1
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O'Shaughnessy EC, Lam M, Ryken SE, Wiesner T, Lukasik K, Zuchero JB, Leterrier C, Adalsteinsson D, Gupton SL. pHusion - a robust and versatile toolset for automated detection and analysis of exocytosis. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261828. [PMID: 38690758 PMCID: PMC11190432 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis is a fundamental process used by eukaryotes to regulate the composition of the plasma membrane and facilitate cell-cell communication. To investigate exocytosis in neuronal morphogenesis, previously we developed computational tools with a graphical user interface to enable the automatic detection and analysis of exocytic events from fluorescence timelapse images. Although these tools were useful, we found the code was brittle and not easily adapted to different experimental conditions. Here, we developed and validated a robust and versatile toolkit, named pHusion, for the analysis of exocytosis, written in ImageTank, a graphical programming language that combines image visualization and numerical methods. We tested pHusion using a variety of imaging modalities and pH-sensitive fluorophores, diverse cell types and various exocytic markers, to generate a flexible and intuitive package. Using this system, we show that VAMP3-mediated exocytosis occurs 30-times more frequently in melanoma cells compared with primary oligodendrocytes, that VAMP2-mediated fusion events in mature rat hippocampal neurons are longer lasting than those in immature murine cortical neurons, and that exocytic events are clustered in space yet random in time in developing cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C. O'Shaughnessy
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mable Lam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samantha E. Ryken
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Theresa Wiesner
- NeuroCyto, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, Marseille 13385, France
| | - Kimberly Lukasik
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J. Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - David Adalsteinsson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Mathematics, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Gupton
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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2
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Tammareddy T, Keyrouz W, Sriram RD, Pant HC, Cardone A, Klauda JB. Investigation of the Effect of Peptide p5 Targeting CDK5-p25 Hyperactivity on Munc18-1 (P67) Regulating Neuronal Exocytosis Using Molecular Simulations. Biochemistry 2024. [PMID: 38953497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Munc18-1 is an SM (sec1/munc-like) family protein involved in vesicle fusion and neuronal exocytosis. Munc18-1 is known to regulate the exocytosis process by binding with closed- and open-state conformations of Syntaxin1, a protein belonging to the SNARE family established to be central to the exocytosis process. Our previous work studied peptide p5 as a promising drug candidate for CDK5-p25 complex, an Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathological target. Experimental in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that Munc18-1 promotes p5 to selectively inhibit the CDK5-p25 complex without affecting the endogenous CDK5 activity, a characteristic of remarkable therapeutic implications. In this paper, we identify several binding modes of p5 with Munc18-1 that could potentially affect the Munc18-1 binding with SNARE proteins and lead to off-target effects on neuronal communication using molecular dynamics simulations. Recent studies indicate that disruption of Munc18-1 function not only disrupts neurotransmitter release but also results in neurodegeneration, exhibiting clinical resemblance to other neurodegenerative conditions such as AD, causing diagnostic and treatment challenges. We characterize such interactions between p5 and Munc18-1, define the corresponding pharmacophores, and provide guidance for the in vitro validation of our findings to improve therapeutic efficacy and safety of p5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswi Tammareddy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | | | | | - Harish C Pant
- Neuronal Cytoskeletal Protein Regulation Section, Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NINDS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | | | - Jeffery B Klauda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Physical Science & Technology, Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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3
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Wang Y, Jin P, Kumar A, Jan L, Cheng Y, Jan YN, Zhang Y. Nonlinear compliance of NompC gating spring and its implication in mechanotransduction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.20.599842. [PMID: 38979198 PMCID: PMC11230213 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.20.599842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cytoskeleton-tethered mechanosensitive channels (MSCs) utilize compliant proteins or protein domains called gating springs to convert mechanical stimuli into electric signals, enabling sound and touch sensation and proprioception. The mechanical properties of these gating springs, however, remain elusive. Here, we explored the mechanical properties of the homotetrameric NompC complex containing long ankyrin-repeat domains (ARDs). We developed a toehold-mediated strand displacement approach to tether single membrane proteins, allowing us to exert force on them and precisely measure their absolute extension using optical tweezers. Our findings revealed that each ARD has a low stiffness of ∼0.7 pN/nm and begins to unfold stepwise at ∼7 pN, leading to nonlinear compliance. Our calculations indicate that this nonlinear compliance may help regulate NompC's sensitivity, dynamic range, and kinetics to detect mechanical stimuli. Overall, our research highlights the importance of a compliant and unfolding-refolding gating spring in facilitating a graded response of MSC ion transduction across a wide spectrum of mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lily Jan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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4
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Jaczynska K, Esser V, Xu J, Sari L, Lin MM, Rosenmund C, Rizo J. A lever hypothesis for Synaptotagmin-1 action in neurotransmitter release. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.599417. [PMID: 38948826 PMCID: PMC11212951 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter release is triggered in microseconds by Ca2+-binding to the Synaptotagmin-1 C2 domains and by SNARE complexes that form four-helix bundles between synaptic vesicles and plasma membranes, but the coupling mechanism between Ca2+-sensing and membrane fusion is unknown. Release requires extension of SNARE helices into juxtamembrane linkers that precede transmembrane regions (linker zippering) and binding of the Synaptotagmin-1 C2B domain to SNARE complexes through a 'primary interface' comprising two regions (I and II). The Synaptotagmin-1 Ca2+-binding loops were believed to accelerate membrane fusion by inducing membrane curvature, perturbing lipid bilayers or helping bridge the membranes, but SNARE complex binding orients the Ca2+-binding loops away from the fusion site, hindering these putative activities. Molecular dynamics simulations now suggest that Synaptotagmin-1 C2 domains near the site of fusion hinder SNARE action, providing an explanation for this paradox and arguing against previous models of Sytnaptotagmin-1 action. NMR experiments reveal that binding of C2B domain arginines to SNARE acidic residues at region II remains after disruption of region I. These results and fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays, together with previous data, suggest that Ca2+ causes reorientation of the C2B domain on the membrane and dissociation from the SNAREs at region I but not region II. Based on these results and molecular modeling, we propose that Synaptotagmin-1 acts as a lever that pulls the SNARE complex when Ca2+ causes reorientation of the C2B domain, facilitating linker zippering and fast membrane fusion. This hypothesis is supported by the electrophysiological data described in the accompanying paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Jaczynska
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Victoria Esser
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Junjie Xu
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Levent Sari
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Milo M. Lin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josep Rizo
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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5
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Ali Moussa HY, Shin KC, Ponraj J, Park SH, Lee OS, Mansour S, Park Y. PIP 2 Is An Electrostatic Catalyst for Vesicle Fusion by Lowering the Hydration Energy: Arresting Vesicle Fusion by Masking PIP 2. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12737-12748. [PMID: 38717305 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Lipids are key factors in regulating membrane fusion. Lipids are not only structural components to form membranes but also active catalysts for vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release, which are driven by soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. SNARE proteins seem to be partially assembled before fusion, but the mechanisms that arrest vesicle fusion before Ca2+ influx are still not clear. Here, we show that phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) electrostatically triggers vesicle fusion as an electrostatic catalyst by lowering the hydration energy and that a myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), a PIP2-binding protein, arrests vesicle fusion in a vesicle docking state where the SNARE complex is partially assembled. Vesicle-mimicking liposomes fail to reproduce vesicle fusion arrest by masking PIP2, indicating that native vesicles are essential for the reconstitution of physiological vesicle fusion. PIP2 attracts cations to repel water molecules from membranes, thus lowering the hydration energy barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Yasmine Ali Moussa
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kyung Chul Shin
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Janarthanan Ponraj
- HBKU Core Laboratories, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | | | - One-Sun Lee
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice SK-04001, Slovakia
| | - Said Mansour
- HBKU Core Laboratories, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Yongsoo Park
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health & Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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6
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Caruel M, Pincet F. Dual-Ring SNAREpin Machinery Tuning for Fast Synaptic Vesicle Fusion. Biomolecules 2024; 14:600. [PMID: 38786007 PMCID: PMC11117985 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
During neurotransmission, neurotransmitters are released less than a millisecond after the arrival of the action potential. To achieve this ultra-fast event, the synaptic vesicle must be pre-docked to the plasma membrane. In this primed state, SNAREpins, the protein-coiled coils whose assembly provides the energy to trigger fusion, are partly zippered and clamped like a hairpin and held open and ready to snap close when the clamp is released. Recently, it was suggested that three types of regulatory factors, synaptophysin, synaptotagmins, and complexins act cooperatively to organize two concentric rings, a central and a peripheral ring, containing up to six SNAREpins each. We used a mechanical model of the SNAREpins with two separate states, half-zippered and fully zippered, and determined the energy landscape according to the number of SNAREpins in each ring. We also performed simulations to estimate the fusion time in each case. The presence of the peripheral SNAREpins generally smoothens the energy landscape and accelerates the fusion time. With the predicted physiological numbers of six central and six peripheral SNAREpins, the fusion time is accelerated at least 100 times by the presence of the peripheral SNAREpins, and fusion occurs in less than 10 μs, which is well within the physiological requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Caruel
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Frédéric Pincet
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
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7
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Alavi Z, Casanova-Morales N, Quiroga-Roger D, Wilson CAM. Towards the understanding of molecular motors and its relationship with local unfolding. Q Rev Biophys 2024; 57:e7. [PMID: 38715547 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583524000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Molecular motors are machines essential for life since they convert chemical energy into mechanical work. However, the precise mechanism by which nucleotide binding, catalysis, or release of products is coupled to the work performed by the molecular motor is still not entirely clear. This is due, in part, to a lack of understanding of the role of force in the mechanical-structural processes involved in enzyme catalysis. From a mechanical perspective, one promising hypothesis is the Haldane-Pauling hypothesis which considers the idea that part of the enzymatic catalysis is strain-induced. It suggests that enzymes cannot be efficient catalysts if they are fully complementary to the substrates. Instead, they must exert strain on the substrate upon binding, using enzyme-substrate energy interaction (binding energy) to accelerate the reaction rate. A novel idea suggests that during catalysis, significant strain energy is built up, which is then released by a local unfolding/refolding event known as 'cracking'. Recent evidence has also shown that in catalytic reactions involving conformational changes, part of the heat released results in a center-of-mass acceleration of the enzyme, raising the possibility that the heat released by the reaction itself could affect the enzyme's integrity. Thus, it has been suggested that this released heat could promote or be linked to the cracking seen in proteins such as adenylate kinase (AK). We propose that the energy released as a consequence of ligand binding/catalysis is associated with the local unfolding/refolding events (cracking), and that this energy is capable of driving the mechanical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alavi
- Department of Physics, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Diego Quiroga-Roger
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian A M Wilson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Orr A, Wickner W. Sec18 binds the tethering/SM complex HOPS to engage the Qc-SNARE for membrane fusion. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar71. [PMID: 38536444 PMCID: PMC11151092 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-02-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Membrane fusion is regulated by Rab GTPases, their tethering effectors such as HOPS, SNARE proteins on each fusion partner, SM proteins to catalyze SNARE assembly, Sec17 (SNAP), and Sec18 (NSF). Though concentrated HOPS can support fusion without Sec18, we now report that fusion falls off sharply at lower HOPS levels, where direct Sec18 binding to HOPS restores fusion. This Sec18-dependent fusion needs adenine nucleotide but neither ATP hydrolysis nor Sec17. Sec18 enhances HOPS recognition of the Qc-SNARE. With high levels of HOPS, Qc has a Km for fusion of a few nM. Either lower HOPS levels, or substitution of a synthetic tether for HOPS, strikingly increases the Km for Qc to several hundred nM. With dilute HOPS, Sec18 returns the Km for Qc to low nM. In contrast, HOPS concentration and Sec18 have no effect on Qb-SNARE recognition. Just as Qc is required for fusion but not for the initial assembly of SNAREs in trans, impaired Qc recognition by limiting HOPS without Sec18 still allows substantial trans-SNARE assembly. Thus, in addition to the known Sec18 functions of disassembling SNARE complexes, oligomerizing Sec17 for membrane association, and allowing Sec17 to drive fusion without complete SNARE zippering, we report a fourth Sec18 function, the Sec17-independent binding of Sec18 to HOPS to enhance functional Qc-SNARE engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Orr
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755-3844
| | - William Wickner
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755-3844
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9
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Rizo J, Sari L, Jaczynska K, Rosenmund C, Lin MM. Molecular mechanism underlying SNARE-mediated membrane fusion enlightened by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321447121. [PMID: 38593076 PMCID: PMC11032479 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321447121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The SNAP receptor (SNARE) proteins syntaxin-1, SNAP-25, and synaptobrevin mediate neurotransmitter release by forming tight SNARE complexes that fuse synaptic vesicles with the plasma membranes in microseconds. Membrane fusion is generally explained by the action of proteins on macroscopic membrane properties such as curvature, elastic modulus, and tension, and a widespread model envisions that the SNARE motifs, juxtamembrane linkers, and C-terminal transmembrane regions of synaptobrevin and syntaxin-1 form continuous helices that act mechanically as semirigid rods, squeezing the membranes together as they assemble ("zipper") from the N to the C termini. However, the mechanism underlying fast SNARE-induced membrane fusion remains unknown. We have used all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate this mechanism. Our results need to be interpreted with caution because of the limited number and length of the simulations, but they suggest a model of membrane fusion that has a natural physicochemical basis, emphasizes local molecular events over general membrane properties, and explains extensive experimental data. In this model, the central event that initiates fast (microsecond scale) membrane fusion occurs when the SNARE helices zipper into the juxtamembrane linkers which, together with the adjacent transmembrane regions, promote encounters of acyl chains from both bilayers at the polar interface. The resulting hydrophobic nucleus rapidly expands into stalk-like structures that gradually progress to form a fusion pore, aided by the SNARE transmembrane regions and without clearly discernible intermediates. The propensity of polyunsaturated lipids to participate in encounters that initiate fusion suggests that these lipids may be important for the high speed of neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Rizo
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Levent Sari
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Klaudia Jaczynska
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin10117, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin10117, Germany
| | - Milo M. Lin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
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10
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Meijer M, Öttl M, Yang J, Subkhangulova A, Kumar A, Feng Z, van Voorst TW, Groffen AJ, van Weering JRT, Zhang Y, Verhage M. Tomosyns attenuate SNARE assembly and synaptic depression by binding to VAMP2-containing template complexes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2652. [PMID: 38531902 PMCID: PMC10965968 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46828-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tomosyns are widely thought to attenuate membrane fusion by competing with synaptobrevin-2/VAMP2 for SNARE-complex assembly. Here, we present evidence against this scenario. In a novel mouse model, tomosyn-1/2 deficiency lowered the fusion barrier and enhanced the probability that synaptic vesicles fuse, resulting in stronger synapses with faster depression and slower recovery. While wild-type tomosyn-1m rescued these phenotypes, substitution of its SNARE motif with that of synaptobrevin-2/VAMP2 did not. Single-molecule force measurements indeed revealed that tomosyn's SNARE motif cannot substitute synaptobrevin-2/VAMP2 to form template complexes with Munc18-1 and syntaxin-1, an essential intermediate for SNARE assembly. Instead, tomosyns extensively bind synaptobrevin-2/VAMP2-containing template complexes and prevent SNAP-25 association. Structure-function analyses indicate that the C-terminal polybasic region contributes to tomosyn's inhibitory function. These results reveal that tomosyns regulate synaptic transmission by cooperating with synaptobrevin-2/VAMP2 to prevent SNAP-25 binding during SNARE assembly, thereby limiting initial synaptic strength and equalizing it during repetitive stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Meijer
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Miriam Öttl
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Aygul Subkhangulova
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Zicheng Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Torben W van Voorst
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander J Groffen
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan R T van Weering
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Salazar Lázaro A, Trimbuch T, Vardar G, Rosenmund C. The stability of the primed pool of synaptic vesicles and the clamping of spontaneous neurotransmitter release rely on the integrity of the C-terminal half of the SNARE domain of syntaxin-1A. eLife 2024; 12:RP90775. [PMID: 38512129 PMCID: PMC10957171 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The SNARE proteins are central in membrane fusion and, at the synapse, neurotransmitter release. However, their involvement in the dual regulation of the synchronous release while maintaining a pool of readily releasable vesicles remains unclear. Using a chimeric approach, we performed a systematic analysis of the SNARE domain of STX1A by exchanging the whole SNARE domain or its N- or C-terminus subdomains with those of STX2. We expressed these chimeric constructs in STX1-null hippocampal mouse neurons. Exchanging the C-terminal half of STX1's SNARE domain with that of STX2 resulted in a reduced RRP accompanied by an increased release rate, while inserting the C-terminal half of STX1's SNARE domain into STX2 leads to an enhanced priming and decreased release rate. Additionally, we found that the mechanisms for clamping spontaneous, but not for Ca2+-evoked release, are particularly susceptible to changes in specific residues on the outer surface of the C-terminus of the SNARE domain of STX1A. Particularly, mutations of D231 and R232 affected the fusogenicity of the vesicles. We propose that the C-terminal half of the SNARE domain of STX1A plays a crucial role in the stabilization of the RRP as well as in the clamping of spontaneous synaptic vesicle fusion through the regulation of the energetic landscape for fusion, while it also plays a covert role in the speed and efficacy of Ca2+-evoked release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Salazar Lázaro
- Department of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Thorsten Trimbuch
- Department of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Gülçin Vardar
- Department of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- Department of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- NeuroCure Excellence ClusterBerlinGermany
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12
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Shi L, Yang C, Zhang M, Li K, Wang K, Jiao L, Liu R, Wang Y, Li M, Wang Y, Ma L, Hu S, Bian X. Dissecting the mechanism of atlastin-mediated homotypic membrane fusion at the single-molecule level. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2488. [PMID: 38509071 PMCID: PMC10954664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Homotypic membrane fusion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is mediated by dynamin-like GTPase atlastin (ATL). This fundamental process relies on GTP-dependent domain rearrangements in the N-terminal region of ATL (ATLcyto), including the GTPase domain and three-helix bundle (3HB). However, its conformational dynamics during the GTPase cycle remain elusive. Here, we combine single-molecule FRET imaging and molecular dynamics simulations to address this conundrum. Different from the prevailing model, ATLcyto can form a loose crossover dimer upon GTP binding, which is tightened by GTP hydrolysis for membrane fusion. Furthermore, the α-helical motif between the 3HB and transmembrane domain, which is embedded in the surface of the lipid bilayer and self-associates in the crossover dimer, is required for ATL function. To recycle the proteins, Pi release, which disassembles the dimer, activates frequent relative movements between the GTPase domain and 3HB, and subsequent GDP dissociation alters the conformational preference of the ATLcyto monomer for entering the next reaction cycle. Finally, we found that two disease-causing mutations affect human ATL1 activity by destabilizing GTP binding-induced loose crossover dimer formation and the membrane-embedded helix, respectively. These results provide insights into ATL-mediated homotypic membrane fusion and the pathological mechanisms of related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chenguang Yang
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingyuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kangning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Keying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Li Jiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ruming Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ming Li
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- The Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base on Engineering Biology, International Campus of Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China.
| | - Lu Ma
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Shuxin Hu
- National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Xin Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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13
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Kádková A, Murach J, Østergaard M, Malsam A, Malsam J, Lolicato F, Nickel W, Söllner TH, Sørensen JB. SNAP25 disease mutations change the energy landscape for synaptic exocytosis due to aberrant SNARE interactions. eLife 2024; 12:RP88619. [PMID: 38411501 PMCID: PMC10911398 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
SNAP25 is one of three neuronal SNAREs driving synaptic vesicle exocytosis. We studied three mutations in SNAP25 that cause epileptic encephalopathy: V48F, and D166Y in the synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1)-binding interface, and I67N, which destabilizes the SNARE complex. All three mutations reduced Syt1-dependent vesicle docking to SNARE-carrying liposomes and Ca2+-stimulated membrane fusion in vitro and when expressed in mouse hippocampal neurons. The V48F and D166Y mutants (with potency D166Y > V48F) led to reduced readily releasable pool (RRP) size, due to increased spontaneous (miniature Excitatory Postsynaptic Current, mEPSC) release and decreased priming rates. These mutations lowered the energy barrier for fusion and increased the release probability, which are gain-of-function features not found in Syt1 knockout (KO) neurons; normalized mEPSC release rates were higher (potency D166Y > V48F) than in the Syt1 KO. These mutations (potency D166Y > V48F) increased spontaneous association to partner SNAREs, resulting in unregulated membrane fusion. In contrast, the I67N mutant decreased mEPSC frequency and evoked EPSC amplitudes due to an increase in the height of the energy barrier for fusion, whereas the RRP size was unaffected. This could be partly compensated by positive charges lowering the energy barrier. Overall, pathogenic mutations in SNAP25 cause complex changes in the energy landscape for priming and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kádková
- Department of Neuroscience, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Maiken Østergaard
- Department of Neuroscience, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Andrea Malsam
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry CenterHeidelbergDenmark
| | - Jörg Malsam
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry CenterHeidelbergDenmark
| | - Fabio Lolicato
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry CenterHeidelbergDenmark
- Department of Physics, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Walter Nickel
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry CenterHeidelbergDenmark
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14
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DAmico KA, Stanton AE, Shirkey JD, Travis SM, Jeffrey PD, Hughson FM. Structure of a membrane tethering complex incorporating multiple SNAREs. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:246-254. [PMID: 38196032 PMCID: PMC10923073 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Most membrane fusion reactions in eukaryotic cells are mediated by multisubunit tethering complexes (MTCs) and SNARE proteins. MTCs are much larger than SNAREs and are thought to mediate the initial attachment of two membranes. Complementary SNAREs then form membrane-bridging complexes whose assembly draws the membranes together for fusion. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the simplest known MTC, the 255-kDa Dsl1 complex of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bound to the two SNAREs that anchor it to the endoplasmic reticulum. N-terminal domains of the SNAREs form an integral part of the structure, stabilizing a Dsl1 complex configuration with unexpected similarities to the 850-kDa exocyst MTC. The structure of the SNARE-anchored Dsl1 complex and its comparison with exocyst reveal what are likely to be common principles underlying MTC function. Our structure also implies that tethers and SNAREs can work together as a single integrated machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A DAmico
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Abigail E Stanton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jaden D Shirkey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sophie M Travis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Philip D Jeffrey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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15
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Jahn R, Cafiso DC, Tamm LK. Mechanisms of SNARE proteins in membrane fusion. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:101-118. [PMID: 37848589 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are a family of small conserved eukaryotic proteins that mediate membrane fusion between organelles and with the plasma membrane. SNAREs are directly or indirectly anchored to membranes. Prior to fusion, complementary SNAREs assemble between membranes with the aid of accessory proteins that provide a scaffold to initiate SNARE zippering, pulling the membranes together and mediating fusion. Recent advances have enabled the construction of detailed models describing bilayer transitions and energy barriers along the fusion pathway and have elucidated the structures of SNAREs complexed in various states with regulatory proteins. In this Review, we discuss how these advances are yielding an increasingly detailed picture of the SNARE-mediated fusion pathway, leading from first contact between the membranes via metastable non-bilayer intermediates towards the opening and expansion of a fusion pore. We describe how SNARE proteins assemble into complexes, how this assembly is regulated by accessory proteins and how SNARE complexes overcome the free energy barriers that prevent spontaneous membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Jahn
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max-Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - David C Cafiso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lukas K Tamm
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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16
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Hong S, Yang T, Go A, Kim H, Yoon TY, Shon MJ. High-speed measurements of SNARE-complexin interactions using magnetic tweezers. Methods Enzymol 2024; 694:109-135. [PMID: 38492948 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
In neuroscience, understanding the mechanics of synapses, especially the function of force-sensitive proteins at the molecular level, is essential. This need emphasizes the importance of precise measurement of synaptic protein interactions. Addressing this, we introduce high-resolution magnetic tweezers (MT) as a novel method to probe the mechanics of synapse-related proteins with high precision. We demonstrate this technique through studying SNARE-complexin interactions, crucial for synaptic transmission, showcasing its capability to apply specific forces to individual molecules. Our results reveal that high-resolution MT provides in-depth insights into the stability and dynamic transitions of synaptic protein complexes. This method is a significant advancement in synapse biology, offering a new tool for researchers to investigate the impact of mechanical forces on synaptic functions and their implications for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokyun Hong
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Yang
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Go
- Engitein Research Institute, Engitein, Siheung, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesoo Kim
- Engitein Research Institute, Engitein, Siheung, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Yoon
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomarker Discovery, PROTEINA Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Ju Shon
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea; School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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17
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O'Shaughnessy EC, Lam M, Ryken SE, Wiesner T, Lukasik K, Zuchero BJ, Leterrier C, Adalsteinsson D, Gupton SL. pHusion: A robust and versatile toolset for automated detection and analysis of exocytosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.25.550499. [PMID: 37546865 PMCID: PMC10402102 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Exocytosis is a fundamental process used by eukaryotic cells to regulate the composition of the plasma membrane and facilitate cell-cell communication. To investigate the role exocytosis plays in neuronal morphogenesis, previously we developed computational tools with a graphical user interface (GUI) to enable the automatic detection and analysis of exocytic events (ADAE GUI) from fluorescence timelapse images. Though these tools have proven useful, we found that the code was brittle and not easily adapted to different experimental conditions. Here, we have developed and validated a robust and versatile toolkit, named pHusion, for the analysis of exocytosis written in ImageTank, a graphical programming language that combines image visualization and numerical methods. We tested this method using a variety of imaging modalities and pH-sensitive fluorophores, diverse cell types, and various exocytic markers to generate a flexible and intuitive package. Using pHusion, we show that VAMP3-mediated exocytosis occurs 30-times more frequently in melanoma cells compared with primary oligodendrocytes, that VAMP2-mediated fusion events in mature rat hippocampal neurons are longer lasting than those in immature murine cortical neurons, and that exocytic events are clustered in space yet random in time in developing cortical neurons. Summary Statement Exocytosis is an essential process by which cells change shape, alter membrane composition, and communicate with other cells. Though all eukaryotic cells carry out exocytosis, the regulation of vesicle fusion, the cargo of vesicles, and the role exocytosis plays in cell fate differ greatly across cell types. Here, we developed a flexible and robust set of tools to enable automatic identification and analysis of exocytic events across a wide range of cell types, vesicle types, and imaging conditions.
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18
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Bera M, Radhakrishnan A, Coleman J, K. Sundaram RV, Ramakrishnan S, Pincet F, Rothman JE. Synaptophysin chaperones the assembly of 12 SNAREpins under each ready-release vesicle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2311484120. [PMID: 37903271 PMCID: PMC10636311 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311484120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The synaptic vesicle protein Synaptophysin (Syp) has long been known to form a complex with the Vesicle associated soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein attachment receptor (v-SNARE) Vesicle associated membrane protein (VAMP), but a more specific molecular function or mechanism of action in exocytosis has been lacking because gene knockouts have minimal effects. Utilizing fully defined reconstitution and single-molecule measurements, we now report that Syp functions as a chaperone that determines the number of SNAREpins assembling between a ready-release vesicle and its target membrane bilayer. Specifically, Syp directs the assembly of 12 ± 1 SNAREpins under each docked vesicle, even in the face of an excess of SNARE proteins. The SNAREpins assemble in successive waves of 6 ± 1 and 5 ± 2 SNAREpins, respectively, tightly linked to oligomerization of and binding to the vesicle Ca++ sensor Synaptotagmin. Templating of 12 SNAREpins by Syp is likely the direct result of its hexamer structure and its binding of VAMP2 dimers, both of which we demonstrate in detergent extracts and lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manindra Bera
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Abhijith Radhakrishnan
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Jeff Coleman
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - R. Venkat K. Sundaram
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Sathish Ramakrishnan
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Frederic Pincet
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, 75005Paris, France
| | - James E. Rothman
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
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19
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Su R, Wang S, McDargh Z, O'Shaughnessy B. Three membrane fusion pore families determine the pathway to pore dilation. Biophys J 2023; 122:3986-3998. [PMID: 37644721 PMCID: PMC10560699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
During exocytosis secretory vesicles fuse with a target membrane and release neurotransmitters, hormones, or other bioactive molecules through a membrane fusion pore. The initially small pore may subsequently dilate for full contents release, as commonly observed in amperometric traces. The size, shape, and evolution of the pore is critical to the course of contents release, but exact fusion pore solutions accounting for membrane tension and bending energy constraints have not been available. Here, we obtained exact solutions for fusion pores between two membranes. We find three families: a narrow pore, a wide pore, and an intermediate tether-like pore. For high tensions these are close to the catenoidal and tether solutions recently reported for freely hinged membrane boundaries. We suggest membrane fusion initially generates a stable narrow pore, and the dilation pathway is a transition to the stable wide pore family. The unstable intermediate pore is the transition state that sets the energy barrier for this dilation pathway. Pore dilation is mechanosensitive, as the energy barrier is lowered by increased membrane tension. Finally, we study fusion pores in nanodiscs, powerful systems for the study of individual pores. We show that nanodiscs stabilize fusion pores by locking them into the narrow pore family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Shuyuan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York; Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Zachary McDargh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Ben O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York.
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20
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Bogue D, Ryan G, Wassmer E, Research Consortium GE, Naik S. VAMP2 Gene-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder: A Differential Diagnosis for Rett/Angelman-Type Spectrum of Disorders. Mol Syndromol 2023; 14:449-456. [PMID: 37901860 PMCID: PMC10601795 DOI: 10.1159/000530150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction VAMP2 is an instrumental protein in neuronal synaptic transmission in the brain, facilitating neurotransmitter release. It is encoded by the VAMP2 gene, and pathogenic variants in this gene cause neurodevelopmental features including early onset axial hypotonia, intellectual disability, and features of autism spectrum disorder. To date, only three types of allelic variants (loss of function, in-frame deletions, and missense variants) in the VAMP2 gene have been previously reported in 11 patients with learning difficulties. Here, we describe a patient in whom a novel de novo pathogenic variant in the VAMP2 gene was identified. Case Presentation A 15-month-old girl presented with early onset hypotonia, global developmental delay, learning difficulties, microcephaly, nystagmus, strabismus, and stereotypies. Later, she developed a sleep disorder, challenging behaviour with self-injury, and scoliosis. Gene agnostic analysis of whole genome sequencing data identified a novel de novo heterozygous missense variant c.197G>C (p.Arg66Pro) in the VAMP2 gene SNARE motif region. Discussion This is the fourth report describing VAMP2 gene-related neurodevelopmental disorder. This report adds to the genotype-phenotype correlation and highlights this condition as an important differential diagnosis of Rett/Angelman-type spectrum of disorders. Patients presenting with features of either Rett syndrome or Angelman syndrome, in whom genetic testing is not suggestive, should be evaluated for variants in the VAMP2 gene, given the significant overlap in clinical presentation of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Bogue
- West Midlands Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gavin Ryan
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Evangeline Wassmer
- Department of Neurology, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Swati Naik
- West Midlands Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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21
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Gholami S, Mafakher L, Fotouhi F, Bambai B, Cohan RA, Mehrbod P, Shokouhi H, Farahmand B. Computational peptide engineering approach for selection of the new C05 antibody-driven peptide with potency to blocking influenza a virus attachment; from in silico to in vivo. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37553776 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2241554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral drugs are currently used to prevent or treat viral infections like influenza A Virus (IAV). Nonetheless, annual genetic mutations of influenza viruses make them resistant to efficient treatment by current medications. Antiviral peptides have recently attracted researchers' attention and can potentially supplant the current medications. This study aimed to design peptides against IAV propagation. For this purpose, P2 and P3 peptides were computationally designed based on the HCDR3 region of the C05 antibody (a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes influenza HA protein and inhibits the virus attachment). The synthesized peptides were tested against the influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1)) in vitro, and the most efficient peptide was selected for in vivo experiments. It was shown that the designed peptide shows much more prophylactic and therapeutic effects against the virus. These findings demonstrated that the designed peptide can control the virus infection without any cytotoxicity effect. Antiviral peptide design is acknowledged as a critical tactic to manage viral infections by preventing viral binding to the host cells.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Gholami
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Mafakher
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bijan Bambai
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadiseh Shokouhi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrokh Farahmand
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Stanton AE, Hughson FM. The machinery of vesicle fusion. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 83:102191. [PMID: 37421936 PMCID: PMC10529041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells is reliant on the fidelity of vesicle-mediated intracellular transport. Vesicles deliver their cargo via membrane fusion, a process requiring membrane tethers, Sec1/Munc18 (SM) proteins, and SNAREs. These components function in concert to ensure that membrane fusion is efficient and accurate, but the mechanisms underlying their cooperative action are still in many respects mysterious. In this brief review, we highlight recent progress toward a more integrative understanding of the vesicle fusion machinery. We focus particular attention on cryo-electron microscopy structures of intact multisubunit tethers in complex with SNAREs or SM proteins, as well as a structure of an SM protein bound to multiple SNAREs. The insights gained from this work emphasize the advantages of studying the fusion machinery intact and in context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E Stanton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Frederick M Hughson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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23
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Wickner W, Lopes K, Song H, Rizo J, Orr A. Efficient fusion requires a membrane anchor on the vacuolar Qa-SNARE. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar88. [PMID: 37314849 PMCID: PMC10398888 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-02-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a prelude to fusion, the R-SNARE on one membrane zippers with Qa-, Qb-, and Qc-SNAREs from its apposed fusion partner, forming a four-helical bundle that draws the two membranes together. Because Qa- and Qb-SNAREs are anchored to the same membrane and are adjacent in the 4-SNARE bundle, their two anchors might be redundant. Using the recombinant pure protein catalysts of yeast vacuole fusion, we now report that the specific distribution of transmembrane (TM) anchors on the Q-SNAREs is critical for efficient fusion. A TM anchor on the Qa-SNARE supports rapid fusion even when the other two Q-SNAREs are unanchored, while a TM anchor on the Qb-SNARE is dispensable and is insufficient for rapid fusion as the sole Q-SNARE anchor. This does not depend on which specific TM domain is attached to the Qa-SNARE but rather is due to the Qa-SNARE being anchored per se. The need for Qa-SNARE anchoring is even seen when the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting protein (HOPS), the physiological catalyst of tethering and SNARE assembly, is replaced by an artificial tether. The need for a Qa TM anchor is thus a fundamental property of vacuolar SNARE zippering-induced fusion and may reflect the need for the Qa juxtamembrane (JxQa) region to be anchored between its SNARE and TM domains. This requirement for Qa-SNARE anchoring and correct JxQa position is bypassed by Sec17/Sec18, exploiting a platform of partially zippered SNAREs. Because Qa is the only synaptic Q-SNARE with a TM anchor, the need for Qa-specific anchoring may reflect a general requirement for SNARE-mediated fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wickner
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Karina Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Hongki Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
- Insmed, Inc, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Josep Rizo
- Departments of Biophysics, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Amy Orr
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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Bera M, Radhakrishnan A, Coleman J, Sundaram RVK, Ramakrishnan S, Pincet F, Rothman JE. Synaptophysin Chaperones the Assembly of 12 SNAREpins under each Ready-Release Vesicle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.05.547834. [PMID: 37461465 PMCID: PMC10349951 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.05.547834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The synaptic vesicle protein Synaptophysin has long been known to form a complex with the v-SNARE VAMP, but a more specific molecular function or mechanism of action in exocytosis has been lacking because gene knockouts have minimal effects. Utilizing fully-defined reconstitution and single-molecule measurements, we now report that Synaptophysin functions as a chaperone that determines the number of SNAREpins assembling between a ready-release vesicle and its target membrane bilayer. Specifically, Synaptophysin directs the assembly of 12 ± 1 SNAREpins under each docked vesicle, even in the face of an excess of SNARE proteins. The SNAREpins assemble in successive waves of 6 ± 1 and 5 ± 2 SNAREpins, respectively, tightly linked to oligomerization of and binding to the vesicle Ca++ sensor Synaptotagmin. Templating of 12 SNAREpins by Synaptophysin is likely the direct result of its hexamer structure and its binding of VAMP2 dimers, both of which we demonstrate in detergent extracts and lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manindra Bera
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Abhijith Radhakrishnan
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jeff Coleman
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ramalingam Venkat Kalyana Sundaram
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sathish Ramakrishnan
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Frederic Pincet
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - James E. Rothman
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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25
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Wang YJ, Valotteau C, Aimard A, Villanueva L, Kostrz D, Follenfant M, Strick T, Chames P, Rico F, Gosse C, Limozin L. Combining DNA scaffolds and acoustic force spectroscopy to characterize individual protein bonds. Biophys J 2023; 122:2518-2530. [PMID: 37290437 PMCID: PMC10323022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule data are of great significance in biology, chemistry, and medicine. However, new experimental tools to characterize, in a multiplexed manner, protein bond rupture under force are still needed. Acoustic force spectroscopy is an emerging manipulation technique which generates acoustic waves to apply force in parallel on multiple microbeads tethered to a surface. We here exploit this configuration in combination with the recently developed modular junctured-DNA scaffold that has been designed to study protein-protein interactions at the single-molecule level. By applying repetitive constant force steps on the FKBP12-rapamycin-FRB complex, we measure its unbinding kinetics under force at the single-bond level. Special efforts are made in analyzing the data to identify potential pitfalls. We propose a calibration method allowing in situ force determination during the course of the unbinding measurement. We compare our results with well-established techniques, such as magnetic tweezers, to ensure their accuracy. We also apply our strategy to study the force-dependent rupture of a single-domain antibody with its antigen. Overall, we get a good agreement with the published parameters that have been obtained at zero force and population level. Thus, our technique offers single-molecule precision for multiplexed measurements of interactions of biotechnological and medical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jian Wang
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Claire Valotteau
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille, France
| | - Adrien Aimard
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Lorenzo Villanueva
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille, France
| | - Dorota Kostrz
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Maryne Follenfant
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Terence Strick
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Chames
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Felix Rico
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille, France
| | - Charlie Gosse
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Limozin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation, Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille, France.
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26
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Buzzatto MV, Berberián MV, Di Bartolo AL, Masone D, Tomes CN. α-Synuclein is required for sperm exocytosis at a post-fusion stage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1125988. [PMID: 37287458 PMCID: PMC10242118 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1125988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The sperm acrosome is a large dense-core granule whose contents are secreted by regulated exocytosis at fertilization through the opening of numerous fusion pores between the acrosomal and plasma membranes. In other cells, the nascent pore generated when the membrane surrounding a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane may have different fates. In sperm, pore dilation leads to the vesiculation and release of these membranes, together with the granule contents. α-Synuclein is a small cytosolic protein claimed to exhibit different roles in exocytic pathways in neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Here, we scrutinized its function in human sperm. Western blot revealed the presence of α-synuclein and indirect immunofluorescence its localization to the acrosomal domain of human sperm. Despite its small size, the protein was retained following permeabilization of the plasma membrane with streptolysin O. α-Synuclein was required for acrosomal release, as demonstrated by the inability of an inducer to elicit exocytosis when permeabilized human sperm were loaded with inhibitory antibodies to human α-synuclein. The antibodies halted calcium-induced secretion when introduced after the acrosome docked to the cell membrane. Two functional assays, fluorescence and transmission electron microscopies revealed that the stabilization of open fusion pores was responsible for the secretion blockage. Interestingly, synaptobrevin was insensitive to neurotoxin cleavage at this point, an indication of its engagement in cis SNARE complexes. The very existence of such complexes during AE reflects a new paradigm. Recombinant α-synuclein rescued the inhibitory effects of the anti-α-synuclein antibodies and of a chimeric Rab3A-22A protein that also inhibits AE after fusion pore opening. We applied restrained molecular dynamics simulations to compare the energy cost of expanding a nascent fusion pore between two model membranes and found it higher in the absence than in the presence of α-synuclein. Hence, our results suggest that α-synuclein is essential for expanding fusion pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Vanina Buzzatto
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Berberián
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas (ICB)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ary Lautaro Di Bartolo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Diego Masone
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Claudia Nora Tomes
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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27
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Caliari A, Hanczyc MM, Imai M, Xu J, Yomo T. Quantification of Giant Unilamellar Vesicle Fusion Products by High-Throughput Image Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098241. [PMID: 37175944 PMCID: PMC10179211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial cells are based on dynamic compartmentalized systems. Thus, remodeling of membrane-bound systems, such as giant unilamellar vesicles, is finding applications beyond biological studies, to engineer cell-mimicking structures. Giant unilamellar vesicle fusion is rapidly becoming an essential experimental step as artificial cells gain prominence in synthetic biology. Several techniques have been developed to accomplish this step, with varying efficiency and selectivity. To date, characterization of vesicle fusion has relied on small samples of giant vesicles, examined either manually or by fluorometric assays on suspensions of small and large unilamellar vesicles. Automation of the detection and characterization of fusion products is now necessary for the screening and optimization of these fusion protocols. To this end, we implemented a fusion assay based on fluorophore colocalization on the membranes and in the lumen of vesicles. Fluorescence colocalization was evaluated within single compartments by image segmentation with minimal user input, allowing the application of the technique to high-throughput screenings. After detection, statistical information on vesicle fluorescence and morphological properties can be summarized and visualized, assessing lipid and content transfer for each object by the correlation coefficient of different fluorescence channels. Using this tool, we report and characterize the unexpected fusogenic activity of sodium chloride on phosphatidylcholine giant vesicles. Lipid transfer in most of the vesicles could be detected after 20 h of incubation, while content exchange only occurred with additional stimuli in around 8% of vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Caliari
- Laboratory of Biology and Information Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Laboratory for Artificial Biology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico Fabio Ferrari, Polo B, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Martin M Hanczyc
- Laboratory for Artificial Biology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico Fabio Ferrari, Polo B, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Masayuki Imai
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jian Xu
- Laboratory of Biology and Information Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Tetsuya Yomo
- Laboratory of Biology and Information Science, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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28
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Radecke J, Seeger R, Kádková A, Laugks U, Khosrozadeh A, Goldie KN, Lučić V, Sørensen JB, Zuber B. Morphofunctional changes at the active zone during synaptic vesicle exocytosis. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55719. [PMID: 36876590 PMCID: PMC10157379 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle (SV) fusion with the plasma membrane (PM) proceeds through intermediate steps that remain poorly resolved. The effect of persistent high or low exocytosis activity on intermediate steps remains unknown. Using spray-mixing plunge-freezing cryo-electron tomography we observe events following synaptic stimulation at nanometer resolution in near-native samples. Our data suggest that during the stage that immediately follows stimulation, termed early fusion, PM and SV membrane curvature changes to establish a point contact. The next stage-late fusion-shows fusion pore opening and SV collapse. During early fusion, proximal tethered SVs form additional tethers with the PM and increase the inter-SV connector number. In the late-fusion stage, PM-proximal SVs lose their interconnections, allowing them to move toward the PM. Two SNAP-25 mutations, one arresting and one disinhibiting spontaneous release, cause connector loss. The disinhibiting mutation causes loss of membrane-proximal multiple-tethered SVs. Overall, tether formation and connector dissolution are triggered by stimulation and respond to spontaneous fusion rate manipulation. These morphological observations likely correspond to SV transition from one functional pool to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julika Radecke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Diamond Light Source Ltd, Didcot, UK.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Raphaela Seeger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kádková
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrike Laugks
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Amin Khosrozadeh
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Vladan Lučić
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jakob B Sørensen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benoît Zuber
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Hesselbarth J, Schmidt C. Mass spectrometry uncovers intermediates and off-pathway complexes for SNARE complex assembly. Commun Biol 2023; 6:198. [PMID: 36806321 PMCID: PMC9941103 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The SNARE complex assembles from vesicular Synaptobrevin-2 as well as Syntaxin-1 and SNAP25 both anchored to the presynaptic membrane. It mediates fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane resulting in exocytosis of neurotransmitters. While the general sequence of SNARE complex formation is well-established, our knowledge on possible intermediates and stable off-pathway complexes is incomplete. We, therefore, follow the stepwise assembly of the SNARE complex and target individual SNAREs, binary sub-complexes, the ternary SNARE complex as well as interactions with Complexin-1. Using native mass spectrometry, we identify the stoichiometry of sub-complexes and monitor oligomerisation of various assemblies. Importantly, we find that interactions with Complexin-1 reduce multimerisation of the ternary SNARE complex. Chemical cross-linking provides detailed insights into these interactions suggesting a role for membrane fusion. In summary, we unravel the stoichiometry of intermediates and off-pathway complexes and compile a road map of SNARE complex assembly including regulation by Complexin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hesselbarth
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Centre, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Department of Chemistry - Biochemistry, Biocenter II, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carla Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Centre, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry - Biochemistry, Biocenter II, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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30
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Hao T, Feng N, Gong F, Yu Y, Liu J, Ren YX. Complexin-1 regulated assembly of single neuronal SNARE complex revealed by single-molecule optical tweezers. Commun Biol 2023; 6:155. [PMID: 36750663 PMCID: PMC9905088 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic assembly of the Synaptic-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor Attachment REceptor (SNARE) complex is crucial to understand membrane fusion. Traditional ensemble study meets the challenge to dissect the dynamic assembly of the protein complex. Here, we apply minute force on a tethered protein complex through dual-trap optical tweezers and study the folding dynamics of SNARE complex under mechanical force regulated by complexin-1 (CpxI). We reconstruct the clamp and facilitate functions of CpxI in vitro and identify different interplay mechanism of CpxI fragment binding on the SNARE complex. Specially, while the N-terminal domain (NTD) plays a dominant role of the facilitate function, CTD is mainly related to clamping. And the mixture of 1-83aa and CTD of CpxI can efficiently reconstitute the inhibitory signal identical to that the full-length CpxI functions. Our observation identifies the important chaperone role of the CpxI molecule in the dynamic assembly of SNARE complex under mechanical tension, and elucidates the specific function of each fragment of CpxI molecules in the chaperone process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongrui Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 200049, China.
| | - Nan Feng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 200049 China
| | - Fan Gong
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Yang Yu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Jiaquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yu-Xuan Ren
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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31
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DAmico KA, Stanton AE, Shirkey JD, Travis SM, Jeffrey PD, Hughson FM. Structure of a Membrane Tethering Complex Incorporating Multiple SNAREs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.30.526244. [PMID: 36778436 PMCID: PMC9915479 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Most membrane fusion reactions in eukaryotic cells are mediated by membrane tethering complexes (MTCs) and SNARE proteins. MTCs are much larger than SNAREs and are thought to mediate the initial attachment of two membranes. Complementary SNAREs then form membrane-bridging complexes whose assembly draws the membranes together for fusion. Here, we present a cryo-EM structure of the simplest known MTC, the 255-kDa Dsl1 complex, bound to the two SNAREs that anchor it to the endoplasmic reticulum. N-terminal domains of the SNAREs form an integral part of the structure, stabilizing a Dsl1 complex configuration with remarkable and unexpected similarities to the 850-kDa exocyst MTC. The structure of the SNARE-anchored Dsl1 complex and its comparison with exocyst reveal what are likely to be common principles underlying MTC function. Our structure also implies that tethers and SNAREs can work together as a single integrated machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A DAmico
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Abigail E Stanton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Jaden D Shirkey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Sophie M Travis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Philip D Jeffrey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
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32
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Xue M, Cao Y, Shen C, Guo W. Computational Advances of Protein/Neurotransmitter-membrane Interactions Involved in Vesicle Fusion and Neurotransmitter Release. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167818. [PMID: 36089056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle fusion is of crucial importance to neuronal communication at neuron terminals. The exquisite but complex fusion machinery for neurotransmitter release is tightly controlled and regulated by protein/neurotransmitter-membrane interactions. Computational 'microscopies', in particular molecular dynamics simulations and related techniques, have provided notable insight into the physiological process over the past decades, and have made enormous contributions to fields such as neurology, pharmacology and pathophysiology. Here we review the computational advances of protein/neurotransmitter-membrane interactions related to presynaptic vesicle-membrane fusion and neurotransmitter release, and outline the in silico challenges ahead for understanding this important physiological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Xue
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Yuwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Shen
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Wanlin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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33
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Brunger AT, Leitz J. The Core Complex of the Ca 2+-Triggered Presynaptic Fusion Machinery. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167853. [PMID: 36243149 PMCID: PMC10578080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic neurotransmitter release is mediated by an orchestra of presynaptic proteins that precisely control and trigger fusion between synaptic vesicles and the neuron terminal at the active zone upon the arrival of an action potential. Critical to this process are the neuronal SNAREs (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor Attachment protein REceptor), the Ca2+-sensor synaptotagmin, the activator/regulator complexin, and other factors. Here, we review the interactions between the SNARE complex and synaptotagmin, with focus on the so-called primary interface between synaptotagmin and the SNARE complex that has been validated in terms of its physiological relevance. We discuss several other but less validated interfaces as well, including the so-called tripartite interface, and we discuss the pros and cons for these possible alternative interfaces. We also present new molecular dynamics simulations of the tripartite interface and new data of an inhibitor of the primary interface in a reconstituted system of synaptic vesicle fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel T Brunger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States; Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.
| | - Jeremy Leitz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States; Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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34
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Palfreyman MT, West SE, Jorgensen EM. SNARE Proteins in Synaptic Vesicle Fusion. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 33:63-118. [PMID: 37615864 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-34229-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are stored in small membrane-bound vesicles at synapses; a subset of synaptic vesicles is docked at release sites. Fusion of docked vesicles with the plasma membrane releases neurotransmitters. Membrane fusion at synapses, as well as all trafficking steps of the secretory pathway, is mediated by SNARE proteins. The SNAREs are the minimal fusion machinery. They zipper from N-termini to membrane-anchored C-termini to form a 4-helix bundle that forces the apposed membranes to fuse. At synapses, the SNAREs comprise a single helix from syntaxin and synaptobrevin; SNAP-25 contributes the other two helices to complete the bundle. Unc13 mediates synaptic vesicle docking and converts syntaxin into the permissive "open" configuration. The SM protein, Unc18, is required to initiate and proofread SNARE assembly. The SNAREs are then held in a half-zippered state by synaptotagmin and complexin. Calcium removes the synaptotagmin and complexin block, and the SNAREs drive vesicle fusion. After fusion, NSF and alpha-SNAP unwind the SNAREs and thereby recharge the system for further rounds of fusion. In this chapter, we will describe the discovery of the SNAREs, their relevant structural features, models for their function, and the central role of Unc18. In addition, we will touch upon the regulation of SNARE complex formation by Unc13, complexin, and synaptotagmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Palfreyman
- School of Biological Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sam E West
- School of Biological Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Erik M Jorgensen
- School of Biological Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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35
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Studying membrane fusion using supported lipid bilayers on superparamagnetic beads. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184070. [PMID: 36220376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The fusion between two lipid membranes is a ubiquitous mechanism in cell traffic and pathogens invasion. Yet it is not well understood how two distinct bilayers overcome the energy barriers towards fusion and reorganize themselves to form a unique continuous bilayer. The magnitudes and numbers of these energy barriers are themselves an open question. To tackle these issues, we developed a new tool that allows to control the forces applied between two supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) deposited on superparamagnetic beads. By applying a magnetic field, the beads self-organize along field lines in chains of beads and compress the two membranes on the contact zone. Using the diffusion of fluorescently labelled lipids from one bilayer to the other allows us to identify fusion of the bilayers in contact. We applied increasing forces on SLBs and increased the occurrence of fusion. This experimental system allows the simultaneous study of tens of facing bilayers in a single experiment and mitigates the stochasticity of the fusion process. It is thus a powerful tool to test the various parameters involved in the membrane fusion process.
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36
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Freitag M, Jaklin S, Padovani F, Radzichevici E, Zernia S, Schmoller KM, Stigler J. Single-molecule experiments reveal the elbow as an essential folding guide in SMC coiled-coil arms. Biophys J 2022; 121:4702-4713. [PMID: 36242515 PMCID: PMC9748247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complexes form ring-like structures through exceptional elongated coiled-coils (CCs). Recent studies found that variable CC conformations, including open and collapsed forms, which might result from discontinuities in the CC, facilitate the diverse functions of SMCs in DNA organization. However, a detailed description of the SMC CC architecture is still missing. Here, we study the structural composition and mechanical properties of SMC proteins with optical tweezers unfolding experiments using the isolated Psm3 CC as a model system. We find a comparatively unstable protein with three unzipping intermediates, which we could directly assign to CC features by crosslinking experiments and state-of-the-art prediction software. Particularly, the CC elbow is shown to be a flexible, potentially non-structured feature, which divides the CC into sections, induces a pairing shift from one CC strand to the other and could facilitate large-scale conformational changes, most likely via thermal fluctuations of the flanking CC sections. A replacement of the elbow amino acids hinders folding of the consecutive CC region and frequently leads to non-native misalignments, revealing the elbow as a guide for proper folding. Additional in vivo manipulation of the elbow flexibility resulted in impaired cohesin complexes, which directly link the sensitive CC architecture to the biological function of cohesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Freitag
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sigrun Jaklin
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Padovani
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Zernia
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kurt M Schmoller
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Stigler
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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37
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Abstract
Munc18 chaperones assembly of three membrane-anchored soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) into a four-helix bundle to mediate membrane fusion between vesicles and plasma membranes, leading to neurotransmitter or insulin release, glucose transporter (GLUT4) translocation, or other exocytotic processes. Yet, the molecular mechanism underlying chaperoned SNARE assembly is not well understood. Recent evidence suggests that Munc18-1 and Munc18-3 simultaneously bind their cognate SNAREs to form ternary template complexes - Munc18-1:Syntaxin-1:VAMP2 for synaptic vesicle fusion and Munc18-3:Syntaxin-4:VAMP2 for GLUT4 translocation and insulin release, which facilitate the binding of SNAP-25 or SNAP-23 to conclude SNARE assembly. Here, we further investigate the structure, dynamics, and function of the template complexes using optical tweezers. Our results suggest that the synaptic template complex transitions to an activated state with a rate of 0.054 s-1 for efficient SNAP-25 binding. The transition depends upon the linker region of syntaxin-1 upstream of its helical bundle-forming SNARE motif. In addition, the template complex is stabilized by a poorly characterized disordered loop region in Munc18-1. While the synaptic template complex efficiently binds both SNAP-25 and SNAP-23, the GLUT4 template complex strongly favors SNAP-23 over SNAP-25, despite the similar stabilities of their assembled SNARE bundles. Together, our data demonstrate that a highly dynamic template complex mediates efficient and specific SNARE assembly.
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38
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Rief M, Žoldák G. Single-molecule mechanical studies of chaperones and their clients. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:041301. [PMID: 38505517 PMCID: PMC10903372 DOI: 10.1063/5.0098033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Single-molecule force spectroscopy provides access to the mechanics of biomolecules. Recently, magnetic and laser optical tweezers were applied in the studies of chaperones and their interaction with protein clients. Various aspects of the chaperone-client interactions can be revealed based on the mechanical probing strategies. First, when a chaperone is probed under load, one can examine the inner workings of the chaperone while it interacts with and works on the client protein. Second, when protein clients are probed under load, the action of chaperones on folding clients can be studied in great detail. Such client folding studies have given direct access to observing actions of chaperones in real-time, like foldase, unfoldase, and holdase activity. In this review, we introduce the various single molecule mechanical techniques and summarize recent single molecule mechanical studies on heat shock proteins, chaperone-mediated folding on the ribosome, SNARE folding, and studies of chaperones involved in the folding of membrane proteins. An outlook on significant future developments is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rief
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str., 8, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gabriel Žoldák
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Šafárik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
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39
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Collins MN, Mesce KA. A review of the bioeffects of low-intensity focused ultrasound and the benefits of a cellular approach. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1047324. [PMID: 36439246 PMCID: PMC9685663 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1047324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article highlights the historical developments and current state of knowledge of an important neuromodulation technology: low-intensity focused ultrasound. Because compelling studies have shown that focused ultrasound can modulate neuronal activity non-invasively, especially in deep brain structures with high spatial specificity, there has been a renewed interest in attempting to understand the specific bioeffects of focused ultrasound at the cellular level. Such information is needed to facilitate the safe and effective use of focused ultrasound to treat a number of brain and nervous system disorders in humans. Unfortunately, to date, there appears to be no singular biological mechanism to account for the actions of focused ultrasound, and it is becoming increasingly clear that different types of nerve cells will respond to focused ultrasound differentially based on the complement of their ion channels, other membrane biophysical properties, and arrangement of synaptic connections. Furthermore, neurons are apparently not equally susceptible to the mechanical, thermal and cavitation-related consequences of focused ultrasound application-to complicate matters further, many studies often use distinctly different focused ultrasound stimulus parameters to achieve a reliable response in neural activity. In this review, we consider the benefits of studying more experimentally tractable invertebrate preparations, with an emphasis on the medicinal leech, where neurons can be studied as unique individual cells and be synaptically isolated from the indirect effects of focused ultrasound stimulation on mechanosensitive afferents. In the leech, we have concluded that heat is the primary effector of focused ultrasound neuromodulation, especially on motoneurons in which we observed a focused ultrasound-mediated blockade of action potentials. We discuss that the mechanical bioeffects of focused ultrasound, which are frequently described in the literature, are less reliably achieved as compared to thermal ones, and that observations ascribed to mechanical responses may be confounded by activation of synaptically-coupled sensory structures or artifacts associated with electrode resonance. Ultimately, both the mechanical and thermal components of focused ultrasound have significant potential to contribute to the sculpting of specific neural outcomes. Because focused ultrasound can generate significant modulation at a temperature <5°C, which is believed to be safe for moderate durations, we support the idea that focused ultrasound should be considered as a thermal neuromodulation technology for clinical use, especially targeting neural pathways in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan N. Collins
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Karen A. Mesce
- Department of Entomology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
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40
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Coffman RE, Kraichely KN, Kreutzberger AJB, Kiessling V, Tamm LK, Woodbury DJ. Drunken lipid membranes, not drunken SNARE proteins, promote fusion in a model of neurotransmitter release. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1022756. [PMID: 36311016 PMCID: PMC9614348 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1022756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol affects many neuronal proteins that are upstream or down-stream of synaptic vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. Less well studied is alcohol’s effect on the fusion machinery including SNARE proteins and lipid membranes. Using a SNARE-driven fusion assay we show that fusion probability is significantly increased at 0.4% v/v (68 mM) ethanol; but not with methanol up to 10%. Ethanol appears to act directly on membrane lipids since experiments focused on protein properties [circular dichroism spectrometry, site-directed fluorescence interference contrast (sdFLIC) microscopy, and vesicle docking results] showed no significant changes up to 5% ethanol, but a protein-free fusion assay also showed increased lipid membrane fusion rates with 0.4% ethanol. These data show that the effects of high physiological doses of ethanol on SNARE-driven fusion are mediated through ethanol’s interaction with the lipid bilayer of membranes and not SNARE proteins, and that methanol affects lipid membranes and SNARE proteins only at high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Coffman
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Katelyn N. Kraichely
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alex J. B. Kreutzberger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Volker Kiessling
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Lukas K. Tamm
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Dixon J. Woodbury
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Dixon J. Woodbury,
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41
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Zhu M, Xu H, Jiang Y, Yu H, Liu Y. Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits SNARE-dependent membrane fusion by blocking trans-SNARE assembly. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:2111-2121. [PMID: 36111501 PMCID: PMC9714361 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin secretion is a signal-triggered process that requires membrane fusion between the secretory granules and plasma membrane in pancreatic β cells. The exocytosis of insulin is mediated by target-soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) on the plasma membrane and vesicle-SNAREs on the vesicles, which assemble into a quaternary trans-SNARE complex to initiate the fusion. Expression of fusion proteins is reduced in the islets of patients with type II diabetes, indicating that SNARE-mediated fusion defect is closely related to insulin-based metabolic diseases. Previous studies have suggested that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has an inhibitory effect on membrane fusion. In the present study, we performed in vitro reconstitution assays to unravel the molecular mechanisms of EGCG in SNARE-mediated insulin secretory vesicle fusion. Our data show that EGCG efficiently inhibits insulin secretory SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. Mechanistic studies indicated that EGCG blocks the formation of the trans-SNARE complex. Furthermore, calcium/synaptotagmin-7-stimulated fusion kinetics were largely reduced by EGCG, confirming that it is a potential regulator of SNARE-dependent insulin secretion. Our findings suggest that the trans-SNARE complex might be a promising target for controlling SNARE-dependent vesicle fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityChina
| | - Han Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityChina
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityChina
| | - Haijia Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityChina
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityChina
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42
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Cui L, Li H, Xi Y, Hu Q, Liu H, Fan J, Xiang Y, Zhang X, Shui W, Lai Y. Vesicle trafficking and vesicle fusion: mechanisms, biological functions, and their implications for potential disease therapy. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:29. [PMID: 36129576 PMCID: PMC9492833 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular vesicle trafficking is the fundamental process to maintain the homeostasis of membrane-enclosed organelles in eukaryotic cells. These organelles transport cargo from the donor membrane to the target membrane through the cargo containing vesicles. Vesicle trafficking pathway includes vesicle formation from the donor membrane, vesicle transport, and vesicle fusion with the target membrane. Coat protein mediated vesicle formation is a delicate membrane budding process for cargo molecules selection and package into vesicle carriers. Vesicle transport is a dynamic and specific process for the cargo containing vesicles translocation from the donor membrane to the target membrane. This process requires a group of conserved proteins such as Rab GTPases, motor adaptors, and motor proteins to ensure vesicle transport along cytoskeletal track. Soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein receptors (SNARE)-mediated vesicle fusion is the final process for vesicle unloading the cargo molecules at the target membrane. To ensure vesicle fusion occurring at a defined position and time pattern in eukaryotic cell, multiple fusogenic proteins, such as synaptotagmin (Syt), complexin (Cpx), Munc13, Munc18 and other tethering factors, cooperate together to precisely regulate the process of vesicle fusion. Dysfunctions of the fusogenic proteins in SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion are closely related to many diseases. Recent studies have suggested that stimulated membrane fusion can be manipulated pharmacologically via disruption the interface between the SNARE complex and Ca2+ sensor protein. Here, we summarize recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of vesicle trafficking, and implications for the development of new therapeutics based on the manipulation of vesicle fusion.
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43
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Liu F, He R, Zhu M, Zhou L, Liu Y, Yu H. Assembly-promoting protein Munc18c stimulates SNARE-dependent membrane fusion through its SNARE-like peptide. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102470. [PMID: 36087838 PMCID: PMC9547204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular vesicle fusion requires the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) and their cognate Sec1/Munc18 (SM) proteins. How SM proteins act in concert with trans-SNARE complexes to promote membrane fusion remains incompletely understood. Munc18c, a broadly distributed SM protein, selectively regulates multiple exocytotic pathways, including GLUT4 exocytosis. Here, using an in vitro reconstituted system, we discovered a SNARE-like peptide (SLP), conserved in Munc18-1 of synaptic exocytosis, is crucial to the stimulatory activity of Munc18c in vesicle fusion. The direct stimulation of the SNARE-mediated fusion reaction by SLP further supported the essential role of this fragment. Interestingly, we found SLP strongly accelerates the membrane fusion rate when anchored to the target membrane but not the vesicle membrane, suggesting it primarily interacts with t-SNAREs in cis to drive fusion. Furthermore, we determined the SLP fragment is competitive with the full-length Munc18c protein and specific to the cognate v-SNARE isoforms, supporting how it could resemble Munc18c’s activity in membrane fusion. Together, our findings demonstrate that Munc18c facilitates SNARE-dependent membrane fusion through SLP, revealing that the t-SNARE-SLP binding mode might be a conserved mechanism for the stimulatory function of SM proteins in vesicle fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruyue He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Nanjing Normal University Taizhou College, Taizhou, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Haijia Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
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44
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Wang S, Ma C. Stability profile of the neuronal SNARE complex reflects its potency to drive fast membrane fusion. Biophys J 2022; 121:3081-3102. [PMID: 35810329 PMCID: PMC9463651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) form the SNARE complex to mediate most fusion events of the secretory pathway. The neuronal SNARE complex is featured by its high stability and half-zippered conformation required for driving robust and fast synaptic exocytosis. However, these two features seem to be thermodynamically mutually exclusive. In this study, we have employed temperature-dependent disassociation assays and single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments to analyze the stability and conformation of the neuronal SNARE complex. We reclassified the amino acids of the SNARE motif into four sub-groups (core, core-side I and II, and non-contact). Our data showed that the core residues predominantly contribute to the complex stability to meet a basal requirement for SNARE-mediated membrane fusion, while the core-side residues exert an unbalanced effect on the N- and C-half bundle stability that determines the half-zippered conformation of the neuronal SNARE complex, which would accommodate essential regulations by complexins and synaptotagmins for fast Ca2+-triggered membrane fusion. Furthermore, our data confirmed a strong coupling of folding energy between the N- and C-half assembly of the neuronal SNARE complex, which rationalizes the strong potency of the half-zippered conformation to conduct robust and fast fusion. Overall, these results uncovered that the stability profile of the neuronal SNARE complex reflects its potency to drive fast and robust membrane fusion. Based on these results, we also developed a new parameter, the stability factor (Fs), to characterize the overall stability of the neuronal SNARE complex and resolved a linear correlation between the stability and inter-residue coulombic interactions of the neuronal SNARE complex, which would help rationally design artificial SNARE complexes and remold functional SNARE complexes with desirable stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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45
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Zhang Y, Ma L, Bao H. Energetics, kinetics, and pathways of SNARE assembly in membrane fusion. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 57:443-460. [PMID: 36151854 PMCID: PMC9588726 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2022.2121804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fusion of transmitter-containing vesicles with plasma membranes at the synaptic and neuromuscular junctions mediates neurotransmission and muscle contractions, respectively, thereby underlying all thoughts and actions. The fusion process is driven by the coupled folding and assembly of three synaptic SNARE proteins--syntaxin-1 and SNAP-25 on the target plasma membrane (t-SNAREs) and VAMP2 on the vesicular membrane (v-SNARE) into a four-helix bundle. Their assembly is chaperoned by Munc18-1 and many other proteins to achieve the speed and accuracy required for neurotransmission. However, the physiological pathway of SNARE assembly and its coupling to membrane fusion remains unclear. Here, we review recent progress in understanding SNARE assembly and membrane fusion, with a focus on results obtained by single-molecule manipulation approaches and electric recordings of single fusion pores. We describe two pathways of synaptic SNARE assembly, their associated intermediates, energetics, and kinetics. Assembly of the three SNAREs in vitro begins with the formation of a t-SNARE binary complex, on which VAMP2 folds in a stepwise zipper-like fashion. Munc18-1 significantly alters the SNARE assembly pathway: syntaxin-1 and VAMP2 first bind on the surface of Munc18-1 to form a template complex, with which SNAP-25 associates to conclude SNARE assembly and displace Munc18-1. During membrane fusion, multiple trans-SNARE complexes cooperate to open a dynamic fusion pore in a manner dependent upon their copy number and zippering states. Together, these results demonstrate that stepwise and cooperative SNARE assembly drive stagewise membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;,Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;,Conatct: and
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;,Present address: Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huan Bao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida, 33458,Conatct: and
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46
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Parra-Rivas LA, Palfreyman MT, Vu TN, Jorgensen EM. Interspecies complementation identifies a pathway to assemble SNAREs. iScience 2022; 25:104506. [PMID: 35754735 PMCID: PMC9213704 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unc18 and SNARE proteins form the core of the membrane fusion complex at synapses. To understand the functional interactions within the core machinery, we adopted an "interspecies complementation" approach in Caenorhabditis elegans. Substitutions of individual SNAREs and Unc18 proteins with those from yeast fail to rescue fusion. However, synaptic transmission could be restored in worm-yeast chimeras when two key interfaces were present: an Habc-Unc18 contact site and an Unc18-SNARE motif contact site. A constitutively open form of Unc18 bypasses the requirement for the Habc-Unc18 interface. These data suggest that the Habc domain of syntaxin is required for Unc18 to adopt an open conformation; open Unc18 then templates SNARE complex formation. Finally, we demonstrate that the SNARE and Unc18 machinery in the nematode C. elegans can be replaced by yeast proteins and still carry out synaptic transmission, pointing to the deep evolutionary conservation of these two interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A. Parra-Rivas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA
| | - Mark T. Palfreyman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA
| | - Thien N. Vu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA
| | - Erik M. Jorgensen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA
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47
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Mion D, Bunel L, Heo P, Pincet F. The beginning and the end of SNARE-induced membrane fusion. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1958-1979. [PMID: 35622519 PMCID: PMC9623537 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane fusion is not a spontaneous process. Physiologically, the formation of coiled-coil protein complexes, the SNAREpins, bridges the membrane of a vesicle and a target membrane, brings them in close contact, and provides the energy necessary for their fusion. In this review, we utilize results from in vitro experiments and simple physics and chemistry models to dissect the kinetics and energetics of the fusion process from the encounter of the two membranes to the full expansion of a fusion pore. We find three main energy barriers that oppose the fusion process: SNAREpin initiation, fusion pore opening, and expansion. SNAREpin initiation is inherent to the proteins and makes in vitro fusion kinetic experiments rather slow. The kinetics are physiologically accelerated by effectors. The energy barriers that precede pore opening and pore expansion can be overcome by several SNAREpins acting in concert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Mion
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSLCNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris CitéFrance
| | - Louis Bunel
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSLCNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris CitéFrance
| | - Paul Heo
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP)INSERM U1266ParisFrance
| | - Frédéric Pincet
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSLCNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris CitéFrance
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48
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Rizo J, Sari L, Qi Y, Im W, Lin MM. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations of Synaptotagmin-SNARE-complexin complexes bridging a vesicle and a flat lipid bilayer. eLife 2022; 11:76356. [PMID: 35708237 PMCID: PMC9239685 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicles are primed into a state that is ready for fast neurotransmitter release upon Ca2+-binding to Synaptotagmin-1. This state likely includes trans-SNARE complexes between the vesicle and plasma membranes that are bound to Synaptotagmin-1 and complexins. However, the nature of this state and the steps leading to membrane fusion are unclear, in part because of the difficulty of studying this dynamic process experimentally. To shed light into these questions, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of systems containing trans-SNARE complexes between two flat bilayers or a vesicle and a flat bilayer with or without fragments of Synaptotagmin-1 and/or complexin-1. Our results need to be interpreted with caution because of the limited simulation times and the absence of key components, but suggest mechanistic features that may control release and help visualize potential states of the primed Synaptotagmin-1-SNARE-complexin-1 complex. The simulations suggest that SNAREs alone induce formation of extended membrane-membrane contact interfaces that may fuse slowly, and that the primed state contains macromolecular assemblies of trans-SNARE complexes bound to the Synaptotagmin-1 C2B domain and complexin-1 in a spring-loaded configuration that prevents premature membrane merger and formation of extended interfaces, but keeps the system ready for fast fusion upon Ca2+ influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Rizo
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Levent Sari
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Green Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Yife Qi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, United States.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, United States
| | - Milo M Lin
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Green Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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Vardar G, Salazar-Lázaro A, Zobel S, Trimbuch T, Rosenmund C. Syntaxin-1A modulates vesicle fusion in mammalian neurons via juxtamembrane domain dependent palmitoylation of its transmembrane domain. eLife 2022; 11:78182. [PMID: 35638903 PMCID: PMC9183232 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SNAREs are undoubtedly one of the core elements of synaptic transmission. Contrary to the well characterized function of their SNARE domains bringing the plasma and vesicular membranes together, the level of contribution of their juxtamembrane domain (JMD) and the transmembrane domain (TMD) to the vesicle fusion is still under debate. To elucidate this issue, we analyzed three groups of STX1A mutations in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons: (1) elongation of STX1A’s JMD by three amino acid insertions in the junction of SNARE-JMD or JMD-TMD; (2) charge reversal mutations in STX1A’s JMD; and (3) palmitoylation deficiency mutations in STX1A’s TMD. We found that both JMD elongations and charge reversal mutations have position-dependent differential effects on Ca2+-evoked and spontaneous neurotransmitter release. Importantly, we show that STX1A’s JMD regulates the palmitoylation of STX1A’s TMD and loss of STX1A palmitoylation either through charge reversal mutation K260E or by loss of TMD cysteines inhibits spontaneous vesicle fusion. Interestingly, the retinal ribbon specific STX3B has a glutamate in the position corresponding to the K260E mutation in STX1A and mutating it with E259K acts as a molecular on-switch. Furthermore, palmitoylation of post-synaptic STX3A can be induced by the exchange of its JMD with STX1A’s JMD together with the incorporation of two cysteines into its TMD. Forced palmitoylation of STX3A dramatically enhances spontaneous vesicle fusion suggesting that STX1A regulates spontaneous release through two distinct mechanisms: one through the C-terminal half of its SNARE domain and the other through the palmitoylation of its TMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülçin Vardar
- Department of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Salazar-Lázaro
- Department of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sina Zobel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Trimbuch
- Department of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- Department of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Major recent advances and previous data have led to a plausible model of how key proteins mediate neurotransmitter release. In this model, the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein (SNAP) receptor (SNARE) proteins syntaxin-1, SNAP-25, and synaptobrevin form tight complexes that bring the membranes together and are crucial for membrane fusion. NSF and SNAPs disassemble SNARE complexes and ensure that fusion occurs through an exquisitely regulated pathway that starts with Munc18-1 bound to a closed conformation of syntaxin-1. Munc18-1 also binds to synaptobrevin, forming a template to assemble the SNARE complex when Munc13-1 opens syntaxin-1 while bridging the vesicle and plasma membranes. Synaptotagmin-1 and complexin bind to partially assembled SNARE complexes, likely stabilizing them and preventing fusion until Ca2+ binding to synaptotagmin-1 causes dissociation from the SNARE complex and induces interactions with phospholipids that help trigger release. Although fundamental questions remain about the mechanism of membrane fusion, these advances provide a framework to investigate the mechanisms underlying presynaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Rizo
- Departments of Biophysics, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA;
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