1
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Komaroff AL, Lipkin WI. ME/CFS and Long COVID share similar symptoms and biological abnormalities: road map to the literature. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1187163. [PMID: 37342500 PMCID: PMC10278546 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1187163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Some patients remain unwell for months after "recovering" from acute COVID-19. They develop persistent fatigue, cognitive problems, headaches, disrupted sleep, myalgias and arthralgias, post-exertional malaise, orthostatic intolerance and other symptoms that greatly interfere with their ability to function and that can leave some people housebound and disabled. The illness (Long COVID) is similar to myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) as well as to persisting illnesses that can follow a wide variety of other infectious agents and following major traumatic injury. Together, these illnesses are projected to cost the U.S. trillions of dollars. In this review, we first compare the symptoms of ME/CFS and Long COVID, noting the considerable similarities and the few differences. We then compare in extensive detail the underlying pathophysiology of these two conditions, focusing on abnormalities of the central and autonomic nervous system, lungs, heart, vasculature, immune system, gut microbiome, energy metabolism and redox balance. This comparison highlights how strong the evidence is for each abnormality, in each illness, and helps to set priorities for future investigation. The review provides a current road map to the extensive literature on the underlying biology of both illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Komaroff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Insights from myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome may help unravel the pathogenesis of postacute COVID-19 syndrome. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:895-906. [PMID: 34175230 PMCID: PMC8180841 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can cause chronic and acute disease. Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) include injury to the lungs, heart, kidneys, and brain that may produce a variety of symptoms. PASC also includes a post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome ('long COVID') with features that can follow other acute infectious diseases and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Here we summarize what is known about the pathogenesis of ME/CFS and of 'acute' COVID-19, and we speculate that the pathogenesis of post-COVID-19 syndrome in some people may be similar to that of ME/CFS. We propose molecular mechanisms that might explain the fatigue and related symptoms in both illnesses, and we suggest a research agenda for both ME/CFS and post-COVID-19 syndrome.
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3
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Neil SJ, Campbell EM. Fake Science: XMRV, COVID-19, and the Toxic Legacy of Dr. Judy Mikovits. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:545-549. [PMID: 32414291 PMCID: PMC7398426 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One cannot spend >5 min on social media at the moment without finding a link to some conspiracy theory or other regarding the origin of SARS-CoV2, the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. From the virus being deliberately released as a bioweapon to pharmaceutical companies blocking the trials of natural remedies to boost their dangerous drugs and vaccines, the Internet is rife with far-fetched rumors. And predictably, now that the first immunization trials have started, the antivaccine lobby has latched on to most of them. In the last week, the trailer for a new "bombshell documentary" Plandemic has been doing the rounds, gaining notoriety for being repeatedly removed from YouTube and Facebook. We usually would not pay much heed to such things, but for retrovirologists like us, the name associated with these claims is unfortunately too familiar: Dr. Judy Mikovits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J.D. Neil
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Immunobiology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward M. Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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4
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Atreya C, Glynn S, Busch M, Kleinman S, Snyder E, Rutter S, AuBuchon J, Flegel W, Reeve D, Devine D, Cohn C, Custer B, Goodrich R, Benjamin RJ, Razatos A, Cancelas J, Wagner S, Maclean M, Gelderman M, Cap A, Ness P. Proceedings of the Food and Drug Administration public workshop on pathogen reduction technologies for blood safety 2018 (Commentary, p. 3026). Transfusion 2019; 59:3002-3025. [PMID: 31144334 PMCID: PMC6726584 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chintamani Atreya
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchOffice of Blood Research and ReviewSilver SpringMaryland
| | - Simone Glynn
- National Heart Lung and Blood InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | | | - Edward Snyder
- Blood BankYale‐New Haven HospitalNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Sara Rutter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
| | - James AuBuchon
- Department of PathologyDartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonNew Hampshire
| | - Willy Flegel
- Department of Transfusion MedicineNIH Clinical CenterBethesdaMaryland
| | - David Reeve
- Blood ComponentsAmerican Red CrossRockvilleMaryland
| | - Dana Devine
- Department of Lab Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical CenterMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Claudia Cohn
- Department of Lab Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical CenterMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Brian Custer
- Vitalant Research InstituteSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Raymond Goodrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | | | | | - Jose Cancelas
- Hoxworth Blood CenterUniversity of Cincinnati HealthCincinnatiOhio
| | | | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowScotland
| | - Monique Gelderman
- Department of HematologyCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMaryland
| | - Andrew Cap
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical ResearchSan AntonioTexas
| | - Paul Ness
- Blood BankJohns Hopkins HospitalBaltimoreMaryland
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5
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Waldvogel-Abramowski S, Taleb S, Alessandrini M, Preynat-Seauve O. Viral Metagenomics of Blood Donors and Blood-Derived Products Using Next-Generation Sequencing. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 46:87-93. [PMID: 31191194 DOI: 10.1159/000499088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfusion-transmitted infections remain a permanent threat in medicine. It keeps the burden of the past, marked by serious infections transmitted by transfusion, and is constantly threatened by emerging viruses. The global rise of immunosuppression among patients undergoing frequent transfusions exacerbates this problem. Over the past decade, criteria for donor selection have become increasingly more stringent. Although routine nucleic acid testing (NAT) for virus-specific detection has become more sensitive, these safety measures are only valuable for a limited number of select viruses. The scientific approach to this is however changing, with the goal of trying to identify infectious agents in donor units as early as possible to mitigate the risk of a clinically relevant infection. To this end, and in addition to an epidemiological surveillance of the general population, researchers are adopting new methods to discover emerging infectious agents, while simultaneously screening for an extended number of viruses in donors. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) offers the opportunity to explore the entire viral landscape in blood donors, the so-called metagenomics, to investigate severe transfusion reactions of unknown etiology. In the not too distant future, one could imagine this platform being used for routine testing of donated blood products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Waldvogel-Abramowski
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Blood Transfusion Center, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sofiane Taleb
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology, Foch University Hospitals, Suresnes, France
| | - Marco Alessandrini
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Preynat-Seauve
- Laboratory of Therapy and Stem Cells, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Specialties of internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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Prevention of transfusion-transmitted infections. Blood 2019; 133:1854-1864. [PMID: 30808637 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-11-833996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1970s, introduction of serological assays targeting virus-specific antibodies and antigens has been effective in identifying blood donations infected with the classic transfusion-transmitted infectious agents (TTIs; hepatitis B virus [HBV], HIV, human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II, hepatitis C virus [HCV]). Subsequently, progressive implementation of nucleic acid-amplification technology (NAT) screening for HIV, HCV, and HBV has reduced the residual risk of infectious-window-period donations, such that per unit risks are <1 in 1 000 000 in the United States, other high-income countries, and in high-incidence regions performing NAT. NAT screening has emerged as the preferred option for detection of newer TTIs including West Nile virus, Zika virus (ZIKV), and Babesia microti Although there is continual need to monitor current risks due to established TTI, ongoing challenges in blood safety relate primarily to surveillance for emerging agents coupled with development of rapid response mechanisms when such agents are identified. Recent progress in development and implementation of pathogen-reduction technologies (PRTs) provide the opportunity for proactive rather than reactive response to blood-safety threats. Risk-based decision-making tools and cost-effectiveness models have proved useful to quantify infectious risks and place new interventions in context. However, as evidenced by the 2015 to 2017 ZIKV pandemic, a level of tolerable risk has yet to be defined in such a way that conflicting factors (eg, theoretical recipient risk, blood availability, cost, and commercial interests) can be reconciled. A unified approach to TTIs is needed, whereby novel tests and PRTs replace, rather than add to, existing interventions, thereby ameliorating cost and logistical burden to blood centers and hospitals.
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7
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Abstract
As we learn more and more about the classes of organisms that infect humans, we are discovering that many organisms, including pathogenic organisms, may have a complex relationship with humans in which infection seldom results in the production disease. In some cases, infection may be just one biological event that occurs during a multievent process that develops sequentially, over time, and involves genetic and environmental factors that may vary among individuals. Consequently, the role of infectious organisms in the development of human disease may not meet all of the criteria normally required to determine when an organism can be called the cause of a disease. This chapter reviews the expanding role of infections in the development of human disease. We discuss prion diseases of humans, a fascinating example of an infectious disease-causing agent that is not a living organism. We also discuss the diseases of unknown etiology for which infectious organisms may play a role. In addition, this chapter reviews some of the misconceptions and recurring errors associated with the classification of infectious diseases that have led to misdiagnoses and have impeded our understanding of the role of organisms in the development of human diseases.
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8
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Bennett AJ, Bushmaker T, Cameron K, Ondzie A, Niama FR, Parra HJ, Mombouli JV, Olson SH, Munster VJ, Goldberg TL. Diverse RNA viruses of arthropod origin in the blood of fruit bats suggest a link between bat and arthropod viromes. Virology 2018; 528:64-72. [PMID: 30576861 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bats host diverse viruses due to their unique ecology, behavior, and immunology. However, the role of other organisms with which bats interact in nature is understudied as a contributor to bat viral diversity. We discovered five viruses in the blood of fruit bats (Hypsignathus monstrosus) from the Republic of Congo. Of these five viruses, four have phylogenetic and genomic features suggesting an arthropod origin (a dicistrovirus, a nodavirus, and two tombus-like viruses), while the fifth (a hepadnavirus) is clearly of mammalian origin. We also report the parallel discovery of related tombus-like viruses in fig wasps and primitive crane flies from bat habitats, as well as high infection rates of bats with haemosporidian parasites (Hepatocystis sp.). These findings suggest transmission between arthropods and bats, perhaps through ingestion or hyperparasitism (viral infection of bat parasites). Some "bat-associated" viruses may be epidemiologically linked to bats through their ecological associations with invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bennett
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, Virus Ecology Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, USA
| | - Kenneth Cameron
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alain Ondzie
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Fabien R Niama
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | | | - Sarah H Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Virus Ecology Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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9
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Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Cancers Show Altered B-Cell Clonality. mSystems 2018; 3:mSystems00081-18. [PMID: 30271878 PMCID: PMC6156273 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00081-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 20% of human cancers are associated with viruses. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contributes to gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and certain lymphomas, but its role in other cancer types remains controversial. We assessed the prevalence of EBV in RNA-seq from 32 tumor types in the Cancer Genome Atlas Project (TCGA) and found EBV to be present in >5% of samples in 12 tumor types. EBV infects epithelial cells and B cells and in B cells causes proliferation. We hypothesized that the low expression of EBV in most of the tumor types was due to infiltration of B cells into the tumor. The increase in B-cell abundance and diversity in subjects where EBV was detected in the tumors strengthens this hypothesis. Overall, we found that EBV was associated with an increased and altered immune response. This result is not evidence of causality, but a potential novel biomarker for tumor immune status. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is convincingly associated with gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and certain lymphomas, but its role in other cancer types remains controversial. To test the hypothesis that there are additional cancer types with high prevalence of EBV, we determined EBV viral expression in all the Cancer Genome Atlas Project (TCGA) mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) samples (n = 10,396) from 32 different tumor types. We found that EBV was present in gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma, as expected, and was also present in >5% of samples in 10 additional tumor types. For most samples, EBV transcript levels were low, which suggests that EBV was likely present due to infected infiltrating B cells. In order to determine if there was a difference in the B-cell populations, we assembled B-cell receptors for each sample and found B-cell receptor abundance (P ≤ 1.4 × 10−20) and diversity (P ≤ 8.3 × 10−27) were significantly higher in EBV-positive samples. Moreover, diversity was independent of B-cell abundance, suggesting that the presence of EBV was associated with an increased and altered B-cell population. IMPORTANCE Around 20% of human cancers are associated with viruses. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contributes to gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and certain lymphomas, but its role in other cancer types remains controversial. We assessed the prevalence of EBV in RNA-seq from 32 tumor types in the Cancer Genome Atlas Project (TCGA) and found EBV to be present in >5% of samples in 12 tumor types. EBV infects epithelial cells and B cells and in B cells causes proliferation. We hypothesized that the low expression of EBV in most of the tumor types was due to infiltration of B cells into the tumor. The increase in B-cell abundance and diversity in subjects where EBV was detected in the tumors strengthens this hypothesis. Overall, we found that EBV was associated with an increased and altered immune response. This result is not evidence of causality, but a potential novel biomarker for tumor immune status.
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10
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Brito F, Cordey S, Delwart E, Deng X, Tirefort D, Lemoine-Chaduc C, Zdobnov E, Lecompte T, Kaiser L, Waldvogel-Abramowski S, Preynat-Seauve O. Metagenomics analysis of the virome of 300 concentrates from a Swiss platelet bank. Vox Sang 2018; 113:10.1111/vox.12695. [PMID: 30022500 PMCID: PMC6338525 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Platelet concentrates are frequently transfused to patients with reduced immunity. An exhaustive description of their viral content is needed to prevent unwanted infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS To track viral sequences, a shotgun metagenomics approach was used on a bank of 300 platelets concentrates. Sequences were analysed through the diagnostics-oriented pipeline ezVIR. RESULTS We only observed viruses commonly described in healthy individuals. CONCLUSION Herein is reported the first viral landscape of a platelet concentrates bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Brito
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Cordey
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Diderik Tirefort
- Department of Internal Medicine of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Evgeny Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lecompte
- Department of Internal Medicine of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Waldvogel-Abramowski
- Department of Internal Medicine of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Switzerland
- Blood Transfusion Center, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Preynat-Seauve
- Department of Internal Medicine of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Komaroff AL. Inflammation correlates with symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8914-8916. [PMID: 28811366 PMCID: PMC5576849 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712475114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Komaroff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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12
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Chan SY, Snow JW. Formidable challenges to the notion of biologically important roles for dietary small RNAs in ingesting mammals. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:13. [PMID: 29308096 PMCID: PMC5753850 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The notion of uptake of active diet-derived small RNAs (sRNAs) in recipient organisms could have significant implications for our understanding of oral therapeutics and nutrition, for the safe use of RNA interference (RNAi) in agricultural biotechnology, and for ecological relationships. Yet, the transfer and subsequent regulation of gene activity by diet-derived sRNAs in ingesting mammals are still heavily debated. Here, we synthesize current information based on multiple independent studies of mammals, invertebrates, and plants. Rigorous assessment of these data emphasize that uptake of active dietary sRNAs is neither a robust nor a prevalent mechanism to maintain steady-state levels in higher organisms. While disagreement still continues regarding whether such transfer may occur in specialized contexts, concerns about technical difficulties and a lack of consensus on appropriate methods have led to questions regarding the reproducibility and biologic significance of some seemingly positive results. For any continuing investigations, concerted efforts should be made to establish a strong mechanistic basis for potential effects of dietary sRNAs and to agree on methodological guidelines for realizing such proof. Such processes would ensure proper interpretation of studies aiming to prove dietary sRNA activity in mammals and inform potential for application in therapeutics and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Y Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, BST 1704.2, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Jonathan W Snow
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027 USA
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13
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Panelli S, Lorusso L, Balestrieri A, Lupo G, Capelli E. XMRV and Public Health: The Retroviral Genome Is Not a Suitable Template for Diagnostic PCR, and Its Association with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Appears Unreliable. Front Public Health 2017; 5:108. [PMID: 28589117 PMCID: PMC5439170 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A few years ago, a highly significant association between the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), a complex debilitating disease of poorly understood etiology and no definite treatment, was reported in Science, raising concern for public welfare. Successively, the failure to reproduce these findings, and the suspect that the diagnostic PCR was vitiated by laboratory contaminations, led to the retraction of the paper. Notwithstanding, XMRV continued to be the subject of researches and public debates. Occasional positivity in humans was also detected recently, even if the data always appeared elusive and non-reproducible. In this study, we discuss the current status of this controversial association and propose that a major role in the unreliability of the results was played by the XMRV genomic composition in itself. In this regard, we present bioinformatic analyses that show: (i) aspecific, spurious annealings of the available primers in multiple homologous sites of the human genome; (ii) strict homologies between whole XMRV genome and interspersed repetitive elements widespread in mammalian genomes. To further detail this scenario, we screen several human and mammalian samples by using both published and newly designed primers. The experimental data confirm that available primers are far from being selective and specific. In conclusion, the occurrence of highly conserved, repeated DNA sequences in the XMRV genome deeply undermines the reliability of diagnostic PCRs by leading to artifactual and spurious amplifications. Together with all the other evidences, this makes the association between the XMRV retrovirus and CFS totally unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Panelli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Centre for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lorusso
- Neurology Unit, A.S.S.T. Franciacorta, Chiari (Brescia), Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lupo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Centre for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrica Capelli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Centre for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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14
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Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus (XMRV) and the Safety of the Blood Supply. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 29:749-57. [PMID: 27358491 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00086-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2006, a new virus, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), was discovered in a cohort of U.S. men with prostate cancer. Soon after this initial finding, XMRV was also detected in samples from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The blood community, which is highly sensitive to the threat of emerging infectious diseases since the HIV/AIDS crisis, recommended indefinite deferral of all blood donors with a history of CFS. As XMRV research progressed, conflicting results emerged regarding the importance of this virus in the pathophysiology of prostate cancer and/or CFS. Molecular biologists traced the development of XMRV to a recombination event in a laboratory mouse that likely occurred circa 1993. The virus was propagated via cell lines derived from a tumor present in this mouse and spread through contamination of laboratory samples. Well-controlled experiments showed that detection of XMRV was due to contaminated samples and was not a marker of or a causal factor in prostate cancer or CFS. This paper traces the development of XMRV in the prostate and CFS scientific communities and explores the effect it had on the blood community.
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15
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Moustafa A, Xie C, Kirkness E, Biggs W, Wong E, Turpaz Y, Bloom K, Delwart E, Nelson KE, Venter JC, Telenti A. The blood DNA virome in 8,000 humans. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006292. [PMID: 28328962 PMCID: PMC5378407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the blood virome is important for the safety of blood-derived transfusion products, and for the identification of emerging pathogens. We explored non-human sequence data from whole-genome sequencing of blood from 8,240 individuals, none of whom were ascertained for any infectious disease. Viral sequences were extracted from the pool of sequence reads that did not map to the human reference genome. Analyses sifted through close to 1 Petabyte of sequence data and performed 0.5 trillion similarity searches. With a lower bound for identification of 2 viral genomes/100,000 cells, we mapped sequences to 94 different viruses, including sequences from 19 human DNA viruses, proviruses and RNA viruses (herpesviruses, anelloviruses, papillomaviruses, three polyomaviruses, adenovirus, HIV, HTLV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, parvovirus B19, and influenza virus) in 42% of the study participants. Of possible relevance to transfusion medicine, we identified Merkel cell polyomavirus in 49 individuals, papillomavirus in blood of 13 individuals, parvovirus B19 in 6 individuals, and the presence of herpesvirus 8 in 3 individuals. The presence of DNA sequences from two RNA viruses was unexpected: Hepatitis C virus is revealing of an integration event, while the influenza virus sequence resulted from immunization with a DNA vaccine. Age, sex and ancestry contributed significantly to the prevalence of infection. The remaining 75 viruses mostly reflect extensive contamination of commercial reagents and from the environment. These technical problems represent a major challenge for the identification of novel human pathogens. Increasing availability of human whole-genome sequences will contribute substantial amounts of data on the composition of the normal and pathogenic human blood virome. Distinguishing contaminants from real human viruses is challenging. Novel sequencing technologies offer insight into the virome in human samples. Here, we identify the viral DNA sequences in blood of over 8,000 individuals undergoing whole genome sequencing. This approach serves to identify 94 viruses; however, many are shown to reflect widespread DNA contamination of commercial reagents or of environmental origin. While this represents a significant limitation to reliably identify novel viruses infecting humans, we could confidently detect sequences and quantify abundance of 19 human viruses in 42% of individuals. Ancestry, sex, and age were important determinants of viral prevalence. This large study calls attention on the challenge of interpreting next generation sequencing data for the identification of novel viruses. However, it serves to categorize the abundance of human DNA viruses using an unbiased technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Moustafa
- Human Longevity Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Chao Xie
- Human Longevity Singapore Pte. Ltd., Singapore
| | - Ewen Kirkness
- Human Longevity Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - William Biggs
- Human Longevity Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Emily Wong
- Human Longevity Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Kenneth Bloom
- Human Longevity Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - J. Craig Venter
- Human Longevity Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCV); (AT)
| | - Amalio Telenti
- Human Longevity Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCV); (AT)
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16
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Holdhoff M, Guner G, Rodriguez FJ, Hicks JL, Zheng Q, Forman MS, Ye X, Grossman SA, Meeker AK, Heaphy CM, Eberhart CG, De Marzo AM, Arav-Boger R. Absence of Cytomegalovirus in Glioblastoma and Other High-grade Gliomas by Real-time PCR, Immunohistochemistry, and In Situ Hybridization. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:3150-3157. [PMID: 28034905 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Reports of cytomegalovirus (CMV) detection in high-grade gliomas (HGG)/glioblastoma have been conflicting. We undertook a comprehensive approach to determine the presence or absence of CMV in tissue, plasma, and serum of HGG patients.Experimental Design: In a retrospective arm, 25 fresh frozen tissues from glioblastoma patients were tested for CMV by real-time PCR. Tissue microarrays from 70 HGG patients were tested by IHC and 20 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) glioblastoma tissues by IHC and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), targeting CMV-encoded IE1/2 and pp65. In a prospective arm, 18 patients with newly diagnosed HGG provided tissue and blood samples.Results: All retrospectively collected tissues were negative for CMV by all methods. In the prospective cohort, 18 patients with newly diagnosed HGG provided blood samples at the time of diagnosis and during follow-up. Of 38 plasma specimens, CMV DNA was detected in 3 of 18 samples at baseline and 1 of 20 follow-up samples. Serum CMV IgG was positive in 8 of 15 (53%) of patients. Among the FFPE samples tested in the prospective arm, all were negative for CMV by IHC, CISH, and PCR.Conclusions: Utilizing 6 highly sensitive assays with three orthogonal technologies on multiple specimens and specimen types, no evidence for CMV in glioblastoma tissues was found. Our findings call for multicenter blinded analyses of samples collected from different geographical areas with agreed upon study designs and determination of causality or lack thereof of CMV in HGG/glioblastoma for future guidance on the necessary antiviral and/or CMV-based therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 23(12); 3150-7. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Holdhoff
- Brain Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gunes Guner
- Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fausto J Rodriguez
- Brain Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica L Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qizhi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael S Forman
- Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaobu Ye
- Brain Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stuart A Grossman
- Brain Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher M Heaphy
- Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Brain Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ravit Arav-Boger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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17
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Rimbaut S, Van Gutte C, Van Brabander L, Vanden Bossche L. Chronic fatigue syndrome - an update. Acta Clin Belg 2016; 71:273-280. [PMID: 27362742 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2016.1196862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic fatigue syndrome is a widespread condition with a huge impact not only on a patient's life, but also on society as evidenced by substantial losses of productivity, informal costs, and medical expenses. The high prevalence rates (0.2-6.4%) and the low employment rates (27-41%) are responsible for the enormous burden imposed on society, with loss of productivity representing the highest cost. The objective of this review is to systematically review the recent literature on chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. METHODS The published literature between 1 January 1990 and 1 April 2015 was searched using the MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Sciences databases. The reference lists of the selected articles were screened for other relevant articles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Despite extensive research, none of the proposed etiological factors have shown strong, reproducible scientific evidence. Over the years, the biopsychosocial model integrating many of the proposed hypotheses has been gaining popularity over the biomedical model, where the focus is on one physical cause. Since the etiological mechanism underlying chronic fatigue syndrome is currently unknown, disease-specific treatments do not exist. Various treatments have been investigated but only cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET) have shown moderate effectiveness.
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18
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Friis-Nielsen J, Kjartansdóttir KR, Mollerup S, Asplund M, Mourier T, Jensen RH, Hansen TA, Rey-Iglesia A, Richter SR, Nielsen IB, Alquezar-Planas DE, Olsen PVS, Vinner L, Fridholm H, Nielsen LP, Willerslev E, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Lund O, Hansen AJ, Izarzugaza JMG, Brunak S. Identification of Known and Novel Recurrent Viral Sequences in Data from Multiple Patients and Multiple Cancers. Viruses 2016; 8:E53. [PMID: 26907326 PMCID: PMC4776208 DOI: 10.3390/v8020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus discovery from high throughput sequencing data often follows a bottom-up approach where taxonomic annotation takes place prior to association to disease. Albeit effective in some cases, the approach fails to detect novel pathogens and remote variants not present in reference databases. We have developed a species independent pipeline that utilises sequence clustering for the identification of nucleotide sequences that co-occur across multiple sequencing data instances. We applied the workflow to 686 sequencing libraries from 252 cancer samples of different cancer and tissue types, 32 non-template controls, and 24 test samples. Recurrent sequences were statistically associated to biological, methodological or technical features with the aim to identify novel pathogens or plausible contaminants that may associate to a particular kit or method. We provide examples of identified inhabitants of the healthy tissue flora as well as experimental contaminants. Unmapped sequences that co-occur with high statistical significance potentially represent the unknown sequence space where novel pathogens can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Friis-Nielsen
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Kristín Rós Kjartansdóttir
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sarah Mollerup
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Maria Asplund
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tobias Mourier
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Randi Holm Jensen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Arn Hansen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Alba Rey-Iglesia
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Stine Raith Richter
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ida Broman Nielsen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David E Alquezar-Planas
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Pernille V S Olsen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lasse Vinner
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Helena Fridholm
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lars Peter Nielsen
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ole Lund
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anders Johannes Hansen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jose M G Izarzugaza
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Søren Brunak
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- NNF Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Lawson N, Hsieh CH, March D, Wang X. Elevated Energy Production in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients. JOURNAL OF NATURE AND SCIENCE 2016; 2:e221. [PMID: 27747291 PMCID: PMC5065105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a debilitating disease characterized by physical and mental exhaustion. The underlying pathogenesis is unknown, but impairments in certain mitochondrial functions have been found in some CFS patients. To thoroughly reveal mitochondrial deficiencies in CFS patients, here we examine the key aspects of mitochondrial function in blood cells from a paired CFS patient-control series. Surprisingly, we discover that in patients the ATP levels are higher and mitochondrial cristae are more condensed compared to their paired controls, while the mitochondrial crista length, mitochondrial size, shape, density, membrane potential, and enzymatic activities of the complexes in the electron transport chain remain intact. We further show that the increased ATP largely comes from non-mitochondrial sources. Our results indicate that the fatigue symptom in this cohort of patients is unlikely caused by lack of ATP and severe mitochondrial malfunction. On the contrary, it might be linked to a pathological mechanism by which more ATP is produced by non-mitochondrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Lawson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chung-Han Hsieh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dana March
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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20
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Landi A, Broadhurst D, Vernon SD, Tyrrell DLJ, Houghton M. Reductions in circulating levels of IL-16, IL-7 and VEGF-A in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Cytokine 2015; 78:27-36. [PMID: 26615570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, differences in the levels of various chemokines and cytokines were reported in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) as compared with controls. Moreover, the analyte profile differed between chronic ME/CFS patients of long duration versus patients with disease of less than 3years. In the current study, we measured the plasma levels of 34 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in 100 chronic ME/CFS patients of long duration and in 79 gender and age-matched controls. We observed highly significant reductions in the concentration of circulating interleukin (IL)-16, IL-7, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) in ME/CFS patients. All three biomarkers were significantly correlated in a multivariate cluster analysis. In addition, we identified significant reductions in the concentrations of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and monokine-induced-by-IFN-γ (MIG; CXCL9) along with increases in the concentrations of eotaxin 2 (CCL24) in ME/CFS patients. Our data recapitulates previous data from another USA ME/CFS cohort in which circulating levels of IL-7 were reduced. Also, a reduced level of VEGF-A was reported previously in sera of patients with Gulf War Illness as well as in cerebral spinal fluid samples from a different cohort of USA ME/CFS patients. To our knowledge, we are the first to test for levels of IL-16 in ME/CFS patients. In combination with previous data, our work suggests that the clustered reduction of IL-7, IL-16 and VEGF-A may have physiological relevance to ME/CFS disease. This profile is ME/CFS-specific since measurement of the same analytes present in chronic infectious and autoimmune liver diseases, where persistent fatigue is also a major symptom, failed to demonstrate the same changes. Further studies of other ME/CFS and overlapping disease cohorts are warranted in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolamir Landi
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Canada.
| | - David Broadhurst
- Department of Medicine, Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Suzanne D Vernon
- Bateman Horne Center, 1002 E. South Temple, Suite 408, Salt Lake City, UT 84102, USA
| | - D Lorne J Tyrrell
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Canada
| | - Michael Houghton
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Canada.
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21
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Chen Y, Wei J. Identification of Pathogen Signatures in Prostate Cancer Using RNA-seq. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128955. [PMID: 26053031 PMCID: PMC4460021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections of the prostate by bacteria, human papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related gammaretroviruses, human cytomegaloviruses and other members of the herpesvirus family have been widely researched. However, many studies have yielded conflicting and controversial results. In this study, we systematically investigated the transcriptomes of human prostate samples for the unique genomic signatures of these pathogens using RNA-seq data from both western and Chinese patients. Human and nonhuman RNA-seq reads were mapped onto human and pathogen reference genomes respectively using alignment tools Bowtie and BLAT. Pathogen infections and integrations were analyzed in adherence with the standards from published studies. Among the nine pathogens (Propionibacterium acnes, HPV, HCMV, XMRV, BKV, JCV, SV40, EBV, and HBV) we analyzed, Propionibacterium acnes genes were detected in all prostate tumor samples and all adjacent samples, but not in prostate samples from healthy individuals. SV40, HCMV, EBV and low-risk HPVs transcripts were detected in one tumor sample and two adjacent samples from Chinese prostate cancer patients, but not in any samples of western prostate cancer patients; XMRV, BKV and JCV sequences were not identified in our work; HBV, as a negative control, was absent from any samples. Moreover, no pathogen integration was identified in our study. While further validation is required, our analysis provides evidence of Propionibacterium acnes infections in human prostate tumors. Noted differences in viral infections across ethnicity remain to be confirmed with other large prostate cancer data sets. The effects of bacterial and viral infections and their contributions to prostate cancer pathogenesis will require continuous research on associated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqin Chen
- AstraZeneca, R&D Information, 199 Liangjing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia Wei
- AstraZeneca, R&D Information, 199 Liangjing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Brennan-Laun SE, Ezelle HJ, Li XL, Hassel BA. RNase-L control of cellular mRNAs: roles in biologic functions and mechanisms of substrate targeting. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:275-88. [PMID: 24697205 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
RNase-L is a mediator of type 1 interferon-induced antiviral activity that has diverse and critical cellular roles, including the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, senescence and apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and the control of the innate immune response. Although RNase-L was originally shown to mediate the endonucleolytic cleavage of both viral and ribosomal RNAs in response to infection, more recent evidence indicates that RNase-L also functions in the regulation of cellular mRNAs as an important mechanism by which it exerts its diverse biological functions. Despite this growing body of work, many questions remain regarding the roles of mRNAs as RNase-L substrates. This review will survey known and putative mRNA substrates of RNase-L, propose mechanisms by which it may selectively cleave these transcripts, and postulate future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Brennan-Laun
- 1 Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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23
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Phan TG, Desnues C, Switzer WM, Djoko CF, Schneider BS, Deng X, Delwart E. Absence of giant blood Marseille-like virus DNA detection by polymerase chain reaction in plasma from healthy US blood donors and serum from multiply transfused patients from Cameroon. Transfusion 2015; 55:1256-62. [PMID: 25645088 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new Marseilleviridae virus family member, giant blood Marseille-like (GBM) virus, was recently reported in persons from France in the serum of an infant with adenitis, in the blood of 4% of healthy blood donors, and in 9% of multiply transfused thalassemia patients. These results suggested the presence of a nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus potentially transmissible by blood product transfusion. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS To investigate this possibility we tested the plasma from 113 US blood donors and 74 multiply transfused Cameroon patients for GBM viral DNA using highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. RESULTS GBM DNA was not detected by nested PCR in any of these 187 human specimens. CONCLUSIONS Further testing is required to confirm the occurrence of human GBM virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Gia Phan
- Blood Systems Research Institute.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Christelle Desnues
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
| | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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24
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Chokroverty S, Billiard M. Nonrestorative Sleep, Musculoskeletal Pain, Fatigue in Rheumatic Disorders, and Allied Syndromes: A Historical Perspective. Sleep Med 2015. [PMCID: PMC7122008 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides a historical perspective of the notion that the sleeping–waking brain is intimately related to complaints of unrefreshing sleep, widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and suffering. Such a constellation of symptoms extend from the remote biblical past, and involve various religious and cultural belief systems up to the recent evolution in Western medicine application of scientific methods for classification of illness. The contemporary application of scientific principles is directed to the etiology of diseases and to derive procedures for the management of such ill-understood illnesses. Historically, this constellation of rheumatic pain and fatigue symptoms have been given ever-changing medical and psychiatric labels that have been devoid of satisfactory medical understanding. In this chapter, the hypothesis that the sleeping/waking brain is integral to the somatic and behavioral symptoms of these disabling rheumatic chronic illness, termed fibromyalgia and various allied disorders, that are being examined and treated by a variety of health care professionals. Contemporary advances in mechanisms of how the sleeping–waking brain connects to these somatic and behavioral symptoms are reviewed. Potential avenues for further scientific understanding are described. Advances in such understanding are influencing current pharmacological and behavioral management of these suffering patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhansu Chokroverty
- Department of Neurology, New Jersey Neuroscience Institute JFK Medical Center, Edison, New Jersey USA
| | - Michel Billiard
- Department of Neurology, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France
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25
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Berlot G, Pozzato G. Adverse Transfusion Reactions in Critically Ill Patients. HEMATOLOGIC PROBLEMS IN THE CRITICALLY ILL 2015. [PMCID: PMC7122237 DOI: 10.1007/978-88-470-5301-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although transfusion therapy in the past 30 years has achieved high levels of safety, severe adverse reactions can still complicate a red blood cell, plasma, or platelet transfusion. Adverse events can be either of infectious nature (Infectious Adverse Reactions to Transfusion–IARTs) or noninfectious (NIARTs). The former are due to viruses, bacteria, or protozoa present in the transfused component. Medical doctors faced with an infectious disease in a hospitalized patient should always collect an accurate clinical history that must include transfusion of blood components and take into consideration that the viral/bacterial/protozoan infection could be related to a transfusion event. If a transfusion-transmitted infection is suspected, the clinician must contact the transfusion center that will provide a look-back of the blood products and a follow-up of the involved donors. NIARTs may be of immunological and nonimmunological nature. This chapter provides an overview of pathogenesis, presentation, therapy, and prevention of the main NIARTs. Finally, organizational measures for the management of NIARTs are presented, in order to ensure the highest possible level of safety for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Berlot
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Trieste, University Hospital, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pozzato
- Haematology, University of Trieste, University Hospital, Trieste, Italy
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26
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Gomes STM, Imbiriba L, Burbano RR, Silva ALDC, Feitosa RNM, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Lack of evidence for human infection with Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus in the Brazilian Amazon basin. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:302-6. [PMID: 25075480 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0075-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study confirmed the absence of natural infection with Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) or XMRV-related disease in human populations of the Brazilian Amazon basin. We demonstrated that 803 individuals of both sexes, who were residents of Belem in the Brazilian State of Pará, were not infected with XMRV. METHODS Individuals were divided into 4 subgroups: healthy individuals, individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1), individuals infected with human T-lymphotrophic virus, types 1 or 2 (HTLV-1/2), and individuals with prostate cancer. XMRV infection was investigated by nested PCR to detect the viral gag gene and by quantitative PCR to detect pol. RESULTS There was no amplification of either gag or pol segments from XRMV in any of the samples examined. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the conclusions of the studies that eventually led to the retraction of the original study reporting the association between XMRV and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Imbiriba
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rommel Rodriguéz Burbano
- Laboratório de Citogenética Humana, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Artur Luiz da Costa Silva
- Laboratório de Polimorfismo de DNA, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Irlbeck DM, Vernon SD, McCleary KK, Bateman L, Klimas NG, Lapp CW, Peterson DL, Brown JR, Remlinger KS, Wilfret DA, Gerondelis P. No association found between the detection of either xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus or polytropic murine leukemia virus and chronic fatigue syndrome in a blinded, multi-site, prospective study by the establishment and use of the SolveCFS BioBank. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:461. [PMID: 25092471 PMCID: PMC4236736 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2009, a retrospective study reported the detection of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in clinical isolates derived from individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS). While many efforts to confirm this observation failed, one report detected polytropic murine leukemia virus (pMLV), instead of XMRV. In both studies, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based methods were employed which could provide the basis for the development of a practical diagnostic tool. To confirm these studies, we hypothesized that the ability to detect these viruses will not only depend upon the technical details of the methods employed but also on the criteria used to diagnose CFS and the availability of well characterized clinical isolates. Methods A repository of clinical isolates from geographically distinct sites was generated by the collection of fresh blood samples from well characterized CFS and healthy subjects. Molecular techniques were used to generate assay positive controls and to determine the lower limit of detection (LLOD) for murine retroviral and Intracisternal A particle (Cell 12(4):963-72, 1977) detection methods. Results We report the establishment of a repository of well-defined, clinical isolates from five, geographically distinct regions of the US, the comparative determination of the LLODs and validation efforts for the previously reported detection methods and the results of an effort to confirm the association of these retroviral signatures in isolates from individuals with CFS in a blinded, multi-site, prospective study. We detected various, murine retroviral DNA signatures but were unable to resolve a difference in the incidence of their detection between isolates from CFS (5/72; 6.7%) and healthy (2/37; 5.4%) subjects (Fisher’s Exact Test, p-value = 1). The observed sequences appeared to reflect the detection of endogenous murine retroviral DNA, which was not identical to either XMRV or pMLV. Conclusions We were unable to confirm a previously reported association between the detection of XMRV or pMLV sequences and CFS in a prospective, multi-site study. Murine retroviral sequences were detected at a low frequency that did not differ between CFS and control subjects. The nature of these sequences appeared to reflect the detection of pre-existing, endogenous, murine retroviral DNA in the PCR reagents employed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Gerondelis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Busch MP. Infectious risks of blood transfusions: Recent advances in testing technologies and new approaches to surveillance and decision-making. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Busch
- Blood Systems Research Institute; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco CA USA
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Johnston SC, Brenu EW, Hardcastle SL, Huth TK, Staines DR, Marshall-Gradisnik SM. A comparison of health status in patients meeting alternative definitions for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2014; 12:64. [PMID: 24886213 PMCID: PMC4008489 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-12-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several diagnostic definitions are available for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) that varies significantly in their symptom criteria. This pilot study was conducted to determine whether simple biological and clinical measures differed between CFS/ME patients meeting the 1994 Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria, the International Consensus Criteria (ICC), as well as healthy controls. METHODS A total of 45 CFS/ME patients and 30 healthy controls from the South East Queensland region of Australia provided a blood sample, reported on their current symptoms, as well as aspects of their physical and social health using the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), and the World Health Organisation Disability Adjustment Schedule 2.0 (WHO DAS 2.0). Differences were examined using independent sample t-testing. RESULTS Patients fulfilling the ICC definition reported significantly lower scores (p < 0.05) for physical functioning, physical role, bodily pain, and social functioning than those that only fulfilled the 1994 CDC definition. ICC patients reported significantly greater (p < 0.05) disability across all domains of the WHO DAS 2.0. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that the ICC identifies a distinct subgroup found within patients complying with the 1994 CDC definition, with more severe impairment to their physical and social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Johnston
- Griffith Health Institute, School of Medical Sciences, National Centre for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases, Griffith University, Parklands, QLD 4222, Australia.
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The saga of XMRV: a virus that infects human cells but is not a human virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e. [PMID: 26038516 PMCID: PMC4008767 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was discovered in 2006 in a search for a viral etiology of human prostate cancer (PC). Substantial interest in XMRV as a potentially new pathogenic human retrovirus was driven by reports that XMRV could be detected in a significant percentage of PC samples, and also in tissues from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). After considerable controversy, etiologic links between XMRV and these two diseases were disproven. XMRV was determined to have arisen during passage of a human PC tumor in immunocompromised nude mice, by activation and recombination between two endogenous murine leukemia viruses from cells of the mouse. The resulting XMRV had a xentropic host range, which allowed it replicate in the human tumor cells in the xenograft. This review describes the discovery of XMRV, and the molecular and virological events leading to its formation, XMRV infection in animal models and biological effects on infected cells. Lessons from XMRV for other searches of viral etiologies of cancer are discussed, as well as cautions for researchers working on human tumors or cell lines that have been passed through nude mice, includingpotential biohazards associated with XMRV or other similar xenotropic murine leukemia viruses (MLVs).
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Witwer KW, Hirschi KD. Transfer and functional consequences of dietary microRNAs in vertebrates: concepts in search of corroboration: negative results challenge the hypothesis that dietary xenomiRs cross the gut and regulate genes in ingesting vertebrates, but important questions persist. Bioessays 2014; 36:394-406. [PMID: 24436255 PMCID: PMC4109825 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
If validated, diet-derived foreign microRNA absorption and function in consuming vertebrates would drastically alter our understanding of nutrition and ecology. RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms of Caenorhabditis elegans are enhanced by uptake of environmental RNA and amplification and systemic distribution of RNAi effectors. Therapeutic exploitation of RNAi in treating human disease is difficult because these accessory processes are absent or diminished in most animals. A recent report challenged multiple paradigms, suggesting that ingested microRNAs (miRNAs) are transferred to blood, accumulate in tissues, and exert canonical regulation of endogenous transcripts. Independent replication of these findings has been elusive, and multiple disconfirmatory findings have been published. In the face of mounting negative results, any additional positive reports must provide the proverbial “extraordinary proof” to support such claims. In this article, we review the evidence for and against a significant role for dietary miRNAs in influencing gene expression, and make recommendations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Loebel M, Strohschein K, Giannini C, Koelsch U, Bauer S, Doebis C, Thomas S, Unterwalder N, von Baehr V, Reinke P, Knops M, Hanitsch LG, Meisel C, Volk HD, Scheibenbogen C. Deficient EBV-specific B- and T-cell response in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85387. [PMID: 24454857 PMCID: PMC3893202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has long been discussed as a possible cause or trigger of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). In a subset of patients the disease starts with infectious mononucleosis and both enhanced and diminished EBV-specific antibody titers have been reported. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the EBV-specific memory B- and T-cell response in patients with CFS. While we observed no difference in viral capsid antigen (VCA)-IgG antibodies, EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA)-IgG titers were low or absent in 10% of CFS patients. Remarkably, when analyzing the EBV-specific memory B-cell reservoir in vitro a diminished or absent number of EBNA-1- and VCA-antibody secreting cells was found in up to 76% of patients. Moreover, the ex vivo EBV-induced secretion of TNF-α and IFN-γ was significantly lower in patients. Multicolor flow cytometry revealed that the frequencies of EBNA-1-specific triple TNF-α/IFN-γ/IL-2 producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets were significantly diminished whereas no difference could be detected for HCMV-specific T-cell responses. When comparing EBV load in blood immune cells, we found more frequently EBER-DNA but not BZLF-1 RNA in CFS patients compared to healthy controls suggesting more frequent latent replication. Taken together, our findings give evidence for a deficient EBV-specific B- and T-cell memory response in CFS patients and suggest an impaired ability to control early steps of EBV reactivation. In addition the diminished EBV response might be suitable to develop diagnostic marker in CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Loebel
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Strohschein
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Giannini
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Koelsch
- Labor Berlin GmbH, Immunology Department, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Bauer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sybill Thomas
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Unterwalder
- Labor Berlin GmbH, Immunology Department, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
- Department Nephrology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Knops
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif G. Hanitsch
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Meisel
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
- Labor Berlin GmbH, Immunology Department, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Scheibenbogen
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
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Ciregia F, Giusti L, Da Valle Y, Donadio E, Consensi A, Giacomelli C, Sernissi F, Scarpellini P, Maggi F, Lucacchini A, Bazzichi L. A multidisciplinary approach to study a couple of monozygotic twins discordant for the chronic fatigue syndrome: a focus on potential salivary biomarkers. J Transl Med 2013; 11:243. [PMID: 24088505 PMCID: PMC3850462 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a severe, systemic illness characterized by persistent, debilitating and medically unexplained fatigue. The etiology and pathophysiology of CFS remains obscure, and diagnosis is formulated through the patient's history and exclusion of other medical causes. Thereby, the availability of biomarkers for CFS could be useful for clinical research. In the present study, we used a proteomic approach to evaluate the global changes in the salivary profile in a couple of monozygotic twins who were discordant for CFS. The aim was to evaluate differences of salivary protein expression in the CFS patient in respect to his healthy twin. METHODS Saliva samples were submitted to two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE). The gels were stained with Sypro, and a comparison between CFS subject and the healthy one was performed by the software Progenesis Same Spot including the Analysis of variance (ANOVA test). The proteins spot found with a ≥2-fold spot quantity change and p<0.05 were identified by Nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. To validate the expression changes found with 2DE of 5 proteins (14-3-3 protein zeta/delta, cyclophilin A, Cystatin-C, Protein S100-A7, and zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein), we used the western blot analysis. Moreover, proteins differentially expressed were functionally analyzed using the Ingenuity Pathways Analysis software with the aim to determine the predominant canonical pathways and the interaction network involved. RESULTS The analysis of the protein profiles allowed us to find 13 proteins with a different expression in CFS in respect to control. Nine spots were up-regulated in CFS and 4 down-regulated. These proteins belong to different functional classes, such as inflammatory response, immune system and metabolism. In particular, as shown by the pathway analysis, the network built with our proteins highlights the involvement of inflammatory response in CFS pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the presence of differentially expressed proteins in the saliva of the couple of monozygotic twins discordant for CFS, probably related to the disease. Consequently, we believe the proteomic approach could be useful both to define a panel of potential diagnostic biomarkers and to shed new light on the comprehension of the pathogenetic pathways of CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ciregia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa, 56126, Italy.
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Epstein JS, Jaffe HW, Alter HJ, Klein HG. Blood system changes since recognition of transfusion-associated AIDS. Transfusion 2013; 53:2365-74. [PMID: 24032622 PMCID: PMC7169854 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay S. Epstein
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchFDARockvilleMaryland
| | - Harold W. Jaffe
- Office of the Associate Director for ScienceCDCAtlantaGeorgia
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The perils of pathogen discovery: origin of a novel parvovirus-like hybrid genome traced to nucleic acid extraction spin columns. J Virol 2013; 87:11966-77. [PMID: 24027301 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02323-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing was used for discovery and de novo assembly of a novel, highly divergent DNA virus at the interface between the Parvoviridae and Circoviridae. The virus, provisionally named parvovirus-like hybrid virus (PHV), is nearly identical by sequence to another DNA virus, NIH-CQV, previously detected in Chinese patients with seronegative (non-A-E) hepatitis. Although we initially detected PHV in a wide range of clinical samples, with all strains sharing ∼99% nucleotide and amino acid identity with each other and with NIH-CQV, the exact origin of the virus was eventually traced to contaminated silica-binding spin columns used for nucleic acid extraction. Definitive confirmation of the origin of PHV, and presumably NIH-CQV, was obtained by in-depth analyses of water eluted through contaminated spin columns. Analysis of environmental metagenome libraries detected PHV sequences in coastal marine waters of North America, suggesting that a potential association between PHV and diatoms (algae) that generate the silica matrix used in the spin columns may have resulted in inadvertent viral contamination during manufacture. The confirmation of PHV/NIH-CQV as laboratory reagent contaminants and not bona fide infectious agents of humans underscores the rigorous approach needed to establish the validity of new viral genomes discovered by next-generation sequencing.
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Pirón M, Alegre J, Ribera E, Sauleda S. Ausencia de secuencias de virus xenotrópico relacionado con leucemia murina en donantes de sangre sanos y pacientes con síndrome de fatiga crónica en Cataluña, España. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2013; 31:491-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hempel HA, Burns KH, De Marzo AM, Sfanos KS. Infection of Xenotransplanted Human Cell Lines by Murine Retroviruses: A Lesson Brought Back to Light by XMRV. Front Oncol 2013; 3:156. [PMID: 23785669 PMCID: PMC3683812 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of xenotransplanted human cells by xenotropic retroviruses is a known phenomenon in the scientific literature, with examples cited since the early 1970s. However, arguably, until recently, the importance of this phenomenon had not been largely recognized. The emergence and subsequent debunking of Xenotropic Murine leukemia virus-Related Virus (XMRV) as a cell culture contaminant as opposed to a potential pathogen in several human diseases, notably prostate cancer and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, highlighted a potential problem of murine endogenous gammaretroviruses infecting commonly used human cell lines. Subsequent to the discovery of XMRV, many additional cell lines that underwent xenotransplantation in mice have been shown to harbor murine gammaretroviruses. Such retroviral infection poses the threat of not only confounding experiments performed in these cell lines via virus-induced changes in cellular behavior but also the potential infection of other cell lines cultured in the same laboratory. Thus, the possibility of xenotropic retroviral infection of cell lines may warrant additional precautions, such as periodic testing for retroviral sequences in cell lines cultured in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Hempel
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Kakisi OK, Robinson MJ, Tettmar KI, Tedder RS. The rise and fall of XMRV. Transfus Med 2013; 23:142-51. [PMID: 23692013 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to the relatively recent emergence of the human T-lymphotropic and the human immunodeficiency viruses, enthusiasm for the identification of novel viruses, especially retroviruses, with pathogenic potential in humans, remains high. Novel technologies are now available with the ability to search for unknown viruses, such as gene arrays and new generation sequencing of tissue and other samples. In 2006, chip technology identified a novel retrovirus in human prostate cancer (PCa) tissue samples. Due to close homology to a mouse retrovirus, the virus was named xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (XMRV). Ever since the initial disease association with PCa, XMRV has stirred a lot of attention and concern worldwide for the medical community, public health officials and in particular global transfusion services. Public response, in this new era of electronic communication and advocacy was rapid, wide and unprecedented. In this review, we outline the course of biomedical research efforts that were put forward internationally in the process of determining the risk to the human population, the response of the blood banking community and review the current state of knowledge of xenotropic murine retroviruses. Although XMRV is no longer regarded as an infection of humans, a lesson was learnt in modern virology that holds deeper implications for biomedical research, particularly stem cell generation and transplantation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- O K Kakisi
- Transfusion Microbiology Research and Development, National Transfusion Microbiology Laboratories, NHS Blood and Transplant, Colindale, London, UK.
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Hirschfield GM, Gershwin ME. The immunobiology and pathophysiology of primary biliary cirrhosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2013; 8:303-30. [PMID: 23347352 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020712-164014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease characterized by clinical homogeneity among patients, an overwhelming female predominance, production of a multilineage immune response to mitochondrial autoantigens, inflammation of small bile ducts, and in some patients the development of fibrosis and cirrhosis. The targets in this disease are small bile ducts, and the prototypic serologic response includes antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs). Several key observations have greatly advanced our understanding of PBC. First, the multilineage immune response, including AMAs, is directed at the E2 component of the 2-oxo-dehydrogenase pathway, particularly PDC-E2. Second, such autoantibodies may be identified years before the clinical diagnosis of disease. Third, the autoreactive T cell precursor frequency for both CD4 and CD8 cells is significantly higher in liver and regional lymph node than in blood, so the multilineage antimitochondrial response may be required for the development of this disease. Fourth, the apotope of biliary cells contains intact PDC-E2; this apotope, in a setting that includes granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-stimulated macrophages and AMAs, produces an intense proinflammatory response. Fifth, several mouse models of PBC highlight the importance of loss of tolerance to PDC-E2 as well as a critical role for the interleukin (IL)-12 signaling pathway. Finally, genome-wide association studies suggest an important role for the IL-12 pathway in disease susceptibility. Taken together, these findings have resulted in a better understanding of the mechanism for selective biliary cell destruction and have also suggested unique pathways for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon M Hirschfield
- Centre for Liver Research, NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Glynn SA, Busch MP, Dodd RY, Katz LM, Stramer SL, Klein HG, Simmons G, Kleinman SH, Shurin SB. Emerging infectious agents and the nation's blood supply: responding to potential threats in the 21st century. Transfusion 2013; 53:438-54. [PMID: 22690676 PMCID: PMC3644861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone A Glynn
- Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Rezaei SD, Hearps AC, Mills J, Pedersen J, Tachedjian G. No association between XMRV or related gammaretroviruses in Australian prostate cancer patients. Virol J 2013; 10:20. [PMID: 23305518 PMCID: PMC3560155 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is a gammaretrovirus reported to be associated with prostate cancer (PC) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). While the association of XMRV with CFS and PC has recently been discredited, no studies have been performed in Australian patients to investigate the association between PC and XMRV or related murine leukemia virus (MLV) in matched PC and normal tissue. METHODS Genomic DNA (gDNA) was purified from matched normal and cancer formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate tissue from 35 Australian PC patients with Gleason scores ranging from 7 - 10. The presence of the ribonuclease L (RNase L) polymorphism R462Q was determined by allele specific PCR. Samples were screened for XMRV and related murine leukemia virus (MLV) variants by qPCR. Contaminating mouse DNA was detected using qPCR targeting mouse intracisternal A particle long terminal repeat DNA. RESULTS gDNA was successfully purified from 94% (66/70) of normal and cancer FFPE prostate tissues. RNase L typing revealed 8% were homozygous (QQ), 60% were heterozygous (RQ) and 32% were wild-type (RR) for the RNase L mutation. None of the 66 samples tested were positive for XMRV or related MLV sequences using broad MLV or XMRV specific primers with detection sensitivities of 1 viral copy of MLV/XMRV and XMRV DNA, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Using highly sensitive qPCR we found no evidence of XMRV or related gammaretroviruses in prostate tissues from 35 Australian PC patients. Our findings are consistent with other studies demonstrating that XMRV is a laboratory contaminant that has no role in the aetiology of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin D Rezaei
- Retroviral Biology and Antivirals Laboratory, Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Schüttrumpf J, Hourfar M, Alesci S, Miesbach W, Seifried E, Schmidt M. No Detection of the Retrovirus Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus in Individuals with Hemophilia. Transfus Med Hemother 2013; 40:32-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000345661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is a retrovirus that has recently been related to prostate cancers and chronic fatigue syndrome. Since other human-pathogenic retroviruses, such as HIV, human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and –II, are known blood-transmitted pathogens, XMRV might present another hazard associated with products derived from in vitro cultures of human or animal origin, or blood component-based therapeutics. Here, we investigated whether XMRV was transmitted to individuals with hemophilia and frequent exposure to plasma-derived or recombinant clotting factors. <b><i>Methods: </i></b>We used highly sensitive real-time PCR to test plasma samples from 127 consecutive individuals with hemophilia who consulted our hemophilia center either for treatment or for a standard check-up. <b><i>Results: </i></b>From the 127 hemophiliacs, 80 had prior contact to persons with either hepatitis B (n = 30), hepatitis C (n = 74) and/or HIV (n = 21), and 30 were currently being treated with plasma-derived and 97 with recombinant factor concentrates. None of the individuals tested positive for XMRV. <b><i>Conclusions: </i></b>Independent of the ongoing discussion on whether the positive XMRV testing in initial reports was a result of reagent, sample, or tissue contamination, and whether XMRV is a real threat or a testing artifact, our data suggest that XMRV might not play an important role for hemophiliacs.
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Lloyd AR. Fatigue after infection: aetiology and pathophysiology. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ma13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Zhou ZH, Kumari N, Catalano J, Nekhai S, Wise J, Yamada KM, Dhawan S. Heme oxygenase-1-mediated host cell response inhibits the susceptibility of prostate cancer cells to retroviral infection and retards their proliferation. CURRENT TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 14:53-56. [PMID: 25620854 PMCID: PMC4302767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) resembles endogenous murine leukemia virus and was used in this study as a model for a new retrovirus infecting human cells. We demonstrate that induction of an HO-1-mediated host cell response inhibited the susceptibility of LNCaP prostate cancer cells to XMRV infection and efficiently retarded the growth of these prostate cancer cells. Our studies delineate a role of HO-1 in the host defense against retroviral infections and may provide novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HO-1-sensitive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hua Zhou
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
| | - Namita Kumari
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Jennifer Catalano
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapy, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sergei Nekhai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Kenneth M. Yamada
- Laboratory of Cell and Development Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Subhash Dhawan
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
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Chang CM, Warren JL, Engels EA. Chronic fatigue syndrome and subsequent risk of cancer among elderly US adults. Cancer 2012; 118:5929-36. [PMID: 22648858 PMCID: PMC3434293 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cause of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is unknown but is thought to be associated with immune abnormalities or infection. Because cancer can arise from similar conditions, associations between CFS and cancer were examined in a population-based case-control study among the US elderly. METHODS Using linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare registry data, approximately 1.2 million cancer cases and 100,000 controls (age range, 66-99 years; 1992-2005) were evaluated. CFS was identified in the period more than 1 year prior to selection, using linked Medicare claims. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) comparing the CFS prevalence in cases and controls, adjusting for age, sex, and selection year. All statistical tests were 2-sided. RESULTS CFS was present in 0.5% of cancer cases overall and 0.5% of controls. CFS was associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (OR = 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16-1.43, P = 1.7 × 10(-6) ). Among NHL subtypes, CFS was associated with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.12-1.61), marginal zone lymphoma (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.38-2.57), and B cell NHL not otherwise specified (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.03-2.23). CFS associations with NHL overall and NHL subtypes remained elevated after excluding patients with medical conditions related to CFS or NHL, such as autoimmune conditions. CFS was also associated, although not after multiple comparison adjustment, with cancers of the pancreas (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.07-1.47), kidney (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.07-1.49), breast (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.74-0.98), and oral cavity and pharynx (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.49-1.00). CONCLUSIONS Chronic immune activation or an infection associated with CFS may play a role in explaining the increased risk of NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M. Chang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Joan. L. Warren
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Eric A. Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
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Dodd RY. Emerging pathogens and their implications for the blood supply and transfusion transmitted infections. Br J Haematol 2012; 159:135-42. [PMID: 22924410 PMCID: PMC7161751 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The threat of infection by conventional transfusion-transmitted agents has been essentially eliminated from the blood supply in developed countries, thus focusing attention on the potential risk from emerging infections. Over recent years, actions have been taken to manage a number of such risks to blood safety. These illustrate the inherent variability of the agents concerned and of the measures needed to define and control the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Y Dodd
- Research and Development, American Red Cross, Holland Laboratory, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
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Kleinman S, King MR, Busch MP, Murphy EL, Glynn SA. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute retrovirus epidemiology donor studies (Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study and Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study-II): twenty years of research to advance blood product safety and availability. Transfus Med Rev 2012; 26:281-304, 304.e1-2. [PMID: 22633182 PMCID: PMC3448800 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study (REDS), conducted from 1989 to 2001, and the REDS-II, conducted from 2004 to 2012, were National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded, multicenter programs focused on improving blood safety and availability in the United States. The REDS-II also included international study sites in Brazil and China. The 3 major research domains of REDS/REDS-II have been infectious disease risk evaluation, blood donation availability, and blood donor characterization. Both programs have made significant contributions to transfusion medicine research methodology by the use of mathematical modeling, large-scale donor surveys, innovative methods of repository sample storage, and establishing an infrastructure that responded to potential emerging blood safety threats such as xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus. Blood safety studies have included protocols evaluating epidemiologic and/or laboratory aspects of human immunodeficiency virus, human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, West Nile virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 8, parvovirus B19, malaria, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, influenza, and Trypanosoma cruzi infections. Other analyses have characterized blood donor demographics, motivations to donate, factors influencing donor return, behavioral risk factors, donors' perception of the blood donation screening process, and aspects of donor deferral. In REDS-II, 2 large-scale blood donor protocols examined iron deficiency in donors and the prevalence of leukocyte antibodies. This review describes the major study results from over 150 peer-reviewed articles published by these 2 REDS programs. In 2011, a new 7-year program, the Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study-III, was launched. The Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study-III expands beyond donor-based research to include studies of blood transfusion recipients in the hospital setting and adds a third country, South Africa, to the international program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kleinman
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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Lee D, Das Gupta J, Gaughan C, Steffen I, Tang N, Luk KC, Qiu X, Urisman A, Fischer N, Molinaro R, Broz M, Schochetman G, Klein EA, Ganem D, DeRisi JL, Simmons G, Hackett J, Silverman RH, Chiu CY. In-depth investigation of archival and prospectively collected samples reveals no evidence for XMRV infection in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44954. [PMID: 23028701 PMCID: PMC3445615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
XMRV, or xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related virus, is a novel gammaretrovirus originally identified in studies that analyzed tissue from prostate cancer patients in 2006 and blood from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in 2009. However, a large number of subsequent studies failed to confirm a link between XMRV infection and CFS or prostate cancer. On the contrary, recent evidence indicates that XMRV is a contaminant originating from the recombination of two mouse endogenous retroviruses during passaging of a prostate tumor xenograft (CWR22) in mice, generating laboratory-derived cell lines that are XMRV-infected. To confirm or refute an association between XMRV and prostate cancer, we analyzed prostate cancer tissues and plasma from a prospectively collected cohort of 39 patients as well as archival RNA and prostate tissue from the original 2006 study. Despite comprehensive microarray, PCR, FISH, and serological testing, XMRV was not detected in any of the newly collected samples or in archival tissue, although archival RNA remained XMRV-positive. Notably, archival VP62 prostate tissue, from which the prototype XMRV strain was derived, tested negative for XMRV on re-analysis. Analysis of viral genomic and human mitochondrial sequences revealed that all previously characterized XMRV strains are identical and that the archival RNA had been contaminated by an XMRV-infected laboratory cell line. These findings reveal no association between XMRV and prostate cancer, and underscore the conclusion that XMRV is not a naturally acquired human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Imke Steffen
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ning Tang
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ka-Cheung Luk
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxing Qiu
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anatoly Urisman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole Fischer
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ross Molinaro
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Miranda Broz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Eric A. Klein
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Don Ganem
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John Hackett
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Charles Y. Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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A multicenter blinded analysis indicates no association between chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis and either xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus or polytropic murine leukemia virus. mBio 2012; 3:mBio.00266-12. [PMID: 22991430 PMCID: PMC3448165 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00266-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The disabling disorder known as chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) has been linked in two independent studies to infection with xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) and polytropic murine leukemia virus (pMLV). Although the associations were not confirmed in subsequent studies by other investigators, patients continue to question the consensus of the scientific community in rejecting the validity of the association. Here we report blinded analysis of peripheral blood from a rigorously characterized, geographically diverse population of 147 patients with CFS/ME and 146 healthy subjects by the investigators describing the original association. This analysis reveals no evidence of either XMRV or pMLV infection. Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis has an estimated prevalence of 42/10,000 in the United States, with annual direct medical costs of $7 billion. Here, the original investigators who found XMRV and pMLV (polytropic murine leukemia virus) in blood of subjects with this disorder report that this association is not confirmed in a blinded analysis of samples from rigorously characterized subjects. The increasing frequency with which molecular methods are used for pathogen discovery poses new challenges to public health and support of science. It is imperative that strategies be developed to rapidly and coherently address discoveries so that they can be carried forward for translation to clinical medicine or abandoned to focus resource investment more productively. Our study provides a paradigm for pathogen dediscovery that may be helpful to others working in this field.
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