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Xu X, Li RP, Zhang Z, Gong X, Zheng Y, Tang S. Regioselective Synthesis of Multisubstituted 2,3-Dihydrooxazoles by 1,3-Dithiane Umpolung. Org Lett 2024; 26:6825-6829. [PMID: 39110706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel strategy for the regioselective synthesis of aromatic and heteroaromatic 2,3-dihydrooxazoles from 2-alkynyl-1,3-dithianes and nitrones. This method exploits the 1,3-dithiane umpolung, nucleophilic cycloaddition, and rearrangement processes to achieve the rapid assembly of dihydrooxazole molecules. The regioselective method is extremely mild, achieving complete conversion within one min under air at 25 °C with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Peng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhuzhu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Shouchu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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2
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Butler MS, Vollmer W, Goodall ECA, Capon RJ, Henderson IR, Blaskovich MAT. A Review of Antibacterial Candidates with New Modes of Action. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 39018341 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of new antibiotics to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections that increasingly threaten global health. The current pipeline of clinical-stage antimicrobials is primarily populated by "new and improved" versions of existing antibiotic classes, supplemented by several novel chemical scaffolds that act on traditional targets. The lack of fresh chemotypes acting on previously unexploited targets (the "holy grail" for new antimicrobials due to their scarcity) is particularly unfortunate as these offer the greatest opportunity for innovative breakthroughs to overcome existing resistance. In recognition of their potential, this review focuses on this subset of high value antibiotics, providing chemical structures where available. This review focuses on candidates that have progressed to clinical trials, as well as selected examples of promising pioneering approaches in advanced stages of development, in order to stimulate additional research aimed at combating drug-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Butler
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Emily C A Goodall
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J Capon
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Amudala S, Sumit, Aidhen IS. LpxC inhibition: Potential and opportunities with carbohydrate scaffolds. Carbohydr Res 2024; 537:109057. [PMID: 38402732 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-3-O-(hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) is a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A, an essential building block, for the construction and assembly of the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria. The enzyme is highly conserved in almost all Gram-negative bacteria and hence has emerged as a promising target for drug discovery in the fight against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative infections. Since the first nanomolar LpxC inhibitor, L-161,240, an oxazoline-based hydroxamate, the two-decade-long ongoing search has provided valuable information regarding essential features necessary for inhibition. Although the design and structure optimization for arriving at the most efficacious inhibitor of this enzyme has made good use of different heterocyclic moieties, the use of carbohydrate scaffold is scant. This review briefly covers the advancement and progress made in LpxC inhibition. The field awaits the use of potential associated with carbohydrate-based scaffolds for LpxC inhibition and the discovery of anti-bacterial agents against Gram-negative infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanyam Amudala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Sumit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Indrapal Singh Aidhen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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4
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Zhukovets AA, Chernyshov VV, Al’mukhametov AZ, Seregina TA, Revtovich SV, Kasatkina MA, Isakova YE, Kulikova VV, Morozova EA, Cherkasova AI, Mannanov TA, Anashkina AA, Solyev PN, Mitkevich VA, Ivanov RA. Novel Hydroxamic Acids Containing Aryl-Substituted 1,2,4- or 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Backbones and an Investigation of Their Antibiotic Potentiation Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:96. [PMID: 38203266 PMCID: PMC10779255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) is a zinc amidase that catalyzes the second step of the biosynthesis of lipid A, which is an outer membrane essential structural component of Gram-negative bacteria. Inhibitors of this enzyme can be attributed to two main categories, non-hydroxamate and hydroxamate inhibitors, with the latter being the most effective given the chelation of Zn2+ in the active site. Compounds containing diacetylene or acetylene tails and the sulfonic head, as well as oxazoline derivatives of hydroxamic acids, are among the LpxC inhibitors with the most profound antibacterial activity. The present article describes the synthesis of novel functional derivatives of hydroxamic acids-bioisosteric to oxazoline inhibitors-containing 1,2,4- and 1,3,4-oxadiazole cores and studies of their cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity, and antibiotic potentiation. Some of the hydroxamic acids we obtained (9c, 9d, 23a, 23c, 30b, 36) showed significant potentiation in nalidixic acid, rifampicin, and kanamycin against the growth of laboratory-strain Escherichia coli MG1655. Two lead compounds (9c, 9d) significantly reduced Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 growth in the presence of nalidixic acid and rifampicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A. Zhukovets
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave. 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.A.Z.); (A.Z.A.); (M.A.K.); (Y.E.I.); (A.I.C.); (T.A.M.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Vladimir V. Chernyshov
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave. 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.A.Z.); (A.Z.A.); (M.A.K.); (Y.E.I.); (A.I.C.); (T.A.M.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Aidar Z. Al’mukhametov
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave. 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.A.Z.); (A.Z.A.); (M.A.K.); (Y.E.I.); (A.I.C.); (T.A.M.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Tatiana A. Seregina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.S.); (S.V.R.); (V.V.K.); (E.A.M.); (A.A.A.); (P.N.S.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Svetlana V. Revtovich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.S.); (S.V.R.); (V.V.K.); (E.A.M.); (A.A.A.); (P.N.S.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Mariia A. Kasatkina
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave. 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.A.Z.); (A.Z.A.); (M.A.K.); (Y.E.I.); (A.I.C.); (T.A.M.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Yulia E. Isakova
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave. 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.A.Z.); (A.Z.A.); (M.A.K.); (Y.E.I.); (A.I.C.); (T.A.M.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Vitalia V. Kulikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.S.); (S.V.R.); (V.V.K.); (E.A.M.); (A.A.A.); (P.N.S.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Elena A. Morozova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.S.); (S.V.R.); (V.V.K.); (E.A.M.); (A.A.A.); (P.N.S.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Anastasia I. Cherkasova
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave. 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.A.Z.); (A.Z.A.); (M.A.K.); (Y.E.I.); (A.I.C.); (T.A.M.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Timur A. Mannanov
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave. 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.A.Z.); (A.Z.A.); (M.A.K.); (Y.E.I.); (A.I.C.); (T.A.M.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Anastasia A. Anashkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.S.); (S.V.R.); (V.V.K.); (E.A.M.); (A.A.A.); (P.N.S.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Pavel N. Solyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.S.); (S.V.R.); (V.V.K.); (E.A.M.); (A.A.A.); (P.N.S.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Vladimir A. Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.S.); (S.V.R.); (V.V.K.); (E.A.M.); (A.A.A.); (P.N.S.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Roman A. Ivanov
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave. 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (A.A.Z.); (A.Z.A.); (M.A.K.); (Y.E.I.); (A.I.C.); (T.A.M.); (R.A.I.)
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Liu K, Zhang J, Zhang G, Zhang L, Meng Z, Ma L, Zhang W, Xiong W, Zhu Y, Wang B, Zhang C. Deciphering Deoxynybomycin Biosynthesis Reveals Fe(II)/α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase-Catalyzed Oxazoline Ring Formation and Decomposition. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27886-27899. [PMID: 38055632 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial agents deoxynybomycin (DNM) and nybomycin (NM) have a unique tetracyclic structure featuring an angularly fused 4-oxazoline ring. Here, we report the identification of key enzymes responsible for forming the 4-oxazoline ring in Embleya hyalina NBRC 13850 by comparative bioinformatics analysis of the biosynthetic gene clusters encoding structurally similar natural products DNM, deoxynyboquinone (DNQ), and diazaquinomycins (DAQs). The N-methyltransferase DnmS plays a crucial role in catalyzing the N-dimethylation of a tricyclic precursor prenybomycin to generate NM D; subsequently, the Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (Fe/αKGD) DnmT catalyzes the formation of a 4-oxazoline ring from NM D to produce DNM; finally, a second Fe/αKGD DnmU catalyzes the C-12 hydroxylation of DNM to yield NM. Strikingly, DnmT is shown to display unexpected functions to also catalyze the decomposition of the 4-oxazoline ring and the N-demethylation, thereby converting DNM back to prenybomycin, to putatively serve as a manner to control the intracellular yield of DNM. Structure modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and quantum mechanics calculations provide mechanistic insights into the DnmT-catalyzed reactions. This work expands our understanding of the functional diversity of Fe/αKGDs in natural product biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, China-Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guangtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, China-Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, China-Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, China-Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, China-Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, China-Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Yazhou Scientific Bay, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Weiliang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, China-Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yiguang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, China-Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Yazhou Scientific Bay, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, China-Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Yazhou Scientific Bay, Sanya 572000, China
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6
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Nargund R, Wyvratt M, Lin S, Sebhat I, Greenlee W. Annotated Bibliography of Dr. Arthur A. Patchett. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15567-15575. [PMID: 38032081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
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7
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Ostroumova OS, Efimova SS. Lipid-Centric Approaches in Combating Infectious Diseases: Antibacterials, Antifungals and Antivirals with Lipid-Associated Mechanisms of Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1716. [PMID: 38136750 PMCID: PMC10741038 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the global challenges of the 21st century is the increase in mortality from infectious diseases against the backdrop of the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. In this regard, it is worth targeting antibacterials towards the membranes of pathogens that are quite conservative and not amenable to elimination. This review is an attempt to critically analyze the possibilities of targeting antimicrobial agents towards enzymes involved in pathogen lipid biosynthesis or towards bacterial, fungal, and viral lipid membranes, to increase the permeability via pore formation and to modulate the membranes' properties in a manner that makes them incompatible with the pathogen's life cycle. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach in the search for highly effective but nontoxic antimicrobial agents. Examples of compounds with a proven molecular mechanism of action are presented, and the types of the most promising pharmacophores for further research and the improvement of the characteristics of antibiotics are discussed. The strategies that pathogens use for survival in terms of modulating the lipid composition and physical properties of the membrane, achieving a balance between resistance to antibiotics and the ability to facilitate all necessary transport and signaling processes, are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Ostroumova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia;
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Sabnis A, Edwards AM. Lipopolysaccharide as an antibiotic target. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119507. [PMID: 37268022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are amongst the highest priority drug-resistant pathogens, for which new antibiotics are urgently needed. Whilst antibiotic drug development is inherently challenging, this is particularly true for Gram-negative bacteria due to the presence of the outer membrane, a highly selective permeability barrier that prevents the ingress of several classes of antibiotic. This selectivity is largely due to an outer leaflet composed of the glycolipid lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is essential for the viability of almost all Gram-negative bacteria. This essentiality, coupled with the conservation of the synthetic pathway across species and recent breakthroughs in our understanding of transport and membrane homeostasis has made LPS an attractive target for novel antibiotic drug development. Several different targets have been explored and small molecules developed that show promising activity in vitro. However, these endeavours have met limited success in clinical testing and the polymyxins, discovered more than 70 years ago, remain the only LPS-targeting drugs to enter the clinic thus far. In this review, we will discuss efforts to develop therapeutic inhibitors of LPS synthesis and transport and the reasons for limited success, and explore new developments in understanding polymyxin mode of action and the identification of new analogues with reduced toxicity and enhanced activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Sabnis
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew M Edwards
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Rani M, Nath A, Kumer A. In-silico investigations on the anticancer activity of selected 2-aryloxazoline derivatives against breast cancer. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8392-8401. [PMID: 36245134 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2134208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As the in-silico study has become an important tool to search for new drugs in the concurrent era with towering acceptance and accuracy, it has been employed in our research to unearth effective cancer drugs. Breast cancer has accounted for the most serious diseases for both men and women. Although few research outputs have been obtained on breast cancer, these are not an adequate amount to ascertain new drugs. Due to this gap, virtual screening, in-silico study, and computational techniques have been used to provide the ability to design and select anticancer compounds with desirable drug-like properties of breast cancer protein, which is commonly known as fatty acid synthase. A total of nine derivatives of 2-aryloxazoline compounds were chosen, and In-silico was studied to evaluate as a potential anticancer agent with the comparison of seven Food and Drug Administration(FDA) approved breast cancer drugs. These compounds were subjected to computational studies for quantum calculations, ADME and Lipinski analysis, as well as molecular docking and MD simulations against a variety of therapeutic targets involved in cell proliferation of fatty acid synthase (PDB ID:3TJM, 3ERT, 4OAR, 2J6M). An in-silico docking study reveals that ligands Hit-4, Hit-6, and Hit-8 had the highest docking scores at -10.3 kcal/mol, -10.3 kcal/mol, and -10.2 kcal/mol towards the protein of fatty acid synthase. The ligands had docking scores better than the standard anti-breast cancer drug gefitinib (-5.3 kcal/mole). Our findings demonstrate how crucial it is for pharmaceutical researchers to develop novel drugs for the treatment of breast cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moly Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashutosh Nath
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ajoy Kumer
- Laboratory of Computational Research for Drug Design and Material Science, Department of Chemistry, European University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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10
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Yu T, Chong LC, Nantasenamat C, Anuwongcharoen N, Piacham T. Machine learning approaches to study the structure-activity relationships of LpxC inhibitors. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:975-991. [PMID: 38023567 PMCID: PMC10630528 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the global threats to human health in the 21st century. Drug discovery of inhibitors against novel targets rather than conventional bacterial targets has been considered an inevitable strategy for the growing threat of AMR infections. In this study, we applied quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling to the LpxC inhibitors to predict the inhibitory activity. In addition, we performed various cheminformatics analysis consisting of the exploration of the chemical space, identification of chemotypes, performing structure-activity landscape and activity cliffs as well as construction of the Structure-Activity Similarity (SAS) map. We built a total of 24 QSAR classification models using PubChem and MACCS fingerprint with 12 various machine learning algorithms. The best model with PubChem fingerprint is the Extremely Gradient Boost model (accuracy on the training set: 0.937; accuracy on the 10-fold cross-validation set: 0.795; accuracy on the test set: 0.799). Furthermore, it was found that the best model using the MACCS fingerprint was the Random Forest model (accuracy on the training set: 0.955; accuracy on the 10-fold cross-validation set: 0.803; accuracy on the test set: 0.785). In addition, we have identified eight consensus activity cliff generators that are highly informative for further SAR investigations. It is hoped that findings presented herein can provide guidance for further lead optimization of LpxC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshi Yu
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Li Chuin Chong
- Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Beykoz, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Streamlit Open Source, Snowflake Inc., San Mateo, California 94402, United States
| | - Nuttapat Anuwongcharoen
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Theeraphon Piacham
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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11
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Kadeřábková N, Mahmood AJS, Furniss RCD, Mavridou DAI. Making a chink in their armor: Current and next-generation antimicrobial strategies against the bacterial cell envelope. Adv Microb Physiol 2023; 83:221-307. [PMID: 37507160 PMCID: PMC10517717 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are uniquely equipped to defeat antibiotics. Their outermost layer, the cell envelope, is a natural permeability barrier that contains an array of resistance proteins capable of neutralizing most existing antimicrobials. As a result, its presence creates a major obstacle for the treatment of resistant infections and for the development of new antibiotics. Despite this seemingly impenetrable armor, in-depth understanding of the cell envelope, including structural, functional and systems biology insights, has promoted efforts to target it that can ultimately lead to the generation of new antibacterial therapies. In this article, we broadly overview the biology of the cell envelope and highlight attempts and successes in generating inhibitors that impair its function or biogenesis. We argue that the very structure that has hampered antibiotic discovery for decades has untapped potential for the design of novel next-generation therapeutics against bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Kadeřábková
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Ayesha J S Mahmood
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - R Christopher D Furniss
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Despoina A I Mavridou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; John Ring LaMontagne Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
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12
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Tian L, Yang Z, Wang J, Liu J. Analysis of the Plasmid-Based ts-Mutant Δ fabA/pTS-fabA Reveals Its Lethality under Aerobic Growth Conditions That Is Suppressed by Mild Overexpression of desA at a Restrictive Temperature in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0133823. [PMID: 37191499 PMCID: PMC10269440 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01338-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is uncertain whether PA1610|fabA is essential or dispensable for growth on LB-agar plates under aerobic conditions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. To examine its essentiality, we disrupted fabA in the presence of a native promoter-controlled complementary copy on ts-plasmid. In this analysis, we showed that the plasmid-based ts-mutant ΔfabA/pTS-fabA failed to grow at a restrictive temperature, consistent with the observation by Hoang and Schweizer (T. T. Hoang, H. P. Schweizer, J Bacteriol 179:5326-5332, 1997, https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.179.17.5326-5332.1997), and expanded on this by showing that ΔfabA exhibited curved cell morphology. On the other hand, strong induction of fabA-OE or PA3645|fabZ-OE impeded the growth of cells displaying oval morphology. Suppressor analysis revealed a mutant sup gene that suppressed a growth defect but not cell morphology of ΔfabA. Genome resequencing and transcriptomic profiling of sup identified PA0286|desA, whose promoter carried a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and transcription was significantly upregulated (level increase of >2-fold, P < 0.05). By integration of the SNP-bearing promoter-controlled desA gene into the chromosome of ΔfabA/pTS-fabA, we showed that the SNP is sufficient for ΔfabA to phenocopy the sup mutant. Furthermore, mild induction of the araC-PBAD-controlled desA gene but not desB rescued ΔfabA. These results validated that mild overexpression of desA fully suppressed the lethality but not the curved cell morphology of ΔfabA. Similarly, Zhu et al. (Zhu K, Choi K-H, Schweizer HP, Rock CO, Zhang Y-M, Mol Microbiol 60:260-273, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05088.x) showed that multicopy desA partially alleviated the slow growth phenotype of ΔfabA, the difference in which was that ΔfabA was viable. Taken together, our results demonstrate that fabA is essential for aerobic growth. We propose that the plasmid-based ts-allele is useful for exploring the genetic suppression interaction of essential genes of interest in P. aeruginosa. IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen whose multidrug resistance demands new drug development. Fatty acids are essential for viability, and essential genes are ideal drug targets. However, the growth defect of essential gene mutants can be suppressed. Suppressors tend to be accumulated during the construction of essential gene deletion mutants, hampering the genetic analysis. To circumvent this issue, we constructed a deletion allele of fabA in the presence of a native promoter-controlled complementary copy in the ts-plasmid. In this analysis, we showed that ΔfabA/pTS-fabA failed to grow at a restrictive temperature, supporting its essentiality. Suppressor analysis revealed desA, whose promoter carried a SNP and whose transcription was upregulated. We validated that both the SNP-bearing promoter-controlled and regulable PBAD promoter-controlled desA suppressed the lethality of ΔfabA. Together, our results demonstrate that fabA is essential for aerobic growth. We propose that plasmid-based ts-alleles are suitable for genetic analysis of essential genes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Tian
- Systems Biology, School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhili Yang
- Systems Biology, School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Systems Biology, School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Systems Biology, School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
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13
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Liu Y, Koudelka G. O-Polysaccharides of LPS Modulate E. coli Uptake by Acanthamoeba castellanii. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1377. [PMID: 37374879 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan grazing is a major cause of bacterial mortality and controls bacterial population size and composition in the natural environment. To enhance their survival, bacteria evolved many defense strategies to avoid grazing by protists. Cell wall modification is one of the defense strategies that helps bacteria escape from recognition and/or internalization by its predators. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of Gram-negative bacterial cell wall. LPS is divided into three regions: lipid A, oligosaccharide core and O-specific polysaccharide. O-polysaccharide as the outermost region of E. coli LPS provides protection against predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii; however, the characteristics of O-polysaccharide contribute to this protection remain unknown. Here, we investigate how length, structure and composition of LPS affect E. coli recognition and internalization by A. castellanii. We found that length of O-antigen does not play a significant role in regulating bacterial recognition by A. castellanii. However, the composition and structure of O-polysaccharide play important roles in providing resistance to A. castellanii predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Gerald Koudelka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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14
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Fux AC, Casonato Melo C, Michelini S, Swartzwelter BJ, Neusch A, Italiani P, Himly M. Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098395. [PMID: 37176105 PMCID: PMC10179214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also referred to as endotoxin, is the major component of Gram-negative bacteria's outer cell wall. It is one of the main types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are known to elicit severe immune reactions in the event of a pathogen trespassing the epithelial barrier and reaching the bloodstream. Associated symptoms include fever and septic shock, which in severe cases, might even lead to death. Thus, the detection of LPS in medical devices and injectable pharmaceuticals is of utmost importance. However, the term LPS does not describe one single molecule but a diverse class of molecules sharing one common feature: their characteristic chemical structure. Each bacterial species has its own pool of LPS molecules varying in their chemical composition and enabling the aggregation into different supramolecular structures upon release from the bacterial cell wall. As this heterogeneity has consequences for bioassays, we aim to examine the great variability of LPS molecules and their potential to form various supramolecular structures. Furthermore, we describe current LPS quantification methods and the LPS-dependent inflammatory pathway and show how LPS heterogeneity can affect them. With the intent of overcoming these challenges and moving towards a universal approach for targeting LPS, we review current studies concerning LPS-specific binders. Finally, we give perspectives for LPS research and the use of LPS-binding molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Fux
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Cristiane Casonato Melo
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Sara Michelini
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Benjamin J Swartzwelter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1601 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Andreas Neusch
- Experimental Medical Physics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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15
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Evenson GE, Powell WC, Hinds AB, Walczak MA. Catalytic Amide Activation with Thermally Stable Molybdenum(VI) Dioxide Complexes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6192-6202. [PMID: 37027833 PMCID: PMC10422866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxazolines and thiazolines are important constituents of bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. Here, we report the development of an effective and practical method of oxazoline and thiazoline formation, which can facilitate the synthesis of natural products, chiral ligands, and pharmaceutical intermediates. This method capitalized on a Mo(VI) dioxide catalyst stabilized by substituted picolinic acid ligands, which is tolerant to many functional groups that would otherwise be sensitive to highly electrophilic alternative reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett E Evenson
- University of Colorado, Department of Chemistry, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wyatt C Powell
- University of Colorado, Department of Chemistry, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Aaron B Hinds
- University of Colorado, Department of Chemistry, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Maciej A Walczak
- University of Colorado, Department of Chemistry, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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16
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Kumar Pal S, Kumar S. LpxC (UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase) inhibitors: A long path explored for potent drug design. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:122960. [PMID: 36565833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microbial infections are becoming resistant to traditional antibiotics. As novel resistance mechanisms are developed and disseminated across the world, our ability to treat the most common infectious diseases is becoming increasingly compromised. As existing antibiotics are losing their effectiveness, especially treatment of bacterial infections, is difficult. In order to combat this issue, it is of utmost importance to identify novel pharmacological targets or antibiotics. LpxC, a zinc-dependent metalloamidase that catalyzes the committed step in the biosynthesis of lipid A (endotoxin) in bacteria, is a prime candidate for drug/therapeutic target. So far, the rate-limiting metallo-amidase LpxC has been the most-targeted macromolecule in the Raetz pathway. This is because it is important for the growth of these bacterial infections. This review showcases on the research done to develop efficient drugs in this area before and after the 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Pal
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| | - Sanjit Kumar
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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17
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Niu Z, Lei P, Wang Y, Wang J, Yang J, Zhang J. Small molecule LpxC inhibitors against gram-negative bacteria: Advances and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 253:115326. [PMID: 37023679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-3-O-(hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) is a metalloenzyme with zinc ions as cofactors and is a key enzyme in the essential structural outer membrane lipid A synthesis commitment step of gram-negative bacteria. As LpxC is extremely homologous among different Gram-negative bacteria, it is conserved in almost all gram-negative bacteria, which makes LpxC a promising target. LpxC inhibitors have been reported extensively in recent years, such as PF-5081090 and CHIR-090 were found to have broad-spectrum antibiotic activity against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. They are mainly classified into hydroxamate inhibitors and non-hydroxamate inhibitors based on their structure, but no LpxC inhibitors have been marketed due to safety and activity issues. This review, therefore, focuses on small molecule inhibitors of LpxC against gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and covers recent advances in LpxC inhibitors, focusing on their structural optimization process, structure-activity relationships, and future directions, with the aim of providing ideas for the development of LpxC inhibitors and clinical research.
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18
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Romano K, Hung D. Targeting LPS biosynthesis and transport in gram-negative bacteria in the era of multi-drug resistance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119407. [PMID: 36543281 PMCID: PMC9922520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria pose a major threat to human health in an era fraught with multi-drug resistant bacterial infections. Despite extensive drug discovery campaigns over the past decades, no new antibiotic target class effective against gram-negative bacteria has become available to patients since the advent of the carbapenems in 1985. Antibiotic discovery efforts against gram-negative bacteria have been hampered by limited intracellular accumulation of xenobiotics, in large part due to the impermeable cell envelope comprising lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane, as well as a panoply of efflux pumps. The biosynthesis and transport of LPS are essential to the viability and virulence of most gram-negative bacteria. Thus, both LPS biosynthesis and transport are attractive pathways to target therapeutically. In this review, we summarize the LPS biosynthesis and transport pathways and discuss efforts to find small molecule inhibitors against targets within these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.P. Romano
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D.T. Hung
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author at: The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. (D.T. Hung)
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19
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Pan C, Yang Z, Wu X, Yu JT, Zhu C. Substituent-Controlled Regioselective Photoinduced Cyclization of N-Allylbenzamides with N-Sulfonylaminopyridinium Salts. Org Lett 2023; 25:494-499. [PMID: 36634986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The annulation reactions of N-allylbenzamides with N-sulfonylaminopyridinium salts were developed under metal-free photoinduced mild conditions. Substituent-controlled sulfonaminoarylation and sulfonaminooxylation of benzamides were realized: N-allylbenzamides lead to benzosultams, while N-(2-phenylallyl)benzamides give sulfonamidylated oxazoline derivatives. Control experiments indicated that those reactions undergo a radical pathway with arylsulfonamidyl radicals as the intermediates. The aryl C-H bond functionalization in arylsulfonamidyl was involved for the first time to give benzosultams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changduo Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, P. R. China.,School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zixian Yang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Xian Wu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Tao Yu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.,Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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20
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Alkatheri AH, Yap PSX, Abushelaibi A, Lai KS, Cheng WH, Erin Lim SH. Microbial Genomics: Innovative Targets and Mechanisms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020190. [PMID: 36830101 PMCID: PMC9951906 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) has become an increasing threat to global health because bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics over time. Scientists worldwide are searching for new approaches that go beyond traditional antibiotic discovery and development pipelines. Advances in genomics, however, opened up an unexplored therapeutic opportunity for the discovery of new antibacterial agents. Genomic approaches have been used to discover several novel antibiotics that target critical processes for bacterial growth and survival, including histidine kinases (HKs), LpxC, FabI, peptide deformylase (PDF), and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AaRS). In this review, we will discuss the use of microbial genomics in the search for innovative and promising drug targets as well as the mechanisms of action for novel antimicrobial agents. We will also discuss future directions on how the utilization of the microbial genomics approach could improve the odds of antibiotic development having a more successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Hussain Alkatheri
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates
| | - Polly Soo-Xi Yap
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Aisha Abushelaibi
- Office of Campus Director, Abu Dhabi Colleges, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wan-Hee Cheng
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Swee-Hua Erin Lim
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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21
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Guan XL, Loh JYX, Lizwan M, Chan SCM, Kwan JMC, Lim TP, Koh TH, Hsu LY, Lee BTK. LipidA-IDER to Explore the Global Lipid A Repertoire of Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Anal Chem 2023; 95:602-611. [PMID: 36599414 PMCID: PMC9850412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
With the global emergence of drug-resistant bacteria causing difficult-to-treat infections, there is an urgent need for a tool to facilitate studies on key virulence and antimicrobial resistant factors. Mass spectrometry (MS) has contributed substantially to the elucidation of the structure-function relationships of lipid A, the endotoxic component of lipopolysaccharide which also serves as an important protective barrier against antimicrobials. Here, we present LipidA-IDER, an automated structure annotation tool for system-level scale identification of lipid A from high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) data. LipidA-IDER was validated against previously reported structures of lipid A in the reference bacteria, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using MS2 data of variable quality, we demonstrated LipidA-IDER annotated lipid A with a performance of 71.2% specificity and 70.9% sensitivity, offering greater accuracy than existing lipidomics software. The organism-independent workflow was further applied to a panel of six bacterial species: E. coli and Gram-negative members of ESKAPE pathogens. A comprehensive atlas comprising 188 distinct lipid A species, including remodeling intermediates, was generated and can be integrated with software including MS-DIAL and Metabokit for identification and semiquantitation. Systematic comparison of a pair of polymyxin-sensitive and polymyxin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from a human patient unraveled multiple key lipid A structural features of polymyxin resistance within a single analysis. Probing the lipid A landscape of bacteria using LipidA-IDER thus holds immense potential for advancing our understanding of the vast diversity and structural complexity of a key lipid virulence and antimicrobial-resistant factor. LipidA-IDER is freely available at https://github.com/Systems-Biology-Of-Lipid-Metabolism-Lab/LipidA-IDER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li Guan
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921, Singapore,. Tel: +65 6592 3957
| | - Johnathan Yi-Xiong Loh
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Marco Lizwan
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Sharon Cui Mun Chan
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Jeric Mun Chung Kwan
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Tze Peng Lim
- Department
of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
| | - Tse Hsien Koh
- Department
of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
| | - Li-Yang Hsu
- Saw Swee
Hock School of Public Health, National University
of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Bernett Teck Kwong Lee
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921, Singapore,Centre
for Biomedical Informatics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore,Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
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22
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Kamoshida G, Yamada N, Nakamura T, Yamaguchi D, Kai D, Yamashita M, Hayashi C, Kanda N, Sakaguchi M, Morimoto H, Sawada T, Okada T, Kaya Y, Takemoto N, Yahiro K. Preferential Selection of Low-Frequency, Lipopolysaccharide-Modified, Colistin-Resistant Mutants with a Combination of Antimicrobials in Acinetobacter baumannii. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0192822. [PMID: 36173297 PMCID: PMC9602988 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01928-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin, which targets lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is used as a last-resort drug against severe infections caused by drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. However, A. baumannii possesses two colistin-resistance mechanisms. LPS modification caused by mutations in pmrAB genes is often observed in clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. In addition to LPS modification, A. baumannii has a unique colistin resistance mechanism, a complete loss of LPS due to mutations in the lpxACD genes, which are involved in LPS biosynthesis. This study aimed to elucidate the detailed mechanism of the emergence of colistin-resistant A. baumannii using strains with the same genetic background. Various colistin-resistant strains were generated experimentally using colistin alone and in combination with other antimicrobials, such as meropenem and ciprofloxacin, and the mutation spectrum was analyzed. In vitro selection of A. baumannii in the presence of colistin led to the emergence of strains harboring mutations in lpxACD genes, resulting in LPS-deficient colistin-resistant strains. However, combination of colistin with other antimicrobials led to the selection of pmrAB mutant strains, resulting in strains with modified LPS (LPS-modified strains). Further, the LPS-deficient strains showed decreased fitness and increased susceptibility to many antibiotics and disinfectants. As LPS-deficient strains have a higher biological cost than LPS-modified strains, our findings suggested that pmrAB mutants are more likely to be isolated in clinical settings. We provide novel insights into the mechanisms of resistance to colistin and provide substantial solutions along with precautions for facilitating current research and treatment of colistin-resistant A. baumannii infections. IMPORTANCE Acinetobacter baumannii has developed resistance to various antimicrobial drugs, and its drug-resistant strains cause nosocomial infections. Controlling these infections has become a global clinical challenge. Carbapenem antibiotics are the frontline treatment drugs for infectious diseases caused by A. baumannii. For patients with infections caused by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, colistin-based therapy is often the only treatment option. However, A. baumannii readily acquires resistance to colistin. Many patients infected with colistin-resistant A. baumannii undergo colistin treatment before isolation of the colistin-resistant strain, and it is hypothesized that colistin resistance predominantly emerges under selective pressure during colistin therapy. Although the concomitant use of colistin and carbapenems has been reported to have a synergistic effect in vitro against carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains, our observations strongly suggest the need for attention to the emergence of strains with a modified lipopolysaccharide during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Kamoshida
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriteru Yamada
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoka Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daiki Yamaguchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daichi Kai
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maho Yamashita
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chiaki Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nana Kanda
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Moe Sakaguchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Morimoto
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teppei Sawada
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okada
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Kaya
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norihiko Takemoto
- Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinnosuke Yahiro
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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Nagy L, Urbán P, Makszin L, Sándor V, Kilár A, Ábrahám H, Albert B, Kocsis B, Kilár F. The Effect of Mutation in Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis on Bacterial Fitness. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203249. [PMID: 36291117 PMCID: PMC9600226 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the genome sequence of a Shigella sonnei mutant strain (S. sonnei 4351) and the effect of mutation in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis on bacterial fitness. Lipopolysaccharides are the major component of the outer leaflet of the Gram-negative outer membrane. We report here a frameshift mutation of the gene gmhD in the genome of S. sonnei 4351. The mutation results in a lack of epimerization of the core heptose while we also found increased thermosensitivity, abnormal cell division, and increased susceptibility to erythromycin and cefalexin compared to the S. sonnei 4303. Comparative genomic analysis supplemented with structural data helps us to understand the effect of specific mutations on the virulence of the bacteria and may provide an opportunity to study the effect of short lipopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nagy
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence: (L.N.); (F.K.)
| | - Péter Urbán
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lilla Makszin
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktor Sándor
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anikó Kilár
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Ábrahám
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Beáta Albert
- Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Libertăţii Sq. 1, 530104 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
| | - Béla Kocsis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kilár
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Libertăţii Sq. 1, 530104 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.N.); (F.K.)
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Wesseling CJ, Martin NI. Synergy by Perturbing the Gram-Negative Outer Membrane: Opening the Door for Gram-Positive Specific Antibiotics. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1731-1757. [PMID: 35946799 PMCID: PMC9469101 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
New approaches to target antibacterial agents toward Gram-negative bacteria are key, given the rise of antibiotic resistance. Since the discovery of polymyxin B nonapeptide as a potent Gram-negative outer membrane (OM)-permeabilizing synergist in the early 1980s, a vast amount of literature on such synergists has been published. This Review addresses a range of peptide-based and small organic compounds that disrupt the OM to elicit a synergistic effect with antibiotics that are otherwise inactive toward Gram-negative bacteria, with synergy defined as a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of <0.5. Another requirement for the inclusion of the synergists here covered is their potentiation of a specific set of clinically used antibiotics: erythromycin, rifampicin, novobiocin, or vancomycin. In addition, we have focused on those synergists with reported activity against Gram-negative members of the ESKAPE family of pathogens namely, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and/or Acinetobacter baumannii. In cases where the FICI values were not directly reported in the primary literature but could be calculated from the published data, we have done so, allowing for more direct comparison of potency with other synergists. We also address the hemolytic activity of the various OM-disrupting synergists reported in the literature, an effect that is often downplayed but is of key importance in assessing the selectivity of such compounds for Gram-negative bacteria.
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Basak S, Li Y, Tao S, Daryaee F, Merino J, Gu C, Delker SL, Phan JN, Edwards TE, Walker SG, Tonge PJ. Structure-Kinetic Relationship Studies for the Development of Long Residence Time LpxC Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11854-11875. [PMID: 36037447 PMCID: PMC10182817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) is a promising drug target in Gram-negative bacteria. Previously, we described a correlation between the residence time of inhibitors on Pseudomonas aeruginosa LpxC (paLpxC) and the post-antibiotic effect (PAE) caused by the inhibitors on the growth of P. aeruginosa. Given that drugs with prolonged activity following compound removal may have advantages in dosing regimens, we have explored the structure-kinetic relationship for paLpxC inhibition by analogues of the pyridone methylsulfone PF5081090 (1) originally developed by Pfizer. Several analogues have longer residence times on paLpxC than 1 (41 min) including PT913, which has a residence time of 124 min. PT913 also has a PAE of 4 h, extending the original correlation observed between residence time and PAE. Collectively, the studies provide a platform for the rational modulation of paLpxC inhibitor residence time and the potential development of antibacterial agents that cause prolonged suppression of bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Basak
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
- Department of Chemistry, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
- Department of Chemistry, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Suyuan Tao
- Department of Chemistry, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Fereidoon Daryaee
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
- Department of Chemistry, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Jonathan Merino
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
- Department of Chemistry, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Chendi Gu
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
- Department of Chemistry, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | | | - Jenny N. Phan
- McGill University Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada Canada
| | | | - Stephen G. Walker
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
- Department of Chemistry, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
- Department of Radiology, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
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Chemometrics and genome mining reveal an unprecedented family of sugar acid-containing fungal nonribosomal cyclodepsipeptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123379119. [PMID: 35914151 PMCID: PMC9371744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123379119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylomyrocins, a unique group of nonribosomal peptide secondary metabolites, were discovered in Paramyrothecium and Colletotrichum spp. fungi by employing a combination of high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS)-based chemometrics, comparative genome mining, gene disruption, stable isotope feeding, and chemical complementation techniques. These polyol cyclodepsipeptides all feature an unprecedented d-xylonic acid moiety as part of their macrocyclic scaffold. This biosynthon is derived from d-xylose supplied by xylooligosaccharide catabolic enzymes encoded in the xylomyrocin biosynthetic gene cluster, revealing a novel link between carbohydrate catabolism and nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis. Xylomyrocins from different fungal isolates differ in the number and nature of their amino acid building blocks that are nevertheless incorporated by orthologous nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) enzymes. Another source of structural diversity is the variable choice of the nucleophile for intramolecular macrocyclic ester formation during xylomyrocin chain termination. This nucleophile is selected from the multiple available alcohol functionalities of the polyol moiety, revealing a surprising polyspecificity for the NRPS terminal condensation domain. Some xylomyrocin congeners also feature N-methylated amino acid residues in positions where the corresponding NRPS modules lack N-methyltransferase (M) domains, providing a rare example of promiscuous methylation in the context of an NRPS with an otherwise canonical, collinear biosynthetic program.
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Analysis of the Plasmid-Based ts Allele of PA0006 Reveals Its Function in Regulation of Cell Morphology and Biosynthesis of Core Lipopolysaccharide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0048022. [PMID: 35762790 PMCID: PMC9317947 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00480-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 300 essential genes are predicted using transposon sequencing in the genome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, methods for reverse genetic analysis of essential genes are scarce. To address this issue, we developed a three-step protocol consisting of integration of deletion plasmid, introduction of temperature-sensitive rescue plasmid, and excision of integrated-deletion plasmid to construct the plasmid-based temperature-sensitive allele of essential genes. Using PA0006 as an example, we showed that PA0006(Ts) exhibited wild-type cell morphology at permissive temperature but filamentous form at restrictive temperatures. We further showed that the glycerol-mannoheptose-bisphosphate phosphatase GmhB in Escherichia coli shared 32.4% identity with that of PA0006p and functionally complemented the defect of PA0006(Ts) at 42°C. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting indicated the presence and absence of the complete core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and B-band O-antigen in PA0006(Ts) at 30 and 42°C, respectively. An isolated suppressor sup displayed wild-type-like cell morphology but no complete core LPS or O-antigen. Genome resequencing together with comparative transcriptomic profiling identified a candidate suppressor fructose-bisphosphate phosphatase in which the promoter harbored a SNP and the transcription level was not downregulated at 42°C compared to 30°C in sup. It was further validated that fbp overexpression suppressed the lethality of PA0006(Ts) at 42°C. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PA0006 plays a role in regulation of cell morphology and biosynthesis of core LPS. This three-step protocol for construction of conditional lethal allele in P. aeruginosa should be widely applicable for genetic analysis of other essential genes of interest, including analysis of bypass suppressibility. IMPORTANCE Microbial essential genes encode nondispensable function for cell growth and therefore are ideal targets for the development of new drugs. Essential genes are readily identified using transposon-sequencing technology at the genome scale. However, genetic analysis of essential genes of interest was hampered by limited methodologies. To address this issue, we developed a three-step protocol for construction of conditional allele of essential genes in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using PA0006 as an example, we demonstrated that the plasmid-based PA0006(Ts) mutant exhibited defects in regulation of cell morphology, formation of intact core LPS, and attachment of the O-antigen at restrictive temperatures but not at permissive temperatures. A suppressor of PA0006(Ts) was isolated through spontaneous mutations and showed restored cell morphology but not core oligosaccharide or O-antigen. This method should be widely applicable for phenotype and suppressibility analyses of other essential genes of interest in P. aeruginosa.
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28
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Xiao D, Zhang M, Wu P, Li T, Li W, Zhang L, Yue Q, Chen X, Wei X, Xu Y, Wang C. Halovirs I–K, antibacterial and cytotoxic lipopeptaibols from the plant pathogenic fungus Paramyrothecium roridum NRRL 2183. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2022; 75:247-257. [DOI: 10.1038/s41429-022-00517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Cui SQ, Cheng N, Ma QQ, Wei ZL, Liao WW. Palladium-catalyzed direct construction of oxazoline-containing polycyclic scaffolds via tandem addition/cyclization of nitriles and arylboronic acids. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01260f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An efficient construction of oxazoline-containing polycyclic scaffolds through a Pd-catalyzed addition/cyclization of (hetero)arene tethered O-acyl cyanohydrin units and arylboronic acids is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qiang Cui
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Na Cheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Ma
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Lin Wei
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Liao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P R China
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30
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Chen Z, Zhang H, Zhou SF, Cui X. Photoredox-catalyzed synthesis of sulfonated oxazolines from N-allylamides through the insertion of sulfur dioxide. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01540k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox-catalyzed generation of sulfonated oxazolines starting from N-allylamides, DABCO·(SO2)2, and aryldiazonium salts has been developed and a range of sulfonated oxazolines were obtained in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis of Fujian Universities, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Cui
- Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis of Fujian Universities, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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31
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Chatterjee R, Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Chakravortty D. Lipid larceny: channelizing host lipids for establishing successful pathogenesis by bacteria. Virulence 2021; 12:195-216. [PMID: 33356849 PMCID: PMC7808437 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1869441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are complex organic compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. These play a diverse and intricate role in cellular processes like membrane trafficking, protein sorting, signal transduction, and bacterial infections. Both Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus sp., Listeria monocytogenes, etc.) and Gram-negative bacteria (Chlamydia sp., Salmonella sp., E. coli, etc.) can hijack the various host-lipids and utilize them structurally as well as functionally to mount a successful infection. The pathogens can deploy with various arsenals to exploit host membrane lipids and lipid-associated receptors as an attachment for toxins' landing or facilitate their entry into the host cellular niche. Bacterial species like Mycobacterium sp. can also modulate the host lipid metabolism to fetch its carbon source from the host. The sequential conversion of host membrane lipids into arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 due to increased activity of cPLA-2 and COX-2 upon bacterial infection creates immunosuppressive conditions and facilitates the intracellular growth and proliferation of bacteria. However, lipids' more debatable role is that they can also be a blessing in disguise. Certain host-lipids, especially sphingolipids, have been shown to play a crucial antibacterial role and help the host in combating the infections. This review shed light on the detailed role of host lipids in bacterial infections and the current understanding of the lipid in therapeutics. We have also discussed potential prospects and the need of the hour to help us cope in this race against deadly pathogens and their rapidly evolving stealthy virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Debapriya Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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32
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Application of nitriles on the synthesis of 1,3-oxazoles, 2-oxazolines, and oxadiazoles: An update from 2014 to 2021. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Adaptive responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to treatment with antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 66:e0087821. [PMID: 34748386 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00878-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is among the highest priority pathogens for drug development, because of its resistance to antibiotics, extraordinary adaptability, and persistence. Anti-pseudomonal research is strongly encouraged to address the acute scarcity of innovative antimicrobial lead structures. In an effort to understand the physiological response of P. aeruginosa to clinically relevant antibiotics, we investigated the proteome after exposure to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, rifampicin, gentamicin, tobramycin, azithromycin, tigecycline, polymyxin B, colistin, ceftazidime, meropenem, and piperacillin/tazobactam. We further investigated the response to CHIR-90, which represents a promising class of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis inhibitors currently under evaluation. Radioactive pulse-labeling of newly synthesized proteins followed by 2D-PAGE was used to monitor the acute response of P. aeruginosa to antibiotic treatment. The proteomic profiles provide insights into the cellular defense strategies for each antibiotic. A mathematical comparison of these response profiles based on upregulated marker proteins revealed similarities of responses to antibiotics acting on the same target area. This study provides insights into the effects of commonly used antibiotics on P. aeruginosa and lays the foundation for the comparative analysis of the impact of novel compounds with precedented and unprecedented modes of action.
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34
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Zhao Q, Xin L, Liu Y, Liang C, Li J, Jian Y, Li H, Shi Z, Liu H, Cao W. Current Landscape and Future Perspective of Oxazolidinone Scaffolds Containing Antibacterial Drugs. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10557-10580. [PMID: 34260235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics has made the problem of bacterial resistance increasingly serious, and the study of new drug-resistant bacteria has become the main direction of antibacterial drug research. Among antibiotics, the fully synthetic oxazolidinone antibacterial drugs linezolid and tedizolid have been successfully marketed and have achieved good clinical treatment effects. Oxazolidinone antibacterial drugs have good pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and unique antibacterial mechanisms, and resistant bacteria are sensitive to them. This Perspective focuses on reviewing oxazolidinones based on the structural modification of linezolid and new potential oxazolidinone drugs in the past 10 years, mainly describing their structure, antibacterial activity, safety, druggability, and so on, and discusses their structure-activity relationships, providing insight into the reasonable design of safer and more potent oxazolidinone antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Liang Xin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China.,Xi'an Xuri Shengchang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., High-tech Zone, Xi'an 710075, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Jian
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Han Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Shi
- Department of Urology Surgery Center, Xinjiang Uyghur People's Hospital, Urumqi 830002, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai 519030, P. R. China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai 519030, P. R. China
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Abazid AH, Hollwedel TN, Nachtsheim BJ. Stereoselective Oxidative Cyclization of N-Allyl Benzamides to Oxaz(ol)ines. Org Lett 2021; 23:5076-5080. [PMID: 34138574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study presents an enantioselective oxidative cyclization of N-allyl carboxamides via a chiral triazole-substituted iodoarene catalyst. The method allows the synthesis of highly enantioenriched oxazolines and oxazines, with yields of up to 94% and enantioselectivities of up to 98% ee. Quaternary stereocenters can be constructed and, besides N-allyl amides, the corresponding thioamides and imideamides are well tolerated as substrates, giving rise to a plethora of chiral 5-membered N-heterocycles. By applying a multitude of further functionalizations, we finally demonstrate the high value of the observed chiral heterocycles as strategic intermediates for the synthesis of other enantioenriched target structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayham H Abazid
- University of Bremen, Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Tom-Niklas Hollwedel
- University of Bremen, Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Boris J Nachtsheim
- University of Bremen, Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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36
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Ding L, Wang J, Cai S, Smyth H, Cui Z. Pulmonary biofilm-based chronic infections and inhaled treatment strategies. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120768. [PMID: 34089796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Certain pulmonary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF), non-CF bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and ventilator-associated pneumonia, are usually accompanied by respiratory tract infections due to the physiological alteration of the lung immunological defenses. Recurrent infections may lead to chronic infection through the formation of biofilms. Chronic biofilm-based infections are challenging to treat using antimicrobial agents. Therefore, effective ways to eradicate biofilms and thus relieve respiratory tract infection require the development of efficacious agents for biofilm destruction, the design of delivery carriers with biofilm-targeting and/or penetrating abilities for these agents, and the direct delivery of them into the lung. This review provides an in-depth description of biofilm-based infections caused by pulmonary diseases and focuses on current existing agents that are administered by inhalation into the lung to treat biofilm, which include i) inhalable antimicrobial agents and their combinations, ii) non-antimicrobial adjuvants such as matrix-targeting enzymes, mannitol, glutathione, cyclosporin A, and iii) liposomal formulations of anti-biofilm agents. Finally, novel agents that have shown promise against pulmonary biofilms as well as traditional and new devices for pulmonary delivery of anti-biofilm agents into the lung are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jieliang Wang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Shihao Cai
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hugh Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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37
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Sebbane F, Lemaître N. Antibiotic Therapy of Plague: A Review. Biomolecules 2021; 11:724. [PMID: 34065940 PMCID: PMC8151713 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plague-a deadly disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis-is still an international public health concern. There are three main clinical forms: bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pulmonary plague. In all three forms, the symptoms appear suddenly and progress very rapidly. Early antibiotic therapy is essential for countering the disease. Several classes of antibiotics (e.g., tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, rifamycin, and β-lactams) are active in vitro against the majority of Y. pestis strains and have demonstrated efficacy in various animal models. However, some discrepancies have been reported. Hence, health authorities have approved and recommended several drugs for prophylactic or curative use. Only monotherapy is currently recommended; combination therapy has not shown any benefits in preclinical studies or case reports. Concerns about the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Y. pestis have led to the development of new classes of antibiotics and other therapeutics (e.g., LpxC inhibitors, cationic peptides, antivirulence drugs, predatory bacteria, phages, immunotherapy, host-directed therapy, and nutritional immunity). It is difficult to know which of the currently available treatments or therapeutics in development will be most effective for a given form of plague. This is due to the lack of standardization in preclinical studies, conflicting data from case reports, and the small number of clinical trials performed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Sebbane
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nadine Lemaître
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens Picardie, UR 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France
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Zhou P, Hong J. Structure- and Ligand-Dynamics-Based Design of Novel Antibiotics Targeting Lipid A Enzymes LpxC and LpxH in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1623-1634. [PMID: 33720682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections caused by multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens pose a serious threat to public health. Gram-negative bacteria are characterized by the enrichment of lipid A-anchored lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS) in the outer leaflet of their outer membrane. Constitutive biosynthesis of lipid A via the Raetz pathway is essential for bacterial viability and fitness in the human host. The inhibition of early-stage lipid A enzymes such as LpxC not only suppresses the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., and other clinically important Gram-negative pathogens but also sensitizes these bacteria to other antibiotics. The inhibition of late-stage lipid A enzymes such as LpxH is uniquely advantageous because it has an extra mechanism of bacterial killing through the accumulation of toxic lipid A intermediates, rendering LpxH inhibition additionally lethal to Acinetobacter baumannii. Because essential enzymes of the Raetz pathway have never been exploited by commercial antibiotics, they are excellent targets for the development of novel antibiotics against multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative infections.This Account describes the ongoing research on characterizing the structure and inhibition of LpxC and LpxH, the second and fourth enzymes of the Raetz pathway of lipid A biosynthesis, in the laboratories of Dr. Pei Zhou and Dr. Jiyong Hong at Duke University. Our studies have elucidated the molecular basis of LpxC inhibition by the first broad-spectrum inhibitor, CHIR-090, as well as the mechanism underlying its spectrum of activity. Such an analysis has provided a molecular explanation for the broad-spectrum antibiotic activity of diacetylene-based LpxC inhibitors. Through the structural and biochemical investigation of LpxC inhibition by diacetylene LpxC inhibitors and the first nanomolar LpxC inhibitor, L-161,240, we have elucidated the intrinsic conformational and dynamics difference in individual LpxC enzymes near the active site. A similar approach has been taken to investigate LpxH inhibition, leading to the establishment of the pharmacophore model of LpxH inhibitors and subsequent structural elucidation of LpxH in complex with its first reported small-molecule inhibitor based on a sulfonyl piperazine scaffold.Intriguingly, although our crystallographic analysis of LpxC- and LpxH-inhibitor complexes detected only a single inhibitor conformation in the crystal lattice, solution NMR studies revealed the existence of multiple ligand conformations that together delineate a cryptic ligand envelope expanding the ligand-binding footprint beyond that observed in the crystal structure. By harnessing the ligand dynamics information and structural insights, we demonstrate the feasibility to design potent LpxC and LpxH inhibitors by merging multiple ligand conformations. Such an approach has enabled us to rationally design compounds with significantly enhanced potency in enzymatic assays and outstanding antibiotic activities in vitro and in animal models of bacterial infection. We anticipate that continued efforts with structure and ligand dynamics-based lead optimization will ultimately lead to the discovery of LpxC- and LpxH-targeting clinical antibiotics against a broad range of Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jiyong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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39
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Troudi A, Pagès JM, Brunel JM. Chemical Highlights Supporting the Role of Lipid A in Efficient Biological Adaptation of Gram-Negative Bacteria to External Stresses. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1816-1834. [PMID: 33538159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria provides an efficient barrier against external noxious compounds such as antimicrobial agents. Associated with drug target modification, it contributes to the overall failure of chemotherapy. In the complex OM architecture, Lipid A plays an essential role by anchoring the lipopolysaccharide in the membrane and ensuring the spatial organization between lipids, proteins, and sugars. Currently, the targets of almost all antibiotics are intracellularly located and require translocation across membranes. We report herein an integrated view of Lipid A synthesis, membrane assembly, a structure comparison at the molecular structure level of numerous Gram-negative bacterial species, as well as its recent use as a target for original antibacterial molecules. This review paves the way for a new vision of a key membrane component that acts during bacterial adaptation to environmental stresses and for the development of new weapons against microbial resistance to usual antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Troudi
- UMR-MD1, U1261, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, SSA, MCT, 13385 Marseille, France.,Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1008, Tunisia
| | - Jean Marie Pagès
- UMR-MD1, U1261, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, SSA, MCT, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Jean Michel Brunel
- UMR-MD1, U1261, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, SSA, MCT, 13385 Marseille, France
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40
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Furuya T, Shapiro AB, Comita-Prevoir J, Kuenstner EJ, Zhang J, Ribe SD, Chen A, Hines D, Moussa SH, Carter NM, Sylvester MA, Romero JAC, Vega CV, Sacco MD, Chen Y, O'Donnell JP, Durand-Reville TF, Miller AA, Tommasi RA. N-Hydroxyformamide LpxC inhibitors, their in vivo efficacy in a mouse Escherichia coli infection model, and their safety in a rat hemodynamic assay. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115826. [PMID: 33160146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxyacyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC), the zinc metalloenzyme catalyzing the first committed step of lipid A biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacteria, has been a target for antibacterial drug discovery for many years. All inhibitor chemotypes reaching an advanced preclinical stage and clinical phase 1 have contained terminal hydroxamic acid, and none have been successfully advanced due, in part, to safety concerns, including hemodynamic effects. We hypothesized that the safety of LpxC inhibitors could be improved by replacing the terminal hydroxamic acid with a different zinc-binding group. After choosing an N-hydroxyformamide zinc-binding group, we investigated the structure-activity relationship of each part of the inhibitor scaffold with respect to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli LpxC binding affinity, in vitro antibacterial potency and pharmacological properties. We identified a novel, potency-enhancing hydrophobic binding interaction for an LpxC inhibitor. We demonstrated in vivo efficacy of one compound in a neutropenic mouse E. coli infection model. Another compound was tested in a rat hemodynamic assay and was found to have a hypotensive effect. This result demonstrated that replacing the terminal hydroxamic acid with a different zinc-binding group was insufficient to avoid this previously recognized safety issue with LpxC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Furuya
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
| | - Adam B Shapiro
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | | | | | - Jing Zhang
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Seth D Ribe
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - April Chen
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Daniel Hines
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Samir H Moussa
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Nicole M Carter
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | | | - Jan A C Romero
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Camilo V Vega
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Michael D Sacco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 07, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 07, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | | | - Alita A Miller
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Ruben A Tommasi
- Entasis Therapeutics, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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41
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Rodríguez-Alvarado M, Russo R, Connell ND, Brenner-Moyer SE. Design, organocatalytic synthesis, and bioactivity evaluation of enantiopure fluorinated LpxC inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5867-5878. [PMID: 32671374 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Enantiopure compounds with a strategically incorporated fluorine atom intended to enhance LpxC inhibition have been synthesized using an organocascade fluorination reaction as the key step. These are the first low molecular weight LpxC inhibitors to contain a fluorine atom on a critically important chiral center that is substituted with two pharmacophoric moieties, and were thusly designed to provide new SAR data for this class of compounds. Fluorinated compounds were evaluated against ESKAPE pathogens and exhibited MICs of ≤12.5 μg mL-1 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riccardo Russo
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nancy D Connell
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Stacey E Brenner-Moyer
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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42
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of triazolyl-substituted benzyloxyacetohydroxamic acids as LpxC inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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43
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Luo N, Zhan Z, Ban Z, Lu G, He J, Hu F, Huang G. Brønsted Acid‐Promoted Diastereoselective [4+1] Cyclization Reaction of Enamides and Sulfoxonium Ylides. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of ChemistryLanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of ChemistryLanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Zihui Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of ChemistryLanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of ChemistryLanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of ChemistryLanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Fangpeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of ChemistryLanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of ChemistryLanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
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44
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Structural basis of the UDP-diacylglucosamine pyrophosphohydrolase LpxH inhibition by sulfonyl piperazine antibiotics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4109-4116. [PMID: 32041866 PMCID: PMC7049123 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912876117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine pyrophosphate hydrolase LpxH is an essential lipid A biosynthetic enzyme that is conserved in the majority of gram-negative bacteria. It has emerged as an attractive novel antibiotic target due to the recent discovery of an LpxH-targeting sulfonyl piperazine compound (referred to as AZ1) by AstraZeneca. However, the molecular details of AZ1 inhibition have remained unresolved, stymieing further development of this class of antibiotics. Here we report the crystal structure of Klebsiella pneumoniae LpxH in complex with AZ1. We show that AZ1 fits snugly into the L-shaped acyl chain-binding chamber of LpxH with its indoline ring situating adjacent to the active site, its sulfonyl group adopting a sharp kink, and its N-CF3-phenyl substituted piperazine group reaching out to the far side of the LpxH acyl chain-binding chamber. Intriguingly, despite the observation of a single AZ1 conformation in the crystal structure, our solution NMR investigation has revealed the presence of a second ligand conformation invisible in the crystalline state. Together, these distinct ligand conformations delineate a cryptic inhibitor envelope that expands the observed footprint of AZ1 in the LpxH-bound crystal structure and enables the design of AZ1 analogs with enhanced potency in enzymatic assays. These designed compounds display striking improvement in antibiotic activity over AZ1 against wild-type K. pneumoniae, and coadministration with outer membrane permeability enhancers profoundly sensitizes Escherichia coli to designed LpxH inhibitors. Remarkably, none of the sulfonyl piperazine compounds occupies the active site of LpxH, foretelling a straightforward path for rapid optimization of this class of antibiotics.
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45
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Han W, Ma X, Balibar CJ, Baxter Rath CM, Benton B, Bermingham A, Casey F, Chie-Leon B, Cho MK, Frank AO, Frommlet A, Ho CM, Lee PS, Li M, Lingel A, Ma S, Merritt H, Ornelas E, De Pascale G, Prathapam R, Prosen KR, Rasper D, Ruzin A, Sawyer WS, Shaul J, Shen X, Shia S, Steffek M, Subramanian S, Vo J, Wang F, Wartchow C, Uehara T. Two Distinct Mechanisms of Inhibition of LpxA Acyltransferase Essential for Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4445-4455. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wooseok Han
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Xiaolei Ma
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Carl J. Balibar
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | | | - Bret Benton
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Alun Bermingham
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Fergal Casey
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Barbara Chie-Leon
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Min-Kyu Cho
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andreas O. Frank
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Alexandra Frommlet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Chi-Min Ho
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Patrick S. Lee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Min Li
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Andreas Lingel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Sylvia Ma
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Hanne Merritt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ornelas
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Gianfranco De Pascale
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Ramadevi Prathapam
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Katherine R. Prosen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Dita Rasper
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Alexey Ruzin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - William S. Sawyer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jacob Shaul
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Shen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Steven Shia
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Micah Steffek
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Sharadha Subramanian
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jason Vo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Charles Wartchow
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Tsuyoshi Uehara
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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Deng X, Song M. Synthesis, antibacterial and anticancer activity, and docking study of aminoguanidines containing an alkynyl moiety. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:354-364. [PMID: 31851531 PMCID: PMC6968633 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1702654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two series of aminoguanidines containing an alkynyl moiety were designed, synthesised, and screened for antibacterial and anticancer activities. Generally, the series 3a-3j with a 1,2-diphenylethyne exhibited better antibacterial activity than the other series (6a-6k) holding 1,4-diphenylbuta-1,3-diyne moiety antibacterial activity. Most compounds in series 3a-3j showed potent growth inhibition against the tested bacterial strains, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range 0.25-8 µg/mL. Compound 3g demonstrated rapid and persistent bactericidal activity at 2 × MIC. The resistance study revealed that resistance of the tested bacteria towards 3g is not easily developed. Molecular docking studies revealed that compounds 3g and 6e bind strongly to the LpxC and FabH enzymes. Moreover, excellent activity of selected compounds against the growth of cancer cell lines A549 and SGC7901 was also observed, with IC50 values in the range 0.30-4.57 µg/mL. These findings indicate that compounds containing the aminoguanidine moiety are promising candidates for the development of new antibacterial and anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqing Deng
- Basic Medical and Pharmacy College, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
| | - Mingxia Song
- Basic Medical and Pharmacy College, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
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Mallick S, Baidya M, Mahanty K, Maiti D, De Sarkar S. Electrochemical Chalcogenation of
β,γ
‐Unsaturated Amides and Oximes to Corresponding Oxazolines and Isoxazolines. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Mallick
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal India
| | - Mrinmay Baidya
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal India
| | - Kingshuk Mahanty
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal India
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48
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SmI2-promoted cross coupling reaction of N-2-bromoethylphthalimide and carbonyl compounds: Synthesis of α-aryl-α′-hydroxy ketones. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Propargylglycine-based antimicrobial compounds are targets of TolC-dependent efflux systems in Escherichia coli. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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Surivet JP, Panchaud P, Specklin JL, Diethelm S, Blumstein AC, Gauvin JC, Jacob L, Masse F, Mathieu G, Mirre A, Schmitt C, Lange R, Tidten-Luksch N, Gnerre C, Seeland S, Herrmann C, Seiler P, Enderlin-Paput M, Mac Sweeney A, Wicki M, Hubschwerlen C, Ritz D, Rueedi G. Discovery of Novel Inhibitors of LpxC Displaying Potent in Vitro Activity against Gram-Negative Bacteria. J Med Chem 2019; 63:66-87. [PMID: 31804826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UDP-3-O-((R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-glucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) is as an attractive target for the discovery and development of novel antibacterial drugs to address the critical medical need created by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. By using a scaffold hopping approach on a known family of methylsulfone hydroxamate LpxC inhibitors, several hit series eliciting potent antibacterial activities against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified. Subsequent hit-to-lead optimization, using cocrystal structures of inhibitors bound to Pseudomonas aeruginosa LpxC as guides, resulted in the discovery of multiple chemical series based on (i) isoindolin-1-ones, (ii) 4,5-dihydro-6H-thieno[2,3-c]pyrrol-6-ones, and (iii) 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazole-3-ones. Synthetic methods, antibacterial activities and relative binding affinities, as well as physicochemical properties that allowed compound prioritization are presented. Finally, in vivo properties of lead molecules which belong to the most promising pyrrolo-imidazolone series, such as 18d, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Surivet
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Philippe Panchaud
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Specklin
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Stefan Diethelm
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Loïc Jacob
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Florence Masse
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Gaëlle Mathieu
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Azely Mirre
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Christine Schmitt
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Roland Lange
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Naomi Tidten-Luksch
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Carmela Gnerre
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Swen Seeland
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Charlyse Herrmann
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Peter Seiler
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Michel Enderlin-Paput
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Aengus Mac Sweeney
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Micha Wicki
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Ritz
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Georg Rueedi
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
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