1
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Zhu R, Santat LA, Markson JS, Nandagopal N, Gregrowicz J, Elowitz MB. Reconstitution of morphogen shuttling circuits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf9336. [PMID: 37436981 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf9336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing tissues form spatial patterns by establishing concentration gradients of diffusible signaling proteins called morphogens. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) morphogen pathway uses a family of extracellular modulators to reshape signaling gradients by actively "shuttling" ligands to different locations. It has remained unclear what circuits are sufficient to enable shuttling, what other patterns they can generate, and whether shuttling is evolutionarily conserved. Here, using a synthetic, bottom-up approach, we compared the spatiotemporal dynamics of different extracellular circuits. Three proteins-Chordin, Twsg, and the BMP-1 protease-successfully displaced gradients by shuttling ligands away from the site of production. A mathematical model explained the different spatial dynamics of this and other circuits. Last, combining mammalian and Drosophila components in the same system suggests that shuttling is a conserved capability. Together, these results reveal principles through which extracellular circuits control the spatiotemporal dynamics of morphogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Zhu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Leah A Santat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joseph S Markson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Jan Gregrowicz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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2
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Mizoguchi T, Mikami S, Yatou M, Kondo Y, Omaru S, Kuwabara S, Okura W, Noda S, Tenno T, Hiroaki H, Itoh M. Small-Molecule-Mediated Suppression of BMP Signaling by Selective Inhibition of BMP1-Dependent Chordin Cleavage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4313. [PMID: 36901744 PMCID: PMC10001940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BMP signaling is critical for many biological processes. Therefore, small molecules that modulate BMP signaling are useful for elucidating the function of BMP signaling and treating BMP signaling-related diseases. Here, we performed a phenotypic screening in zebrafish to examine the in vivo effects of N-substituted-2-amino-benzoic acid analogs NPL1010 and NPL3008 and found that they affect BMP signaling-dependent dorsal-ventral (D-V) patterning and bone formation in zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, NPL1010 and NPL3008 suppressed BMP signaling upstream of BMP receptors. BMP1 cleaves Chordin, an antagonist of BMP, and negatively regulates BMP signaling. Docking simulations demonstrated that NPL1010 and NPL3008 bind BMP1. We found that NPL1010 and NPL3008 partially rescued the disruptions in the D-V phenotype caused by bmp1 overexpression and selectively inhibited BMP1-dependent Chordin cleavage. Therefore, NPL1010 and NPL3008 are potentially valuable inhibitors of BMP signaling that act through selective inhibition of Chordin cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Mizoguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shohei Mikami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mari Yatou
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yui Kondo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shuhei Omaru
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kuwabara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Wataru Okura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Syouta Noda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tenno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- BeCerllBar, LLC., Business Incubation Building, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Hiroaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- BeCerllBar, LLC., Business Incubation Building, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Aichi, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
- Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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3
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Tuazon FB, Wang X, Andrade JL, Umulis D, Mullins MC. Proteolytic Restriction of Chordin Range Underlies BMP Gradient Formation. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108039. [PMID: 32814043 PMCID: PMC7731995 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in developmental biology is how morphogens, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), form precise signaling gradients to impart positional and functional identity to the cells of the early embryo. We combine rigorous mutant analyses with quantitative immunofluorescence to determine that the proteases Bmp1a and Tolloid spatially restrict the BMP antagonist Chordin in dorsoventral (DV) axial patterning of the early zebrafish gastrula. We show that maternally deposited Bmp1a plays an unexpected and non-redundant role in establishing the BMP signaling gradient, while the Bmp1a/Tolloid antagonist Sizzled is surprisingly dispensable. Combining computational modeling and in vivo analyses with an immobile Chordin construct, we demonstrate that long-range Chordin diffusion is not necessary for BMP gradient formation and DV patterning. Our data do not support a counter-gradient of Chordin and instead favor a Chordin sink, established by Bmp1a and Tolloid, as the primary mechanism that drives BMP gradient formation. The BMP morphogen generates a precise signaling gradient during axial patterning. In the zebrafish embryo, Tuazon et al. find that proteases Bmp1a/Tolloid are key to this process, preventing the long-range diffusion of the BMP antagonist, Chordin. By regionally restricting Chordin, Bmp1a/Tolloid establish the signaling sink that drives BMP gradient formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca B Tuazon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Agriculture and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jonathan Lee Andrade
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Umulis
- Department of Agriculture and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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4
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Integration of Nodal and BMP Signaling by Mutual Signaling Effector Antagonism. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107487. [PMID: 32268105 PMCID: PMC7166084 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Opposing sources of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Nodal signaling molecules are sufficient to induce the formation of a full axis in zebrafish embryos. To address how these signals orchestrate patterning, we transplant sources of fluorescently tagged Nodal and BMP into zebrafish embryos, robustly inducing the formation of secondary axes. Nodal and BMP signal non-cell-autonomously and form similar protein gradients in this context, but the signaling range of Nodal (pSmad2) is shorter than the BMP range (pSmad5). This yields a localized region of pSmad2 activity around the Nodal source, overlapping with a broad domain of pSmad5 activity across the embryo. Cell fates induced in various regions stereotypically correlate with pSmad2-to-pSmad5 ratios and can even be induced BMP- and Nodal-independently with different ratios of constitutively active Smad2 and Smad5. Strikingly, we find that Smad2 and Smad5 antagonize each other for specific cell fates, providing a mechanism for how cells integrate and discriminate between overlapping signals during development. Nodal induces pSmad at a shorter range than BMP due to slower activation kinetics Different ratios of active Smad2 and Smad5 can induce different embryonic structures Smad2 and Smad5 inhibit each other or act synergistically to induce specific cell fates
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5
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Scimone ML, Atabay KD, Fincher CT, Bonneau AR, Li DJ, Reddien PW. Muscle and neuronal guidepost-like cells facilitate planarian visual system regeneration. Science 2020; 368:368/6498/eaba3203. [PMID: 32586989 PMCID: PMC8128157 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal circuits damaged or lost after injury can be regenerated in some adult organisms, but the mechanisms enabling this process are largely unknown. We used the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea to study visual system regeneration after injury. We identify a rare population of muscle cells tightly associated with photoreceptor axons at stereotyped positions in both uninjured and regenerating animals. Together with a neuronal population, these cells promote de novo assembly of the visual system in diverse injury and eye transplantation contexts. These muscle guidepost-like cells are specified independently of eyes, and their position is defined by an extrinsic array of positional information cues. These findings provide a mechanism, involving adult formation of guidepost-like cells typically observed in embryos, for axon pattern restoration in regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lucila Scimone
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Whitehead Institute, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kutay D Atabay
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Whitehead Institute, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher T Fincher
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Whitehead Institute, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ashley R Bonneau
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Whitehead Institute, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dayan J Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Whitehead Institute, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter W Reddien
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. .,Whitehead Institute, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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6
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Anastasi C, Rousselle P, Talantikite M, Tessier A, Cluzel C, Bachmann A, Mariano N, Dussoyer M, Alcaraz LB, Fortin L, Aubert A, Delolme F, El Kholti N, Armengaud J, Fournié P, Auxenfans C, Valcourt U, Goff SVL, Moali C. BMP-1 disrupts cell adhesion and enhances TGF-β activation through cleavage of the matricellular protein thrombospondin-1. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/639/eaba3880. [PMID: 32636307 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP-1) is an important metalloproteinase that synchronizes growth factor activation with extracellular matrix assembly during morphogenesis and tissue repair. The mechanisms by which BMP-1 exerts these effects are highly context dependent. Because BMP-1 overexpression induces marked phenotypic changes in two human cell lines (HT1080 and 293-EBNA cells), we investigated how BMP-1 simultaneously affects cell-matrix interactions and growth factor activity in these cells. Increasing BMP-1 led to a loss of cell adhesion that depended on the matricellular glycoprotein thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). BMP-1 cleaved TSP-1 between the VWFC/procollagen-like domain and the type 1 repeats that mediate several key TSP-1 functions. This cleavage induced the release of TSP-1 C-terminal domains from the extracellular matrix and abolished its previously described multisite cooperative interactions with heparan sulfate proteoglycans and CD36 on HT1080 cells. In addition, BMP-1-dependent proteolysis potentiated the TSP-1-mediated activation of latent transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), leading to increased signaling through the canonical SMAD pathway. In primary human corneal stromal cells (keratocytes), endogenous BMP-1 cleaved TSP-1, and the addition of exogenous BMP-1 enhanced cleavage, but this had no substantial effect on cell adhesion. Instead, processed TSP-1 promoted the differentiation of keratocytes into myofibroblasts and stimulated production of the myofibroblast marker α-SMA, consistent with the presence of processed TSP-1 in human corneal scars. Our results indicate that BMP-1 can both trigger the disruption of cell adhesion and stimulate TGF-β signaling in TSP-1-rich microenvironments, which has important potential consequences for wound healing and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Anastasi
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Rousselle
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Maya Talantikite
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Agnès Tessier
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Cluzel
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Alice Bachmann
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Natacha Mariano
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Mélissa Dussoyer
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Lindsay B Alcaraz
- University of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Laëtitia Fortin
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Aubert
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Delolme
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INSERM US8, CNRS UMS3444, SFR Biosciences, F-69366 Lyon, France
| | - Naïma El Kholti
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- CEA Marcoule, Innovative Technologies for Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory (DRF/Joliot/DMTS/SPI/Li2D), F-30200 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Pierre Fournié
- Purpan University Hospital, Ophthalmology Department, F-31059 Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5165, INSERM U1056, Epithelial Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity Unit (UDEAR), F-31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Auxenfans
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Tissue and Cell Bank, F-69437 Lyon, France
| | - Ulrich Valcourt
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Vadon-Le Goff
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Moali
- University of Lyon, CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory (LBTI), F-69367 Lyon, France.
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7
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Lyons DC, Perry KJ, Batzel G, Henry JQ. BMP signaling plays a role in anterior-neural/head development, but not organizer activity, in the gastropod Crepidula fornicata. Dev Biol 2020; 463:135-157. [PMID: 32389712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BMP signaling is involved in many aspects of metazoan development, with two of the most conserved functions being to pattern the dorsal-ventral axis and to specify neural versus epidermal fates. An active area of research within developmental biology asks how BMP signaling was modified over evolution to build disparate body plans. Animals belonging to the superclade Spiralia/Lophotrochozoa are excellent experimental subjects for studying the evolution of BMP signaling because a highly conserved, stereotyped early cleavage program precedes the emergence of distinct body plans. In this study we examine the role of BMP signaling in one representative, the slipper snail Crepidula fornicata. We find that mRNAs encoding BMP pathway components (including the BMP ligand decapentaplegic, and BMP antagonists chordin and noggin-like proteins) are not asymmetrically localized along the dorsal-ventral axis in the early embryo, as they are in other species. Furthermore, when BMP signaling is perturbed by adding ectopic recombinant BMP4 protein, or by treating embryos with the selective Activin receptor-like kinase-2 (ALK-2) inhibitor Dorsomorphin Homolog 1 (DMH1), we observe no obvious effects on dorsal-ventral patterning within the posterior (post-trochal) region of the embryo. Instead, we see effects on head development and the balance between neural and epidermal fates specifically within the anterior, pre-trochal tissue derived from the 1q1 lineage. Our experiments define a window of BMP signaling sensitivity that ends at approximately 44-48 hours post fertilization, which occurs well after organizer activity has ended and after the dorsal-ventral axis has been determined. When embryos were exposed to BMP4 protein during this window, we observed morphogenetic defects leading to the separation of the anterior, 1q lineage from the rest of the embryo. The 1q-derived organoid remained largely undifferentiated and was radialized, while the post-trochal portion of the embryo developed relatively normally and exhibited clear signs of dorsal-ventral patterning. When embryos were exposed to DMH1 during the same time interval, we observed defects in the head, including protrusion of the apical plate, enlarged cerebral ganglia and ectopic ocelli, but otherwise the larvae appeared normal. No defects in shell development were noted following DMH1 treatments. The varied roles of BMP signaling in the development of several other spiralians have recently been examined. We discuss our results in this context, and highlight the diversity of developmental mechanisms within spiral-cleaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre C Lyons
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U.C. San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Kimberly J Perry
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Grant Batzel
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U.C. San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan Q Henry
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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8
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Li L, Wang X, Mullins MC, Umulis DM. Evaluation of BMP-mediated patterning in a 3D mathematical model of the zebrafish blastula embryo. J Math Biol 2020; 80:505-520. [PMID: 31773243 PMCID: PMC7203969 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-019-01449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) play an important role in dorsal-ventral (DV) patterning of the early zebrafish embryo. BMP signaling is regulated by a network of extracellular and intracellular factors that impact the range and signaling of BMP ligands. Recent advances in understanding the mechanism of pattern formation support a source-sink mechanism, however it is not clear how the source-sink mechanism shapes patterns in 3D, nor how sensitive the pattern is to biophysical rates and boundary conditions along both the anteroposterior (AP) and DV axes of the embryo. We propose a new three-dimensional growing Partial Differential Equation (PDE)-based model to simulate the BMP patterning process during the blastula stage. This model provides a starting point to elucidate how different mechanisms and components work together in 3D to create and maintain the BMP gradient in the embryo. We also show how the 3D model fits the BMP signaling gradient data at multiple time points along both axes. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis of the model suggests that the spatiotemporal patterns of Chordin and BMP ligand gene expression are dominant drivers of shape in 3D and more work is needed to quantify the spatiotemporal profiles of gene and protein expression to further refine the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - David M Umulis
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.
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9
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ECM alterations in Fndc3a (Fibronectin Domain Containing Protein 3A) deficient zebrafish cause temporal fin development and regeneration defects. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13383. [PMID: 31527654 PMCID: PMC6746793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50055-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fin development and regeneration are complex biological processes that are highly relevant in teleost fish. They share genetic factors, signaling pathways and cellular properties to coordinate formation of regularly shaped extremities. Especially correct tissue structure defined by extracellular matrix (ECM) formation is essential. Gene expression and protein localization studies demonstrated expression of fndc3a (fibronectin domain containing protein 3a) in both developing and regenerating caudal fins of zebrafish (Danio rerio). We established a hypomorphic fndc3a mutant line (fndc3awue1/wue1) via CRISPR/Cas9, exhibiting phenotypic malformations and changed gene expression patterns during early stages of median fin fold development. These developmental effects are mostly temporary, but result in a fraction of adults with permanent tail fin deformations. In addition, caudal fin regeneration in adult fndc3awue1/wue1 mutants is hampered by interference with actinotrichia formation and epidermal cell organization. Investigation of the ECM implies that loss of epidermal tissue structure is a common cause for both of the observed defects. Our results thereby provide a molecular link between these developmental processes and foreshadow Fndc3a as a novel temporal regulator of epidermal cell properties during extremity development and regeneration in zebrafish.
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10
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Abstract
Soon after fertilization the zebrafish embryo generates the pool of cells that will give rise to the germline and the three somatic germ layers of the embryo (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm). As the basic body plan of the vertebrate embryo emerges, evolutionarily conserved developmental signaling pathways, including Bmp, Nodal, Wnt, and Fgf, direct the nearly totipotent cells of the early embryo to adopt gene expression profiles and patterns of cell behavior specific to their eventual fates. Several decades of molecular genetics research in zebrafish has yielded significant insight into the maternal and zygotic contributions and mechanisms that pattern this vertebrate embryo. This new understanding is the product of advances in genetic manipulations and imaging technologies that have allowed the field to probe the cellular, molecular and biophysical aspects underlying early patterning. The current state of the field indicates that patterning is governed by the integration of key signaling pathways and physical interactions between cells, rather than a patterning system in which distinct pathways are deployed to specify a particular cell fate. This chapter focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and molecular control of the events that impart cell identity and initiate the patterning of tissues that are prerequisites for or concurrent with movements of gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence L Marlow
- Icahn School of Medicine Mount Sinai Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, New York, NY, United States.
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11
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Félix LM, Luzio A, Themudo M, Antunes L, Matos M, Coimbra AM, Valentim AM. MS-222 short exposure induces developmental and behavioural alterations in zebrafish embryos. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 81:122-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Abstract
TGF-β family ligands function in inducing and patterning many tissues of the early vertebrate embryonic body plan. Nodal signaling is essential for the specification of mesendodermal tissues and the concurrent cellular movements of gastrulation. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling patterns tissues along the dorsal-ventral axis and simultaneously directs the cell movements of convergence and extension. After gastrulation, a second wave of Nodal signaling breaks the symmetry between the left and right sides of the embryo. During these processes, elaborate regulatory feedback between TGF-β ligands and their antagonists direct the proper specification and patterning of embryonic tissues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the function and regulation of TGF-β family signaling in these processes. Although we cover principles that are involved in the development of all vertebrate embryos, we focus specifically on three popular model organisms: the mouse Mus musculus, the African clawed frog of the genus Xenopus, and the zebrafish Danio rerio, highlighting the similarities and differences between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zinski
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
| | - Benjamin Tajer
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
| | - Mary C Mullins
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
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13
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Nodal and BMP dispersal during early zebrafish development. Dev Biol 2018; 447:14-23. [PMID: 29653088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The secreted TGF-β superfamily signals Nodal and BMP coordinate the patterning of vertebrate embryos. Nodal specifies endoderm and mesoderm during germ layer formation, and BMP specifies ventral fates and patterns the dorsal/ventral axis. Five major models have been proposed to explain how the correct distributions of Nodal and BMP are achieved within tissues to orchestrate embryogenesis: source/sink, transcriptional determination, relay, self-regulation, and shuttling. Here, we discuss recent experiments probing these signal dispersal models, focusing on early zebrafish development.
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14
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Zinski J, Bu Y, Wang X, Dou W, Umulis D, Mullins MC. Systems biology derived source-sink mechanism of BMP gradient formation. eLife 2017; 6:22199. [PMID: 28826472 PMCID: PMC5590806 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A morphogen gradient of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling patterns the dorsoventral embryonic axis of vertebrates and invertebrates. The prevailing view in vertebrates for BMP gradient formation is through a counter-gradient of BMP antagonists, often along with ligand shuttling to generate peak signaling levels. To delineate the mechanism in zebrafish, we precisely quantified the BMP activity gradient in wild-type and mutant embryos and combined these data with a mathematical model-based computational screen to test hypotheses for gradient formation. Our analysis ruled out a BMP shuttling mechanism and a bmp transcriptionally-informed gradient mechanism. Surprisingly, rather than supporting a counter-gradient mechanism, our analyses support a fourth model, a source-sink mechanism, which relies on a restricted BMP antagonist distribution acting as a sink that drives BMP flux dorsally and gradient formation. We measured Bmp2 diffusion and found that it supports the source-sink model, suggesting a new mechanism to shape BMP gradients during development. Before an animal is born, a protein called BMP plays a key role in establishing the difference between the front and the back of the animal. Cells nearer the front of the embryo contain higher amounts of the BMP protein, whilst cells nearer the back have progressively lower levels of BMP. This gradient of BMP ‘concentration’ affects the identity of the cells, with the level of BMP in each cell dictating what parts of the body are made where. The prevailing view among scientists is that the BMP gradient is created by an opposing gradient of another protein called Chordin, which is found at high levels at the back of the embryo and lower levels near the front. Chordin inhibits BMP and the interaction between the two proteins establishes the gradients that create order across the embryo. Zinski et al. used computer models to investigate how the BMP gradient is created. Several possibilities were considered, including the effect of Chordin. Comparing the models to precise experimental measurements of BMP activity in zebrafish embryos suggested that a different mechanism known as a source-sink model, rather than the opposing Chordin gradient, may be responsible for the pattern of BMP found in the embryo. In this model, the BMP is produced at the front of the embryo and moves towards the back end by diffusion. At the back of the embryo, BMP is mopped up by Chordin, resulting in a constant gradient of BMP along the embryo. Many other processes that control how animals grow and develop rely on the formation of similar protein gradients, so these findings may also apply to other aspects of animal development. Understanding how animals grow and develop may help researchers to develop strategies to regrow tissues and organs in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zinski
- Department of Cell and DevelopmentalBiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Ye Bu
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - Wei Dou
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - David Umulis
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and DevelopmentalBiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
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15
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LEI X, CUI K, CAI X, REN Y, LIU Q, SHI D. Bone morphogenetic protein 1 is expressed in porcine ovarian follicles and promotes oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:258-266. [PMID: 27890905 PMCID: PMC5326928 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we tried to determine whether bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1) plays a role in ovarian follicular development and early embryo development. We systematically investigated the expression and influence of BMP1 during porcine follicle and early embryonic development. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the BMP1 protein is expressed in granular cells and oocytes during follicular development, from primary to pre-ovulatory follicles, including atretic follicles and the corpus luteum. The mRNA expression of BMP1 significantly increased as the porcine follicles grew. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that BMP1 was expressed in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs), oocytes and porcine embryos during early in vitro culture. qPCR and western blot analysis showed that the expression of BMP1 was significantly up-regulated in mature porcine oocytes and COCs compared to immature oocytes and COCs. BMP1 is expressed in early porcine embryos, and its expression reaches a peak at the 8-cell stage. To determine the effect of BMP1 on the maturation of oocytes and the development of early embryos, various concentrations of BMP1 recombinant protein or antibody were added to the in vitro culture media, respectively. BMP1 significantly affected the porcine oocyte maturation rate, the cleavage rate and the blastocyst development rate of embryos cultured in vitro in a positive way, as well as the blastocyst cell number. In conclusion, BMP1 is expressed throughout porcine ovarian follicle development and early embryogenesis, and it promotes oocyte maturation and the developmental ability of embryos during early in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocan LEI
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of
Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University,
Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Kuiqing CUI
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of
Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan CAI
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of
Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanping REN
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of
Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University,
Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Qingyou LIU
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of
Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Deshun SHI
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of
Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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16
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Perez-Camps M, Tian J, Chng SC, Sem KP, Sudhaharan T, Teh C, Wachsmuth M, Korzh V, Ahmed S, Reversade B. Quantitative imaging reveals real-time Pou5f3-Nanog complexes driving dorsoventral mesendoderm patterning in zebrafish. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27684073 PMCID: PMC5042653 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the three embryonic germ layers is a fundamental developmental process that initiates differentiation. How the zebrafish pluripotency factor Pou5f3 (homologous to mammalian Oct4) drives lineage commitment is unclear. Here, we introduce fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to assess the formation of Pou5f3 complexes with other transcription factors in real-time in gastrulating zebrafish embryos. We show, at single-cell resolution in vivo, that Pou5f3 complexes with Nanog to pattern mesendoderm differentiation at the blastula stage. Later, during gastrulation, Sox32 restricts Pou5f3–Nanog complexes to the ventrolateral mesendoderm by binding Pou5f3 or Nanog in prospective dorsal endoderm. In the ventrolateral endoderm, the Elabela / Aplnr pathway limits Sox32 levels, allowing the formation of Pou5f3–Nanog complexes and the activation of downstream BMP signaling. This quantitative model shows that a balance in the spatiotemporal distribution of Pou5f3–Nanog complexes, modulated by Sox32, regulates mesendoderm specification along the dorsoventral axis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11475.001 As an animal embryo develops, cells divide and establish three distinct layers called the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Proteins called transcription factors control this process by regulating the activity of particular genes. Two or more transcription factors may interact to modulate each other’s activity. Zebrafish embryos provide an ideal model system for monitoring how these embryonic layers form and the interactions between transcription factors in real-time because they are transparent and develop outside their parents. Pou5f3 and Nanog are two key transcription factors involved in this process in zebrafish. However, it is not clear how Pou5f3 and Nanog instruct cells to become ectoderm, mesoderm or endoderm. Perez Camps et al. used imaging techniques to study Pou5f3 and Nanog. The experiments show that Pou5f3 and Nanog bind together to form complexes that instruct cells to form the temporary layer that later gives rise to both the mesoderm and endoderm. The cells in which there are less Pou5f3 and Nanog complexes form the ectoderm layer. To develop the body shape of adult zebrafish, the embryos need to give individual cells information about their location in the body. For example, a signal protein called bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) accumulates on the side of the embryo that will become the underside of the fish. Perez Camps et al. show that once the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm have formed, Pou5f3–Nanog complexes regulate BMP signalling to specify the underside of the fish. Meanwhile, in the endoderm on the opposite side, another transcription factor called Sox32 binds to individual Pou5f3 and Nanog proteins. This prevents Pou5f3 and Nanog from forming complexes and determines which side of the embryo will make the topside of the fish. A future challenge is to explore other transcription factors that may prevent Pou5f1 and Nanog from binding in the mesoderm and ectoderm of the topside of the fish. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11475.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Tian
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Serene C Chng
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Pin Sem
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Cathleen Teh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Malte Wachsmuth
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sohail Ahmed
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
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Abstract
The discovery of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family ligands and the realization that their bioactivities need to be tightly controlled temporally and spatially led to intensive research that has identified a multitude of extracellular modulators of TGF-β family ligands, uncovered their functions in developmental and pathophysiological processes, defined the mechanisms of their activities, and explored potential modulator-based therapeutic applications in treating human diseases. These studies revealed a diverse repertoire of extracellular and membrane-associated molecules that are capable of modulating TGF-β family signals via control of ligand availability, processing, ligand-receptor interaction, and receptor activation. These molecules include not only soluble ligand-binding proteins that were conventionally considered as agonists and antagonists of TGF-β family of growth factors, but also extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteoglycans that can serve as "sink" and control storage and release of both the TGF-β family ligands and their regulators. This extensive network of soluble and ECM modulators helps to ensure dynamic and cell-specific control of TGF-β family signals. This article reviews our knowledge of extracellular modulation of TGF-β growth factors by diverse proteins and their molecular mechanisms to regulate TGF-β family signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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18
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Troilo H, Bayley CP, Barrett AL, Lockhart-Cairns MP, Jowitt TA, Baldock C. Mammalian tolloid proteinases: role in growth factor signalling. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2398-407. [PMID: 27391803 PMCID: PMC4988381 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tolloid proteinases are essential for tissue patterning and extracellular matrix assembly. The members of the family differ in their substrate specificity and activity, despite sharing similar domain organization. The mechanisms underlying substrate specificity and activity are complex, with variation between family members, and depend on both multimerization and substrate interaction. In addition, enhancers, such as Twisted gastrulation (Tsg), promote cleavage of tolloid substrate, chordin, to regulate growth factor signalling. Although Tsg and mammalian tolloid (mTLD) are involved in chordin cleavage, no interaction has been detected between them, suggesting Tsg induces a change in chordin to increase susceptibility to cleavage. All members of the tolloid family bind the N terminus of latent TGFβ‐binding protein‐1, providing support for their role in TGFβ signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Troilo
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher P Bayley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Anne L Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Lockhart-Cairns
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,Beamline B21, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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19
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Muir AM, Massoudi D, Nguyen N, Keene DR, Lee SJ, Birk DE, Davidson JM, Marinkovich MP, Greenspan DS. BMP1-like proteinases are essential to the structure and wound healing of skin. Matrix Biol 2016; 56:114-131. [PMID: 27363389 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Closely related extracellular metalloproteinases bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1) and mammalian Tolloid-like 1 (mTLL1) are co-expressed in various tissues and have been suggested to have overlapping roles in the biosynthetic processing of extracellular matrix components. Early lethality of mice null for the BMP1 gene Bmp1 or the mTLL1 gene Tll1 has impaired in vivo studies of these proteinases. To overcome issues of early lethality and functional redundancy we developed the novel BTKO mouse strain, with floxed Bmp1 and Tll1 alleles, for induction of postnatal, simultaneous ablation of the two genes. We previously showed these mice to have a skeletal phenotype that includes elements of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), osteomalacia, and deficient osteocyte maturation, observations validated by the finding of BMP1 mutations in a subset of human patients with OI-like phenotypes. However, the roles of BMP1-like proteinase in non-skeletal tissues have yet to be explored, despite the supposed importance of putative substrates of these proteinases in such tissues. Here, we employ BTKO mice to investigate potential roles for these proteinases in skin. Loss of BMP1-like proteinase activity is shown to result in markedly thinned and fragile skin with unusually densely packed collagen fibrils and delayed wound healing. We demonstrate deficits in the processing of collagens I and III, decorin, biglycan, and laminin 332 in skin, which indicate mechanisms whereby BMP1-like proteinases affect the biology of this tissue. In contrast, lack of effects on collagen VII processing or deposition indicates this putative substrate to be biosynthetically processed by non-BMP1-like proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Muir
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Dawiyat Massoudi
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ngon Nguyen
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Dermatology, VA Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Microimaging Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - David E Birk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - M Peter Marinkovich
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Dermatology, VA Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Daniel S Greenspan
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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20
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Langdon YG, Fuentes R, Zhang H, Abrams EW, Marlow FL, Mullins MC. Split top: a maternal cathepsin B that regulates dorsoventral patterning and morphogenesis. Development 2016; 143:1016-28. [PMID: 26893345 PMCID: PMC4813285 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate embryonic dorsoventral axis is established and patterned by Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways, respectively. Whereas Wnt signaling establishes the dorsal side of the embryo and induces the dorsal organizer, a BMP signaling gradient patterns tissues along the dorsoventral axis. Early Wnt signaling is provided maternally, whereas BMP ligand expression in the zebrafish is zygotic, but regulated by maternal factors. Concomitant with BMP activity patterning dorsoventral axial tissues, the embryo also undergoes dramatic morphogenetic processes, including the cell movements of gastrulation, epiboly and dorsal convergence. Although the zygotic regulation of these cell migration processes is increasingly understood, far less is known of the maternal regulators of these processes. Similarly, the maternal regulation of dorsoventral patterning, and in particular the maternal control of ventral tissue specification, is poorly understood. We identified split top, a recessive maternal-effect zebrafish mutant that disrupts embryonic patterning upstream of endogenous BMP signaling. Embryos from split top mutant females exhibit a dorsalized embryonic axis, which can be rescued by BMP misexpression or by derepressing endogenous BMP signaling. In addition to dorsoventral patterning defects, split top mutants display morphogenesis defects that are both BMP dependent and independent. These morphogenesis defects include incomplete dorsal convergence, delayed epiboly progression and an early lysis phenotype during gastrula stages. The latter two morphogenesis defects are associated with disruption of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton within the yolk cell and defects in the outer enveloping cell layer, which are both known mediators of epiboly movements. Through chromosomal mapping and RNA sequencing analysis, we identified the lysosomal endopeptidase cathepsin Ba (ctsba) as the gene deficient in split top embryos. Our results identify a novel role for Ctsba in morphogenesis and expand our understanding of the maternal regulation of dorsoventral patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette G Langdon
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Millsaps College, Department of Biology, Jackson, MS 39210, USA
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elliott W Abrams
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Florence L Marlow
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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21
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BMP morphogen gradients in flies. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 27:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Lei X, Cui K, Li Z, Su J, Jiang J, Zhang H, Liu Q, Shi D. BMP-1 participates in the selection and dominance of buffalo follicles by regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of granulosa cells. Theriogenology 2015; 85:999-1012. [PMID: 26778140 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BMP1/TLD-related metalloproteinases play a key role in morphogenesis via the proteolytic maturation of a number of extracellular matrix proteins and the activation of a subset of growth factors of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. Recent data indicated that BMP1 is expressed in sheep ovarian follicles and showed a protease activity. The aim of the present study was to characterize the function of the buffalo BMP1 gene in folliculogenesis. A 3195-bp buffalo BMP1 mRNA fragment was firstly cloned and sequenced, which contained a whole 2967-bp codon sequence. The multialigned results suggested that BMP1 is highly conserved among different species both at the nucleic acid and the amino acid level. BMP1 is located in the oogonium of the fetal buffalo ovary and in the granulosa cells (GCs) and the oocytes of adult ovary from the primordial to the large antral follicles. Further study showed that BMP1 promoted cell cycle and proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in IVC GCs. Adding BMP1 recombinant protein to the culture medium of the GCs increased the expression of the key cell cycle regulators such as cyclin D1 and cyclin D2 and downregulated the expression of cell apoptosis pathway genes such as Cytochrome C, Fas, FasL, and Chop, both at the mRNA and at the protein levels. It also upregulated the expression of PAPP-A, IGF system, and VEGF, and so forth, which play important roles in the selection and dominance of growth follicles. The opposite results were observed by adding BMP1 antibody to the investigation groups. This study suggests that BMP1 regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of IVC GCs by changing the expression pattern of related genes and may potentially promote the selection and dominance of the buffalo follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocan Lei
- Animal Science Department, Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kuiqing Cui
- Animal Science Department, Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Animal Science Department, Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Su
- Animal Science Department, Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jianrong Jiang
- Animal Science Department, Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Haihang Zhang
- Animal Science Department, Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingyou Liu
- Animal Science Department, Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
| | - Deshun Shi
- Animal Science Department, Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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23
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Tuazon FB, Mullins MC. Temporally coordinated signals progressively pattern the anteroposterior and dorsoventral body axes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:118-33. [PMID: 26123688 PMCID: PMC4562868 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate body plan is established through the precise spatiotemporal coordination of morphogen signaling pathways that pattern the anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axes. Patterning along the AP axis is directed by posteriorizing signals Wnt, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Nodal, and retinoic acid (RA), while patterning along the DV axis is directed by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) ventralizing signals. This review addresses the current understanding of how Wnt, FGF, RA and BMP pattern distinct AP and DV cell fates during early development and how their signaling mechanisms are coordinated to concomitantly pattern AP and DV tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca B Tuazon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 1152 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, United States
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 1152 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, United States.
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24
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Thisse B, Thisse C. Formation of the vertebrate embryo: Moving beyond the Spemann organizer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:94-102. [PMID: 25999320 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the course of their classic experiments, Hilde Mangold and Hans Spemann discovered that the dorsal blastopore lip of an amphibian gastrula was able to induce formation of a complete embryonic axis when transplanted into the ventral side of a host gastrula embryo. Since then, the inducing activity of the dorsal lip has been known as the Spemann or dorsal organizer. During the past 25 years, studies performed in a variety of species have led to the identification of molecular factors associated with the properties of this tissue. However, none of them is, by itself, able to induce formation of the main body axis from a population of naive pluripotent embryonic cells. Recently, experiments performed using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) revealed that the organizing activities present in the embryo are not restricted to the Spemann organizer but are distributed along the entire blastula/gastrula margin. These organizing activities result from the interaction between two opposing gradients of morphogens, BMP and Nodal, that are the primary signals that trigger the cascade of developmental events leading to the organization of the embryo. These studies mark the end of the era during which developmental biologists saw the Spemann organizer as the core element for the organization of the vertebrate embryonic axis and, instead, provides opportunities for the experimental control of morphogenesis starting with a population of embryonic pluripotent cells that will be instructed using those two morphogen gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Thisse
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christine Thisse
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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25
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Kwong L, Bijlsma MF, Roelink H. Shh-mediated degradation of Hhip allows cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous Shh signalling. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4849. [PMID: 25215859 PMCID: PMC4163939 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is a highly regulated and critical process for development. Several negative feedback mechanisms are in place, including the Shh-induced upregulation of Hedgehog-interacting protein (Hhip). Hhip sequesters Shh, leading to a non-cell autonomous inhibition of the pathway. Hhip overexpression has a severe effect on neural tube development, raising the question why normal sites of Hhip expression have a seemingly unimpaired response to Shh. Here we show that although Hhip is able to leave its sites of synthesis to inhibit Shh non-cell autonomously, activation of Smoothened (Smo) drastically increases Hhip internalization and degradation cell autonomously. Although Hhip is unable to cell autonomously inhibit the consequences of Smo activation, it can inhibit the Shh response non-cell autonomously. Our data provide a mechanism by which the Shh ligand can activate the response and negate cell autonomous effects of Hhip, while Hhip can still induce non-cell autonomous inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Kwong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, 16 Barker Hall, 3204, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Maarten F Bijlsma
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Roelink
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, 16 Barker Hall, 3204, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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26
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West JD, Austin ED, Gaskill C, Marriott S, Baskir R, Bilousova G, Jean JC, Hemnes AR, Menon S, Bloodworth NC, Fessel JP, Kropski JA, Irwin D, Ware LB, Wheeler L, Hong CC, Meyrick B, Loyd JE, Bowman AB, Ess KC, Klemm DJ, Young PP, Merryman WD, Kotton D, Majka SM. Identification of a common Wnt-associated genetic signature across multiple cell types in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C415-30. [PMID: 24871858 PMCID: PMC4154073 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00057.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding differences in gene expression that increase risk for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is essential to understanding the molecular basis for disease. Previous studies on patient samples were limited by end-stage disease effects or by use of nonadherent cells, which are not ideal to model vascular cells in vivo. These studies addressed the hypothesis that pathological processes associated with PAH may be identified via a genetic signature common across multiple cell types. Expression array experiments were initially conducted to analyze cell types at different stages of vascular differentiation (mesenchymal stromal and endothelial) derived from PAH patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Molecular pathways that were altered in the PAH cell lines were then compared with those in fibroblasts from 21 patients, including those with idiopathic and heritable PAH. Wnt was identified as a target pathway and was validated in vitro using primary patient mesenchymal and endothelial cells. Taken together, our data suggest that the molecular lesions that cause PAH are present in all cell types evaluated, regardless of origin, and that stimulation of the Wnt signaling pathway was a common molecular defect in both heritable and idiopathic PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D West
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Vascular Biology Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eric D Austin
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christa Gaskill
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shennea Marriott
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rubin Baskir
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ganna Bilousova
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Anna R Hemnes
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Vascular Biology Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Swapna Menon
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Joshua P Fessel
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Vascular Biology Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Johnathan A Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David Irwin
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lorraine B Ware
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lisa Wheeler
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Charles C Hong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Veterans Administration Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Barbara Meyrick
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James E Loyd
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kevin C Ess
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dwight J Klemm
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pampee P Young
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Susan M Majka
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Vascular Biology Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute, Kochi, and AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Kerala, India; and
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27
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Organizer-derived Bmp2 is required for the formation of a correct Bmp activity gradient during embryonic development. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3766. [PMID: 24777107 PMCID: PMC4071459 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) control dorsoventral patterning of vertebrate embryos through the establishment of a ventrodorsal gradient of the activated downstream cytoplasmic effectors Smad1/5/8. Some Bmp ligands are expressed in the ventral and lateral regions and in the organizer during gastrulation of the embryo, but it remains unclear how organizer-derived Bmps contribute to total Bmp ligand levels and to the establishment of the correct phospho-Smad1/5/8 gradient along the ventrodorsal axis. Here we demonstrate that interference with organizer-specific Bmp2b signalling in zebrafish embryos alters the phospho-Smad1/5/8 gradient throughout the ventrodorsal axis, elevates the levels of the Bmp antagonist Chordin and dorsalizes the embryos. Moreover, we show that organizer-derived Bmp2b represses chordin transcription in the organizer and contributes to the control of the Chordin gradient. Combining these experimental results with simulations of Bmp’s reaction-diffusion dynamics, our data indicate that organizer-produced Bmp2b is required for the establishment and maintenance of a Bmp activity gradient and for appropriate embryonic dorsoventral patterning during gastrulation. The morphogen, Bmp, regulates differentiation of cell fates along the ventral to dorsal axis during vertebrate embryonic development. Here, Xue et al. show that Bmp2b produced by the organizer during early gastrulation in zebrafish embryos has a role in the establishment of an appropriate Bmp morphogen activity gradient and the correct dorsoventral patterning of the embryos.
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28
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Rengarajan C, Matzke A, Reiner L, Orian-Rousseau V, Scholpp S. Endocytosis of Fgf8 is a double-stage process and regulates spreading and signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86373. [PMID: 24466061 PMCID: PMC3896487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tightly controlled concentration gradients of morphogens provide positional information and thus regulate tissue differentiation and morphogenesis in multicellular organisms. However, how such morphogenetic fields are formed and maintained remains debated. Here we show that fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) morphogen gradients in zebrafish embryos are established and maintained by two essential mechanisms. Firstly, Fgf8 is taken up into the cell by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The speed of the uptake rate defines the range of the morphogenetic gradient of Fgf8. Secondly, our data demonstrate that after endocytosis the routing of Fgf8 from the early endosome to the late endosome shuts down signaling. Therefore, intracellular endocytic transport regulates the intensity and duration of Fgf8 signaling. We show that internalization of Fgf8 into the early endosome and subsequent transport towards the late endosome are two independent processes. Therefore, we hypothesize that Fgf8 receiving cells control both, the propagation width and the signal strength of the morphogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanya Rengarajan
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetic (ITG), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexandra Matzke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetic (ITG), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Luisa Reiner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetic (ITG), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Véronique Orian-Rousseau
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetic (ITG), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetic (ITG), Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
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29
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Muir AM, Ren Y, Butz DH, Davis NA, Blank RD, Birk DE, Lee SJ, Rowe D, Feng JQ, Greenspan DS. Induced ablation of Bmp1 and Tll1 produces osteogenesis imperfecta in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3085-101. [PMID: 24419319 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), or brittle bone disease, is most often caused by dominant mutations in the collagen I genes COL1A1/COL1A2, whereas rarer recessive OI is often caused by mutations in genes encoding collagen I-interacting proteins. Recently, mutations in the gene for the proteinase bone morphogenetic 1 (BMP1) were reported in two recessive OI families. BMP1 and the closely related proteinase mammalian tolloid-like 1 (mTLL1) are co-expressed in various tissues, including bone, and have overlapping activities that include biosynthetic processing of procollagen precursors into mature collagen monomers. However, early lethality of Bmp1- and Tll1-null mice has precluded use of such models for careful study of in vivo roles of their protein products. Here we employ novel mouse strains with floxed Bmp1 and Tll1 alleles to induce postnatal, simultaneous ablation of the two genes, thus avoiding barriers of Bmp1(-/-) and Tll1(-/-) lethality and issues of functional redundancy. Bones of the conditionally null mice are dramatically weakened and brittle, with spontaneous fractures-defining features of OI. Additional skeletal features include osteomalacia, thinned/porous cortical bone, reduced processing of procollagen and dentin matrix protein 1, remarkably high bone turnover and defective osteocyte maturation that is accompanied by decreased expression of the osteocyte marker and Wnt-signaling inhibitor sclerostin, and by marked induction of canonical Wnt signaling. The novel animal model presented here provides new opportunities for in-depth analyses of in vivo roles of BMP1-like proteinases in bone and other tissues, and for their roles, and for possible therapeutic interventions, in OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Muir
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA, Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yinshi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Delana Hopkins Butz
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicholas A Davis
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert D Blank
- Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David E Birk
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA and
| | - David Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Biomaterials and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel S Greenspan
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA,
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30
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Kjaer-Sorensen K, Engholm DH, Jepsen MR, Morch MG, Weyer K, Hefting LL, Skov LL, Laursen LS, Oxvig C. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 modulates development of cranial cartilage and angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:5027-37. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.152587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2, pappalysin-2) is a large metalloproteinase, known to be required for normal postnatal growth and bone development in mice. We here report the detection of zebrafish papp-a2 mRNA in chordamesoderm, notochord, and lower jaw of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, and that papp-a2 knockdown embryos display broadened axial mesoderm, notochord bends, and severely reduced cranial cartilages. Genetic data link these phenotypes to insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (Igfbp-3) and Bmp signaling, and biochemical analysis show specific Igfbp-3 proteolysis by Papp-a2, implicating Papp-a2 in the modulation of Bmp signaling by Igfbp-3 proteolysis. Knockdown of papp-a2 additionally resulted in angiogenesis defects, strikingly similar to previous observations in embryos with mutations in components of the Notch system. Concordantly, we find that Notch signaling is modulated by Papp-a2 in vivo, and, furthermore, that PAPP-A2 is capable of modulating Notch signaling independently of its proteolytic activity in cell culture. Based on these results, we conclude that Papp-a2 modulates Bmp and Notch signaling by independent mechanisms in zebrafish embryos. In conclusion, these data link pappalysin function in zebrafish to two different signaling pathways outside the IGF system.
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31
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Stuckenholz C, Lu L, Thakur PC, Choi TY, Shin D, Bahary N. Sfrp5 modulates both Wnt and BMP signaling and regulates gastrointestinal organogenesis [corrected] in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62470. [PMID: 23638093 PMCID: PMC3639276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sfrp5 belongs to the family of secreted frizzled related proteins (Sfrp), secreted inhibitors of Wingless-MMTV Integration Site (Wnt) signaling, which play an important role in cancer and development. We selected sfrp5 because of its compelling expression profile in the developing endoderm in zebrafish, Danio rerio. In this study, overexpression of sfrp5 in embryos results in defects in both convergent extension (CE) by inhibition of non-canonical Wnt signaling and defects in dorsoventral patterning by inhibition of Tolloid-mediated proteolysis of the BMP inhibitor Chordin. From 25 hours post fertilization (hpf) to 3 days post fertilization (dpf), both overexpression and knockdown of Sfrp5 decrease the size of the endoderm, significantly reducing liver cell number. At 3 dpf, insulin-positive endodermal cells fail to coalesce into a single pancreatic islet. We show that Sfrp5 inhibits both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling during embryonic and endodermal development, resulting in endodermal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Stuckenholz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lili Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Prakash C. Thakur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tae-Young Choi
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan Bahary
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Wang WD, Melville DB, Montero-Balaguer M, Hatzopoulos AK, Knapik EW. Tfap2a and Foxd3 regulate early steps in the development of the neural crest progenitor population. Dev Biol 2011; 360:173-85. [PMID: 21963426 PMCID: PMC3236700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest is a stem cell-like population exclusive to vertebrates that gives rise to many different cell types including chondrocytes, neurons and melanocytes. Arising from the neural plate border at the intersection of Wnt and Bmp signaling pathways, the complexity of neural crest gene regulatory networks has made the earliest steps of induction difficult to elucidate. Here, we report that tfap2a and foxd3 participate in neural crest induction and are necessary and sufficient for this process to proceed. Double mutant tfap2a (mont blanc, mob) and foxd3 (mother superior, mos) mob;mos zebrafish embryos completely lack all neural crest-derived tissues. Moreover, tfap2a and foxd3 are expressed during gastrulation prior to neural crest induction in distinct, complementary, domains; tfap2a is expressed in the ventral non-neural ectoderm and foxd3 in the dorsal mesendoderm and ectoderm. We further show that Bmp signaling is expanded in mob;mos embryos while expression of dkk1, a Wnt signaling inhibitor, is increased and canonical Wnt targets are suppressed. These changes in Bmp and Wnt signaling result in specific perturbations of neural crest induction rather than general defects in neural plate border or dorso-ventral patterning. foxd3 overexpression, on the other hand, enhances the ability of tfap2a to ectopically induce neural crest around the neural plate, overriding the normal neural plate border limit of the early neural crest territory. Although loss of either Tfap2a or Foxd3 alters Bmp and Wnt signaling patterns, only their combined inactivation sufficiently alters these signaling gradients to abort neural crest induction. Collectively, our results indicate that tfap2a and foxd3, in addition to their respective roles in the differentiation of neural crest derivatives, also jointly maintain the balance of Bmp and Wnt signaling in order to delineate the neural crest induction domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Der Wang
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - David B. Melville
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | | | - Antonis K. Hatzopoulos
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Ela W. Knapik
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Developmental Biology, Institute Biology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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33
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Anderson HC, Gurley DJ, Hsu HHT, Aguilera XM, Davis LS, Moylan PE. SECRETION OF A BONE-INDUCING AGENT (BIA) BY CULTURED SAOS-2 HUMAN OSTEOSARCOMA CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218957799000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An extractable bone-inducing agent has recently been identified in freeze-dried preparations of Saos-2 cultured human osteosarcoma cells. Although not all osteoinductive components of Saos-2 cell extracts have been identified, we have shown that Saos-2 cells express high levels of mRNA for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)-1,2,3,4 and 6. Any or all of these BMPs (plus possible unknown factors) may be involved in ectopic bone induction, and may act as paracrine agents, conveying morphogenetic information to juxtaposed osteoprogenitor cells. Our objectives in this study were: 1) to determine whether Saos-2 cells secrete BIA into their culture medium; and 2) if secreted, to determine whether released bone-inducing agent is soluble and/or particulate and contains BMPs. Saos-2 cells were grown to confluence, and then overlaid with serum-free DMEM culture medium for 48 hours. The serum-free conditioned medium was then decanted and filtered through 0.45μ pore-size filters to retain any vesicles or other particulates released by the cells. Particulate protein retained on the 0.45μ filter (designated "retentate") was extracted into 6M urea and bioassayed for bone-inducing activity in Nu/Nu mice, along with soluble media protein that had passed through the 0.45μ filter (designated "filtrate") plus freeze-dried Saos-2 cells from which conditioned the culture medium was obtained. Results indicate that the bone-inducing agent of Saos-2 cells is not only retained by the cells, but is also secreted in both soluble and particulate forms into serum-free conditioned medium. Bone-inducing activity (per mg protein) is more concentrated in the particulate fraction, which is shown by electron microscopy to contain a mixture of vesicles (similar to matrix vesicles) plus electron dense granules (resembling ribosomes) and 10 mM microfilaments (of possible collagenous or cytoskeletal origin). BMP-1,2,3,4,6 and 7 were detected by western blots in both the soluble and particulate fractions of conditioned medium. Thus, it is indicated that Saos-2 cells secrete an osteoinductive factor which may function in vivo as a paracrine morphogenetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. C. Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - D. J. Gurley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - H. H. T. Hsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - X. M. Aguilera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - L. S. Davis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - P. E. Moylan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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34
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Mii Y, Taira M. Secreted Wnt "inhibitors" are not just inhibitors: regulation of extracellular Wnt by secreted Frizzled-related proteins. Dev Growth Differ 2011; 53:911-23. [PMID: 21995331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2011.01299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gradient formation and signaling ranges of secreted proteins are crucial problems to understand how morphogens work for positional information and patterning in animal development. Yet, extracellular behaviors of secreted signaling molecules remain unexplored compared to their downstream pathways inside the cell. Recent advances in bioimaging make it possible to directly visualize morphogen molecules, and this simple strategy has, at least partly, succeeded in uncovering molecular behaviors of morphogens, such as Wnt (wingless-type MMTV integration site family member) and BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) as well as secreted Wnt binding proteins, sFRPs (secreted Frizzled-related proteins), in embryonic tissues. Here, we review the regulation of Wnt signaling by sFRPs, focusing on extracellular regulation of Wnt ligands in comparison with other morphogens. We also discuss evolutionary aspects with comprehensive syntenic and phylogenetic information about vertebrate sfrp genes. We newly annotated several sfrp genes including sfrp2-like 1 (sfrp2l1) in frogs and fishes and crescent in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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35
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Abstract
Vertebrate development begins with precise molecular, cellular, and morphogenetic controls to establish the basic body plan of the embryo. In zebrafish, these tightly regulated processes begin during oogenesis and proceed through gastrulation to establish and pattern the axes of the embryo. During oogenesis a maternal factor is localized to the vegetal pole of the oocyte that is a determinant of dorsal tissues. Following fertilization this vegetally localized dorsal determinant is asymmetrically translocated in the egg and initiates formation of the dorsoventral axis. Dorsoventral axis formation and patterning is then mediated by maternal and zygotic factors acting through Wnt, BMP (bone morphogenetic protein), Nodal, and FGF (fibroblast growth factor) signaling pathways, each of which is required to establish and/or pattern the dorsoventral axis. This review addresses recent advances in our understanding of the molecular factors and mechanisms that establish and pattern the dorsoventral axis of the zebrafish embryo, including establishment of the animal-vegetal axis as it relates to formation of the dorsoventral axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette G Langdon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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36
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Bone morphogenetic protein 2 improves patellar tendon healing by promoting migration and proliferation of tenocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Lee SJ. Extracellular Regulation of Myostatin: A Molecular Rheostat for Muscle Mass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 10:183-194. [PMID: 21423813 DOI: 10.2174/187152210793663748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a transforming growth factor-ß family member that plays a critical role in regulating skeletal muscle mass. Genetic studies in multiple species have demonstrated that mutations in the Mstn gene lead to dramatic and widespread increases in muscle mass as a result of a combination of increased fiber numbers and increased fiber sizes. MSTN inhibitors have also been shown to cause significant increases in muscle growth when administered to adult mice. As a result, there has been an extensive effort to understand the mechanisms underlying MSTN regulation and activity with the goal of developing the most effective strategies for targeting this signaling pathway for clinical applications. Here, I review the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of MSTN extracellularly by binding proteins and discuss the implications of these findings both with respect to the fundamental physiological role that MSTN plays in regulating tissue homeostasis and with respect to the development of therapeutic agents to combat muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, PCTB 803, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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38
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Zeng S, Chen J, Shen H. Controlling of bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Cell Signal 2010; 22:888-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Branam AM, Hoffman GG, Pelegri F, Greenspan DS. Zebrafish chordin-like and chordin are functionally redundant in regulating patterning of the dorsoventral axis. Dev Biol 2010; 341:444-58. [PMID: 20226780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chordin is the prototype of a group of cysteine-rich domain-containing proteins that bind and modulate signaling of various TGFbeta-like ligands. Chordin-like 1 and 2 (CHL1 and 2) are two members of this group that have been described in human, mouse, and chick. However, in vivo roles for CHL1 and 2 in early development are unknown due to lack of loss-of-function analysis. Here we identify and characterize zebrafish, Danio rerio, CHL (Chl). The chl gene is on a region of chromosome 21 syntenic with the area of murine chromosome 7 bearing the CHL2 gene. Inability to identify a separate zebrafish gene corresponding to the mammalian CHL1 gene suggests that Chl may serve roles in zebrafish distributed between CHL1 and CHL2 in other species. Chl is a maternal factor that is also zygotically expressed later in development and has spatiotemporal expression patterns that differ from but overlap those of zebrafish chordin (Chd), suggesting differences but also possible overlap in developmental roles of the two proteins. Chl, like Chd, dorsalizes embryos upon overexpression and is cleaved by BMP1, which antagonizes this activity. Loss-of-function experiments demonstrate that Chl serves as a BMP antagonist with functions that overlap and are redundant with those of Chd in forming the dorsoventral axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Branam
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Specific processing of tenascin-C by the metalloprotease meprinbeta neutralizes its inhibition of cell spreading. Matrix Biol 2009; 29:31-42. [PMID: 19748582 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The metalloprotease meprin has been implicated in tissue remodelling due to its capability to degrade extracellular matrix components. Here, we investigated the susceptibility of tenascin-C to cleavage by meprinbeta and the functional properties of its proteolytic fragments. A set of monoclonal antibodies against chicken and human tenascin-C allowed the mapping of proteolytic fragments generated by meprinbeta. In chicken tenascin-C, meprinbeta processed all three major splicing variants by removal of 10kDa N-terminal and 38kDa C-terminal peptides, leaving a large central part of subunits intact. A similar cleavage pattern was found for large human tenascin-C variant where two N-terminal peptides (10 or 15kDa) and two C-terminal fragments (40 and 55kDa) were removed from the intact subunit. N-terminal sequencing revealed the exact amino acid positions of cleavage sites. In both chicken and human tenascin-C N-terminal cleavages occurred just before and/or after the heptad repeats involved in subunit oligomerization. In the human protein, an additional cleavage site was identified in the alternative fibronectin type III repeat D. Whereas all these sites are known to be attacked by several other proteases, a unique cleavage by meprinbeta was located to the 7th constant fibronectin type III repeat in both chicken and human tenascin-C, thereby removing the C-terminal domain involved in its anti-adhesive activity. In cell adhesion assays meprinbeta-digested human tenascin-C was not able to interfere with fibronectin-mediated cell spreading, confirming cleavage in the anti-adhesive domain. Whereas the expression of meprinbeta and tenascin-C does not overlap in normal colon tissue, inflamed lesions of the mucosa from patients with Crohn's disease exhibited many meprinbeta-positive leukocytes in regions where tenascin-C was strongly induced. Our data indicate that, at least under pathological conditions, meprinbeta might attack specific functional sites in tenascin-C that are important for its oligomerization and anti-adhesive activity.
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Yang S, Wu X. Tolliod-like gene in Crassostrea ariakensis: Molecular cloning, structural characterization and expression by RLO stimulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:130-135. [PMID: 19105979 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The BMP1/TLD-like proteinases are pleiotropic, astacin-like metalloproteinases. They play central roles in regulating the formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and signaling through various TGFbeta-like proteins in morphogenetic and homeostatic events. Here we describe the cloning, structural characterization and expression of Tolloid-like gene in the oyster, Crassostrea ariakensis (CaTLL). The full-length cDNA of CaTLL spans 3492 nucleotides including an open reading frame of 2811 nucleotides which encodes a hypothetical protein of 936 amino acids, with a molecular mass of approximately 103 kDa. The CaTLL molecule possessed structural features of several motifs including an N-terminal signal peptide sequence, a prodomain with an RTRR motif, an astacin-like domain that contains a conserved zinc-binding motif HELGHVIGFWHEH, five CUBs and two EGF domains with the arrangement CUB-CUB-EGF-CUB-EGF-CUB-CUB. The proteolytic domain of Ca-Tolloid shares more than 30% identity with other astacins of various animals from squail to mammals, indicating its conserved catalytic ability. RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that CaTLL showed the lowest expression level in hemocytes of normal groups, but was affected significantly by the challenge of an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, Rickettsia-like organisms, suggesting that Ca-Tolloid might be involved in the molluscan immune response, and its function is more diverse than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoubao Yang
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Technology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Shaoxing College of Arts and Sciences, Zhejiang, China
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Chan TM, Longabaugh W, Bolouri H, Chen HL, Tseng WF, Chao CH, Jang TH, Lin YI, Hung SC, Wang HD, Yuh CH. Developmental gene regulatory networks in the zebrafish embryo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2008; 1789:279-98. [PMID: 18992377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The genomic developmental program operates mainly through the regulated expression of genes encoding transcription factors and signaling pathways. Complex networks of regulatory genetic interactions control developmental cell specification and fates. Development in the zebrafish, Danio rerio, has been studied extensively and large amounts of experimental data, including information on spatial and temporal gene expression patterns, are available. A wide variety of maternal and zygotic regulatory factors and signaling pathways have been discovered in zebrafish, and these provide a useful starting point for reconstructing the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) underlying development. In this review, we describe in detail the genetic regulatory subcircuits responsible for dorsoanterior-ventroposterior patterning and endoderm formation. We describe a number of regulatory motifs, which appear to act as the functional building blocks of the GRNs. Different positive feedback loops drive the ventral and dorsal specification processes. Mutual exclusivity in dorsal-ventral polarity in zebrafish is governed by intra-cellular cross-inhibiting GRN motifs, including vent/dharma and tll1/chordin. The dorsal-ventral axis seems to be determined by competition between two maternally driven positive-feedback loops (one operating on Dharma, the other on Bmp). This is the first systematic approach aimed at developing an integrated model of the GRNs underlying zebrafish development. Comparison of GRNs' organizational motifs between different species will provide insights into developmental specification and its evolution. The online version of the zebrafish GRNs can be found at http://www.zebrafishGRNs.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Min Chan
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Bessa PC, Casal M, Reis RL. Bone morphogenetic proteins in tissue engineering: the road from the laboratory to the clinic, part I (basic concepts). J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2008; 2:1-13. [PMID: 18293427 DOI: 10.1002/term.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Discovered in 1965, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of cytokines from the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) superfamily with significant roles in bone and cartilage formation. BMPs are used as powerful osteoinductive components of diverse tissue-engineering products for the healing of bone. Several BMPs with different physiological roles have been identified in humans. The purpose of this review is to cover the biological function of the main members of BMP family, the latest research on BMPs signalling pathways and advances in the production of recombinant BMPs for tissue engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Bessa
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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TGFbeta-SMAD signal transduction: molecular specificity and functional flexibility. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8:970-82. [PMID: 18000526 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 954] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ligands of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) superfamily of growth factors initiate signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand-receptor interactions. Signalling then converges to nuclear accumulation of transcriptionally active SMAD complexes and gives rise to a plethora of specific functional responses in both embryos and adult organisms. Current research is focused on the mechanisms that regulate SMAD activity to evoke cell-type-specific and context-dependent transcriptional programmes. An equally important challenge is understanding the functional role of signal strength and duration. How are these quantitative aspects of the extracellular signal regulated? How are they then sensed and interpreted, and how do they affect responses?
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Sun M, Thomas MJ, Herder R, Bofenkamp ML, Selleck SB, O'Connor MB. Presynaptic contributions of chordin to hippocampal plasticity and spatial learning. J Neurosci 2007; 27:7740-50. [PMID: 17634368 PMCID: PMC6672865 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1604-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, several evolutionary conserved signaling pathways that play prominent roles in regulating early neurodevelopment have been found to regulate synaptic remodeling in the adult. To test whether adult neuronal expression of bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling components also plays a postnatal role in regulating neuronal plasticity, we modulated BMP signaling in mice both in vivo and in vitro by genetic removal of the BMP inhibitor chordin or by perfusing recombinant BMP signaling pathway components onto acute hippocampal slices. Chordin null mice exhibited a significant increase in presynaptic transmitter release from hippocampal neurons, resulting in enhanced paired-pulse facilitation and long-term potentiation. These mice also showed a decreased acquisition time in a water maze test along with less exploratory activity during Y-maze and open-field tests. Perfusion of BMP ligands onto hippocampal slices replicated the presynaptic phenotype of chordin null slices, but bath application of Noggin, another antagonist of BMP signaling pathway, significantly decrease the frequency of miniature EPSCs. These results demonstrate that the BMP signaling pathway contributes to synaptic plasticity and learning likely through a presynaptic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Sun
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development
| | | | - Rachel Herder
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development
| | - M. Lisa Bofenkamp
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development
| | - Scott B. Selleck
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development
- Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Michael B. O'Connor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development
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Zhang YT, Lander AD, Nie Q. Computational analysis of BMP gradients in dorsal-ventral patterning of the zebrafish embryo. J Theor Biol 2007; 248:579-89. [PMID: 17673236 PMCID: PMC4151269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 05/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The genetic network controlling early dorsal-ventral (DV) patterning has been extensively studied and modeled in the fruit fly Drosophila. This patterning is driven by signals coming from bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and regulated by interactions of BMPs with secreted factors such as the antagonist short gastrulation (Sog). Experimental studies suggest that the DV patterning of vertebrates is controlled by a similar network of BMPs and antagonists (such as Chordin, a homologue of Sog), but differences exist in how the two systems are organized, and a quantitative comparison of pattern formation in them has not been made. Here, we develop a computational model in three dimensions of the zebrafish embryo and use it to study molecular interactions in the formation of BMP morphogen gradients in early DV patterning. Simulation results are presented on the dynamics BMP gradient formation, the cooperative action of two feedback loops from BMP signaling to BMP and Chordin synthesis, and pattern sensitivity with respect to BMP and Chordin dosage. Computational analysis shows that, unlike the case in Drosophila, synergy of the two feedback loops in the zygotic control of BMP and Chordin expression, along with early initiation of localized Chordin expression, is critical for establishment and maintenance of a stable and appropriate BMP gradient in the zebrafish embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tao Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Herpin A, Lelong C, Becker T, Favrel P, Cunningham C. A tolloid homologue from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Gene Expr Patterns 2007; 7:700-8. [PMID: 17433792 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The genes governing mesoderm specification have been extensively studied in vertebrates, arthropods and nematodes. The latter two phyla belong to the Ecdysozoan clade but little is understood of the role that these genes might play in the development of the other major protostomal clade, the Lophotrochozoa. As part of a wider project to analyze the functions associated with transforming growth factor beta superfamily members in Lophotrochozoa, we have cloned a gene encoding a tolloid homologue from the bivalve mollusc Crassostrea gigas. Tolloid is a key developmental protein that regulates the activity of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). We have determined the intron-exon structure of the gene encoding C. gigas tolloid and have compared it with those of homologous genes from both protostomes and deuterostomes. In order to analyze the functionality of oyster tolloid the zebrafish embryo has been employed as a reporter organism and we show that over-expression of this protein results in the ventralization of zebrafish embryos at 24h post fertilization. The expression of the C. gigas tolloid gene during embryonic and larval development as well as in adult tissues is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Herpin
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, High Technology Centre, Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known to be widely involved in various biological processes. Many of the members of the BMP family, as well as related factors, receptors and molecules in the BMP signaling pathway, have been isolated, but their precise functions are still unclear. In addition to the 'classical' model organism Xenopus, zebrafish, Danio rerio, is now considered to be a suitable model organism to study the roles of the BMP signaling pathway during embryogenesis. Mutagenesis screens have identified a number of mutants in the pathway. Although they do not cover the entire members of the BMP signaling cascade that are currently known, they serve as a powerful tool to broaden our understanding of BMP functions, in combination with other experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kondo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Hopkins DR, Keles S, Greenspan DS. The bone morphogenetic protein 1/Tolloid-like metalloproteinases. Matrix Biol 2007; 26:508-23. [PMID: 17560775 PMCID: PMC2722432 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A decade ago, bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1) was shown to provide the activity necessary for proteolytic removal of the C-propeptides of procollagens I-III: precursors of the major fibrillar collagens. Subsequent studies have shown BMP1 to be the prototype of a small group of extracellular metalloproteinases that play manifold roles in regulating formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Soon after initial cloning of BMP1, genetic studies showed the related Drosophila proteinase Tolloid (TLD) to be necessary for the formation of the dorsal-ventral axis in early embryogenesis. It is now clear that the BMP1/TLD-like proteinases, conserved in species ranging from Drosophila to humans, act in dorsal-ventral patterning via activation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-like proteins BMP2, BMP4 (vertebrates) and decapentaplegic (arthropods). More recently, it has become apparent that the BMP1/TLD-like proteinases are activators of a broader subset of the TGFbeta superfamily of proteins, with implications that these proteinases may be key in orchestrating the formation of ECM with growth factor activation and BMP signaling in morphogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delana R. Hopkins
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Departments of Statistics, Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Daniel S. Greenspan
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Tel.: +1 608 262 4676; fax: +1 608 262 6691. E-mail address: (D.S. Greenspan)
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Jasuja R, Ge G, Voss NG, Lyman-Gingerich J, Branam AM, Pelegri FJ, Greenspan DS. Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1 Prodomain Specifically Binds and Regulates Signaling by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 2 and 4. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:9053-62. [PMID: 17255107 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610929200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly purified fractions of bone extracts capable of inducing ectopic bone formation have been reported to contain peptides corresponding to the mature active regions of the TGF-beta-like bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 2-7, and to the prodomain region of the metalloproteinase BMP1. Co-purification of BMPs 2-7 with BMP1 prodomain sequences through the multiple biochemical steps used in these previous reports has suggested the possibility of interactions between the BMP1 prodomain and BMPs 2-7. Here we demonstrate that the BMP1 prodomain binds BMPs 2 and 4 with high specificity and with a KD of approximately 11 nM, in the physiological range. It is further demonstrated that the BMP1 prodomain is capable of modulating signaling by BMPs 2 and 4 in vitro and in vivo, and that endogenous BMP1 prodomain-BMP4 complexes exist in cell culture media and in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Jasuja
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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