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Basavarajappa BS, Subbanna S. Unlocking the epigenetic symphony: histone acetylation's impact on neurobehavioral change in neurodegenerative disorders. Epigenomics 2024; 16:331-358. [PMID: 38321930 PMCID: PMC10910622 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent genomics and epigenetic advances have empowered the exploration of DNA/RNA methylation and histone modifications crucial for gene expression in response to stress, aging and disease. Interest in understanding neuronal plasticity's epigenetic mechanisms, influencing brain rewiring amid development, aging and neurodegenerative disorders, continues to grow. Histone acetylation dysregulation, a commonality in diverse brain disorders, has become a therapeutic focus. Histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases have emerged as promising targets for neurodegenerative disorder treatment. This review delves into histone acetylation regulation, potential therapies and future perspectives for disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's. Exploring genetic-environmental interplay through models and studies reveals molecular changes, behavioral insights and early intervention possibilities targeting the epigenome in at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balapal S Basavarajappa
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shivakumar Subbanna
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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2
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Garmendia JV, De Sanctis CV, Das V, Annadurai N, Hajduch M, De Sanctis JB. Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Therapeutics and Beyond. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1080-1109. [PMID: 37898823 PMCID: PMC10964103 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231017141636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease (ND) incidence has recently increased due to improved life expectancy. Alzheimer's (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most prevalent NDs. Both diseases are poly genetic, multifactorial and heterogenous. Preventive medicine, a healthy diet, exercise, and controlling comorbidities may delay the onset. After the diseases are diagnosed, therapy is needed to slow progression. Recent studies show that local, peripheral and age-related inflammation accelerates NDs' onset and progression. Patients with autoimmune disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) could be at higher risk of developing AD or PD. However, no increase in ND incidence has been reported if the patients are adequately diagnosed and treated. Autoantibodies against abnormal tau, β amyloid and α- synuclein have been encountered in AD and PD and may be protective. This discovery led to the proposal of immune-based therapies for AD and PD involving monoclonal antibodies, immunization/ vaccines, pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibition and anti-inflammatory cytokine addition. All the different approaches have been analysed here. Future perspectives on new therapeutic strategies for both disorders are concisely examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Valentina Garmendia
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Valentina De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Viswanath Das
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Narendran Annadurai
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
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Doherty T, Yao Z, Khleifat AAL, Tantiangco H, Tamburin S, Albertyn C, Thakur L, Llewellyn DJ, Oxtoby NP, Lourida I, Ranson JM, Duce JA. Artificial intelligence for dementia drug discovery and trials optimization. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5922-5933. [PMID: 37587767 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Drug discovery and clinical trial design for dementia have historically been challenging. In part these challenges have arisen from patient heterogeneity, length of disease course, and the tractability of a target for the brain. Applying big data analytics and machine learning tools for drug discovery and utilizing them to inform successful clinical trial design has the potential to accelerate progress. Opportunities arise at multiple stages in the therapy pipeline and the growing availability of large medical data sets opens possibilities for big data analyses to answer key questions in clinical and therapeutic challenges. However, before this goal is reached, several challenges need to be overcome and only a multi-disciplinary approach can promote data-driven decision-making to its full potential. Herein we review the current state of machine learning applications to clinical trial design and drug discovery, while presenting opportunities and recommendations that can break down the barriers to implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doherty
- Eisai Europe Ltd, Hatfield, UK
- University of Westminster, London, UK
| | | | - Ahmad A L Khleifat
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Stefano Tamburin
- University of Verona, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine & Movement Sciences, Verona, Italy
| | - Chris Albertyn
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lokendra Thakur
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J Llewellyn
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - Neil P Oxtoby
- UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - James A Duce
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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Holdridge KC, Yaari R, Hoban DB, Andersen S, Sims JR. Targeting amyloid β in Alzheimer's disease: Meta-analysis of low-dose solanezumab in Alzheimer's disease with mild dementia studies. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:4619-4628. [PMID: 36946603 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Solanezumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to the mid-domain of soluble amyloid β peptide. This meta-analysis evaluated the effect of low-dose solanezumab on clinical progression in three phase 3 studies. METHODS The population comprised patients aged ≥55 years with Alzheimer's disease (AD) with mild dementia, randomized to 400 mg solanezumab or placebo every 4 weeks for 80 weeks. Frequentist mixed-model repeated-measures (MMRM) and Bayesian disease progression model (DPM) longitudinal analyses were conducted. RESULTS Pooled MMRM analyses showed a statistically significant effect of solanezumab across cognitive and functional outcome measures. DPM results were generally consistent with MMRM results, ranging from 15% to 30% slowing of clinical progression. DISCUSSION These analyses suggest low-dose solanezumab slows clinical progression of AD with mild dementia. The ongoing A4 solanezumab study in participants with preclinical AD will ascertain the effect of a higher dose of solanezumab in an earlier disease stage. HIGHLIGHTS Individual EXPEDITION studies were negative but suggest low-dose solanezumab had an effect in slowing the clinical progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with mild dementia. At 80 weeks, mixed-model repeated-measures analyses showed numeric reductions in measures of clinical decline in solanezumab-treated arms compared with placebo across almost every outcome measure, and statistical significance in multiple outcome measures in each study. Pooled analyses suggest a high probability that low-dose solanezumab has at least some effect on slowing the clinical progression of AD with mild dementia. Across cognitive and functional outcome measures, estimates from disease progression model analyses range from 15% to 30% slowing of decline with low-dose solanezumab in AD with mild dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy Yaari
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - John R Sims
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Liu LL, Shen X, Gu H, Zhao G, Du Y, Zheng W. High affinity of β-amyloid proteins to cerebral capillaries: implications in chronic lead exposure-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:32. [PMID: 37122007 PMCID: PMC10150519 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a known environmental risk factor in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The existing reports suggest that Pb exposure increases beta-amyloid (Aβ) levels in brain tissues and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and facilitates the formation of amyloid plaques, which is a pathological hallmark for AD. Pb exposure has long been associated with cerebral vasculature injury. Yet it remained unclear if Pb exposure caused excessive Ab buildup in cerebral vasculature, which may damage the blood-brain barrier and cause abnormal Ab accumulation. This study was designed to investigate the impact of chronic Pb exposure on Aβ accumulation in cerebral capillary and the expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor protein-1 (LRP1), a critical Aβ transporter, in brain capillary and parenchyma. Sprague-Dawley rats received daily oral gavage at doses of 0, 14 (low-dose), and 27 (high-dose) mg Pb/kg as Pb acetate, 5 d/wk, for 4 or 8 wks. At the end of Pb exposure, a solution containing Aβ40 was infused into the brain via the cannulated internal carotid artery. Data by ELISA showed a strikingly high affinity of Ab to cerebral vasculature, which was approximately 7-14 times higher than that to the parenchymal fractions collected from control brains. Pb exposure further aggravated the Aβ accumulation in cerebral vasculature in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analyses revealed that Pb exposure decreased LRP1 expression in cortical capillaries and hippocampal parenchyma. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies further revealed a disrupted distribution of LRP1 alongside hippocampal vasculature accompanied with a decreased expression in hippocampal neurons by Pb exposure. Taken together, the current study demonstrated that the cerebral vasculature naturally possessed a high affinity to Aβ present in circulating blood. Pb exposure significantly increased Aβ accumulation in cerebral vasculature; such an increased Aβ accumulation was due partly to the diminished expression of LRP1 in response to Pb in tested brain regions. Perceivably, Pb-facilitated Ab aggravation in cerebral vasculature may contribute to Pb-associated amyloid alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke L. Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, HAMP-1273, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, HAMP-1273, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huiying Gu
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Gang Zhao
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, HAMP-1273, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yansheng Du
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, HAMP-1273, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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Dhuriya YK, Naik AA. CRISPR: a tool with potential for genomic reprogramming in neurological disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1845-1856. [PMID: 36507966 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intricate neural circuitry of the brain necessitates precise and synchronized transcriptional programs. Any disturbance during embryonic or adult development, whether caused by genetic or environmental factors, may result in refractory and recurrent neurological disorders. Inadequate knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurological disorders is the primary obstacle to the development of effective treatments, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutic approaches to identify rational molecular targets. Recently, with the evolution of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, an engineered RNA system provides precise and highly effective correction or silencing of disease-causing mutations by modulating expression and thereby avoiding the limitations of the RNA interference strategy. This article discusses the CRISPR-Cas9 technology, its mechanisms, and the limitations of the new technology. We provide a glimpse of how the far-reaching implications of CRISPR can open new avenues for the development of tools to combat neurological disorders, as well as a review of recent attempts by neuroscientists to launch therapeutic correction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aijaz A Naik
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, USA.
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Eden A, Zhao J, Xiao Y, Gibson J, Wang C. Covalent fragment inhibits intramembrane proteolysis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:958399. [PMID: 36158579 PMCID: PMC9490316 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.958399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious public health crisis with only one current modifying treatment. The reduction of amyloid load by targeting γ-secretase (GS) has been a leading approach in AD drug discovery and development. Despite the focus on GS inhibition, multiple GS inhibitors (GSIs) have failed in clinical trials as a result of side effects including exacerbated cognitive decline. These side effects are largely attributable to inhibition of normal GS function. Standard enzyme inhibitors target catalytic or allosteric sites of the enzyme, including the active site presenilin, as previous GSIs did. To avoid issues observed from broad-spectrum GSIs we discovered that fragment 6H8 that covalently binds to the substrate of GS, the transmembrane domain of amyloid precursor protein (APPTM). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy combined with MALDI-TOF-MS established 6H8 covalently binds to APPTM. 6H8 acts as a Michael acceptor and covalently links to the side chain amines of lysine residues, specifically targeting a cluster of C-terminal lysines K53-K55. Through this modification, 6H8 can inhibit intramembrane proteolysis of an archaeal homolog of presenilin (the active subunit of GS) via substrate binding with a 2-4 μM IC50, determined by a gel-based cleavage assay. 6H8, while too small to be an effective drug candidate, can be combined with a specific non-covalent partner and function as an effective covalent warhead of a targeted covalent inhibitor (TCI). The future development of the 6H8 fragment into the covalent warhead of a TCI is, to our knowledge, a novel approach to AD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Eden
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - James Gibson
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Troy, NY, United States
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Tedeschi P, Nigro M, Travagli A, Catani M, Cavazzini A, Merighi S, Gessi S. Therapeutic Potential of Allicin and Aged Garlic Extract in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136950. [PMID: 35805955 PMCID: PMC9266652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic, Allium sativum, has long been utilized for a number of medicinal purposes around the world, and its medical benefits have been well documented. The health benefits of garlic likely arise from a wide variety of components, possibly working synergistically. Garlic and garlic extracts, especially aged garlic extracts (AGEs), are rich in bioactive compounds, with potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. In light of these effects, garlic and its components have been examined in experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia without therapy, and a growing health concern in aging societies. With the aim of offering an updated overview, this paper reviews the chemical composition, metabolism and bioavailability of garlic bioactive compounds. In addition, it provides an overview of signaling mechanisms triggered by garlic derivatives, with a focus on allicin and AGE, to improve learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Tedeschi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences—DOCPAS, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Manuela Nigro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Alessia Travagli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences—DOCPAS, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences—DOCPAS, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-455434
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.G.)
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Cordeiro LM, Soares MV, da Silva AF, Machado ML, Bicca Obetine Baptista F, da Silveira TL, Arantes LP, Soares FAA. Neuroprotective effects of rutin on ASH neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans model of Huntington's disease. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2288-2301. [PMID: 34311678 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1956254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant, progressive neurodegenerative disease. It occurs due to a mutated huntingtin gene that contains an abnormal expansion of cytosine-adenine-guanine repeats, leading to a variable-length N-terminal polyglutamine (polyQ) chain. The mutation confers toxic functions to mutant huntingtin protein, causing neurodegeneration. Rutin is a flavonoid found in various plants, such as buckwheat, some teas, and apples. Our previous studies have indicated that rutin has protective effects in HD models, but more studies are needed to unravel its effects on protein homeostasis, and to discern the underlying mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated the effects of rutin in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of HD, focusing on ASH neurons and antioxidant defense. We tested behavioral changes (touch response, movement, and octanol response), measured neuronal polyQ aggregates, and assessed degeneration using a dye-filling assay. In addition, we analyzed expression levels of heat-shock protein-16.2 and superoxide dismutase-3. Overall, our data demonstrate that chronic rutin treatment maintains the function of ASH neurons, and decreases the degeneration of their sensory terminations. We propose that rutin does so in a mechanism that involves antioxidant activity by controlling the expression of antioxidant enzymes and other chaperones regulating proteostasis. Our findings provide new evidence of rutin's potential neuroprotective role in the C. elegans model and should inform treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases and other diseases caused by age-related protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Marafiga Cordeiro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Marcell Valandro Soares
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Aline Franzen da Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Marina Lopes Machado
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Bicca Obetine Baptista
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Tássia Limana da Silveira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Leticia Priscilla Arantes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Felix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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10
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Gu H, Territo PR, Persohn SA, Bedwell AA, Eldridge K, Speedy R, Chen Z, Zheng W, Du Y. Evaluation of chronic lead effects in the blood brain barrier system by DCE-CT. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126648. [PMID: 32980769 PMCID: PMC7655551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) is an environmental factor has been suspected of contributing to the dementia including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous studies have shown that Pb exposure at the subtoxic dose increased brain levels of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and amyloid plaques, a pathological hallmark for AD, in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice, and is hypothesized to inhibit Aβ clearance in the blood- cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier. However, it remains unclear how different levels of Pb affect Aβ clearance in the whole blood-brain barrier system. This study was designed to investigate whether chronic exposure of Pb affected the permeability of the blood-brain barrier system by using the Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Computerized Tomography (DCE-CT) method. METHODS DEC-CT was used to investigate whether chronic exposure of toxic Pb affected the permeability of the real-time blood brain barrier system. RESULTS Data showed that Pb exposure increased permeability surface area product, and also significantly induced brain perfusion. However, Pb exposure did not alter extracellular volumes or fractional blood volumes of mouse brain. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that Pb exposure at subtoxic and toxic levels directly targets the brain vasculature and damages the blood brain barrier system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Gu
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Paul R Territo
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Scott A Persohn
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Amanda A Bedwell
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Kierra Eldridge
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Rachael Speedy
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Yansheng Du
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States.
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Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. Effects of rosmarinic acid on nervous system disorders: an updated review. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:1779-1795. [PMID: 32725282 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the worldwide interest is growing to use medicinal plants and their active constituents to develop new potent medicines with fewer side effects. Precise dietary compounds have prospective beneficial applications for various neurodegenerative ailments. Rosmarinic acid is a polyphenol and is detectable most primarily in many Lamiaceae families, for instance, Rosmarinus officinalis also called rosemary. This review prepared a broad and updated literature review on rosmarinic acid elucidating its biological activities on some nervous system disorders. Rosmarinic acid has significant antinociceptive, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative effects. In this regard, we classified and discussed our findings in different nervous system disorders including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, depression, Huntington's disease, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, spinal cord injury, stress, anxiety, and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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12
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Reorientation by features and geometry: Effects of healthy and degenerative age-related cognitive decline. Learn Behav 2020; 48:124-134. [PMID: 31916194 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-019-00401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability to orient is critical for mobile species. Two visual cues, geometry (e.g., distance and direction) and features (e.g., colour and texture) are often used when establishing one's orientation. Previous research has shown the use of these cues, in particular, geometry, may decline with healthy aging. Few studies have examined whether degenerative aging processes show similar time points for the decline of geometry use. The present study examined this issue by training adult and aged mice from two strains, a healthy wild-type and an Alzheimer's model, to search for a hidden platform in a rectangular water maze. The shape of the maze provided geometric information, and distinctive features were displayed on the walls. Following training, manipulations to the features were made to examine whether the mice were able to use the features and geometry, and whether they showed a preference between these two cue types. Results showed that although Alzheimer's transgenic mice were slower to learn the task, overall age rather than strain, was associated with a degradation in use of geometry. However, the presence of seemingly uninformative features (due to their redundancy) facilitated the use of geometry. Additionally, when features and geometry provided conflicting information, only young wild-type mice showed a primary use of features. Our results suggest the failure to use geometry may be a generalized function of aging, and not a diagnostic feature of degeneration for mice. Whether this is also the case for other mammals, such as humans for which the mouse is an important medical model, remains to be examined.
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Silva MC, Haggarty SJ. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived models and drug screening in CNS precision medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1471:18-56. [PMID: 30875083 PMCID: PMC8193821 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective therapeutics for neurological disorders has historically been challenging partly because of lack of accurate model systems in which to investigate disease etiology and test new therapeutics at the preclinical stage. Human stem cells, particularly patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) upon differentiation, have the ability to recapitulate aspects of disease pathophysiology and are increasingly recognized as robust scalable systems for drug discovery. We review advances in deriving cellular models of human central nervous system (CNS) disorders using iPSCs along with strategies for investigating disease-relevant phenotypes, translatable biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Given their potential to identify novel therapeutic targets and leads, we focus on phenotype-based, small-molecule screens employing human stem cell-derived models. Integrated efforts to assemble patient iPSC-derived cell models with deeply annotated clinicopathological data, along with molecular and drug-response signatures, may aid in the stratification of patients, diagnostics, and clinical trial success, shifting translational science and precision medicine approaches. A number of remaining challenges, including the optimization of cost-effective, large-scale culture of iPSC-derived cell types, incorporation of aging into neuronal models, as well as robustness and automation of phenotypic assays to support quantitative drug efficacy, toxicity, and metabolism testing workflows, are covered. Continued advancement of the field is expected to help fully humanize the process of CNS drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Catarina Silva
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
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14
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Zhao J, Xiao Y, Liu X, Kim S, Wu X, Barros M, Zhuang R, Hou X, Zhang Y, Robakis NK, Li YM, Dordick JS, Ubarretxena-Belandia I, Wang C. Substrate interaction inhibits γ-secretase production of amyloid-β peptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2578-2581. [PMID: 32016207 PMCID: PMC8219260 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09170j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Combining NMR, mass spectrometry, AlphaLISA and cell assays, we discovered a compound C1 that binds C-terminal juxtamembrane lysines at the transmembrane domain of the amyloid precursor protein (APPTM) and inhibits γ-secretase production of amyloid-β with μM IC50. Our work suggests that targeting APPTM is a novel and viable strategy in AD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xianzhong Wu
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marilia Barros
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ran Zhuang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Xuben Hou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yingkai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA. and Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Iban Ubarretxena-Belandia
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA and Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, E-48940, Leioa, Spain and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA. and Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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15
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Bicca Obetine Baptista F, Arantes LP, Machado ML, da Silva AF, Marafiga Cordeiro L, da Silveira TL, Soares FAA. Diphenyl diselenide protects a Caenorhabditis elegans model for Huntington's disease by activation of the antioxidant pathway and a decrease in protein aggregation. Metallomics 2020; 12:1142-1158. [DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00074d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of (PhSe)2 in a C. elegans model for Huntington's disease. Treatment with (PhSe)2 triggered the nuclear translocation and activation of DAF-16 transcription factor in C. elegans, inducing the expression of superoxide dismutase-3 (SOD-3) and heat shock protein-16.2 (HSP-16.2). SOD-3 acts on reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification, and HSP-16.2 decreases protein misfolding and aggregation, which occur in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Bicca Obetine Baptista
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica
- Santa Maria
| | - Leticia Priscilla Arantes
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica
- Santa Maria
| | - Marina Lopes Machado
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica
- Santa Maria
| | - Aline Franzen da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica
- Santa Maria
| | - Larissa Marafiga Cordeiro
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica
- Santa Maria
| | - Tássia Limana da Silveira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica
- Santa Maria
| | - Felix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica
- Santa Maria
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16
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Sripanidkulchai B. Benefits of aged garlic extract on Alzheimer's disease: Possible mechanisms of action. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1560-1564. [PMID: 32010339 PMCID: PMC6966106 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and has become a growing health concern in aging societies. β-amyloid (Aβ) formation in vulnerable brain regions, such as the hippocampus and cerebral cortex is a major neuropathological feature of the disease. Currently, there is no specific drug available for the treatment of AD. However, due to its high antioxidant activity, aged garlic extract (AGE) has been widely used to prevent chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. A number of studies on the benefits of AGE against cognitive and memory deficits have also been published. This review aimed to summarize the information related to the effects of AGE on learning memory in order to obtain a better understanding of its mechanisms of action. This review also presents an overview of the pathogenesis of AD, and summarizes the main ingredients and neuroprotective effects of AGE against cognitive and learning memory deficits. The mechanisms of action of AGE are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bungorn Sripanidkulchai
- Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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17
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Bawari S, Tewari D, Argüelles S, Sah AN, Nabavi SF, Xu S, Vacca RA, Nabavi SM, Shirooie S. Targeting BDNF signaling by natural products: Novel synaptic repair therapeutics for neurodegeneration and behavior disorders. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Lee SY, Choi BS, Yoon CH, Kang C, Kim K, Kim KC. Selection of biomarkers for HIV-1 latency by integrated analysis. Genomics 2018; 111:327-333. [PMID: 29454027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is its ability to establish latent infection. To find novel biomarkers associated with the mechanism of HIV-1 latent infection, we identified 70 candidate genes in HIV-1 latently infected cells through the integrated analysis in a previous study. It is important to select more effective biomarkers among 70 candidates and to verify the possibility of selected biomarkers for HIV-1 latency. We identified the 24 and 25 genes from 70 candidate genes in significantly enriched categories selected by Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) software and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) software, respectively. Also, we investigated genes regulated in both HIV-1 latently infected cell lines and PBMCs from HIV-1 infected patients and found the genes with a common pattern of expression levels in both cell lines and PBMCs. Consequently, we identified nine genes, APBB2, GMPR, IGF2BP3, LRP1, MAD2L2, MX1, OXR1, PTK2B, and TNFSF13B, via integrated analysis. Especially, APBB2 and MAD2L2 were identified in both DAVID and GSEA software. Our findings suggest that nine genes were identified via integrated analysis as potential biomarkers and in particular, APBB2 and MAD2L2 may be considered as more significant biomarkers for HIV-1 latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Lee
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Chung-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Sun Choi
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Chung-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Yoon
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Chung-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Kang
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Chung-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoon Kim
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Chung-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Chung-buk, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Eaton SL, Wishart TM. Bridging the gap: large animal models in neurodegenerative research. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:324-337. [PMID: 28378063 PMCID: PMC5569151 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The world health organisation has declared neurological disorders as one of the greatest public health risks in the world today. Yet, despite this growing concern, the mechanisms underpinning many of these conditions are still poorly understood. This may in part be due to the seemingly diverse nature of the initiating insults ranging from genetic (such as the Ataxia's and Lysosomal storage disorders) through to protein misfolding and aggregation (i.e. Prions), and those of a predominantly unknown aetiology (i.e. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease). However, efforts to elucidate mechanistic regulation are also likely to be hampered because of the complexity of the human nervous system, the apparent selective regional vulnerability and differential degenerative progression. The key to elucidating these aetiologies is determining the regional molecular cascades, which are occurring from the early through to terminal stages of disease progression. Whilst much molecular data have been captured at the end stage of disease from post-mortem analysis in humans, the very early stages of disease are often conspicuously asymptomatic, and even if they were not, repeated sampling from multiple brain regions of "affected" patients and "controls" is neither ethical nor possible. Model systems therefore become fundamental for elucidating the mechanisms governing these complex neurodegenerative conditions. However, finding a model that precisely mimics the human condition can be challenging and expensive. Whilst cellular and invertebrate models are frequently used in neurodegenerative research and have undoubtedly yielded much useful data, the comparatively simplistic nature of these systems makes insights gained from such a stand alone model limited when it comes to translation. Given the recent advances in gene editing technology, the options for novel model generation in higher order species have opened up new and exciting possibilities for the field. In this review, we therefore explain some of the reasons why larger animal models often appear to give a more robust recapitulation of human neurological disorders and why they may be a critical stepping stone for effective therapeutic translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Eaton
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) Veterinary studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - T M Wishart
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) Veterinary studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
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20
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Liao S, Broughton S, Nässel DR. Behavioral Senescence and Aging-Related Changes in Motor Neurons and Brain Neuromodulator Levels Are Ameliorated by Lifespan-Extending Reproductive Dormancy in Drosophila. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:111. [PMID: 28503133 PMCID: PMC5408790 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The lifespan of Drosophilamelanogaster can be extended substantially by inducing reproductive dormancy (also known as diapause) by lowered temperature and short days. This increase of longevity is accompanied by lowered metabolism and increased stress tolerance. We ask here whether behavioral senescence is ameliorated during adult dormancy. To study this we kept flies for seven or more weeks in normal rearing conditions or in diapause conditions and compared to 1-week-old flies in different behavioral assays of sleep, negative geotaxis and exploratory walking. We found that the senescence of geotaxis and locomotor behavior seen under normal rearing conditions was negligible in flies kept in dormancy. The normal senescence of rhythmic activity and sleep patterns during the daytime was also reduced by adult dormancy. Investigating the morphology of specific neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), we found that changes normally seen with aging do not take place in dormant flies. To monitor age-associated changes in neuronal circuits regulating activity rhythms, sleep and walking behavior we applied antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin and several neuropeptides to examine changes in expression levels and neuron morphology. In most neuron types the levels of stored neuromodulators decreased during normal aging, but not in diapause treated flies. No signs of neurodegeneration were seen in either condition. Our data suggest that age-related changes in motor neurons could be the cause of part of the behavioral senescence and that this is ameliorated by reproductive diapause. Earlier studies established a link between age-associated decreases in neuromodulator levels and behavioral decline that could be rescued by overexpression of neuromodulator. Thus, it is likely that the retained levels of neuromodulators in dormant flies alleviate behavioral senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifang Liao
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
| | - Susan Broughton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster UniversityLancaster, UK
| | - Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
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21
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Lazar S, Egoz I, Brandeis R, Chapman S, Bloch-Shilderman E, Grauer E. Propagation of damage in the rat brain following sarin exposure: Differential progression of early processes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 310:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Subash S, Essa MM, Braidy N, Al-Jabri A, Vaishnav R, Al-Adawi S, Al-Asmi A, Guillemin GJ. Consumption of fig fruits grown in Oman can improve memory, anxiety, and learning skills in a transgenic mice model of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 19:475-483. [PMID: 24938828 DOI: 10.1179/1476830514y.0000000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia in the elderly. Several reports have suggested neurotoxic effects of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) and role of oxidative stress in AD. Figs are rich in fiber, copper, iron, manganese, magnesium, potassium, calcium, vitamin K, and are a good source of proanthocyanidins and quercetin which demonstrate potent antioxidant properties. We studied the effect of dietary supplementation with 4% figs grown in Oman on the memory, anxiety, and learning skills in APPsw/Tg2576 (Tg mice) mice model for AD. We assessed spatial memory and learning ability, psychomotor coordination, and anxiety-related behavior in Tg and wild-type mice at the age of 4 months and after 15 months using the Morris water maze test, rota-rod test, elevated plus maze test, and open-field test. Tg mice that were fed a control diet without figs showed significant memory deficits, increased anxiety-related behavior, and severe impairment in spatial, position discrimination learning ability, and motor coordination compared to the wild-type control mice on the same diet, and Tg mice fed on 4% fig diet supplementation for 15 months. Our results suggest that dietary supplementation of figs may be useful for the improvement of cognitive and behavioral deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraju Subash
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition , College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman.,b Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition , College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman.,b Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Nady Braidy
- c Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Ahood Al-Jabri
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition , College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman.,b Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Ragini Vaishnav
- b Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman.,d College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- b Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman.,d College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Abdullah Al-Asmi
- b Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman.,d College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- e Neuropharmacology Group, MND and Neurodegenerative diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University , NSW , Australia
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23
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Lee SA, Holly KS, Voziyanov V, Villalba SL, Tong R, Grigsby HE, Glasscock E, Szele FG, Vlachos I, Murray TA. Gradient Index Microlens Implanted in Prefrontal Cortex of Mouse Does Not Affect Behavioral Test Performance over Time. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146533. [PMID: 26799938 PMCID: PMC4723314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Implanted gradient index lenses have extended the reach of standard multiphoton microscopy from the upper layers of the mouse cortex to the lower cortical layers and even subcortical regions. These lenses have the clarity to visualize dynamic activities, such as calcium transients, with subcellular and millisecond resolution and the stability to facilitate repeated imaging over weeks and months. In addition, behavioral tests can be used to correlate performance with observed changes in network function and structure that occur over time. Yet, this raises the questions, does an implanted microlens have an effect on behavioral tests, and if so, what is the extent of the effect? To answer these questions, we compared the performance of three groups of mice in three common behavioral tests. A gradient index lens was implanted in the prefrontal cortex of experimental mice. We compared their performance with mice that had either a cranial window or a sham surgery. Three presurgical and five postsurgical sets of behavioral tests were performed over seven weeks. Behavioral tests included rotarod, foot fault, and Morris water maze. No significant differences were found between the three groups, suggesting that microlens implantation did not affect performance. The results for the current study clear the way for combining behavioral studies with gradient index lens imaging in the prefrontal cortex, and potentially other regions of the mouse brain, to study structural, functional, and behavioral relationships in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon A. Lee
- Center for Biomedical Research and Rehabilitation Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kevin S. Holly
- Center for Biomedical Research and Rehabilitation Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Vladislav Voziyanov
- Center for Biomedical Research and Rehabilitation Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L. Villalba
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
| | - Rudi Tong
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Holly E. Grigsby
- Center for Biomedical Research and Rehabilitation Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Edward Glasscock
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
| | - Francis G. Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Vlachos
- Center for Biomedical Research and Rehabilitation Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Teresa A. Murray
- Center for Biomedical Research and Rehabilitation Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, United States of America
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Mahairaki V, Ryu J, Peters A, Chang Q, Li T, Park TS, Burridge PW, Talbot CC, Asnaghi L, Martin LJ, Zambidis ET, Koliatsos VE. Induced pluripotent stem cells from familial Alzheimer's disease patients differentiate into mature neurons with amyloidogenic properties. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 23:2996-3010. [PMID: 25027006 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases are sporadic, about 5% of cases are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern as familial AD (FAD) and manifest at an early age. Mutations in the presenilin 1 (PSEN1) gene account for the majority of early-onset FAD. Here, we describe the generation of virus-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from fibroblasts of patients harboring the FAD PSEN1 mutation A246E and fibroblasts from healthy age-matched controls using nonintegrating episomal vectors. We have differentiated these hiPSC lines to the neuronal lineage and demonstrated that hiPSC-derived neurons have mature phenotypic and physiological properties. Neurons from mutant hiPSC lines express PSEN1-A246E mutations themselves and show AD-like biochemical features, that is, amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) indicated by an increase in β-amyloid (Aβ)42/Aβ40 ratio. FAD hiPSCs harboring disease properties can be used as humanized models to test novel diagnostic methods and therapies and explore novel hypotheses for AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Mahairaki
- 1 Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Torres M, Matamala JM, Duran-Aniotz C, Cornejo VH, Foley A, Hetz C. ER stress signaling and neurodegeneration: At the intersection between Alzheimer's disease and Prion-related disorders. Virus Res 2015; 207:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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26
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Inhibited Apoptosis of C2C12Myoblasts by aEupatorium chinense var. simplicifoliumRoot Extract. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:2134-6. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Disease Influence on BBB Transport in Neurodegenerative Disorders. DRUG DELIVERY TO THE BRAIN 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9105-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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MicroRNAs in Neurodegenerative Disorders. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13670-012-0030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ghelani HS, Rachchh MA, Gokani RH. MicroRNAs as newer therapeutic targets: A big hope from a tiny player. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2012; 3:217-27. [PMID: 23129956 PMCID: PMC3487269 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.99416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel group of universally present small noncoding endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression and protein coding by base pairing with the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs. So they have been associated with several physiological processes and play an important role in the manifestation of diverse diseases. miRNAs expression is associated with the normal and diverse pathophysiological state including cardiac hypertrophy, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and its complication, and cancer because individual miRNAs are associated with the regulation of the expression of multiple target genes. Modulating the expression of a single miRNA can influence an entire gene network and thereby modify complex disease phenotypes. From recent studies, it has been confirmed that miRNA has a potential physiological role in various body systems. But in some specialized condition over expression of miRNA within the cytoplasm also leads to some pathological condition in the body. Here, we summarize the roles of miRNAs in various pathological conditions and consider the advantages and potential challenges of miRNA-based therapeutic approaches compared to conventional drug-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik S Ghelani
- Department of Pharmacology, S.J. Thakkar Pharmacy College, Kalawad Road, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
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Chiu K, Chan TF, Wu A, Leung IYP, So KF, Chang RCC. Neurodegeneration of the retina in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease: what can we learn from the retina? AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:633-49. [PMID: 21559868 PMCID: PMC3337933 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disease commonly found among elderly. In addition to cognitive and behavioral deficits, vision abnormalities are prevalent in AD patients. Recent studies investigating retinal changes in AD double-transgenic mice have shown altered processing of amyloid precursor protein and accumulation of β-amyloid peptides in neurons of retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL) and inner nuclear layer (INL). Apoptotic cells were also detected in the RGCL. Thus, the pathophysiological changes of retinas in AD patients are possibly resembled by AD transgenic models. The retina is a simple model of the brain in the sense that some pathological changes and therapeutic strategies from the retina may be observed or applicable to the brain. Furthermore, it is also possible to advance our understanding of pathological mechanisms in other retinal degenerative diseases. Therefore, studying AD-related retinal degeneration is a promising way for the investigation on (1) AD pathologies and therapies that would eventually benefit the brain and (2) cellular mechanisms in other retinal degenerations such as glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. This review will highlight the efforts on retinal degenerative research using AD transgenic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Chiu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
| | - Tin-Fung Chan
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
| | - Andrew Wu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
| | - Irene Yan-Pui Leung
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Rm. L1-49, Laboratory Block, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Rm. L1-49, Laboratory Block, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
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31
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Cona MM, Wang H, Li J, Feng Y, Chen F, de Witte P, Verbruggen A, Ni Y. Continuing pursuit for ideal systemic anticancer radiotherapeutics. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:2050-65. [PMID: 22006160 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of death for non-transmissible chronic diseases worldwide. Conventional treatments including surgery, chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy are generally far from curative. Complementary therapies are attempted for achieving more successful treatment response. Systemic targeted radiotherapy (STR) is a radiotherapeutic modality based on systemic administration of radioactive agents for selectively delivering high doses of energy to destroy cancer cells. For this purpose, diverse tumour-target specific agents including monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), MoAb fragments and peptides have been tested and some of them have already got FDA approval for clinical use. However, MoAbs and their tailored analogues have shown non-homogeneous tumour distribution, limited diffusion, insufficient intratumoral accumulation and retention, unwanted uptake in normal tissues and scarcity of identified cancer antigens for generating new MoAbs. Similarly, peptides have also exhibited retention in normal organs, lacks of favourable membrane permeability or drug cell internalization and short-term residence in cancer cells. Recently, a new category of target-specific agent with strong affinity for necrosis has emerged as an excellent option for developing targeted radiotherapeutic agents to be used after necrosis-inducing treatments (NITs). The combination of their high, specific and long-term accumulation and retention at necrotic sites with the crossfire effect of ionizing particle-emitters allows irradiating adjacent residual viable tumour cells during a prolonged period of time. It may considerably enhance the therapeutic response and open a new horizon for improved cancer treatability or curability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlein Miranda Cona
- Radiology Section, Department of Medical Diagnostic Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Wilson CM, Magnaudeix A, Yardin C, Terro F. DC2 and keratinocyte-associated protein 2 (KCP2), subunits of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex, are regulators of the gamma-secretase-directed processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31080-91. [PMID: 21768116 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.249748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The oligosaccharyltransferase complex catalyzes the transfer of oligosaccharide from a dolichol pyrophosphate donor en bloc onto a free asparagine residue of a newly synthesized nascent chain during the translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. The role of the less known oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) subunits, DC2 and KCP2, recently identified still remains to be determined. Here, we have studied DC2 and KCP2, and we have established that DC2 and KCP2 are substrate-specific, affecting amyloid precursor protein (APP), indicating that they are not core components required for N-glycosylation and OST activity per se. We show for the first time that DC2 and KCP2 depletion affects APP processing, leading to an accumulation of C-terminal fragments, both C99 and C83, and a reduction in full-length mature APP. This reduction in mature APP levels was not due to a block in secretion because the levels of sAPPα secreted into the media were unaffected. We discover that DC2 and KCP2 depletion affects only the γ-secretase complex, resulting in a reduction of the PS1 active fragment blocking Aβ production. Conversely, we show that the overexpression of DC2 and KCP2 causes an increase in the active γ-secretase complex, particularly the N-terminal fragment of PS1 that is generated by endoproteolysis, leading to a stimulation of Aβ production upon overexpression of DC2 and KCP2. Our findings reveal that components of the OST complex for the first time can interact with the γ-secretase and affect the APP processing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M Wilson
- Université de Limoges, Groupe de Neurobiologie Cellulaire-EA3842 Homéostasie Cellulaire et Pathologies, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Rue du Dr. Raymond Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.
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Renzi F, Zhang X, Rice WJ, Torres-Arancivia C, Gomez-Llorente Y, Diaz R, Ahn K, Yu C, Li YM, Sisodia SS, Ubarretxena-Belandia I. Structure of gamma-secretase and its trimeric pre-activation intermediate by single-particle electron microscopy. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21440-9. [PMID: 21454611 PMCID: PMC3122203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.193326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-secretase membrane protein complex is responsible for proteolytic maturation of signaling precursors and catalyzes the final step in the production of the amyloid β-peptides implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. The incorporation of PEN-2 (presenilin enhancer 2) into a pre-activation intermediate, composed of the catalytic subunit presenilin and the accessory proteins APH-1 (anterior pharynx-defective 1) and nicastrin, triggers the endoproteolysis of presenilin and results in an active tetrameric γ-secretase. We have determined the three-dimensional reconstruction of a mature and catalytically active γ-secretase using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. γ-Secretase has a cup-like shape with a lateral belt of ∼40-50 Å in height that encloses a water-accessible internal chamber. Active site labeling with a gold-coupled transition state analog inhibitor suggested that the γ-secretase active site faces this chamber. Comparison with the structure of a trimeric pre-activation intermediate suggested that the incorporation of PEN-2 might contribute to the maturation of the active site architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Renzi
- From the Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
- the Universita' di Roma “La Sapienza” 2, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Xulun Zhang
- the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - William J. Rice
- the New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027
| | - Celia Torres-Arancivia
- From the Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
- the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016
| | - Yacob Gomez-Llorente
- From the Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Ruben Diaz
- the New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027
| | - Kwangwook Ahn
- the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, and
| | - Chunjiang Yu
- the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, the University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, and
| | - Sangram S. Sisodia
- the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Iban Ubarretxena-Belandia
- From the Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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Wang H, Barreyro L, Provasi D, Djemil I, Torres-Arancivia C, Filizola M, Ubarretxena-Belandia I. Molecular determinants and thermodynamics of the amyloid precursor protein transmembrane domain implicated in Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Biol 2011; 408:879-95. [PMID: 21440556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide aggregates in the brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. The intramembrane proteolysis by γ-secretase of the amyloid precursor protein β-carboxy-terminal fragment (APP-βCTF) constitutes the final step in the production of Aβ peptides. Mounting evidence suggests that APP-βCTF is a transmembrane domain (TMD) dimer, and that dimerization might modulate the production of Aβ species that are prone to aggregation and are therefore most toxic. We combined experimental and computational approaches to study the molecular determinants and thermodynamics of APP-βCTF dimerization, and we produced a unifying structural model that reconciles much of the published data. Using a cell assay that exploits a dimerization-dependent activator of transcription, we identified specific dimerization-affecting mutations located mostly at the N-terminus of the TMD of APP-βCTF. The ability of selected mutants to affect the dimerization of full-length APP-βCTF was confirmed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments. Free-energy estimates of the wild type and mutants of the TMD of APP-βCTF derived from enhanced molecular dynamics simulations showed that the dimeric state is composed of different arrangements, in which either (709)GXXXA(713) or (700)GXXXG(704)GXXXG(708) interaction motifs can engage in symmetric or asymmetric associations. Mutations along the TMD of APP-βCTF were found to modulate the relative free energy of the dimeric configurations and to differently affect the distribution of interfaces within the dimeric state. This observation might have important biological implications, since dimers with a different arrangement of the transmembrane helices are likely to be recognized differently by γ-secretase and to lead to a variation in Aβ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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35
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Jiang B, Liang P, Deng G, Tu Z, Liu M, Xiao X. Increased stability of Bcl-2 in HSP70-mediated protection against apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:143-52. [PMID: 20890773 PMCID: PMC3059790 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) markedly inhibits H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in mouse C2C12 myogenic cells by reducing the release of Smac. However, the molecular mechanism by which HSP70 interferes with Smac release during oxidative stress-induced apoptosis is not understood. In the current study, we showed that HSP70 increased the stability of Bcl-2 during oxidative stress. An antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide against Bcl-2 caused selective inhibition of Bcl-2 protein expression induced by HSP70 and significantly attenuated HSP70-mediated cell protection against H(2)O(2)-induced release of Smac and apoptosis. Taken together, our results indicate that there are important relationships among HSP70, Bcl-2, release of Smac, and induction of apoptosis by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimei Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Liang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gonghua Deng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zizhi Tu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meidong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianzhong Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People’s Republic of China
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Jung MH, Song MC, Bae K, Kim HS, Kim SH, Sung SH, Ye SK, Lee KH, Yun YP, Kim TJ. Sauchinone Attenuates Oxidative Stress-Induced Skeletal Muscle Myoblast Damage through the Down-Regulation of Ceramide. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:575-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Jung
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University
| | - Min-Cheol Song
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University
| | - Kiho Bae
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University
| | - Han Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Yonsei University
| | | | | | - Sang Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine
| | - Kwang Ho Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University
| | - Yeo-Pyo Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University
| | - Tack-Joong Kim
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University
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Demars M, Hu YS, Gadadhar A, Lazarov O. Impaired neurogenesis is an early event in the etiology of familial Alzheimer's disease in transgenic mice. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2103-17. [PMID: 20209626 PMCID: PMC3696038 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Formation of new neurons in the adult brain takes place in the subventricular zone and in the subgranule layer of the dentate gyrus throughout life. Neurogenesis is thought to play a role in hippocampus- and olfaction-dependent learning and memory. However, whether impairments in neurogenesis take place in learning and memory disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, is yet to be established. Importantly, it remains to be elucidated whether neurogenic impairments play a role in the course of the disease or are the result of extensive neuropathology. We now report that transgenic mice harboring familial Alzheimer's disease-linked mutant APPswe/PS1DeltaE9 exhibit severe impairments in neurogenesis that are evident as early as 2 months of age. These mice exhibit a significant reduction in the proliferation of neural progenitor cells and their neuronal differentiation. Interestingly, levels of hyperphosphorylated tau, the cytotoxic precursor of the Alzheimer's disease hallmark neurofibrillary tangles, are particularly high in the neurogenic niches. Isolation of neural progenitor cells in culture reveals that APPswe/PS1DeltaE9-expressing neurospheres exhibit impaired proliferation and tau hyperphosphorylation compared with wildtype neurospheres isolated from nontransgenic littermates. This study suggests that impaired neurogenesis is an early critical event in the course of Alzheimer's disease that may underlie memory impairments, at least in part, and exacerbate neuronal vulnerability in the hippocampal formation and olfaction circuits. Furthermore, impaired neurogenesis is the result of both intrinsic pathology in neural progenitor cells and extrinsic neuropathology in the neurogenic niches. Finally, hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau, a critical player in cell proliferation, neuronal maturation, and axonal transport, is a major contributor to impaired neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Archana Gadadhar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
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Shimojo Y, Kosaka K, Noda Y, Shimizu T, Shirasawa T. Effect of rosmarinic acid in motor dysfunction and life span in a mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:896-904. [PMID: 19798750 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a late-onset progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons. About 2% of patients with the disease are associated with mutations in the gene encoding Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of rosemary extract and its major constituents, rosmarinic acid (RA) and carnosic acid (CA), in human SOD1 G93A transgenic mice, which are well-established mouse models for ALS. The present study demonstrates that intraperitoneal administration of rosemary extract or RA from the presymptomatic stage significantly delayed motor dysfunction in paw grip endurance tests, attenuated the degeneration of motor neurons, and extended the life span of ALS model mice. In addition, RA administration significantly improved the clinical score and suppressed body weight loss compared with a vehicle-treated group. In conclusion, this study provides the first report that rosemary extract and, especially, RA have preventive effects in the mouse model of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Shimojo
- Beauty Care Product Developing Team, Research and Development Center, Nagase & Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan
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Shah A, Garzon-Muvdi T, Mahajan R, Duenas VJ, Quiñones-Hinojosa A. Animal models of neurological disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 671:23-40. [PMID: 20455493 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5819-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of animal models to study human pathology has proved valuable in a number of fields. Animal models of neurological disease have successfully and accurately recreated many aspects of human illness allowing for in-depth study ofneuropathophysiology. These models have been the source of a plethora of information, such as the importance of certain molecular mechanisms and genetic contributions in neurological disease. Additionally, animal models have been utilized in the discovery and testing of possible therapeutic treatments. Although most neurological diseases are still not yet completely understood and reliable treatment is lacking, animal models provide a major step in the right direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Shah
- UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
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Jung MH, Yoo JM, Kang YJ, Lee HW, Kim SH, Sung SH, Lee YJ, Choi I, Kim TJ. Idesolide, an Isolate of Idesia polycarpa, Inhibits Apoptosis through Induction of Intracellular Heat Shock Protein 70 in C2C12 Muscle Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1063-6. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Jung
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomaterials, Yonsei University
| | - Jung-Min Yoo
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomaterials, Yonsei University
| | - Yeo-Jin Kang
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomaterials, Yonsei University
| | | | | | | | | | - Inho Choi
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomaterials, Yonsei University
| | - Tack-Joong Kim
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomaterials, Yonsei University
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Akasaka-Manya K, Manya H, Sakurai Y, Wojczyk BS, Kozutsumi Y, Saito Y, Taniguchi N, Murayama S, Spitalnik SL, Endo T. Protective effect of N-glycan bisecting GlcNAc residues on -amyloid production in Alzheimer's disease. Glycobiology 2009; 20:99-106. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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43
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Golde TE, Petrucelli L, Lewis J. Targeting Abeta and tau in Alzheimer's disease, an early interim report. Exp Neurol 2009; 223:252-66. [PMID: 19716367 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid beta (Abeta) and tau proteins, which misfold, aggregate, and accumulate in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, are implicated as central factors in a complex neurodegenerative cascade. Studies of mutations that cause early onset AD and promote Abeta accumulation in the brain strongly support the notion that inhibiting Abeta aggregation will prevent AD. Similarly, genetic studies of frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17 MAPT) showing that mutations in the MAPT gene encoding tau lead to abnormal tau accumulation and neurodegeneration. Such genetic studies clearly show that tau dysfunction and aggregation can be central to neurodegeneration, however, most likely in a secondary fashion in relation to AD. Additional pathologic, biochemical, and modeling studies further support the concept that Abeta and tau are prime targets for disease modifying therapies in AD. Treatment strategies aimed at preventing the aggregation and accumulation of Abeta, tau, or both proteins should therefore be theoretically possible, assuming that treatment can be initiated before either irreversible damage is present or downstream, self-sustaining, pathological cascades have been initiated. Herein, we will review recent advances and also potential setbacks with respect to the myriad of therapeutic strategies that are designed to slow down, prevent, or clear the accumulation of either "pathological" Abeta or tau. We will also discuss the need for thoughtful prioritization with respect to clinical development of the preclinically validated modifiers of Abeta and tau pathology. The current number of candidate therapies targeting Abeta is becoming so large that a triage process is clearly needed to insure that resources are invested in a way such that the best candidates for disease modifying therapy are rapidly moved toward clinical trials. Finally, we will discuss the challenges for an appropriate "triage" after potential disease modifying therapies targeting tau and Abeta have entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd., Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Sanchez-Ortiz E, Hahm BK, Armstrong DL, Rossie S. Protein phosphatase 5 protects neurons against amyloid-beta toxicity. J Neurochem 2009; 111:391-402. [PMID: 19686245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Abeta) is thought to promote neuronal cell loss in Alzheimer's disease, in part through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine phosphatase which has been implicated in several cell stress response pathways and shown to inactivate MAPK pathways through key dephosphorylation events. Therefore, we examined whether PP5 protects dissociated embryonic rat cortical neurons in vitro from cell death evoked by Abeta. As predicted, neurons in which PP5 expression was decreased by small-interfering RNA treatment were more susceptible to Abeta toxicity. In contrast, over-expression of PP5, but not the inactive mutant, PP5(H304Q), prevented MAPK phosphorylation and neurotoxicity induced by Abeta. PP5 also prevented cell death caused by direct treatment with H(2)O(2), but did not prevent Abeta-induced production of ROS. Thus, the neuroprotective effect of PP5 requires its phosphatase activity and lies downstream of Abeta-induced generation of ROS. In summary, our data indicate that PP5 plays a pivotal neuroprotective role against cell death induced by Abeta and oxidative stress. Consequently, PP5 might be an effective therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders in which oxidative stress is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain Sanchez-Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Hoshino T, Namba T, Takehara M, Nakaya T, Sugimoto Y, Araki W, Narumiya S, Suzuki T, Mizushima T. Prostaglandin E2 stimulates the production of amyloid-beta peptides through internalization of the EP4 receptor. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:18493-502. [PMID: 19407341 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.003269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides, generated by the proteolysis of beta-amyloid precursor protein by beta- and gamma-secretases, play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Inflammation is also important. We recently reported that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), a strong inducer of inflammation, stimulates the production of Abeta through EP(2) and EP(4) receptors, and here we have examined the molecular mechanism. Activation of EP(2) and EP(4) receptors is coupled to an increase in cellular cAMP levels and activation of protein kinase A (PKA). We found that inhibitors of adenylate cyclase and PKA suppress EP(2), but not EP(4), receptor-mediated stimulation of the Abeta production. In contrast, inhibitors of endocytosis suppressed EP(4), but not EP(2), receptor-mediated stimulation. Activation of gamma-secretase was observed with the activation of EP(4) receptors but not EP(2) receptors. PGE(2)-dependent internalization of the EP(4) receptor was observed, and cells expressing a mutant EP(4) receptor lacking the internalization activity did not exhibit PGE(2)-stimulated production of Abeta. A physical interaction between the EP(4) receptor and PS-1, a catalytic subunit of gamma-secretases, was revealed by immunoprecipitation assays. PGE(2)-induced internalization of PS-1 and co-localization of EP(4), PS-1, and Rab7 (a marker of late endosomes and lysosomes) was observed. Co-localization of PS-1 and Rab7 was also observed in the brain of wild-type mice but not of EP(4) receptor null mice. These results suggest that PGE(2)-stimulated production of Abeta involves EP(4) receptor-mediated endocytosis of PS-1 followed by activation of the gamma-secretase, as well as EP(2) receptor-dependent activation of adenylate cyclase and PKA, both of which are important in the inflammation-mediated progression of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hoshino
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Minkeviciene R, Rheims S, Dobszay MB, Zilberter M, Hartikainen J, Fülöp L, Penke B, Zilberter Y, Harkany T, Pitkänen A, Tanila H. Amyloid beta-induced neuronal hyperexcitability triggers progressive epilepsy. J Neurosci 2009; 29:3453-62. [PMID: 19295151 PMCID: PMC6665248 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5215-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with an increased risk of unprovoked seizures. However, the underlying mechanisms of seizure induction remain elusive. Here, we performed video-EEG recordings in mice carrying mutant human APPswe and PS1dE9 genes (APdE9 mice) and their wild-type littermates to determine the prevalence of unprovoked seizures. In two recording episodes at the onset of amyloid beta (Abeta) pathogenesis (3 and 4.5 months of age), at least one unprovoked seizure was detected in 65% of APdE9 mice, of which 46% had multiple seizures and 38% had a generalized seizure. None of the wild-type mice had seizures. In a subset of APdE9 mice, seizure phenotype was associated with a loss of calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity in dentate granular cells and ectopic expression of neuropeptide Y in mossy fibers. In APdE9 mice, persistently decreased resting membrane potential in neocortical layer 2/3 pyramidal cells and dentate granule cells underpinned increased network excitability as identified by patch-clamp electrophysiology. At stimulus strengths evoking single-component EPSPs in wild-type littermates, APdE9 mice exhibited decreased action potential threshold and burst firing of pyramidal cells. Bath application (1 h) of Abeta1-42 or Abeta25-35 (proto-)fibrils but not oligomers induced significant membrane depolarization of pyramidal cells and increased the activity of excitatory cell populations as measured by extracellular field recordings in the juvenile rodent brain, confirming the pathogenic significance of bath-applied Abeta (proto-)fibrils. Overall, these data identify fibrillar Abeta as a pathogenic entity powerfully altering neuronal membrane properties such that hyperexcitability of pyramidal cells culminates in epileptiform activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, and
| | - Marton B. Dobszay
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Misha Zilberter
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Botond Penke
- Supramolecular and Nanostructured Materials Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Science, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Yuri Zilberter
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée U901, F-13000 Marseille, France
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences & Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, and
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, and
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Antiphospholipid syndrome induction exacerbates a transgenic Alzheimer disease model on a female background. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:272-9. [PMID: 19282067 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and vascular brain disease which is often associated with dementia. We examined the neurodegenerative pathological processes underlying APS by inducing APS in a transgenic animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Female C57B6/SJL mice carrying the APP(695)SWE mutation (Tg2576) and wild-type (wt) controls were immunized with β₂-glycoprotein-I (APS mice) or adjuvant alone (controls) at 4 months of age. At the age of 8 months the APP-APS mice developed high levels of aPL associated with motor hypoactivity in a staircase test (p<0.03 by t-test) and impaired performance in the cognitive T-maze (p<0.02 for main effect of treatment by repeated measures ANOVA) relative to APP-CFA mice and controls. wt-APS and wt-control did not differ significantly in their behavior or cognition. Histological studies revealed mature plaques only in the APP-APS group which also had higher amyloid load and number of activated microglia compared to all other groups. The results indicate a significant interaction between APP genotype and the induction of APS on a female background. The mechanisms involved may also be important in human APS-AD co-morbidity.
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Golde TE. The therapeutic importance of understanding mechanisms of neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative disease. Mol Neurodegener 2009; 4:8. [PMID: 19193222 PMCID: PMC2644308 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-4-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite major advances in our understanding of the initiating factors that trigger many neurodegenerative disorders, to date, no novel disease-modifying therapies have been shown to provide significant benefit for patients who suffer from these devastating disorders. As most neurodegenerative disorders are late-onset, slowly progressive, and appear to have long relatively asymptomatic prodromal phases, it is possible that therapies optimally targeting the triggers of these disorders may have limited benefit when treatment is initiated in the symptomatic patient. Such therapies may work in the prodromal phase, or when given prophylactically, but in the symptomatic patient there simply may be too much damage to the neuronal networks to restore functionality by reducing or even eliminating the primary stressor. As functional neuronal demise and overt neuronal death are almost certainly the key factors that mediate the functional impairment, it is clear that preventing neuronal death and dysfunction will have a huge clinical benefit. Unfortunately, we lack a detailed understanding of neuronal death pathways in almost all neurodegenerative disorders. To rationally develop new disease modifying therapies that target steps in the degenerative cascade downstream of the disease trigger will require a number of factors. First, we need to refocus our basic research efforts on identifying the precise steps in the pathological cascade that lead to neuronal death in each neurodegenerative disease and, if possible, determine the relative placement of those events within a potentially very complex cascade. Second, we will need to determine which of these steps are potentially targetable. Finally, we will need to develop novel therapies that interfere with these steps and demonstrate that such therapies alone, or in combination with therapies that target the trigger of these devastating diseases, have clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA.
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Tichý A, Záskodová D, Pejchal J, Rezácová M, Osterreicher J, Vávrová J, Cerman J. Gamma irradiation of human leukaemic cells HL-60 and MOLT-4 induces decrease in Mcl-1 and Bid, release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9. Int J Radiat Biol 2008; 84:523-30. [PMID: 18470751 DOI: 10.1080/09553000802078404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apoptosis is significantly controlled by proteins of Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) family promoting cell death or maintaining cell survival. We selected two representatives of Bcl-2 family (anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 - myeloid cell line-1 and pro-apoptotic Bid - Bcl-2 homology domain 3 interacting death agonist), cytochrome c (cyt-c), and two initial caspases (-8 and -9) to evaluate their function in ionizing radiation (IR)-induced apoptosis in human leukaemic cell lines diverging in p53 (TP53 tumor suppressor gene) status. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 30 microg of proteins of whole-cell lysates or 10 microg of mitochondrial protein fractions were electrophoretically separated and analyzed by Western-blotting. RESULTS Here we show that in both HL-60 (p53 null) and MOLT-4 (p53 wild type) leukaemic cells the amount of Mcl-1 initially increased after irradiation by sublethal but not by lethal dose and later (when apoptosis occurred) it decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Caspase-8 was cleaved and afterwards the amount of Bid decreased as it was truncated. We also found cyt-c release from the inner mitochondrial membrane space into cytoplasm to be dose-dependent and it was followed by induction of apoptosis. In the p53-null cells caspase-8 was activated prior caspase-9, whereas the cells harboring p53 exhibited a simultaneous activation of both initial caspases. CONCLUSION IR induced a decrease in Mcl-1, activation of Bid, caspase-8, and -9, and release of cyt-c. Presented data indicate that both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis signalling pathways were activated in HL-60 and MOLT-4 cells upon exposure to IR regardless to the p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Tichý
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Hradec Králové, University of Defence, Brno.
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Chen Q, Nakajima A, Choi SH, Xiong X, Tang YP. Loss of presenilin function causes Alzheimer's disease-like neurodegeneration in the mouse. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:1615-25. [PMID: 18189321 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that gain-of-function in beta-amyloid production may be not the necessary mechanism for mutant presenilin-1 (PS1) or PS2 to cause familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present article, we show that conditional knockout of PS1 from the adult stage in the forebrain of mice with the PS2 null mutation triggers robust AD-like neurodegeneration including brain shrinkage, cortical and hippocampal atrophy,ventricular enlargement, severe neuronal loss, gliosis, tau hyperphosphorylation, neurofillament tangle-like structures, and intracellular filaments. Learning and memory functions in these mice are almost completely lost. Notably, there is no beta-amyloid deposition, indicating that presenilin dysfunction can directly cause neurodegeneration without the involvement of beta-amyloid. Furthermore, neurodegeneration occurs in a progressive manner following aging, suggesting that an accumulating effect of presenilin dysfunction over time might be a pathogenic mechanism for the involvement of mutant PS1/PS2 in causing AD. These results validate a mouse model characterized by the presence of many features of AD pathology. Furthermore, the demonstration of AD-like neurodegeneration in the absence of beta-amyloid deposition challenges the long-standing beta-amyloid cascade hypothesis and encourages an open debate on the role of beta-amyloid in causing AD. Most important, our results strongly suggest that to develop gamma-secretase inhibitors for the pharmacological treatment of AD may be not a reasonable strategy because antagonism of presenilin function may worsen neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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