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Ross R, Kariya B. Morphogenesis of Vascular Smooth Muscle in Atherosclerosis and Cell Culture. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Bastarache JA, Wang L, Geiser T, Wang Z, Albertine KH, Matthay MA, Ware LB. The alveolar epithelium can initiate the extrinsic coagulation cascade through expression of tissue factor. Thorax 2007; 62:608-16. [PMID: 17356058 PMCID: PMC2117249 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2006.063305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alveolar compartment is a procoagulant antifibrinolytic environment in acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the alveolar epithelium can initiate intra-alveolar coagulation by expressing active tissue factor (TF). METHODS Using an in vitro cell surface TF assay and TF ELISA, the activity and production of TF in cultured alveolar epithelial (A549) cells following exposure to cytomix (tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1beta and interferon gamma) was measured. TF gene transcription was measured by semi-quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Immunohistochemistry for TF was performed on lung sections from patients with ARDS and controls. TF protein levels were measured by ELISA in undiluted pulmonary oedema fluid from patients with ALI/ARDS and compared with control patients with hydrostatic pulmonary oedema. RESULTS TF activity, mRNA and protein levels increased in A549 cells after stimulation with cytomix. Increased TF activity was also seen in A549 cells following incubation with pulmonary oedema fluid from patients with ALI/ARDS. Immunohistochemistry for TF in human lung tissue from patients with ARDS showed prominent TF staining in alveolar epithelial cells as well as intra-alveolar macrophages and hyaline membranes. TF antigen levels in oedema fluid (median 37 113 (IQR 14 956-73 525) pg/ml) were significantly higher than in plasma (median 336 (IQR 165-669) pg/ml, p<0.001) in patients with ALI/ARDS, and TF procoagulant activity in oedema fluid was much higher than in plasma of these patients. Higher plasma levels were associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS The alveolar epithelium is capable of modulating intra-alveolar coagulation through upregulation of TF following exposure to inflammatory stimuli and may contribute to intra-alveolar fibrin deposition in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Bastarache
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, T1218 Medical Center North, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2650, USA.
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Monaco C, Mathur A, Martin JF. What causes acute coronary syndromes? Applying Koch's postulates. Atherosclerosis 2005; 179:1-15. [PMID: 15721004 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 09/19/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The term "acute coronary syndromes" (ACS) is used to describe a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical conditions. This includes myocardial infarction, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, and unstable angina. These conditions are linked by a similar constellation of signs and symptoms but not necessarily by a common pathophysiology. They are syndromes. Several different hypotheses exist that have attempted to explain the pathological mechanisms that are involved in these conditions, however, it is not clear whether ACS are caused by variations of a single disease process or by several disease processes. The contribution of both vessel wall- and blood-related factors in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes is herein discussed with the guidance of Koch's postulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Monaco
- Cytokine Biology of Vessels, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology & Surgery, Anaesthetic and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Charing Cross Campus, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK
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Bogdanov VY, Balasubramanian V, Hathcock J, Vele O, Lieb M, Nemerson Y. Alternatively spliced human tissue factor: a circulating, soluble, thrombogenic protein. Nat Med 2003; 9:458-62. [PMID: 12652293 DOI: 10.1038/nm841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2002] [Accepted: 02/14/2003] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is an essential enzyme activator that forms a catalytic complex with FVII(a) and initiates coagulation by activating FIX and FX, ultimately resulting in thrombin formation. TF is found in adventitia of blood vessels and the lipid core of atherosclerotic plaques. In unstable coronary syndromes, plaque rupture initiates coagulation by exposing TF to blood. Biologically active TF has been detected in vessel walls and circulating blood. Elevated intravascular TF has been reported in diverse pro-thrombotic syndromes such as myocardial infarction, sepsis, anti-phospholipid syndrome and sickle-cell disease. It is unclear how TF circulates, although it may be present in pro-coagulant microparticles. We now report identification of a form of human TF generated by alternative splicing. Our studies indicate that alternatively spliced human tissue factor (asHTF) contains most of the extracellular domain of TF but lacks a transmembrane domain and terminates with a unique peptide sequence. asHTF is soluble, circulates in blood, exhibits pro-coagulant activity when exposed to phospholipids, and is incorporated into thrombi. We propose that binding of asHTF to the edge of thrombi contributes to thrombus growth by creating a surface that both initiates and propagates coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Bogdanov
- Division of Thrombosis Research, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Nemerson Y. A simple experiment and a weakening paradigm: the contribution of blood to propensity for thrombus formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:1369. [PMID: 12231553 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000034020.52348.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) on circulating microparticles has recently received much attention as a factor in myocardial infarction. We have developed systems by which we have been able to investigate the thrombogenic potential of blood-borne TF. Thrombi develop when native human blood is passed over either collagen-coated glass slides or over pig arterial media. These thrombi immunostain for TF even when the substrate contains none. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the deposited TF is active because the thrombi contain fibrin; fibrin deposition and thrombotic mass are both inhibited by the inclusion of a potent TF-inhibitor in the perfusions. We have also shown that leukocyte-derived particles attach to platelets in a reaction mediated by adhesion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Rauch
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Abstract
We describe thrombogenic tissue factor (TF) on leukocyte-derived microparticles and their incorporation into spontaneous human thrombi. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes transfer TF+particles to platelets, thereby making them capable of triggering and propagating thrombosis. This phenomenon calls into question the original dogma that vessel wall injury and exposure of TF within the vasculature to blood is sufficient for the occurrence of arterial thrombosis. The transfer of TF+ leukocyte-derived particles is dependent on the interaction of CD15 and TF with platelets. Both the inhibition of TF transfer to platelets by antagonizing the interaction CD15 with P-selectin and the direct interaction of TF itself suggest a novel therapeutic approach to prevent thrombosis.
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Abstract
AbstractWe describe thrombogenic tissue factor (TF) on leukocyte-derived microparticles and their incorporation into spontaneous human thrombi. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes transfer TF+particles to platelets, thereby making them capable of triggering and propagating thrombosis. This phenomenon calls into question the original dogma that vessel wall injury and exposure of TF within the vasculature to blood is sufficient for the occurrence of arterial thrombosis. The transfer of TF+ leukocyte-derived particles is dependent on the interaction of CD15 and TF with platelets. Both the inhibition of TF transfer to platelets by antagonizing the interaction CD15 with P-selectin and the direct interaction of TF itself suggest a novel therapeutic approach to prevent thrombosis.
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10
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Abstract
In this paper we discuss some of the physical difficulties associated with the classical view of thrombosis and conclude that there are problems associated with these concepts. We propose an alternative model based on our published observations that, during ex-vivo thrombus formation, the platelets, which normally do not stain for tissue factor, become tissue factor positive. These hybrid species are capable not only of propagating coagulation, but also of initiating it. Thus thrombi can grow without evoking long-range diffusion -- a very slow and inefficient mechanism, particularly in a flowing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nemerson
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Cui MZ, Penn MS, Chisolm GM. Native and oxidized low density lipoprotein induction of tissue factor gene expression in smooth muscle cells is mediated by both Egr-1 and Sp1. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:32795-802. [PMID: 10551840 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.46.32795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor, in association with factor VIIa, initiates the coagulation cascade. We studied the influences of two pathophysiological stimuli, native (unmodified) and oxidized low density lipoprotein, on tissue factor gene expression in a cell important in vascular remodeling and vascular diseases, the smooth muscle cell. Our results demonstrated that both lipoproteins significantly induced tissue factor gene expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells; oxidized low density lipoprotein was slightly more potent. Both lipoproteins increased tissue factor mRNA in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Results from nuclear run-on assays and mRNA stability experiments indicated that increased tissue factor mRNA accumulation in response to the lipoproteins was principally controlled at the transcriptional level. By using lipid extracts of low density lipoprotein or methylation of the intact lipoprotein to block receptor recognition, we showed that this lipoprotein induced tissue factor mRNA via both receptor-independent and receptor-augmented pathways. Transfection studies using a series of deleted tissue factor promoters revealed that a -143- to +106-base pair region of the rat tissue factor promoter contained regulatory elements required for lipoprotein-mediated induction. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the binding activities of the transcription factor Egr-1, but not Sp1, were markedly elevated in response to these lipoproteins. Transfection of site-directed mutants of the tissue factor (TF) promoter demonstrated that not only Egr-1 but also Sp1 cis-acting elements in the TF (-143) promoter construct were necessary for optimal TF gene induction. Our data show for the first time that both low density lipoprotein and oxidized low density lipoprotein induce tissue factor gene expression in smooth muscle cells and that this tissue factor gene expression is mediated by both Egr-1 and Sp1 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Cui
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Giesen PL, Rauch U, Bohrmann B, Kling D, Roqué M, Fallon JT, Badimon JJ, Himber J, Riederer MA, Nemerson Y. Blood-borne tissue factor: another view of thrombosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:2311-5. [PMID: 10051638 PMCID: PMC26780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.5.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 676] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is considered to arise from the interaction of tissue factor (TF) in the vascular wall with platelets and coagulation factors in circulating blood. According to this paradigm, coagulation is initiated after a vessel is damaged and blood is exposed to vessel-wall TF. We have examined thrombus formation on pig arterial media (which contains no stainable TF) and on collagen-coated glass slides (which are devoid of TF) exposed to flowing native human blood. In both systems the thrombi that formed during a 5-min perfusion stained intensely for TF, much of which was not associated with cells. Antibodies against TF caused approximately 70% reduction in the amount of thrombus formed on the pig arterial media and also reduced thrombi on the collagen-coated glass slides. TF deposited on the slides was active, as there was abundant fibrin in the thrombi. Factor VIIai, a potent inhibitor of TF, essentially abolished fibrin production and markedly reduced the mass of the thrombi. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed TF-positive membrane vesicles that we frequently observed in large clusters near the surface of platelets. TF, measured by factor Xa formation, was extracted from whole blood and plasma of healthy subjects. By using immunostaining, TF-containing neutrophils and monocytes were identified in peripheral blood; our data raise the possibility that leukocytes are the main source of blood TF. We suggest that blood-borne TF is inherently thrombogenic and may be involved in thrombus propagation at the site of vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Giesen
- Division of Thrombosis Research, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Han YN, Rhee IK. Changes of tissue factor activity on inflammatory stimulus and aging in rat. Arch Pharm Res 1998; 21:549-54. [PMID: 9875493 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF), a principal initiator of the vertebrate coagulation cascade, is expressed in organ tissues, cells and blood. TF is known to be induced in endothelial cells, monocytes and macrophages by inflammatory stimuli and in many pathologic conditions. By using the modified method for in vivo TF activity assay, we found that turpentine oil injection as an inflammatory stimulus also induced the TF activity in lung and brain tissues of rats. And the age-related increase in TF activity was observed in healthy rat brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y N Han
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
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Schecter AD, Rollins BJ, Zhang YJ, Charo IF, Fallon JT, Rossikhina M, Giesen PL, Nemerson Y, Taubman MB. Tissue factor is induced by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human aortic smooth muscle and THP-1 cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:28568-73. [PMID: 9353321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.45.28568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a C-C chemokine thought to play a major role in recruiting monocytes to the atherosclerotic plaque. Tissue factor (TF), the initiator of coagulation, is found in the atherosclerotic plaque, macrophages, and human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC). The exposure of TF during plaque rupture likely induces acute thrombosis, leading to myocardial infarction and stroke. This report demonstrates that MCP-1 induces the accumulation of TF mRNA and protein in SMC and in THP-1 myelomonocytic leukemia cells. MCP-1 also induces TF activity on the surface of human SMC. The induction of TF by MCP-1 in SMC is inhibited by pertussis toxin, suggesting that the SMC MCP-1 receptor is coupled to a Gi-protein. Chelation of intracellular calcium and inhibition of protein kinase C block the induction of TF by MCP-1, suggesting that in SMC it is mediated by activation of phospholipase C. SMC bind MCP-1 with a Kd similar to that previously reported for macrophages. However, mRNA encoding the macrophage MCP-1 receptors, CCR2A and B, is not present in SMC, indicating that they possess a distinct MCP-1 receptor. These data suggest that in addition to being a chemoattractant, MCP-1 may have a procoagulant function and raise the possibility of an autocrine pathway in which MCP-1, secreted by SMC and macrophages, induces TF activity in these same cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Schecter
- Cardiovascular Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Bharadwaj D, Roy M, Bose D, Hati R. A new blood-coagulating protease in mitochondrial membranes of rat submaxillary glands. Purification and characterization of protease and its blood-coagulating activity. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Geczy CL. Cellular mechanisms for the activation of blood coagulation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1994; 152:49-108. [PMID: 8206706 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C L Geczy
- Heart Research Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
Life-threatening thrombo-occlusive events producing heart attacks and strokes develop in patients at sites of atherosclerotic arterial stenoses when plaques rupture, a process resistant to both aspirin and heparin. Resistant thrombotic complications are also troublesome during therapeutic thrombolytic or mechanical interventions for symptomatic atherosclerotic vascular disease, including angioplasty, various types of atherectomies, endarterectomy, endovascular stent deployment, or implanted small caliber vascular grafts. In this review therapeutic strategies for more effective management of these resistant, platelet-dependent, occlusive thrombi are discussed, including: a) inhibition of platelet recruitment by anti-GPIIb/IIIa monoclonal antibodies, naturally occurring peptides containing RGD sequences, or synthetic competitive analogs; b) direct inactivation of thrombin bound to thrombus by natural or synthetic antithrombin peptides; c) interruption of thrombin's production by natural or synthetic antagonists of Factor Xa or extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathways; and d) elimination of thrombogenicity at sites of vascular injury by immediately restoring confluent endothelium or prior therapy with dietary n-3 fatty acids. However, antagonists of both GPIIb/IIIa- and thrombin-dependent platelet recruitment produce equivalent inhibition of thrombus formation and platelet hemostatic function. Interestingly, hemostasis is spared by therapies that inhibit thrombin's production. Recommendations for development strategies are related to the relative hemostatic risks and antithrombotic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Harker
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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18
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Abstract
Tissue factor is a cell surface glycoprotein responsible for initiating the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. Many tumor cell homogenates and intact tumor cells have been shown to contain tissue factor activity. Immunohistochemical studies show that many tumors associated with Trousseau's syndrome express tissue factor on their cell surfaces. Tumor cells shed membrane fragments which carry tissue factor that can account for the activation of the clotting system. Tumor cells also produce soluble substances that can induce tissue factor expression on host cells, such as endothelium and monocytes, at sites distant from the tumor. Although, all the functional TF molecules are localized on the outer cell membrane in many tumor cells, the procoagulant activity on the intact cell surface is largely dormant and can be greatly enhanced upon cell injury or damage. Tissue factor procoagulant activity on the cell surface can be modulated by alterations in the plasma membrane without loss of cell viability. Tissue factor activity on cell surfaces is largely regulated by a plasma inhibitor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor. This inhibitor binds to both functional and non-functional tissue factor/VIIa complexes on the cell surface and prevents non-functional tissue factor/VIIa complexes from becoming functional after cell injury or lysis. Heparin, but not warfarin, therapy is effective in preventing the occurrence of devastating thrombotic events in patients with Trousseau's syndrome and the reason(s) for this are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Rao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego 92093
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Haskel EJ, Torr SR, Day KC, Palmier MO, Wun TC, Sobel BE, Abendschein DR. Prevention of arterial reocclusion after thrombolysis with recombinant lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor. Circulation 1991; 84:821-7. [PMID: 1860224 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.84.2.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to determine whether arterial reocclusion after thrombolysis can be prevented by lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor (LACI), a physiological inhibitor of tissue factor-induced coagulation mediated by the extrinsic pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS Thrombosis was induced in femoral arteries of anesthetized dogs with the use of anodal current to elicit extensive vascular injury and formation of platelet-rich thrombi in one artery and with thrombogenic copper wire to elicit fibrin-rich thrombi without appreciable vascular injury in the contralateral artery. Recanalization of both vessels was induced with t-PA (1.7 mg/kg i.v. over 1 hour) and verified with Doppler flow probes. Reocclusion occurred within 2 hours in seven of seven arteries with electrical injury-induced thrombosis and in four of seven arteries with copper wire-induced thrombosis in the absence of LACI. In dogs given infusions of recombinant DNA-produced LACI (225 micrograms/kg over 15 minutes, followed by 4 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) after completion of the infusion of t-PA, no reocclusion occurred during the 2-hour interval of observation in any of the five arteries subjected to electrical injury (p less than 0.001), and cyclic partial occlusions were nearly abolished (0.4 +/- 0.4/hr in LACI-treated dogs compared with 13.7 +/- 5.5/hr in saline-treated dogs, p less than 0.0001). In contrast, reocclusion occurred in two of five arteries with indwelling copper wires, and cyclic partial occlusions were unaffected despite LACI. LACI prolonged the partial thromboplastin time modestly (1.7 +/- 0.2 x baseline) but did not affect platelet counts or aggregation assessed ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation with LACI prevents thrombotic arterial reocclusion after thrombolysis in vessels subjected to extensive vascular injury. Our results demonstrate that activation of the extrinsic pathway plays a critical role in thrombotic reocclusion and that LACI provides a highly targeted approach to facilitate sustained recanalization without directly inhibiting platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Haskel
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Mohanty D, Ghosh K, Das KC. Studies on the mechanism of synthesis and release of the procoagulant activity from leukaemic cells. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY AND TUMOR PHARMACOTHERAPY 1991; 8:15-21. [PMID: 1645824 DOI: 10.1007/bf02988566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and release of procoagulant activity (PCA) from leukaemic leucocytes was studied in an in vitro culture system stimulated by endotoxin. Puromycin, actinomycin-D, vinblastine, colchicine, dibutyryl cyclic AMP and ouabain were added to the culture system to study some of the metabolic processes of these cells in relation to synthesis and release of PCA. It was found that production of PCA is an active process and depends on new protein synthesis. The release of PCA from cells can be inhibited by vinblastine, an inhibitor of microfilament and microtubules in the cell. The optimal release of PCA occurs at pH 7.2-7.4 at 37 degrees C and is not inhibited by the ATPase inhibitor ouabain. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP inhibits the release/synthesis of PCA. Gram negative septicaemia and endotoxinaemia are capable of increased production and release of PCA from leukaemic cells and could contribute to the coagulation failure seen in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mohanty
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University
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Fleck RA, Rao LV, Rapaport SI, Varki N. Localization of human tissue factor antigen by immunostaining with monospecific, polyclonal anti-human tissue factor antibody. Thromb Res 1990; 59:421-37. [PMID: 2237820 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(90)90148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor, the cofactor for factor VIIa-catalyzed activation of factors IX and X, plays an important role in the initiation of hemostasis. However, the distribution of tissue factor in the body has not been defined until recently. In the present study frozen sections of non-malignant human tissues were immunostained using polyclonal, monospecific rabbit anti-human tissue factor antibodies. Specificity of the anti-tissue factor antibody was established by Western blotting. Sensitivity of the immunostaining technique for tissue factor antigen was confirmed by correlating staining of non-perturbed and perturbed cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells with their surface membrane tissue factor coagulant activity. Brain, lung and placenta, all known to possess large amounts of tissue factor procoagulant activity, stained strongly for tissue factor, as did peripheral nerves and autonomic ganglia. Epithelium of skin, mucosa, and glomeruli also stained; however, epithelium lining excretory ducts failed to stain. Skeletal muscle did not stain, but cardiac muscle stained faintly. Smooth muscle also did not stain except for the muscularis mucosa of the esophagus, which stained brightly. Fibroblasts varied in stainability; those found in the adventitia of vessels stained strongly. The endothelium, tunica intima and tunica media of blood vessels consistently failed to stain. The distribution of tissue factor antigen as demonstrated by immunostaining supports the hypothesis that maintenance of a physical barrier between tissue factor activity and blood is key to the normal regulation of hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Fleck
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92037
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Fleck RA, Vijaya Mohan Rao L, Rapaport SI, Varki N. Localization of human tissue factor antigen by immunostaining with monospecific, polyclonal anti-human tissue factor antibody. Thromb Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(90)90034-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wingate VPM, Broadway RM, Ryan CA. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel, Developmentally Regulated Proteinase Inhibitor I Protein and cDNA from the Fruit of a Wild pecies of Tomato. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Venous thrombi are intravascular deposits composed predominantly of fibrin and red blood cells with a variable platelet and leukocyte component. They frequently arise in large venous sinuses in the calf, in valve cusp pockets either in the deep veins of the calf or thigh or in venous segments that have been exposed to direct trauma. Venous thrombosis can be produced experimentally by a combination of stasis and systemic hypercoagulability or by stasis and endothelial damage. Thrombosis is augmented if the fibrinolytic mechanism is inhibited or defective. A number of clinical conditions and laboratory abnormalities are associated with and predispose to venous thrombosis and, in many of these, it is possible to identify one or more of the thrombogenic factors discussed. Venous thromboembolism (venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) is a serious and potentially fatal disorder that usually complicates the course of sick hospitalized patients, but occasionally affects ambulant and otherwise healthy individuals. Screening studies with iodine-125 fibrinogen leg scanning, impedance plethysmography and perfusion lung scanning have shown that the majority of venous thrombi and pulmonary emboli that occur in hospitalized patients are small and asymptomatic, and it is likely that most are clinically insignificant. In bedridden patients, most thrombi commence in the calf and are asymptomatic. When a calf vein thrombus extends into the proximal venous segment, the risk of clinically significant pulmonary embolism increases. Less is known about the incidence and clinical significance in a nonhospital population; although asymptomatic disease occurs, its frequency is unknown. In contrast to the patients with asymptomatic venous thrombosis, symptomatic patients with venous thrombosis usually have large occulsive thrombi localized in their proximal veins.
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Osterud B, Tindall A, Brox JH, Olsen JO. Thromboplastin content in the vessel walls of different arteries and organs of rabbits. Thromb Res 1986; 42:323-9. [PMID: 3715805 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(86)90261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Homogenized arterial walls of rabbits were shown to possess significant amounts of thromboplastin activity. The specific activity, percent activity per mg tissue, varied in different arteries. Thus the thromboplastin activity of the carotid was found to be about ten-fold higher compared to the femoral. Thromboplastin activity measurements of different organs revealed a very high level of thromboplastin in lung, whereas kidney and spleen had respectively 6 and 25 times less activity than the lung. Induction of generalized Shwartzman reaction by giving two doses of endotoxin 24 hours apart, caused no significant rise in thromboplastin activity of either arteries or organs, but induced a 35-fold increase of thromboplastin activity of circulating monocytes. The very high thromboplastin activity in the lung probably reflects the widespread and dense population of vessel in this particular organ. It is concluded that the amount of thromboplastin present in the vessel wall gives the possibility for a potent activation of the clotting system in normal haemostasis.
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Chapter 5B Initiation mechanisms: Activation induced by thromboplastin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Fibach E, Treves A, Korenberg A, Rachmilewitz EA. In vitro generation of procoagulant activity by leukemic promyelocytes in response to cytotoxic drugs. Am J Hematol 1985; 20:257-65. [PMID: 3904416 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830200307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a frequent occurrence in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), especially after onset of chemotherapy. We have used a human promyelocytic leukemic established cell line (HL-60) and various other human leukemic cells to investigate the effect of cytotoxic drugs on generation of procoagulant activity (PCA). The results indicate that, unlike normal human peripheral blood monocytes and certain other cell types where PCA induction requires active mRNA and protein synthesis, in HL-60 cells, compounds such as actinomycin D, puromycin, and cytosine arabinoside and a variety of other cytotoxic agents, induced generation of a potent PCA. Although different in its mechanism of induction, this HL-60 cell PCA was similar, and may be identical, to mononuclear cell tissue factor. The PCA induction was rapid and preceded the lytic effect of the drugs. It was first detected on the outer cell surface but, following prolonged exposure to the drugs, upon lysis of the cells, it was also found in the extracellular medium. This in vitro effect mimics the development of DIC in patients with APL. The system may, therefore, serve as a model for the study of the cellular and molecular events associated with PCA generation by malignant promyelocytes and DIC occurrence in patients with APL and other malignancies.
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Carson SD, Ramsey CA. Tissue factor (coagulation factor III) is present in placental microvilli and cofractionates with microvilli membrane proteins. Placenta 1985; 6:5-12. [PMID: 3991474 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(85)80027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that tissue factor is present in preparations of placental microvilli. The similarity of the procoagulant activities of microvilli and placental homogenates indicate that tissue factor is neither deficient nor enriched in microvilli relative to the bulk of placental tissue. On the basis of solubility in Triton X-100 and ammonium sulphate, and its affinity for phenyl-Sepharose, microvilli tissue factor is indistinguishable from that in whole placental homogenates.
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Maynard JR. Tissue factor activity of cultured human vascular cells. DEVELOPMENTS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2825-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kornberg A, Treves A, Rachmilewitz EA, Fibach E. Generation of procoagulant activity (PCA) by macrophage-like cells derived from acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia cells in response to phorbol esters. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY 1983; 31:102-8. [PMID: 6577580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1983.tb01516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Normal human monocytes and macrophages, as well as in vitro human leukaemic promyelocytic cell line (HL-60) transformed into macrophage-like cells by 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) generate potent procoagulant activity (PCA) similar to tissue thromboplastin. In the present study, only mild PCA was detected in primary cultures of cells from the peripheral blood of patients with acute lymphatic leukaemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). After exposure to TPA, AML and CML cells assumed characteristics specific to monocytes and macrophages. Differentiation was associated with the generation of PCA. PCA was not found in ALL cells exposed to TPA. The PCA of TPA-induced macrophages derived from AML and CML cells resembled tissue thromboplastin and normal monocyte and macrophage PCA in several aspects: (a) accelerated clotting via the extrinsic coagulation pathway, (b) inhibition by concanavalin A and protection against lectin inhibition by methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, (c) localization in the cell membrane. The capacity for PCA generation is additional evidence for the similarity between TPA-induced macrophages derived from AML and CML cells and normal human monocytes and macrophages.
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Lium B, Dale J, Aasen AO. Liquoid-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in the blue fox. Acta Vet Scand 1982. [PMID: 6301240 DOI: 10.1186/bf03546776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Carson SD, Konigsberg WH. Phenyl--Sepharose chromatography of membrane proteins solubilized in Triton X-100. Anal Biochem 1981; 116:398-401. [PMID: 7316173 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(81)90379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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37
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Carson SD. Plasma high density lipoproteins inhibit the activation of coagulation factor X by factor VIIa and tissue factor. FEBS Lett 1981; 132:37-40. [PMID: 6795061 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Howell RM, Rezvan H. Circular dichroic, infrared and other studies on the protein component of pig brain thromboplastin. Biochem J 1980; 189:209-18. [PMID: 7458910 PMCID: PMC1161991 DOI: 10.1042/bj1890209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
1. A four-step procedure used to isolate the protein component (apoprotein III) of pig brain thromboplastin yielded approximately 25 mg from 500g of brain. 2. In the absence of detergent, apoprotein III had an apparent mol.wt. of 360 000 by gel-filtration, and, after electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium docecyl sulphate, it appeared as a major protein band of mol.wt.59 000, suggesting the existence of polymeric and monomeric forms. 3. Chemical analyses of apoprotein III revealed that hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids were present in a ratio of 3:2, together with approx, 9% (w/w) of carbohydrate. 4. The far-u.v.c.d. and i.r. spectral data indicated that, like other membrane proteins, apoprotein III has a high percentage of unordered structure with lesser amounts of alpha and beta-forms. 5. Relipidation of apoprotein III to restore clotting activity caused no extensive alteration in the c.d. and i.r. spectra, indicating that the phospholipid associates with a comparatively small hydrophobic segment. The constrained unordered conformation, which makes the major contribution to the c.d. spectrum, probably forms a separate domain in the aqueous phase. The absence of any increase in the amplitude of both negative c.d. extrema, following relipidation, contrasted with the substantial increase observed in a helix-forming solvent and raises the possibility that the more stable polymeric form of apoprotein III is retained as the active form in the lipid phase. 6. We suggest that as a consequence of cell membrane damage, the recognition and activation of factor VII may involve minor changes of conformation that are dependent upon the flexibility inherent in an unordered secondary structure.
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Kaše F, Butchers J, Spurling N. Comparison of the rate-limiting influence of factor VII on mammalian plasma coagulation following extrinsic activation by avian and mammalian tissue thromboplastins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(80)90053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zaugg H. [The importance of the plasmatic blood clotting system in the early stages of arterial thrombogenesis (author's transl)]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1979; 57:1305-9. [PMID: 541980 DOI: 10.1007/bf01479110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Apart from today's concept of arterial thrombogenesis, a mechanism of the early events in arterial thrombus formation is proposed, which also includes recent insight into the nature of the blood vessel wall and its interaction with the plasmatic blood clotting system. Observations have accumulated indicating that at the site of lesions of the interior vessel lining thromboplastic activity does appear to induce local thrombin formation. Under conditions of high arterial blood flow thrombin interacts with platelets culminating in the formation of a white thrombus. Based on these considerations, which in part may still be speculative, the possibility may evolve to develop a new highly specific prophylaxis and therapy of arterial thrombosis.
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Abstract
In order to trace the origins of age-dependent diseases to the cellular level, we studied cultured human fibroblasts from subjects with 3 discrete inherited disorders and normal controls of various ages. Skin fibroblasts from subjects with progeria and Werner syndrome had a moderate to severe reduction in growth capacity, whereas cells from subjects with diabetes mellitus had a more subtle growth impairment. There was a decreased response of progeric fibroblasts to insulin-like hormones, and in normal cells the response decreased as a function of the passage level and donor age. Tissue factor, a procoagulant, was more abundant in progeric and Werner fibroblasts. An understanding of fibroblast aging in vitro may help us explain various concomitant phenomena of organismic aging such as diabetes mellitus, cell dropout, impaired hormone responsiveness, and increased atherothrombosis.
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Abstract
By the indirect immunofluorescent and immunoenzymatic techniques with monospecific antiserum against urinary procoagulant (a tissue factor which accelerates blood coagulation), we found the urinary procoagulant in the kidney distributed to the loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubules. In these areas urinary procoagulant was found in association with the luminal and intercellular borders as well as in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Both the descending and ascending limbs of Henle were equally stained. The cytoplasmic staining was patchy in distribution among cells of distal tubules and was predominantly localized in the supranuclear areas. Glomeruli, the proximal tubular cells, the vascular wall, and the interstitium were not stained. There was, however, fluorescent staining along the epithelial layers of the Bowman's capsule, which was observed only in the frozen sections. Casts in the distal tubules were also positively stained. These findings suggest that urinary procoagulant is synthesized in the epithelial cells of these particular parts of nephron and is secreted into urine, although its physiologic roles and pathologic significance are not entirely known.
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Fanburg BL. Biochemical correlates of lung disease. Mol Aspects Med 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0098-2997(79)90003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Simionescu M, Simionescu N. Isolation and characterization of endothelial cells from the heart microvasculature. Microvasc Res 1978; 16:426-52. [PMID: 748723 DOI: 10.1016/0026-2862(78)90074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zwaal RF. Membrane and lipid involvement in blood coagulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 515:163-205. [PMID: 356885 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(78)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Brinkhous KM. Animal models: importance in research on hemorrhage and thrombosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1978; 102:123-33. [PMID: 356556 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-1217-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite some sentiments against animal research, animal models continue to be important in studying hemorrhage and thrombosis. Examples of genetic models are dogs and pigs with von Willebrand's disease. The homozygous von Willebrand pig appears to be resistant to arteriosclerosis, presumably due to impairment of the platelet aggregating function. Among acquired models, pigs are gaining in favor, perhaps because their clotting and platelet characteristics resemble those in humans. Species vary markedly in their normal plasma levels of platelet aggregating factor/von Willebrand factor (PAF/vWF). One promising approach to the study of thrombosis is using platelet anti-aggregating drugs to inhibit PAF/vWF dependent platelet thrombus formation; a drug-induced von Willebrand state seems feasible.
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Goldstein S, Niewiarowski S. Increased procoagulant activity in cultured fibroblasts from progeria and Werner's syndromes of premature ageing. Nature 1976; 260:711-3. [PMID: 1264243 DOI: 10.1038/260711a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Stemerman MB, Pitlick FA, Dembitzer HM. Electron microscopic immunohistochemical identification of endothelial cells in the rabbit. Circ Res 1976; 38:146-56. [PMID: 55315 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.38.3.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody to tissue factor apoprotein was adsorbed against gamma-globulin and coupled to horseradish peroxidase; this complex was applied to various rabbit tissues. The distribution of the peroxidase marker then was observed by electron microscopy. We examined fixed or frozen sections, as well as breis of aorta, vena cava, brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, bone marrow, mesothelial gut lining, erythrocytes, and platelets. All endothelial cells that had been exposed to the antibody complex were positive and in all cases only the endothelial cells showed localization of the electron-dense reaction product. Tissues that had been incubated with complexes prepared with gamma-globulin from animals not immunized with tissue factor apoprotein showed no staining. Prior treatment of the tissue with uncoupled anti-tissue factor gamma-globulin blocked binding by the coupled antibody. In blood vessel preparations that had been specifically designed to expose the media to the anti-tissue factor complex, medial smooth muscle cells and connective tissue showed no reaction product. Parenchymal cells of the other other organs mentioned likewise were devoid of reaction product. Similarly, the leukocytes and platelets occasionally observed in vessel lumens showed no evidence of binding. Platelets adhering to arterial subendothelial structure after injury also were unreactive. These findings suggest that in normal rabbits anti-tissue factor-horseradish peroxidase complex combines selectively with endothelial cells.
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