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Holtkamp F, Clemens J, Trimborn M. Calcium cyanamide reduces methane and other trace gases during long-term storage of dairy cattle and fattening pig slurry. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 161:61-71. [PMID: 36867942 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) has been used in agriculture for more than a century as a nitrogen fertilizer with nitrification inhibiting and pest-controlling characteristics. However, in this study, a completely new application area was investigated, as CaCN2 was used as a slurry additive to evaluate its effect on the emission of ammonia and greenhouse gases (GHG) consisting of methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide. Efficiently reducing these emissions is a key challenge facing the agriculture sector, as stored slurry is a major contributor to global GHG and ammonia emissions. Therefore, dairy cattle and fattening pig slurry was treated with either 300 mg kg-1 or 500 mg kg-1 cyanamide formulated in a low-nitrate CaCN2 product (Eminex®). The slurry was stripped with nitrogen gas to remove dissolved gases and then stored for 26 weeks, during which gas volume and concentration were measured. Suppression of methane production by CaCN2 began within 45 min after application and persisted until the storage end in all variants, except in the fattening pig slurry treated with 300 mg kg-1, in which the effect faded after 12 weeks, indicating that the effect is reversible. Furthermore, total GHG emissions decreased by 99% for dairy cattle treated with 300 and 500 mg kg-1 and by 81% and 99% for fattening pig, respectively. The underlying mechanism is related to CaCN2-induced inhibition of microbial degradation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and its conversion to methane during methanogenesis. This increases the VFA concentration in the slurry, lowering its pH and thereby reducing ammonia emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Holtkamp
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Joachim Clemens
- SF-Soepenberg GmbH, Emil-Fischer-Straße 14, 46569 Hünxe, Germany.
| | - Manfred Trimborn
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, Nußallee 5, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Taseska T, Yu W, Wilsey MK, Cox CP, Meng Z, Ngarnim SS, Müller AM. Analysis of the Scale of Global Human Needs and Opportunities for Sustainable Catalytic Technologies. Top Catal 2023; 66:338-374. [PMID: 37025115 PMCID: PMC10007685 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-023-01799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWe analyzed the enormous scale of global human needs, their carbon footprint, and how they are connected to energy availability. We established that most challenges related to resource security and sustainability can be solved by providing distributed, affordable, and clean energy. Catalyzed chemical transformations powered by renewable electricity are emerging successor technologies that have the potential to replace fossil fuels without sacrificing the wellbeing of humans. We highlighted the technical, economic, and societal advantages and drawbacks of short- to medium-term decarbonization solutions to gauge their practicability, economic feasibility, and likelihood for widespread acceptance on a global scale. We detailed catalysis solutions that enhance sustainability, along with strategies for catalyst and process development, frontiers, challenges, and limitations, and emphasized the need for planetary stewardship. Electrocatalytic processes enable the production of solar fuels and commodity chemicals that address universal issues of the water, energy and food security nexus, clothing, the building sector, heating and cooling, transportation, information and communication technology, chemicals, consumer goods and services, and healthcare, toward providing global resource security and sustainability and enhancing environmental and social justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teona Taseska
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
| | - Wanqing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
| | | | - Connor P. Cox
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
| | - Ziyi Meng
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
| | - Soraya S. Ngarnim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
| | - Astrid M. Müller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 14627 Rochester, NY USA
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3
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Yang N, Yang S, Yang L, Song Q, Zheng X. Exploration of browning reactions during alkaline thermal hydrolysis of sludge: Maillard reaction, caramelization and humic acid desorption. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114814. [PMID: 36403650 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The browning reaction produces melanoidins, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and humic acids which influence subsequent anaerobic digestion and protein recovery. This paper systematically evaluates the variation of organics that make sludge browning with heating temperature and reaction time, the effect of browning organics on protein recovery and anaerobic digestion, and finally proposes a pathway for the occurrence of the Maillard reaction (MR) in the sludge environment. The results show that the browning of sludge hydrolysate is related to the comprehensive influence of the MR, caramelization and humic acid desorption. The increase of temperature (80 °C-150 °C) and pH (9-13) will promote the extent of browning of sludge hydrolysate, and the sludge browning reaction basically stabilizes at the reaction time of 1 h. Humic acid and melanoidin could co-precipitate with the protein, thereby reducing the purity of the recovered protein. The inhibition of anaerobic digestion starts when the melanoidin concentration is 8.01 mmol/L. The three-dimensional fluorescence, GC-MS and FT-IR analysis show that melanoidins have the same functional groups and fluorescence properties as humic acid does, and the humic acid in the supernatant of the sludge treated with ATH was not only converted at its adsorbed state, but also possibly generated by the reaction of the dissolved proteins with polysaccharides. Finally, LC-MS/MS was used to identify the intermediate products of the MR and the possible structural formula of melanoidin. This study further clarifies the browning reaction in hydrothermal sludge treatment and provides help for the accuracy of subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shucheng Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Luxiong Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Qingsi Song
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Shaanxi, 710048, China
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Alvarado V, Hsu SC, Wu Z, Zhuang H, Lee PH, Guest JS. Roadmap from Microbial Communities to Individuality Modeling for Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6596-6607. [PMID: 35476456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological models describing anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge have been widely applied to test various control and operation strategies. Anaerobic digestion model 1 (ADM1) provides a generic platform that includes the main processes of AD, excluding homoacetogenesis and the microbial structure. Homoacetogenic bacteria have been identified as important competitors for hydrogen consumption and acetate production. Although recent advances in meta-omics techniques have improved our characterization of AD microbial communities, conventional models treat functional groups as homogeneous and overlook the physiology and behavior of microbial individuality, limiting insights into mechanisms governing process performance. A novel microbial individuality model (MIM) that integrates kinetics, energetics, and agent-based modeling to describe a microbiome's behavior as heterogenic populations, including homoacetogenesis, was developed. The MIM was validated with two datasets from previous studies through daily biogas production, methane content, compound concentrations, and microbial relative abundance changes. The MIM identified the emergence of Methanosaeta at low concentrations of acetate. Moreover, this simulation supports experimental studies confirming that the overlooked homoacetogenesis is an important hydrogen sink in AD. Validated MIMs are expected to provide insights into syntrophic and competitive interactions among microbiomes in AD systems while testing different operational parameters in a virtual environment. The MIM offers a methodological framework to other biological treatment systems and their microbial community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Alvarado
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Shu-Chien Hsu
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Zhuoying Wu
- Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Huichuan Zhuang
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Po-Heng Lee
- Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy S Guest
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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5
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Qi M, Liang B, Zhang L, Ma X, Yan L, Dong W, Kong D, Zhang L, Zhu H, Gao SH, Jiang J, Liu SJ, Corvini PFX, Wang A. Microbial Interactions Drive the Complete Catabolism of the Antibiotic Sulfamethoxazole in Activated Sludge Microbiomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3270-3282. [PMID: 33566597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities are believed to outperform monocultures in the complete catabolism of organic pollutants via reduced metabolic burden and increased robustness to environmental challenges; however, the interaction mechanism in functional microbiomes remains poorly understood. Here, three functionally differentiated activated sludge microbiomes (S1: complete catabolism of sulfamethoxazole (SMX); S2: complete catabolism of the phenyl part of SMX ([phenyl]-SMX) with stable accumulation of its heterocyclic product 3-amino-5-methylisoxazole (3A5MI); A: complete catabolism of 3A5MI rather than [phenyl]-SMX) were enriched. Combining time-series cultivation-independent microbial community analysis, DNA-stable isotope probing, molecular ecological network analysis, and cultivation-dependent function verification, we identified key players involved in the SMX degradation process. Paenarthrobacter and Nocardioides were primary degraders for the initial cleavage of the sulfonamide functional group (-C-S-N- bond) and 3A5MI degradation, respectively. Complete catabolism of SMX was achieved by their cross-feeding. The co-culture of Nocardioides, Acidovorax, and Sphingobium demonstrated that the nondegraders Acidovorax and Sphingobium were involved in the enhancement of 3A5MI degradation. Moreover, we unraveled the internal labor division patterns and connections among the active members centered on the two primary degraders. Overall, the proposed methodology is promisingly applicable and would help generate mechanistic, predictive, and operational understanding of the collaborative biodegradation of various contaminants. This study provides useful information for synthetic activated sludge microbiomes with optimized environmental functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaodan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenchen Dong
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Deyong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shu-Hong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuang-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Philippe F-X Corvini
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz 4132, Switzerland
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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6
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Sun J, Kosaki Y, Watanabe N. Higher load operation by adoption of ethanol fermentation pretreatment on methane fermentation of food waste. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 297:122475. [PMID: 31787512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to examine whether ethanol fermentation pretreatment (EP) of food waste can contribute to high load operation on methane fermentation using an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). The hydraulic retention time was reduced stepwise from 20 to 5 days to increase the load by increasing the feeding volume. The corresponding organic loading rate (OLR) ranged from 6.6 to 26.5 g-COD/L/day. The control series (without pretreatment) was operable to an OLR of 8.8 g-COD/L/day versus 26.5 g-COD/L/day for the EP series. In the control series, the major volatile fatty acid (VFA) produced by acidogenesis in the reactor was propionic acid because based on Gibbs free energy variations for the methane conversion, acetic acid conversion was not as easy as from propionic acid as from ethanol in the EP series. EP proved effective in avoiding VFA accumulation and subsequent decreased pH. Therefore, EP significantly improves AnMBR performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- Applied Chemistry, Environmental and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Ohmiya 5-16-1, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Kosaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Ohmiya 5-16-1, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Watanabe
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Ohmiya 5-16-1, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
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7
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Methane content and isotopic composition of shallow groundwater: implications for environmental monitoring related to shale gas exploitation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Riedmann RA, Purtschert R. Separation of argon from environmental samples for Ar-37 and Ar-39 analyses. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Tamis J, Joosse BM, Loosdrecht MCMV, Kleerebezem R. High-rate volatile fatty acid (VFA) production by a granular sludge process at low pH. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2248-55. [PMID: 25950759 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are proposed platform molecules for the production of basic chemicals and polymers from organic waste streams. In this study we developed a granular sludge process to produce VFA at high rate, yield and purity while minimizing potential operational costs. A lab-scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was fed with 10 g l(-1) glucose as model substrate. Inclusion of a short (2 min) settling phase before effluent discharge enabled effective granulation and very high volumetric conversion rates of 150-300 gCOD l(-1) d(-1) were observed during glucose conversion. The product spectrum remained similar at the tested pH range with acetate and butyrate as the main products, and a total VFA yield of 60-70% on chemical oxygen demand (COD) basis. The requirement for base addition for pH regulation could be reduced from 1.1 to 0.6 mol OH(-) (mol glucose)(-1) by lowering the pH from 5.5 to 4.5. Solids concentrations in the effluent were 0.6 ± 0.3 g l(-1) but could be reduced to 0.02 ± 0.01 g l(-1) by introduction of an additional settling period of 5 min. The efficient production of VFA at low pH with a virtually solid-free effluent increases the economic feasibility of waste-based chemicals and polymer production. Biotechnol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tamis
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - B M Joosse
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - M C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - R Kleerebezem
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC, Delft, the Netherlands
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10
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An Integrated Biomass Production and Conversion Process for Sustainable Bioenergy. SUSTAINABILITY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/su7010522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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12
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A novel electrochemical membrane bioreactor as a potential net energy producer for sustainable wastewater treatment. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1864. [PMID: 23689529 PMCID: PMC3659393 DOI: 10.1038/srep01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One possible way to address both water and energy shortage issues, the two of major global challenges, is to recover energy and water resource from wastewater. Herein, a novel electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMBR) was developed to recover energy from wastewater and meantime harvest clean water for reuse. With the help of the microorganisms in the biocatalysis and biodegradation process, net electricity could be recovered from a low-strength synthetic wastewater after estimating total energy consumption of this system. In addition, high-quality clean water was obtained for reuse. The results clearly demonstrate that, under the optimized operating conditions, it is possible to recover net energy from wastewater, while at the same time to harvest high-quality effluent for reuse with this novel wastewater treatment system.
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13
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Wu B. Integration of mixing, heat transfer, and biochemical reaction kinetics in anaerobic methane fermentation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:2864-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mohammadzadeh H, Clark I. Bioattenuation in groundwater impacted by landfill leachate traced with δ13C. GROUND WATER 2011; 49:880-890. [PMID: 21306357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The impact on groundwater imparted by the infiltration of high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leachate from capped, unlined landfills can be attenuated by biogeochemical reactions beyond the waste source, although such reactive loss in the aquifer is difficult to distinguish from conservative advective dispersion. Compound-specific measurement of δ(13)C in carbon species, including CH(4), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and the major DOC compounds (acetate, humic acid, and fulvic acid) provides a constraint in this assessment that can assist in exercises of modeling and prediction of leachate transport. The Trail Road municipal landfill near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, hosts an unlined sector which produces a highly enriched leachate (DOC >4500 mg/L) that provides a good site to examine reactive attenuation within the receptor aquifer. Acetate, a sentinel component of leachate DOC (~1000 mg C/L), is absent in impacted groundwater. Mass balance calculations together with reaction modeling suggest continued acetate fermentation with calcite control on DIC and δ(13)C(DIC) evolution. In groundwater within 50 m of the landfill, methane concentrations are elevated (~10 mg/L), consistent with acetate fermentation, whereas δ(13)C(CH4) measurements in deeper groundwater range down to -51‰ compared with -60‰ in the landfill demonstrating oxidative loss. DOC in the deep aquifer is remarkably depleted to values less than -40‰ suggesting methanotrophic bacteria selectively consume isotopically light CH(4) to fix carbon. Continued reaction of leachate DOC in groundwater is demonstrated by evolution away from conservative mixing lines on diagrams of δ(13)C vs. concentrations of DIC and DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mohammadzadeh
- Groundwater Research Center, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1436, Mashhad, Iran.
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15
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Agler MT, Aydinkaya Z, Cummings TA, Beers AR, Angenent LT. Anaerobic digestion of brewery primary sludge to enhance bioenergy generation: a comparison between low- and high-rate solids treatment and different temperatures. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:5842-5851. [PMID: 20356733 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion of brewery wastewater solids in the form of primary sludge was investigated for its potential as a source of energy (methane). We operated a low-rate (hydraulic retention time (HRT)=solids retention time (SRT)) continuously stirred anaerobic digester (CSAD) and a high-rate (SRT>HRT) anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) in parallel for 250 days. We found that high-rate anaerobic digestion was beneficial for solids-rich waste flows even during a long-term operating period that included a shock load of nonbiodegradable total solids. The ASBR biomass achieved a higher specific methanogenic activity compared to the CSAD biomass (0.257+/-0.043 vs. 0.088+/-0.008 g CH(4)-COD g(-1)VSS d(-1)), which aided in stability during the shock load with total solids. The methane yield for the ASBR was 40-34% higher than for the CSAD (0.306 vs. 0.219 l CH(4)g VS(-1) fed for days 1-183 and 0.174 vs. 0.130 l CH(4)g VS(-1) fed for days 184-250, respectively). Finally, we operated an ASBR for an additional 295 days to evaluate the effect of temperature variation on system stability. A stable performance was achieved between the operating temperatures of 22-41 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Agler
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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16
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Chartrain M, Bhatnagar L, Zeikus JG. Microbial ecophysiology of whey biomethanation: comparison of carbon transformation parameters, species composition, and starter culture performance in continuous culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 53:1147-56. [PMID: 16347341 PMCID: PMC203823 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.5.1147-1156.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in lactose concentration and feed rate altered bacterial growth and population levels in a whey-processing chemostat. The bacterial population and methane production levels increased in relation to increased lactose concentrations comparable to those in raw whey (6%) and converted over 96% of the substrate to methane, carbon dioxide, and cells. Sequential increases in the chemostat dilution rate demonstrated excellent biomethanation performance at retention times as low as 25 h. Retention times shorter than 25 h caused prevalent bacterial populations and methane production to decrease, and intermediary carbon metabolites accumulated in the following order: acetate, butyrate, propionate, lactate, ethanol, and lactose. Bacterial species dominated in the chemostat as a function of their enhanced substrate uptake and growth kinetic properties. The substrate uptake kinetic properties displayed by the mixed chemostat population were equivalent to those of individual species measured in pure culture, whereas the growth kinetic properties of species in mixed culture were better than those measured in pure culture. A designed starter culture consisting of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Methanosarcina barkeri, and Methanobacterium formicicum displayed biomethanation performance, which was similar to that of a diverse adapted mixed-culture inoculum, in a continuous contact digestor system to which 10 g of dry whey per liter was added. Preserved starter cultures were developed and used as inocula for the start-up of a continuous anaerobic digestion process that was effective for biomethanation of raw whey at a retention time of 100 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chartrain
- Michigan Biotechnology Institute, Lansing, Michigan 48909
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17
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Rudd T, Hicks SJ, Lester JN. Comparison of the treatment of a synthetic meat waste by mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic fluidized bed reactors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09593338509384338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Mohammadzadeh H, Clark I. Degradation pathways of dissolved carbon in landfill leachate traced with compound-specific (13)C analysis of DOC. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2008; 44:267-294. [PMID: 18763184 DOI: 10.1080/10256010802309814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The isotopic compositions of carbon compounds in landfill leachate provide insights into the biodegradation pathways that dominate the different stages of waste decomposition. In this study, the carbon geochemistry of different carbon pools, environmental stable isotopes and compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of leachate dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fractions and gases show distinctions in leachate biogeochemistry and methane production between the young area of active waste emplacement and the old area of historical emplacement at the Trail Road Landfill (TRL). The active area leachate has low DOC concentrations (<200 mg l(-1)) dominated by fulvic acid (FA=160 mg l(-1)), and produces CH(4) dominantly by CO(2) reduction (D- excess=20.6 per thousand). Leachate generated in the area of older waste has high DOC (>4770 mg l(-1)) dominated by FA (4482 mg l(-1)) and simple fatty acids (acetic=1008 mg l(-1) and propionic=608 mg l(-1)), and produces CH(4) by the acetate fermentation pathway (D- excess=9.8 per thousand). CSIA shows an advanced degradation and a progressive accumulation of (13)C of fatty acids in leachate from the older area. The enriched (13)C value of FA (-20 and-26 per thousand for the older and active parts, respectively,) and of low molecular weight DOC (-8 and-27 per thousand) as well as of the bulk DOC (-21 and-25 per thousand) shows more advanced degradation in the older part of the landfill, which is consistent with the shift in the humic/FA ratios (0.05 and 0.18). The (13)C enrichment of acetate (-12 per thousand) above the (13)C of DOC (-21 per thousand) and of propionic acid (-19 per thousand), in older leachate, suggests that this acetate has not evolved from the simple degradation of larger organic molecules, but by homoacetogenesis from the enriched dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) pool (8 per thousand) and H(2,) which produce a more enriched (13)C of acetate. In contrast, the (13)C of the minor acetate in the active area (-17 per thousand) indicates that CO(2)-reducing bacteria must be the primary consumers of H(2), which has resulted in enriched (13)C(DIC) (10 per thousand) and depleted (13)C(CH4) (-58 per thousand).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Groundwater Research and Exploration Center, Mashhad, Iran.
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19
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Bindu T, Ramasamy EV. Recovery of energy from Taro (Colocasia esculenta) with solid-feed anaerobic digesters (SOFADs). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 28:396-405. [PMID: 17382532 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We present studies on solid-feed anaerobic digesters (SOFADs) in which chopped Colocasia esculenta was fed without any other pretreatment, in an attempt to develop an efficient means of utilizing the semi-aquatic weed that is otherwise an environmental nuisance. Two types of SOFADs were studied. The first type had a single vessel with two compartments. The lower portion of the digester, 25% of the total volume, was separated from the upper by a perforated PVC disk. The weed was charged from the top and inoculated with anaerobically digested cow dung-water slurry. The fermentation of the weed in the digester led to the formation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) plus some biogas. The bioleachate, rich in the VFAs, passed through the perforated PVC disk and was collected in the lower compartment of the digester. The other type of digesters, referred to as anaerobic multi-phase high-solids digesters (AMHDs), had the same type of compartmentalized digester unit as the first type and an additional methaniser unit. Up-flow anaerobic filters (UAFs) were used as methaniser units, which converted the bioleachate into combustible biogas consisting of approximately 60% methane. All SOFADs developed a consistent performance in terms of biogas yield within 20 weeks from the start. Among the two types of digesters studied, the AMHDs were found to perform better with a twofold increase in biogas yield compared to the first type of digesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bindu
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686 560, Kerala, India
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20
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Aiyuk S, Forrez I, Lieven DK, van Haandel A, Verstraete W. Anaerobic and complementary treatment of domestic sewage in regions with hot climates--a review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2006; 97:2225-41. [PMID: 16055328 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a literature review on the treatment of domestic sewage in controlled environments having the anaerobic process and specifically the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) concept as the core, under natural hot conditions. The UASB process application is however beset by the preponderance of suspended solids, and the paper looks at its optimization via pre- and post-treatments to curb the prevailing problems, in the light of possible discharge and re-use/recycling/resource recovery, leading to efficient environmental protection. Pre-treatment clarification could be done with ferric chloride/polyelectrolyte, so that phosphate precipitates during the process. The pre-treated liquid phase can be submitted to a high rate anaerobic process, using the simple and robust UASB technology. In a subsequent post-treatment step, ammonium can be removed by ion exchange using a zeolite column through which the wastewater percolates after leaving the anaerobic digester. The various stages can also eliminate a large fraction of the pathogens present in the raw wastewater, mainly through the pre-treatment sedimentation and the ion exchange filtration. The sludge produced in the precipitation stage can be stabilized in a conventional anaerobic digester. Integration of the different treatment steps provides a sustainable technology to treat domestic sewage under hot climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Aiyuk
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Kosaric N, Blaszczyk R. Microbial aggregates in anaerobic wastewater treatment. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 42:27-62. [PMID: 2291438 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon aggregation of anaerobic bacteria gives an opportunity to speed up the digestion rate during methanogenesis. The aggregates are mainly composed of methanogenic bacteria which convert acetate and H2/CO2 into methane. Other bacteria are also included in the aggregates but their concentration is rather small. The aggregates may also be formed during acetogenesis or even hydrolysis but such aggregates are not stable and disrupt quickly when not fed. A two stage process seems to be suitable when high concentrated solid waste must be treated. Special conditions are necessary to promote aggregate formation from methanogenic bacteria but aggregates once formed are stable without feeding even for a few years. The structure, texture and activity of bacterial aggregates depend on several parameters: (1)--temperature and pH, (2)--wastewater composition and (3)--hydrodynamic conditions within the reactor. The common influence of all these parameters is still rather unknown but some recommendations may be given. Temperature and pH should be maintained in the range which is optimal for methanogenic bacteria e.g. a temperature between 32 and 50 degrees C and a value pH between 6.5 and 7.5. Wastewaters should contain soluble wastes and the specific loading rate should be around one kgCOD(kgVSS)-1 d-1. The concentration of the elements influences aggregate composition and probably structure and texture. At high calcium concentration a change in the colour of the granules has been observed. Research is necessary to investigate the influence of other elements and organic toxicants on maintenance of the aggregates. Hydrodynamic conditions seem to influence the stability of the granules over long time periods. At low liquid stream rates, aggregates may starve and lysis within the aggregates is possible which results in hollowing of aggregates and their floating. At high liquid stream rates the aggregates may be disrupted and washed out of the reactor as a flocculent sludge. Methanogenic bacterial aggregates have been successfully applied in many full scale installations, especially for sugar beet, potato, pulp and paper mill, and other soluble wastes. The UASB reactors used for these treatments are simple in construction and handling which result in rather low total costs. A further and wider application of UASB reactors and methanogenic aggregates for various industrial wastewaters is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kosaric
- University of Western Ontario, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, London, Canada
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22
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Lalitha K, Swaminathan KR, Bai RP. Kinetics of biomethanation of solid tannery waste and the concept of interactive metabolic control. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1994; 47:73-87. [PMID: 8203873 DOI: 10.1007/bf02788677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion of calf skin collagenous waste was optimized for a batch process based on accelerated maximal methane yield per gram of input volatile solid. A kinetic analysis with respect to changes in the levels of volatile solid, collagen, amino sugars, amino acids, hydroxyproline, ammonium ions, and volatile fatty acid were followed for a period of 80 d. Distinct metabolic phases included an initial high rate collagenolysis for 4d, with 50% degradation and was followed by an acidogenic phase between 4-12 d with volatile fatty acids levels increasing to 215 mmol/L. Subsequently methanogenesis ensued and was maximal between 12-24 d when volatile fatty acids attained steady state levels. During the period of 80 d, the overall decrease in volatile solid level was 65%, whereas the collagen level declined by 85% with 0.45 L of methane yield/g of volatile solid degraded. Based on the levels of various metabolites detected, the concept of interactive metabolic control earlier proposed has been validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lalitha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
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23
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Kataoka N, Tokiwa Y, Tanaka Y, Fujiki K, Taroda H, Takeda K. Examination of Bacterial Characteristics of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors in Three Pilot-Scale Plants for Treating Low-Strength Wastewater by Application of the Colony-Forming-Curve Analysis Method. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:2751-7. [PMID: 16348765 PMCID: PMC183003 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.9.2751-2757.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Characteristic sludge ecosystems arising in anaerobic membrane bioreactors of three pilot-scale plants treating low-strength (less than 1 g of biological oxygen demand per liter) sewage or soybean-processing wastewater were examined by analysis of the colony-forming-curves (CFC) obtained by counting colonies at suitable intervals. The wastewaters, containing high amounts of suspended solids (SS) (SS/chemical oxygen demand ratio, 0.51 to 0.80), were treated by using two types of bioreactors: (i) a hydrolyzation reactor for solubilization and acidification of SS in wastewater and (ii) a methane fermentation reactor for producing methane. The colony counts for the two sewage treatment plants continued to increase even after 3 weeks of incubation, whereas those for soybean-processing wastewater reached an approximately constant level within 3 weeks of incubation. The CFCs were analyzed by correlating the rate of colony appearance on roll tubes with the physiological types of bacteria present in the bioreactors. It was found that there were large numbers of slow-colony-forming anaerobic bacteria within the bioreactors and that the viable populations consisted of a few groups with different growth rates. It is considered that the slow-growing colonies appearing after 10 days of incubation were the dominant microflora in the sewage treated by hydrolyzation reactors. In particular, highly concentrated sludge (30.0 g of mixed-liquor volatile SS per liter) retained by the membrane separation module contained a large number of such bacteria. Slow-growing colonies of these bacteria could be counted by using a sludge extract medium prepared from only the supernatant of autoclaved sludge. In addition, the highest colony counts were almost always obtained with the sludge extract medium, meaning that most of the anaerobic bacteria in these sludges have complex nutrient requirements for growth. This report also indicates the usefulness of application of the CFC analysis method to the study of bacterial populations of anaerobic treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kataoka
- Development and Planning Department, Ebara Corporation, 1-6-27, Khonan, Minato-ku, Tokyo
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24
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Baresi L, Kern R. Waste treatment integration in space. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 1991; 9:485-490. [PMID: 11537702 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x9100900168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The circumstances and criteria for space-based waste treatment bioregenerative life-support systems differ in many ways from those needed in terrestrial applications. In fact, the term "waste" may not even be appropriate in the context of nearly closed, cycling, ecosystems such as those under consideration. Because of these constraints there is a need for innovative approaches to the problem of "materials recycling". Hybrid physico-chemico-biological systems offer advantages over both strictly physico-chemico or biological approaches that would be beneficial to material recycling. To effectively emulate terrestrial cycling, the use of various microbial consortia ("assemblies of interdependent microbes") should be seriously considered for the biological components of such systems. This paper will examine the use of consortia in the context of a hybrid-system for materials recycling in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baresi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91109, USA
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25
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Marx R, Kohl M, Klein J. Ergebnisse zur Aufbereitung von schweinegülle als substrat für biotechnologische Stoffwandlungsprozesse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0232-4393(11)80039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Santos H, Fareleira P, Toci R, LeGall J, Peck HD, Xavier AV. In vivo 31P- and 13C-NMR studies of ATP synthesis and methane formation by Methanosarcina barkeri. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 180:421-7. [PMID: 2924775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon and phosphorus metabolism of cell suspensions of Methanosarcina barkeri strain MS (DSM 800), grown on methanol, were probed in vivo by NMR. The experimental conditions, which involved thick cell suspensions, did not significantly affect the efficiency of the rate of methanol uptake by cells. Following exposure to methanol an acidification of both the intracellular and the extracellular spaces was observed and a gradient of 0.5 pH units across the cytoplasmic membrane was determined from the 31P-NMR data. High levels of intracellular ATP up to 4 mM were detected. The ADP concentration determined in a suspension of starved cells was only 2 mM, suggesting that a significant amount of ADP may be immobilized and is thus not detectable by NMR. In the presence of the protonophore, 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide, the proton gradient was dissipated and the synthesis of ATP stopped. The inhibitor of the ATP synthase, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, was rather inefficient in inhibiting ATP synthesis. High concentrations of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (corresponding to 300 nmol/mg protein-1) were required to decrease the ATP content by approximately 60%, and, under these conditions, formation of acetyl phosphate was detected. However, the methanol consumption rate was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Santos
- Centro Química Estrutural, Complexo Interdisciplinar, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Jarrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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28
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29
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Joubert WA, Britz TJ. Characterization of aerobic, facultative anaerobic, and anaerobic bacteria in an acidogenic phase reactor and their metabolite formation. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1987; 13:159-168. [PMID: 24213213 DOI: 10.1007/bf02011251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-two aerobic and facultative anaerobic and 57 anaerobic bacterial isolates were obtained from an acidogenic phase digestion system. These isolates were characterized and the similarities between the different strains were calculated using Sokal and Michener's similarity coefficient. The aerobic and facultative anaerobic strains clustered in two major groups with the strains of the first main group being gram-negative fermentative rods, representing the generaKlebsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia andAeromonas. Isolates of the second group were gram-positive streptococci similar toStreptococcus lactis. The strict anaerobic isolates also clustered into two main groups with strains of cluster A being identified as members of the genusFusobacterium while strains in cluster B were members of the genusBacteroides. Hypothetical mean organisms were calculated for each cluster and used in further culture studies. The major products of the continuously fed acidogenic phase reactor were ethanol and acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. In batch cultures, ethanol, acetic acid, diacetyl, and 2,3-butanediol were formed by the strains as major products both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of the aerobic and facultative anaerobic strains to be metabolically active under anaerobic conditions indicates a prominent role in acidogenic reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Joubert
- Department of Microbiology, University of the Orange Free State, 9300, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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30
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Nandan R, Chandra H, Bhargava S, Ray P. Microbial conversion of distillery waste to bioenergy: Effects of media enrichment with low chain fatty acids and Candida sp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0385-6380(87)90065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Stephen AM, Wiggins HS, Englyst HN, Cole TJ, Wayman BJ, Cummings JH. The effect of age, sex and level of intake of dietary fibre from wheat on large-bowel function in thirty healthy subjects. Br J Nutr 1986; 56:349-61. [PMID: 2823871 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19860116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. To evaluate the effect of age, sex and level of intake on the colonic response to wheat fibre, thirty healthy volunteers aged 17-62 years (nineteen men, eleven women) recruited from a local industry, were divided into four groups and given a controlled diet for two 3-week periods. The diet contained white bread during one period or one of four different amounts of bran-enriched wholemeal bread during the other (30, 60, 110, 170 g/d). 2. Wide variation was observed between subjects in stool weight on the basal diet and in response to wheat fibre. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the variation in stool weight was significantly related to sex (t 4.0, P less than 0.001) but not to age, height, weight or energy:fibre intakes on the basal diet. Stool weight in men (162 (SE 11) g/d) was approximately double that in women (83 (SE 11) g/d). Transit time and stool weight were closely related and the effect of sex on stool weight could be explained entirely by differences in transit. 3. The increase in stool weight with fibre was significantly related to dose (t 4.18, P less than 0.001) with approximately 1 g non-starch polysaccharides (the main component of dietary fibre) increasing stool weight by 5 g/d. Smaller increases in stool weight were seen in females, persons with initially low stool weights and small people. 4. Faecal carbohydrate excretion increased with the addition of bran mainly due to increased amounts of cellulose and pentose (arabinose + xylose), whilst digestibility of dietary non-starch polysaccharide fell from 77.6 (SE 2.3)% on the white bread diet to 65.6 (SE 2.4)% with the added bran (t 7.4, P less than 0.01, n26). 5. Faecal pH was more acid in men than in women and was related to methane production. Methane producers had higher faecal pH than non-producers (7.06 (SE 0.11) v. 6.65 (SE 0.1], lower stool weight (g/d; 93 (SE 12) v. 156 (SE 13] and slower transit times (h; 84.6 (SE 11.7) v. 48.6 (SE 6.6]. 6. These studies show that, when on similar diets, women have much lower stool weights and slower transit times than men. Furthermore, within the range of amounts of wheat fibre used in this and other published work, stool weight increases in linear proportion to the dose of fibre added to the diet. Methane excretion in breath is associated in this group of subjects with slow transit time and high faecal pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Stephen
- MRC Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Cambridge
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32
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Stephenson T, Lester JN. Evaluation of startup and operation of four anaerobic processes treating a synthetic meat waste. Biotechnol Bioeng 1986; 28:372-80. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260280310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Robrish SA. Biotechnology and ecological studies on the oral cavity. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1986; 12:53-64. [PMID: 24212457 DOI: 10.1007/bf02153222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Robrish
- Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, 20205, Bethesda, Maryland
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34
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Haas E, Hook L, Reeve J. Antibiotic resistance caused by permeability changes of the archaebacteriumMethanococcus vannielii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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35
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Kalle GP, Nayak KK, De Sa C. An approach to improve methanogenesis through the use of mixed cultures isolated from biogas digester. J Biosci 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02702688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Methanogenic and acetogenic bacteria metabolize carbon monoxide, methanol, formate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases and, in the case of certain methanogens, acetate, by single-carbon (C1) biochemical mechanisms. Many of these reactions occur while the C1 compounds are linked to pteridine derivatives and tetrapyrrole coenzymes, including corrinoids, which are used to generate, reduce, or carbonylate methyl groups. Several metalloenzymes, including a nickel-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, are used in both catabolic and anabolic oxidoreductase reactions. We propose biochemical models for coupling carbon and electron flow to energy conservation during growth on C1 compounds based on the carbon flow pathways inherent to acetogenic and methanogenic metabolism. Biological catalysts are therefore available which are comparable to those currently in use in the Monsanto process. The potentials and limitations of developing biotechnology based on these organisms or their enzymes and coenzymes are discussed.
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King GM, Guist GG, Lauterbach GE. Anaerobic Degradation of Carrageenan from the Red Macroalga
Eucheuma cottonii. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 49:588-92. [PMID: 16346752 PMCID: PMC373554 DOI: 10.1128/aem.49.3.588-592.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic degradation of the sulfated polysaccharide carrageenan was investigated by batch digestion of the red macroalga
Eucheuma cottonii.
During a 10-week incubation, ca. 60% of the starting
E. cottonii
biomass was fermented to CO
2
, methane, and volatile fatty acids (predominantly acetate). Carrageenan degradation paralleled the loss of total biomass, suggesting no preferential degradation or preservation. After 10 weeks of incubation, the carrageenan content of the remaining biomass was 51%, as opposed to 61% of the original
E. cottonii
biomass. Carrageenan recovered after 10 weeks of digestion had a lower average molecular weight (319,000 versus 510,000) and formed solutions with considerably lower viscosities than did intact carrageenan. The percent C and percent N content of the particulate material in the digestors increased over time, probably as a result of microbial growth. In contrast, the percent S content decreased continuously; the loss of sulfur was most likely a result of the hydrolysis of carrageenan. Results from this study indicate that it is not economically viable to process
E. cottonii
simultaneously for hydrocolloids and methane.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M King
- I. C. Darling Center, University of Maine, Walpole, Maine 04573
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38
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Meile L, Reeve JN. Potential Shuttle Vectors Based on the Methanogen Plasmid pME2001. Nat Biotechnol 1985. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt0185-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Inhibition of methanogenesis and its reversal during biogas formation from cattle manure. J Biosci 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02716746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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