymerization of silanes through dehydrogenative Si-Si bond formation on metal surfaces. Nat Chem 2021; 13:350-357. [PMID: 33782562 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Element-element double bonds of group 14 elements can be formed in solution, but generally only by applying harsh reductive conditions using sterically highly shielded tetryl halides as precursors. The two-dimensional confinement in surface-assisted polymerization represents a valuable alternative to access such reactive compounds, as it allows shielding of the labile entities without requiring bulky residues and catalytic activation of the reactive groups. Here, we demonstrate Si-Si bond formation in on-surface chemistry. Polymerization upon multiple Si-H bond dissociation and subsequent Si-Si bond formation was achieved on Au(111) and Cu(111) surfaces by using two different monomers, each containing two silicon functional groups (CH3SiH2 or SiH3) attached to an aromatic backbone, leading to polymeric disilenes that interact with the surface. A combination of experimental and theoretical studies corroborates the formation of covalent Si-Si bonds between the long, highly ordered polymer chains with high diastereoselectivity. The reactive Si=Si bonds formally generated via double dehydrogenative coupling are stabilized via covalent Si-surface interaction.
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