1
|
Qi M, Chen TT, Li L, Gao PP, Li N, Zhang SH, Wei W, Sun WY. Insight into the regulatory mechanism of β-arrestin2 and its emerging role in diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38961617 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
β-arrestin2, a member of the arrestin family, mediates the desensitization and internalization of most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and functions as a scaffold protein in signalling pathways. Previous studies have demonstrated that β-arrestin2 expression is dysregulated in malignant tumours, fibrotic diseases, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases, suggesting its pathological roles. Transcription and post-transcriptional modifications can affect the expression of β-arrestin2. Furthermore, post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation and S-nitrosylation affect the cellular localization of β-arrestin2 and its interaction with downstream signalling molecules, which further regulate the activity of β-arrestin2. This review summarizes the structure and function of β-arrestin2 and reveals the mechanisms involved in the regulation of β-arrestin2 at multiple levels. Additionally, recent studies on the role of β-arrestin2 in some major diseases and its therapeutic prospects have been discussed to provide a reference for the development of drugs targeting β-arrestin2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ping-Ping Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wu-Yi Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
El Daiban A, Madasu M, Al-Hasani R, Che T. Limitations and Potential of κOR Biased Agonists for Pain and Itch Management. Neuropharmacology 2024:110061. [PMID: 38960136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The concept of ligand bias is based on the premise that different agonists can elicit distinct responses by selectively activating the same receptor. These responses often determine whether an agonist has therapeutic or undesirable effects. Therefore, it would be highly advantageous to have agonists that specifically trigger the therapeutic response. The last two decades have seen a growing trend towards the consideration of ligand bias in the development of ligands to target the κ-opioid receptor (κOR). Most of these ligands selectively favor G-protein signaling over β-arrestin signaling to potentially provide effective pain and itch relief without adverse side effects associated with κOR activation. Importantly, the specific role of β-arrestin 2 in mediating κOR agonist-induced side effects remains unknown, and similarly the therapeutic and side-effect profiles of G-protein-biased κOR agonists have not been established. Furthermore, some drugs previously labeled as G-protein-biased may not exhibit true bias but may instead be either low-intrinsic-efficacy or partial agonists. In this review, we discuss the established methods to test ligand bias, their limitations in measuring bias factors for κOR agonists, as well as recommend the consideration of other systematic factors to correlate the degree of bias signaling and pharmacological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal El Daiban
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Manish Madasu
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ream Al-Hasani
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Tao Che
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmed MR, Zheng C, Dunning JL, Ahmed MS, Ge C, Pair FS, Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Arrestin-3-assisted activation of JNK3 mediates dopaminergic behavioral sensitization. Cell Rep Med 2024:101623. [PMID: 38936368 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
In rodents with unilateral ablation of neurons supplying dopamine to the striatum, chronic treatment with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA induces a progressive increase of behavioral responses, a process known as behavioral sensitization. This sensitization is blunted in arrestin-3 knockout mice. Using virus-mediated gene delivery to the dopamine-depleted striatum of these mice, we find that the restoration of arrestin-3 fully rescues behavioral sensitization, whereas its mutant defective in c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation does not. A 25-residue arrestin-3-derived peptide that facilitates JNK3 activation in cells, expressed ubiquitously or selectively in direct pathway striatal neurons, also fully rescues sensitization, whereas an inactive homologous arrestin-2-derived peptide does not. Behavioral rescue is accompanied by the restoration of JNK3 activity, as reflected by JNK-dependent phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun in the dopamine-depleted striatum. Thus, arrestin-3-assisted JNK3 activation in direct pathway neurons is a critical element of the molecular mechanism underlying sensitization upon dopamine depletion and chronic L-DOPA treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, PRB422, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; The University of Alabama at Birmingham, SHEL 121, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, PRB422, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dunning
- Contet Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohamed S Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, PRB422, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Connie Ge
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - F Sanders Pair
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, SHEL 121, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, PRB422, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, PRB422, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. GPCR-dependent and -independent arrestin signaling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024:S0165-6147(24)00099-3. [PMID: 38906769 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Biological activity of free arrestins is often overlooked. Based on available data, we compare arrestin-mediated signaling that requires and does not require binding to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Receptor-bound arrestins activate ERK1/2, Src, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Yet, arrestin-3 regulation of Src family member Fgr does not appear to involve receptors. Free arrestin-3 facilitates the activation of JNK family kinases, preferentially binds E3 ubiquitin ligases Mdm2 and parkin, and facilitates parkin-dependent mitophagy. The binding of arrestins to microtubules and calmodulin and their function in focal adhesion disassembly and apoptosis also do not involve receptors. Biased GPCR ligands and the phosphorylation barcode can only affect receptor-dependent arrestin signaling. Thus, elucidation of receptor dependence or independence of arrestin functions has important scientific and therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 27232, USA.
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 27232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gurevich VV. Arrestins: A Small Family of Multi-Functional Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6284. [PMID: 38892473 PMCID: PMC11173308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The first member of the arrestin family, visual arrestin-1, was discovered in the late 1970s. Later, the other three mammalian subtypes were identified and cloned. The first described function was regulation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling: arrestins bind active phosphorylated GPCRs, blocking their coupling to G proteins. It was later discovered that receptor-bound and free arrestins interact with numerous proteins, regulating GPCR trafficking and various signaling pathways, including those that determine cell fate. Arrestins have no enzymatic activity; they function by organizing multi-protein complexes and localizing their interaction partners to particular cellular compartments. Today we understand the molecular mechanism of arrestin interactions with GPCRs better than the mechanisms underlying other functions. However, even limited knowledge enabled the construction of signaling-biased arrestin mutants and extraction of biologically active monofunctional peptides from these multifunctional proteins. Manipulation of cellular signaling with arrestin-based tools has research and likely therapeutic potential: re-engineered proteins and their parts can produce effects that conventional small-molecule drugs cannot.
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheng N, Pimentel JM, Trejo J. Ubiquitin-driven G protein-coupled receptor inflammatory signaling at the endosome. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1605-C1610. [PMID: 38646783 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00161.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are ubiquitously expressed cell surface receptors that mediate numerous physiological responses and are highly druggable. Upon activation, GPCRs rapidly couple to heterotrimeric G proteins and are then phosphorylated and internalized from the cell surface. Recent studies indicate that GPCRs not only localize at the plasma membrane but also exist in intracellular compartments where they are competent to signal. Intracellular signaling by GPCRs is best described to occur at endosomes. Several studies have elegantly documented endosomal GPCR-G protein and GPCR-β-arrestin signaling. Besides phosphorylation, GPCRs are also posttranslationally modified with ubiquitin. GPCR ubiquitination has been studied mainly in the context of receptor endosomal-lysosomal trafficking. However, new studies indicate that ubiquitination of endogenous GPCRs expressed in endothelial cells initiates the assembly of an intracellular p38 mitogen-activated kinase signaling complex that promotes inflammatory responses from endosomes. In this mini-review, we discuss emerging discoveries that provide critical insights into the function of ubiquitination in regulating GPCR inflammatory signaling at endosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norton Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Julio M Pimentel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tóth AD, Soltész-Katona E, Kis K, Guti V, Gilzer S, Prokop S, Boros R, Misák Á, Balla A, Várnai P, Turiák L, Ács A, Drahos L, Inoue A, Hunyady L, Turu G. ArreSTick motif controls β-arrestin-binding stability and extends phosphorylation-dependent β-arrestin interactions to non-receptor proteins. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114241. [PMID: 38758647 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The binding and function of β-arrestins are regulated by specific phosphorylation motifs present in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, the exact arrangement of phosphorylated amino acids responsible for establishing a stable interaction remains unclear. We employ a 1D sequence convolution model trained on GPCRs with established β-arrestin-binding properties. With this approach, amino acid motifs characteristic of GPCRs that form stable interactions with β-arrestins can be identified, a pattern that we name "arreSTick." Intriguingly, the arreSTick pattern is also present in numerous non-receptor proteins. Using proximity biotinylation assay and mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrate that the arreSTick motif controls the interaction between many non-receptor proteins and β-arrestin2. The HIV-1 Tat-specific factor 1 (HTSF1 or HTATSF1), a nuclear transcription factor, contains the arreSTick pattern, and its subcellular localization is influenced by β-arrestin2. Our findings unveil a broader role for β-arrestins in phosphorylation-dependent interactions, extending beyond GPCRs to encompass non-receptor proteins as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- András Dávid Tóth
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2., 1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi street 46, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Soltész-Katona
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2., 1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kis
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Guti
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sharon Gilzer
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Susanne Prokop
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roxána Boros
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Misák
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Balla
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; HUN-REN SE Hungarian Research Network Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Várnai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; HUN-REN SE Hungarian Research Network Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Turiák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2., 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Ács
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2., 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2., 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - László Hunyady
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2., 1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Turu
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2., 1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Miller WE, O'Connor CM. CMV-encoded GPCRs in infection, disease, and pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:1-75. [PMID: 38461029 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven-transmembrane domain proteins that modulate cellular processes in response to external stimuli. These receptors represent the largest family of membrane proteins, and in mammals, their signaling regulates important physiological functions, such as vision, taste, and olfaction. Many organisms, including yeast, slime molds, and viruses encode GPCRs. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are large, betaherpesviruses, that encode viral GPCRs (vGPCRs). Human CMV (HCMV) encodes four vGPCRs, including UL33, UL78, US27, and US28. Each of these vGPCRs, as well as their rodent and primate orthologues, have been investigated for their contributions to viral infection and disease. Herein, we discuss how the CMV vGPCRs function during lytic and latent infection, as well as our understanding of how they impact viral pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Bioscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christine M O'Connor
- Infection Biology, Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gardner J, Eiger DS, Hicks C, Choi I, Pham U, Chundi A, Namjoshi O, Rajagopal S. GPCR kinases differentially modulate biased signaling downstream of CXCR3 depending on their subcellular localization. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadd9139. [PMID: 38349966 PMCID: PMC10927030 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.add9139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Some G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) demonstrate biased signaling such that ligands of the same receptor exclusively or preferentially activate certain downstream signaling pathways over others. This phenomenon may result from ligand-specific receptor phosphorylation by GPCR kinases (GRKs). GPCR signaling can also exhibit location bias because GPCRs traffic to and signal from subcellular compartments in addition to the plasma membrane. Here, we investigated whether GRKs contributed to location bias in GPCR signaling. GRKs translocated to endosomes after stimulation of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 or other GPCRs in cultured cells. GRK2, GRK3, GRK5, and GRK6 showed distinct patterns of recruitment to the plasma membrane and to endosomes depending on the identity of the biased ligand used to activate CXCR3. Analysis of engineered forms of GRKs that localized to either the plasma membrane or endosomes demonstrated that biased CXCR3 ligands elicited different signaling profiles that depended on the subcellular location of the GRK. Each GRK exerted a distinct effect on the regulation of CXCR3 engagement of β-arrestin, internalization, and activation of the downstream effector kinase ERK. Our work highlights a role for GRKs in location-biased GPCR signaling and demonstrates the complex interactions between ligands, GRKs, and cellular location that contribute to biased signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gardner
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Chloe Hicks
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Issac Choi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Uyen Pham
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Anand Chundi
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ojas Namjoshi
- Center for Drug Discovery RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
- Present address: Engine Biosciences, 733 Industrial Rd., San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lohse MJ, Bock A, Zaccolo M. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling: New Insights Define Cellular Nanodomains. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:387-415. [PMID: 37683278 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-040623-115054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are the largest and pharmacologically most important receptor family and are involved in the regulation of most cell functions. Most of them reside exclusively at the cell surface, from where they signal via heterotrimeric G proteins to control the production of second messengers such as cAMP and IP3 as well as the activity of several ion channels. However, they may also internalize upon agonist stimulation or constitutively reside in various intracellular locations. Recent evidence indicates that their function differs depending on their precise cellular localization. This is because the signals they produce, notably cAMP and Ca2+, are mostly bound to cell proteins that significantly reduce their mobility, allowing the generation of steep concentration gradients. As a result, signals generated by the receptors remain confined to nanometer-sized domains. We propose that such nanometer-sized domains represent the basic signaling units in a cell and a new type of target for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Lohse
- ISAR Bioscience Institute, Planegg/Munich, Germany;
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Bock
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Godieva V, Sammoura F, Verrier Paz S, Han Y, Di Guida V, Rishel MJ, Richardson JR, Chambers JW. Physiological JNK3 Concentrations Are Higher in Motor-related and Disease-implicated Brain Regions of C57BL6/J Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.17.575386. [PMID: 38293240 PMCID: PMC10827194 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.17.575386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) is a stress-responsive protein kinase primarily expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). JNK3 exhibits nuanced neurological activities, such as roles in behavior, circadian rhythms, and neurotransmission, but JNK3 is also implicated in cell death and neurodegeneration. Despite the critical role of JNK3 in neurophysiology and pathology, its localization in the brain is not fully understood due to a paucity of tools to distinguish JNK3 from other isoforms. While previous functional and histological studies suggest locales for JNK3 in the CNS, a comprehensive and higher resolution of JNK3 distribution and abundance remained elusive. Here, we sought to define the anatomical and cellular distribution of JNK3 in adult mouse brains. Data reveal the highest levels of JNK3 and pJNK3 were found in the cortex and the hippocampus. JNK3 possessed neuron-type selectivity as JNK3 was present in GABAergic, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, but was not detectable in VGLUT-1-positive glutamatergic neurons and astrocytes in vivo . Intriguingly, higher JNK3 signals were found in motor neurons and relevant nuclei in the cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. While JNK3 was primarily observed in the cytosol of neurons in the cortex and the hippocampus, JNK3 appeared commonly within the nucleus in the brainstem. These distinctions suggest the potential for significant differences between JNK3 actions in distinct brain regions and cell types. Our results provide a significant improvement over previous reports of JNK3 spatial organization in the adult CNS and support continued investigation of JNK3's role in neurophysiology and pathophysiology.
Collapse
|
12
|
Dixit D, Hallisey VM, Zhu EY, Okuniewska M, Cadwell K, Chipuk JE, Axelrad JE, Schwab SR. S1PR1 inhibition induces proapoptotic signaling in T cells and limits humoral responses within lymph nodes. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e174984. [PMID: 38194271 PMCID: PMC10869180 DOI: 10.1172/jci174984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective immunity requires a large, diverse naive T cell repertoire circulating among lymphoid organs in search of antigen. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptor S1PR1 contribute by both directing T cell migration and supporting T cell survival. Here, we addressed how S1P enables T cell survival and the implications for patients treated with S1PR1 antagonists. We found that S1PR1 limited apoptosis by maintaining the appropriate balance of BCL2 family members via restraint of JNK activity. Interestingly, the same residues of S1PR1 that enable receptor internalization were required to prevent this proapoptotic cascade. Findings in mice were recapitulated in ulcerative colitis patients treated with the S1PR1 antagonist ozanimod, and the loss of naive T cells limited B cell responses. Our findings highlighted an effect of S1PR1 antagonists on the ability to mount immune responses within lymph nodes, beyond their effect on lymph node egress, and suggested both limitations and additional uses of this important class of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval Dixit
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victoria M. Hallisey
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ethan Y.S. Zhu
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Martyna Okuniewska
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jerry E. Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Dermatology, and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jordan E. Axelrad
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan R. Schwab
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ravn-Boess N, Roy N, Hattori T, Bready D, Donaldson H, Lawson C, Lapierre C, Korman A, Rodrick T, Liu E, Frenster JD, Stephan G, Wilcox J, Corrado AD, Cai J, Ronnen R, Wang S, Haddock S, Sabio Ortiz J, Mishkit O, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Tsirigos A, Fenyö D, Zagzag D, Drube J, Hoffmann C, Perna F, Jones DR, Possemato R, Koide A, Koide S, Park CY, Placantonakis DG. The expression profile and tumorigenic mechanisms of CD97 (ADGRE5) in glioblastoma render it a targetable vulnerability. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113374. [PMID: 37938973 PMCID: PMC10841603 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain malignancy. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) have attracted interest for their potential as treatment targets. Here, we show that CD97 (ADGRE5) is the most promising aGPCR target in GBM, by virtue of its de novo expression compared to healthy brain tissue. CD97 knockdown or knockout significantly reduces the tumor initiation capacity of patient-derived GBM cultures (PDGCs) in vitro and in vivo. We find that CD97 promotes glycolytic metabolism via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which depends on phosphorylation of its C terminus and recruitment of β-arrestin. We also demonstrate that THY1/CD90 is a likely CD97 ligand in GBM. Lastly, we show that an anti-CD97 antibody-drug conjugate selectively kills tumor cells in vitro. Our studies identify CD97 as a regulator of tumor metabolism, elucidate mechanisms of receptor activation and signaling, and provide strong scientific rationale for developing biologics to target it therapeutically in GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Ravn-Boess
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nainita Roy
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Takamitsu Hattori
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Devin Bready
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hayley Donaldson
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christopher Lawson
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Cathryn Lapierre
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Aryeh Korman
- Metabolomics Laboratory, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tori Rodrick
- Metabolomics Laboratory, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Enze Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joshua D Frenster
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gabriele Stephan
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jordan Wilcox
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alexis D Corrado
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Julia Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rebecca Ronnen
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sara Haddock
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jonathan Sabio Ortiz
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Orin Mishkit
- Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Aris Tsirigos
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Zagzag
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Julia Drube
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Drew R Jones
- Metabolomics Laboratory, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard Possemato
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Akiko Koide
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shohei Koide
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christopher Y Park
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dimitris G Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Brain and Spine Tumor Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Eiger DS, Hicks C, Gardner J, Pham U, Rajagopal S. Location bias: A "Hidden Variable" in GPCR pharmacology. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300123. [PMID: 37625014 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of transmembrane receptors and primarily signal through two main effector proteins: G proteins and β-arrestins. Many agonists of GPCRs promote "biased" responses, in which different cellular signaling pathways are activated with varying efficacies. The mechanisms underlying biased signaling have not been fully elucidated, with many potential "hidden variables" that regulate this behavior. One contributor is "location bias," which refers to the generation of unique signaling cascades from a given GPCR depending upon the cellular location at which the receptor is signaling. Here, we review evidence that GPCRs are expressed at and traffic to various subcellular locations and discuss how location bias can impact the pharmacologic properties and characterization of GPCR agonists. We also evaluate how differences in subcellular environments can modulate GPCR signaling, highlight the physiological significance of subcellular GPCR signaling, and discuss the therapeutic potential of exploiting GPCR location bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Scott Eiger
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chloe Hicks
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julia Gardner
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Uyen Pham
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ahmed MR, Zheng C, Dunning JL, Ahmed MS, Ge C, Sanders Pair F, Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Arrestin-3-assisted activation of JNK3 mediates dopaminergic behavioral and signaling plasticity in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.27.564447. [PMID: 37961199 PMCID: PMC10634923 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.27.564447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In rodents with unilateral ablation of the substantia nigra neurons supplying dopamine to the striatum, chronic treatment with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA or dopamine agonists induces a progressive increase of behavioral responses, a process known as behavioral sensitization. The sensitization is blunted in arrestin-3 knockout mice. Using virus-mediated gene delivery to the dopamine-depleted striatum of arrestin-3 knockout mice, we found that the restoration of arrestin-3 fully rescued behavioral sensitization, whereas its mutant defective in JNK activation did not. A 25-residue arrestin-3-derived peptide that facilitates JNK3 activation in cells, expressed ubiquitously or selectively in the direct pathway striatal neurons, fully rescued sensitization, whereas an inactive homologous arrestin-2-derived peptide did not. Behavioral rescue was accompanied by the restoration of JNK3 activity and of JNK-dependent phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun in the dopamine-depleted striatum. Thus, arrestin-3-dependent JNK3 activation in direct pathway neurons is a critical element of the molecular mechanism underlying sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | | | - Mohamed S. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kahsai AW, Shah KS, Shim PJ, Lee MA, Shreiber BN, Schwalb AM, Zhang X, Kwon HY, Huang LY, Soderblom EJ, Ahn S, Lefkowitz RJ. Signal transduction at GPCRs: Allosteric activation of the ERK MAPK by β-arrestin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303794120. [PMID: 37844230 PMCID: PMC10614829 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303794120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
β-arrestins are multivalent adaptor proteins that bind active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to inhibit G protein signaling, mediate receptor internalization, and initiate alternative signaling events. β-arrestins link agonist-stimulated GPCRs to downstream signaling partners, such as the c-Raf-MEK1-ERK1/2 cascade leading to ERK1/2 activation. β-arrestins have been thought to transduce signals solely via passive scaffolding by facilitating the assembly of multiprotein signaling complexes. Recently, however, β-arrestin 1 and 2 were shown to activate two downstream signaling effectors, c-Src and c-Raf, allosterically. Over the last two decades, ERK1/2 have been the most intensely studied signaling proteins scaffolded by β-arrestins. Here, we demonstrate that β-arrestins play an active role in allosterically modulating ERK kinase activity in vitro and within intact cells. Specifically, we show that β-arrestins and their GPCR-mediated active states allosterically enhance ERK2 autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of a downstream ERK2 substrate, and we elucidate the mechanism by which β-arrestins do so. Furthermore, we find that allosteric stimulation of dually phosphorylated ERK2 by active-state β-arrestin 2 is more robust than by active-state β-arrestin 1, highlighting differential capacities of β-arrestin isoforms to regulate effector signaling pathways downstream of GPCRs. In summary, our study provides strong evidence for a new paradigm in which β-arrestins function as active "catalytic" scaffolds to allosterically unlock the enzymatic activity of signaling components downstream of GPCR activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alem W. Kahsai
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Kunal S. Shah
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Paul J. Shim
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ85004
| | - Mason A. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Bowie N. Shreiber
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Allison M. Schwalb
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Henry Y. Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- General Surgery Residency Program, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI48202
| | - Li-Yin Huang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Erik J. Soderblom
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Seungkirl Ahn
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Robert J. Lefkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- HHMI, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhan X, Kaoud TS, Dalby KN, Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. Arrestin-3-Dependent Activation of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases (JNKs). Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e839. [PMID: 37668419 PMCID: PMC10624153 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Only 1 out of 4 mammalian arrestin subtypes, arrestin-3, facilitates the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family kinases. Here, we describe two different sets of protocols used for elucidating the mechanisms involved. One is based on reconstitution of signaling modules from the following purified proteins: arrestin-3, MKK4, MKK7, JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3. The main advantage of this method is that it unambiguously establishes which effects are direct because only intended purified proteins are present in these assays. The key drawback is that the upstream-most kinases of these cascades, ASK1 or other MAP3Ks, are not available in purified form, limiting reconstitution to incomplete two-kinase modules. The other approach is used for analyzing the effects of arrestin-3 on JNK activation in intact cells. In this case, signaling modules include ASK1 and/or other MAP3Ks. However, as every cell expresses thousands of different proteins, their possible effects on the readout cannot be excluded. Nonetheless, the combination of in vitro reconstitution from purified proteins and cell-based assays makes it possible to elucidate the mechanisms of arrestin-3-dependent activation of JNK family kinases. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Construction of arrestin-3-scaffolded MKK4/7-JNK1/2/3 signaling modules in vitro using purified proteins Alternate Protocol 1: Characterization of arrestin-3-mediated JNK1/2 activation by MKK4/7 by measurement of JNK1/2 phosphorylation using immunoblotting with anti-phospho-JNK antibody Support Protocol 1: Expression, purification, and activation of GST-MKK4 Support Protocol 2: Expression, purification, and activation of GST-MKK7-His6 Support Protocol 3: Expression, purification, and activation of tagless JNK1Α1 Support Protocol 4: Expression, purification, and activation of tagless JNK2Α2 Basic Protocol 2: Analysis of the role of arrestin-3 in ASK1/MKK4/MKK7-induced JNK activation in intact cells Alternate Protocol 2: Analysis of the role of arrestin-3 in MKK4-induced JNK activation in intact cells Basic Protocol 3: Characterization of the biphasic effect of arrestin-3 on ASK1/MKK7-stimulated JNK phosphorylation in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzhi Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Current address: Tennessee Tech University, Cookville, Tennessee
| | - Tamer S Kaoud
- Division of Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Kevin N Dalby
- Division of Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dixit D, Hallisey VM, Zhu EYS, Okuniewska M, Cadwell K, Chipuk JE, Axelrad JE, Schwab SR. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 inhibition induces a pro-apoptotic signaling cascade in T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.554104. [PMID: 37662380 PMCID: PMC10473648 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Effective immunity requires a large, diverse naïve T cell repertoire circulating among lymphoid organs in search of antigen. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptor S1PR1 contribute by both directing T cell migration and supporting T cell survival. Here, we address how S1P enables T cell survival, and the implications for patients treated with S1PR1 antagonists. Contrary to expectations, we found that S1PR1 limits apoptosis by maintaining the appropriate balance of BCL2 family members via restraint of JNK activity. Interestingly, the same residues of S1PR1 that enable receptor internalization are required to prevent this pro-apoptotic cascade. Findings in mice were recapitulated in ulcerative colitis patients treated with the S1PR1 antagonist ozanimod, and the loss of naïve T cells limited B cell responses. Our findings highlight an unexpected effect of S1PR1 antagonists on the ability to mount immune responses within lymph nodes, beyond their effect on lymph node egress, and suggest both limitations and novel uses of this important class of drugs.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zheng C, Weinstein LD, Nguyen KK, Grewal A, Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. GPCR Binding and JNK3 Activation by Arrestin-3 Have Different Structural Requirements. Cells 2023; 12:1563. [PMID: 37371033 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrestins bind active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Among the four mammalian subtypes, only arrestin-3 facilitates the activation of JNK3 in cells. In available structures, Lys-295 in the lariat loop of arrestin-3 and its homologue Lys-294 in arrestin-2 directly interact with the activator-attached phosphates. We compared the roles of arrestin-3 conformational equilibrium and Lys-295 in GPCR binding and JNK3 activation. Several mutants with enhanced ability to bind GPCRs showed much lower activity towards JNK3, whereas a mutant that does not bind GPCRs was more active. The subcellular distribution of mutants did not correlate with GPCR recruitment or JNK3 activation. Charge neutralization and reversal mutations of Lys-295 differentially affected receptor binding on different backgrounds but had virtually no effect on JNK3 activation. Thus, GPCR binding and arrestin-3-assisted JNK3 activation have distinct structural requirements, suggesting that facilitation of JNK3 activation is the function of arrestin-3 that is not bound to a GPCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Liana D Weinstein
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin K Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Abhijeet Grewal
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Mechanisms of Arrestin-Mediated Signaling. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e821. [PMID: 37367499 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Arrestins were first discovered as proteins that selectively bind active phosphorylated GPCRs and suppress (arrest) their G protein-mediated signaling. Nonvisual arrestins are also recognized as signaling proteins regulating a variety of cellular pathways. Arrestins are highly flexible; they can assume many different conformations. In their receptor-bound conformation, arrestins have higher affinity for a subset of binding partners. This explains how receptor activation regulates certain branches of arrestin-dependent signaling via arrestin recruitment to GPCRs. However, free arrestins are also active molecular entities that regulate other signaling pathways and localize signaling proteins to particular subcellular compartments. Recent findings suggest that the two visuals, arrestin-1 and arrestin-4, which are expressed in photoreceptor cells, not only regulate signaling via binding to photopigments but also interact with several nonreceptor partners, critically affecting the health and survival of photoreceptor cells. Detailed in this overview are GPCR-dependent and independent modes of arrestin-mediated regulation of cellular signaling. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang X, Chen D, Zhao Y, Men M, Chen Z, Jiang F, Zheng R, Stamou MI, Plummer L, Balasubramanian R, Li JD. A functional spectrum of PROKR2 mutations identified in isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1722-1729. [PMID: 36694982 PMCID: PMC10422949 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a rare disease with hypogonadism and infertility caused by the defects in embryonic migration of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, hypothalamic GnRH secretion or GnRH signal transduction. PROKR2 gene, encoding a G-protein coupled receptor PROKR2, is one of the most frequently mutated genes identified in IHH patients. However, the functional consequences of several PROKR2 mutants remain elusive. In this study, we systematically analyzed the Gαq, Gαs and ERK1/2 signaling of 23 IHH-associated PROKR2 mutations which are yet to be functionally characterized. We demonstrate that blockage of Gαq, instead of MAPK/ERK pathway, inhibited PROK2-induced migration of PROKR2-expressing cells, implying that PROKR2-related IHH results primarily due to Gαq signaling pathway disruption. Combined with previous reports, we categorized a total of 63 IHH-associated PROKR2 mutations into four distinct groups according Gαq pathway functionality: (i) neutral (N, >80% activity); (ii) low pathogenicity (L, 50-80% activity); (iii) medium pathogenicity (M, 20-50% activity) and (iv) high pathogenicity (H, <20% activity). We further compared the cell-based functional results with in silico mutational prediction programs. Our results indicated that while Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant predictions were accurate for transmembrane region mutations, mutations localized in the intracellular and extracellular domains were accurately predicted by the Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion prediction tool. Our results thus provide a functional database that can be used to guide diagnosis and appropriate genetic counseling in IHH patients with PROKR2 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Danna Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, China
| | - Yaguang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Meichao Men
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zhiheng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Fang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ruizhi Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Maria I Stamou
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Lacey Plummer
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Jia-Da Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Models for Human Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zheng C, Weinstein LD, Nguyen KK, Grewal A, Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. GPCR binding and JNK3 activation by arrestin-3 have different structural requirements. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.01.538990. [PMID: 37205393 PMCID: PMC10187157 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.01.538990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arrestins bind active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Among the four mammalian subtypes, only arrestin-3 facilitates the activation of JNK3 in cells. In available structures, Lys-295 in the lariat loop of arrestin-3 and its homologue Lys-294 in arrestin-2 directly interact with the activator-attached phosphates. We compared the role of arrestin-3 conformational equilibrium and of Lys-295 in GPCR binding and JNK3 activation. Several mutants with enhanced ability to bind GPCRs showed much lower activity towards JNK3, whereas a mutant that does not bind GPCRs was more active. Subcellular distribution of mutants did not correlate with GPCR recruitment or JNK3 activation. Charge neutralization and reversal mutations of Lys-295 differentially affected receptor binding on different backgrounds, but had virtually no effect on JNK3 activation. Thus, GPCR binding and arrestin-3-assisted JNK3 activation have distinct structural requirements, suggesting that facilitation of JNK3 activation is the function of arrestin-3 that is not bound to a GPCR.
Collapse
|
23
|
Cai B, El Daibani A, Bai Y, Che T, Krusemark CJ. Direct Selection of DNA-Encoded Libraries for Biased Agonists of GPCRs on Live Cells. JACS AU 2023; 3:1076-1088. [PMID: 37124302 PMCID: PMC10131204 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest superfamily of human membrane target proteins for approved drugs. GPCR ligands can have a complex array of pharmacological activities. Among these activities, biased agonists have potential to serve as both chemical probes to understand specific aspects of receptor signaling and therapeutic leads with more specific, desired activity. Challenges exist, however, in the development of new biased activators due, in part, to the low throughput of traditional screening approaches. DNA-encoded chemical libraries (DELs) dramatically improve the throughput of drug discovery by allowing a collective selection, rather than discrete screening, of large compound libraries. The use of DELs has been largely limited to affinity-based selections against purified protein targets, which identify binders only. Herein, we report a split protein complementation approach that allows direct identification of DNA-linked molecules that induce the dimerization of two proteins. We used this selection with a DEL against opioid receptor GPCRs on living cells for the identification of small molecules that possess the specific function of activation of either β-arrestin or G protein signaling pathways. This approach was applied to δ-, μ-, and κ-opioid receptors and enabled the discovery of compound [66,66], a selective, G-protein-biased agonist of the κ-opioid receptor (EC50 = 100 nM, E max = 82%, Gi bias factor = 6.6). This approach should be generally applicable for the direct selection of chemical inducers of dimerization from DELs and expand the utility of DELs to enrich molecules with a specific and desired biochemical function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cai
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Center for
Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Amal El Daibani
- Center
for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Yuntian Bai
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Center for
Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tao Che
- Center
for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Casey J. Krusemark
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Center for
Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhuo Y, Robleto VL, Marchese A. Proximity Labeling to Identify β-Arrestin1 Binding Partners Downstream of Ligand-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3285. [PMID: 36834700 PMCID: PMC9967311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
β-arrestins are multifaceted adaptor proteins that regulate various aspects of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. β-arrestins are recruited to agonist-activated and phosphorylated GPCRs at the plasma membrane, thereby preventing G protein coupling, while also targeting GPCRs for internalization via clathrin-coated pits. In addition, β-arrestins can activate various effector molecules to prosecute their role in GPCR signaling; however, the full extent of their interacting partners remains unknown. To discover potentially novel β-arrestin interacting partners, we used APEX-based proximity labeling coupled with affinity purification and quantitative mass spectrometry. We appended APEX in-frame to the C-terminus of β-arrestin1 (βarr1-APEX), which we show does not impact its ability to support agonist-stimulated internalization of GPCRs. By using coimmunoprecipitation, we show that βarr1-APEX interacts with known interacting proteins. Furthermore, following agonist stimulation βarr1-APEX labeled known βarr1-interacting partners as assessed by streptavidin affinity purification and immunoblotting. Aliquots were prepared in a similar manner and analyzed by tandem mass tag labeling and high-content quantitative mass spectrometry. Several proteins were found to be increased in abundance following GPCR stimulation. Biochemical experiments confirmed two novel proteins that interact with β-arrestin1, which we predict are novel ligand-stimulated βarr1 interacting partners. Our study highlights that βarr1-APEX-based proximity labeling represents a valuable approach to identifying novel players involved in GPCR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriano Marchese
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dmitrieva DA, Kotova TV, Safronova NA, Sadova AA, Dashevskii DE, Mishin AV. Protein Design Strategies for the Structural–Functional Studies of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:S192-S226. [PMID: 37069121 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923140110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are an important family of membrane proteins responsible for many physiological functions in human body. High resolution GPCR structures are required to understand their molecular mechanisms and perform rational drug design, as GPCRs play a crucial role in a variety of diseases. That is difficult to obtain for the wild-type proteins because of their low stability. In this review, we discuss how this problem can be solved by using protein design strategies developed to obtain homogeneous stabilized GPCR samples for crystallization and cryoelectron microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria A Dmitrieva
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Kotova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Nadezda A Safronova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Sadova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Dmitrii E Dashevskii
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Alexey V Mishin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang Y, Zhu CL, Li P, Liu Q, Li HR, Yu CM, Deng XM, Wang JF. The role of G protein-coupled receptor in neutrophil dysfunction during sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1112196. [PMID: 36891309 PMCID: PMC9986442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1112196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection. It is a common and complex syndrome and is the leading cause of death in intensive care units. The lungs are most vulnerable to the challenge of sepsis, and the incidence of respiratory dysfunction has been reported to be up to 70%, in which neutrophils play a major role. Neutrophils are the first line of defense against infection, and they are regarded as the most responsive cells in sepsis. Normally, neutrophils recognize chemokines including the bacterial product N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), complement 5a (C5a), and lipid molecules Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), and enter the site of infection through mobilization, rolling, adhesion, migration, and chemotaxis. However, numerous studies have confirmed that despite the high levels of chemokines in septic patients and mice at the site of infection, the neutrophils cannot migrate to the proper target location, but instead they accumulate in the lungs, releasing histones, DNA, and proteases that mediate tissue damage and induce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This is closely related to impaired neutrophil migration in sepsis, but the mechanism involved is still unclear. Many studies have shown that chemokine receptor dysregulation is an important cause of impaired neutrophil migration, and the vast majority of these chemokine receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this review, we summarize the signaling pathways by which neutrophil GPCR regulates chemotaxis and the mechanisms by which abnormal GPCR function in sepsis leads to impaired neutrophil chemotaxis, which can further cause ARDS. Several potential targets for intervention are proposed to improve neutrophil chemotaxis, and we hope that this review may provide insights for clinical practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Long Zhu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Li
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui-Ru Li
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Faculty of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Chang-Meng Yu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Deng
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Faculty of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jia-Feng Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Non-kinase targeting of oncogenic c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling: the future of clinically viable cancer treatments. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1823-1836. [PMID: 36454622 PMCID: PMC9788565 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal Kinases (JNKs) have been identified as key disease drivers in a number of pathophysiological settings and central oncogenic signaling nodes in various cancers. Their roles in driving primary tumor growth, positively regulating cancer stem cell populations, promoting invasion and facilitating metastatic outgrowth have led JNKs to be considered attractive targets for anti-cancer therapies. However, the homeostatic, apoptotic and tumor-suppressive activities of JNK proteins limit the use of direct JNK inhibitors in a clinical setting. In this review, we will provide an overview of the different JNK targeting strategies developed to date, which include various ATP-competitive, non-kinase and substrate-competitive inhibitors. We aim to summarize their distinct mechanisms of action, review some of the insights they have provided regarding JNK-targeting in cancer, and outline the limitations as well as challenges of all strategies that target JNKs directly. Furthermore, we will highlight alternate drug targets within JNK signaling complexes, including recently identified scaffold proteins, and discuss how these findings may open up novel therapeutic options for targeting discrete oncogenic JNK signaling complexes in specific cancer settings.
Collapse
|
28
|
Maudsley S, Walter D, Schrauwen C, Van Loon N, Harputluoğlu İ, Lenaerts J, McDonald P. Intersection of the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor, GPR19, with the Aging Process. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113598. [PMID: 36362387 PMCID: PMC9653598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the most functionally diverse classes of transmembrane proteins. GPCRs and their associated signaling systems have been linked to nearly every physiological process. They also constitute nearly 40% of the current pharmacopeia as direct targets of remedial therapies. Hence, their place as a functional nexus in the interface between physiological and pathophysiological processes suggests that GPCRs may play a central role in the generation of nearly all types of human disease. Perhaps one mechanism through which GPCRs can mediate this pivotal function is through the control of the molecular aging process. It is now appreciated that, indeed, many human disorders/diseases are induced by GPCR signaling processes linked to pathological aging. Here we discuss one such novel member of the GPCR family, GPR19, that may represent an important new target for novel remedial strategies for the aging process. The molecular signaling pathways (metabolic control, circadian rhythm regulation and stress responsiveness) associated with this recently characterized receptor suggest an important role in aging-related disease etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Deborah Walter
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Claudia Schrauwen
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Nore Van Loon
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - İrem Harputluoğlu
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Julia Lenaerts
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
How Arrestins and GRKs Regulate the Function of Long Chain Fatty Acid Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012237. [PMID: 36293091 PMCID: PMC9602559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FFA1 and FFA4, two G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by long chain fatty acids, play crucial roles in mediating many biological functions in the body. As a result, these fatty acid receptors have gained considerable attention due to their potential to be targeted for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. However, the relative contribution of canonical G protein-mediated signalling versus the effects of agonist-induced phosphorylation and interactions with β-arrestins have yet to be fully defined. Recently, several reports have highlighted the ability of β-arrestins and GRKs to interact with and modulate different functions of both FFA1 and FFA4, suggesting that it is indeed important to consider these interactions when studying the roles of FFA1 and FFA4 in both normal physiology and in different disease settings. Here, we discuss what is currently known and show the importance of understanding fully how β-arrestins and GRKs regulate the function of long chain fatty acid receptors.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jiang H, Galtes D, Wang J, Rockman HA. G protein-coupled receptor signaling: transducers and effectors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C731-C748. [PMID: 35816644 PMCID: PMC9448338 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00210.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of considerable interest due to their importance in a wide range of physiological functions and in a large number of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs as therapeutic entities. With continued study of their function and mechanism of action, there is a greater understanding of how effector molecules interact with a receptor to initiate downstream effector signaling. This review aims to explore the signaling pathways, dynamic structures, and physiological relevance in the cardiovascular system of the three most important GPCR signaling effectors: heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCR kinases (GRKs), and β-arrestins. We will first summarize their prominent roles in GPCR pharmacology before transitioning into less well-explored areas. As new technologies are developed and applied to studying GPCR structure and their downstream effectors, there is increasing appreciation for the elegance of the regulatory mechanisms that mediate intracellular signaling and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniella Galtes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jialu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Qin P, Ran Y, Liu Y, Wei C, Luan X, Niu H, Peng J, Sun J, Wu J. Recent advances of small molecule JNK3 inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106090. [PMID: 35964505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family, with three isoforms, JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disorder and the most common type of dementia. Two well-established AD pathologies are the deposition of Aβ amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles caused by Tau hyperphosphorylation. JNK3 is involved in forming amyloid Aβ and neurofibrillary tangles, suggesting that JNK3 may represent a target to develop treatments for AD. Therefore, this review will discuss the roles of JNK3 in the pathogenesis and treatment of AD, and the latest progress in the development of JNK3 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxia Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Yingying Ran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Yujing Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Chao Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Luan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Haoqian Niu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jingde Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Perry-Hauser NA, Kaoud TS, Stoy H, Zhan X, Chen Q, Dalby KN, Iverson TM, Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Short Arrestin-3-Derived Peptides Activate JNK3 in Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158679. [PMID: 35955810 PMCID: PMC9368909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrestins were first discovered as suppressors of G protein-mediated signaling by G protein-coupled receptors. It was later demonstrated that arrestins also initiate several signaling branches, including mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. Arrestin-3-dependent activation of the JNK family can be recapitulated with peptide fragments, which are monofunctional elements distilled from this multi-functional arrestin protein. Here, we use maltose-binding protein fusions of arrestin-3-derived peptides to identify arrestin elements that bind kinases of the ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK3 cascade and the shortest peptide facilitating JNK signaling. We identified a 16-residue arrestin-3-derived peptide expressed as a Venus fusion that leads to activation of JNK3α2 in cells. The strength of the binding to the kinases does not correlate with peptide activity. The ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK3 cascade has been implicated in neuronal apoptosis. While inhibitors of MAP kinases exist, short peptides are the first small molecule tools that can activate MAP kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamer S. Kaoud
- Division of Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Henriette Stoy
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Ramistrasse 71, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xuanzhi Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin N. Dalby
- Division of Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tina M. Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Vsevolod V. Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence: (V.V.G.); (E.V.G.)
| | - Eugenia V. Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence: (V.V.G.); (E.V.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhuo Y, Crecelius JM, Marchese A. G protein-coupled receptor kinase phosphorylation of distal C-tail sites specifies βarrestin1-mediated signaling by chemokine receptor CXCR4. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102351. [PMID: 35940305 PMCID: PMC9465349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
34
|
Zhang X, Zhou W, Niu Y, Zhu S, Zhang Y, Li X, Yu C. Lysyl oxidase promotes renal fibrosis via accelerating collagen cross-link driving by β-arrestin/ERK/STAT3 pathway. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22427. [PMID: 35792886 PMCID: PMC9544652 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200573r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a copper‐dependent monoamine oxidase whose primary function is the covalent cross‐linking of collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Evidence has shown that LOX is associated with cancer and some fibrotic conditions. We recently found that serum LOX is a potential diagnostic biomarker for renal fibrosis, but the mechanism by which LOX is regulated and contributes to renal fibrosis remains unknown. The current study demonstrates the following: (1) LOX expression was increased in fibrotic kidneys including ischemia‐reperfusion injury‐(IRI‐), unilateral ureteral obstruction‐(UUO‐), and folic acid‐ (FA‐) induced fibrotic kidneys as well as in the paraffin‐embedded sections of human kidneys from the patients with renal fibrosis. (2) The increasing deposition and cross‐linking of collagen induced by LOX was observed in IRI‐, UUO‐ and FA‐kidneys. (3) LOX was regulated by the β‐arrestin‐ERK‐STAT3 pathway in renal fibrosis. STAT3 was the downstream of AT1R‐β‐arrestin‐ERK, ERK entered the nucleus and activated STAT3‐pY705 but not STAT3‐pS727. (4) STAT3 nuclear subtranslocation and binding to the LOX promoter may be responsible for the upregulation of LOX expression. (5) Pharmacologic inhibition of LOX with BAPN in vivo inhibited the upregulation of LOX, decreased collagen over cross‐linking and ameliorated renal fibrosis after ischemic injury. Collectively, these observations suggest that LOX plays an essential role in the development of renal fibrosis by catalyzing collagen over cross‐linking. Thus, strategies targeting LOX could be a new avenue in developing therapeutics against renal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqian Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Niu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Saiya Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Dpartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tang X, Bian J, Li Z. Post-Translational Modifications in GPCR Internalization. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C84-C94. [PMID: 35613355 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00015.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors that serve as the most important drug targets. Classically, GPCR internalization has been considered to lead to receptor desensitization. However, many studies over the past decade have reported that internalized membrane receptors can trigger distinct signal activation. The "internalized activation" provides a completely new understanding for the receptor internalization, the mechanism of physiology/pathology and novel drug targets for precision medicine. GPCR internalization undergoes a series of strict regulations, especially by post-translational modifications (PTMs). Here, this review summarizes different PTMs in GPCR internalization and analyzes their significance in GPCR internalization dynamics, internalization routes, post-internalization fates and related diseases, which will offer new insights into the regulatory mechanism of GPCR signaling and novel drug targets for precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Tang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Bian
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gehi BR, Gadhave K, Uversky VN, Giri R. Intrinsic disorder in proteins associated with oxidative stress-induced JNK signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:202. [PMID: 35325330 PMCID: PMC11073203 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascade is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway that can be activated in response to a wide range of environmental stimuli. Based on the type, degree, and duration of the stimulus, the JNK signaling cascade dictates the fate of the cell by influencing gene expression through its substrate transcription factors. Oxidative stress is a result of a disturbance in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis of the cell and is associated with a large number of diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and disorders of the immune system, where it activates the JNK signaling pathway. Among different biological roles ascribed to the intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and hybrid proteins containing ordered domains and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) are signaling hub functions, as intrinsic disorder allows proteins to undertake multiple interactions, each with a different consequence. In order to ensure precise signaling, the cellular abundance of IDPs is highly regulated, and mutations or changes in abundance of IDPs/IDPRs are often associated with disease. In this study, we have used a combination of six disorder predictors to evaluate the presence of intrinsic disorder in proteins of the oxidative stress-induced JNK signaling cascade, and as per our findings, none of the 18 proteins involved in this pathway are ordered. The highest level of intrinsic disorder was observed in the scaffold proteins, JIP1, JIP2, JIP3; dual specificity phosphatases, MKP5, MKP7; 14-3-3ζ and transcription factor c-Jun. The MAP3Ks, MAP2Ks, MAPKs, TRAFs, and thioredoxin were the proteins that were predicted to be moderately disordered. Furthermore, to characterize the predicted IDPs/IDPRs in the proteins of the JNK signaling cascade, we identified the molecular recognition features (MoRFs), posttranslational modification (PTM) sites, and short linear motifs (SLiMs) associated with the disordered regions. These findings will serve as a foundation for experimental characterization of disordered regions in these proteins, which represents a crucial step for a better understanding of the roles of IDPRs in diseases associated with this important pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneshwari R Gehi
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
- Molecular Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Degroot GN, Lepage V, Parmentier M, Springael JY. The Atypical Chemerin Receptor GPR1 Displays Different Modes of Interaction with β-Arrestins in Humans and Mice with Important Consequences on Subcellular Localization and Trafficking. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061037. [PMID: 35326488 PMCID: PMC8947326 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) have emerged as a subfamily of chemokine receptors regulating the local bioavailability of their ligands through scavenging, concentration, or transport. The biological roles of ACKRs in human physiology and diseases are often studied by using transgenic mouse models. However, it is unknown whether mouse and human ACKRs share the same properties. In this study, we compared the properties of the human and mouse atypical chemerin receptor GPR1 and showed that they behave differently regarding their interaction with β-arrestins. Human hGPR1 interacts with β-arrestins as a result of chemerin stimulation, whereas its mouse orthologue mGPR1 displays a strong constitutive interaction with β-arrestins in basal conditions. The constitutive interaction of mGPR1 with β-arrestins is accompanied by a redistribution of the receptor from the plasma membrane to early and recycling endosomes. In addition, β-arrestins appear mandatory for the chemerin-induced internalization of mGPR1, whereas they are dispensable for the trafficking of hGPR1. However, mGPR1 scavenges chemerin and activates MAP kinases ERK1/2 similarly to hGPR1. Finally, we showed that the constitutive interaction of mGPR1 with β-arrestins required different structural constituents, including the receptor C-terminus and arginine 3.50 in the second intracellular loop. Altogether, our results show that sequence variations within cytosolic regions of GPR1 orthologues influence their ability to interact with β-arrestins, with important consequences on GPR1 subcellular distribution and trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan-Nagim Degroot
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (G.-N.D.); (V.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Valentin Lepage
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (G.-N.D.); (V.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Marc Parmentier
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (G.-N.D.); (V.L.); (M.P.)
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (Welbio), 1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - Jean-Yves Springael
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (G.-N.D.); (V.L.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Reiter E. [β-arrestins, their mechanisms of action and multiple roles in the biology of G protein-coupled receptors]. Biol Aujourdhui 2022; 215:107-118. [PMID: 35275055 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2021010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) induces biological responses to a wide range of extracellular cues. The heterotrimeric G proteins, which are recruited to the active conformation of GPCRs, lead to the generation of various diffusible second messengers. Only two other families of proteins exhibit the remarkable characteristic of recognizing and binding to the active conformation of most GPCRs: GPCR kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins. These two families of proteins were initially identified as key players in the desensitization of G protein activation by GPCRs. Over the years, β-arrestins have been implicated in an increasing number of interactions with non-receptor proteins, expanding the range of cellular functions in which they are involved. It is now well established that β-arrestins, by scaffolding and recruiting protein complexes in an agonist-dependent manner, directly regulate the trafficking and signaling of GPCRs. Remarkable advances have been made in recent years which have made it possible i) to identify biased ligands capable, by stabilizing particular conformations of a growing number of GPCRs, of activating or blocking the action of β-arrestins independently of that of G proteins, some of these ligands holding great therapeutic interest; ii) to demonstrate β-arrestins' role in the compartmentalization of GPCR signaling within the cell, and iii) to understand the molecular details of their interaction with GPCRs and of their activation through structural and biophysical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Reiter
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France - Inria, Centre de recherche Inria Saclay-Île-de-France, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Targeting GPCRs and Their Signaling as a Therapeutic Option in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030706. [PMID: 35158973 PMCID: PMC8833576 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sixteen G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been involved in melanogenesis or melanomagenesis. Here, we review these GPCRs, their associated signaling, and therapies. Abstract G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) serve prominent roles in melanocyte lineage physiology, with an impact at all stages of development, as well as on mature melanocyte functions. GPCR ligands are present in the skin and regulate melanocyte homeostasis, including pigmentation. The role of GPCRs in the regulation of pigmentation and, consequently, protection against external aggression, such as ultraviolet radiation, has long been established. However, evidence of new functions of GPCRs directly in melanomagenesis has been highlighted in recent years. GPCRs are coupled, through their intracellular domains, to heterotrimeric G-proteins, which induce cellular signaling through various pathways. Such signaling modulates numerous essential cellular processes that occur during melanomagenesis, including proliferation and migration. GPCR-associated signaling in melanoma can be activated by the binding of paracrine factors to their receptors or directly by activating mutations. In this review, we present melanoma-associated alterations of GPCRs and their downstream signaling and discuss the various preclinical models used to evaluate new therapeutic approaches against GPCR activity in melanoma. Recent striking advances in our understanding of the structure, function, and regulation of GPCRs will undoubtedly broaden melanoma treatment options in the future.
Collapse
|
40
|
Kim K, Han Y, Duan L, Chung KY. Scaffolding of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling by β-Arrestins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23021000. [PMID: 35055186 PMCID: PMC8778048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23021000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
β-arrestins were initially identified to desensitize and internalize G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Receptor-bound β-arrestins also initiate a second wave of signaling by scaffolding mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling components, MAPK kinase kinase, MAPK kinase, and MAPK. In particular, β-arrestins facilitate ERK1/2 or JNK3 activation by scaffolding signal cascade components such as ERK1/2-MEK1-cRaf or JNK3-MKK4/7-ASK1. Understanding the precise molecular and structural mechanisms of β-arrestin-mediated MAPK scaffolding assembly would deepen our understanding of GPCR-mediated MAPK activation and provide clues for the selective regulation of the MAPK signaling cascade for therapeutic purposes. Over the last decade, numerous research groups have attempted to understand the molecular and structural mechanisms of β-arrestin-mediated MAPK scaffolding assembly. Although not providing the complete mechanism, these efforts suggest potential binding interfaces between β-arrestins and MAPK signaling components and the mechanism for MAPK signal amplification by β-arrestin-mediated scaffolding. This review summarizes recent developments of cellular and molecular works on the scaffolding mechanism of β-arrestin for MAPK signaling cascade.
Collapse
|
41
|
Ren Q, Pan J, Chen Y, Shen Z, Yang Z, Kwon K, Guo Y, Wang Y, Ji F. Melatonin-Medicated Neural JNK3 Up-Regulation Promotes Ameloblastic Mineralization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:749642. [PMID: 35004671 PMCID: PMC8740296 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Melatonin, an endogenous neurohormone, modulates the biological circadian rhythms of vertebrates. It functions have been reported in previous stomatological studies as anti-inflammation, antioxidant, osseointegration of dental implants and stimulation to dental pulp stem cells differentiation, but its role in ameloblastic differentiation and mineralization has been rarely studied. Objective: To reveal the effects of melatonin on the mineralization of ameloblast lineage cells (ALCs), and to identify the change in gene expression and the potential mechanism based on ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. Method: ALCs were induced in melatonin-conditioned medium. After 7-days culture, Western blot, real-time PCR, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity test, RNA-seq were accordingly used to detect the change in molecular level. After 1-month odontogenic induction in melatonin medium, Alizarin Red-S (ARS) staining showed the changes of mineral nodules. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), enrichment of functions and signaling pathways analysis based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) database were performed. The JNK3 antagonist (JNK3 inhibitor IX, SR3576) and β-arrestin1 (Arrb1) overexpression were applied to confirm the fluctuation of melatonin-medicated JNK3 and Arrb1 expression. Results: In this study, we found out melatonin contributed to the ameloblastic mineralization, from which we can observed the elevated expression of enamel matrix protein, and increased ALP activity and mineralized nodules formation. RNA-seq analysis showed the up-regulation of neural JNK3 and down-regulation of Arrb1 in ALCs. Meanwhile, phosphorylated JNK3 deficiency (phosphorylated JNK3 inhibitor---SR3576 added to culture medium) led to mineralization delay, and Arrb1 overexpression proved Arrb1 takes bridge between melatonin receptors (MTNR) and JNK3 in MAPK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunshuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhecheng Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kubin Kwon
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang Y, Gai S, Zhang W, Huang X, Ma S, Huo Y, Wu Y, Tu H, Pin JP, Rondard P, Xu C, Liu J. The GABA B receptor mediates neuroprotection by coupling to G 13. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eaaz4112. [PMID: 34665640 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz4112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Wang
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Siyu Gai
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Xuetao Huang
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Shumin Ma
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Yujia Huo
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Yichen Wu
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Haijun Tu
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Chanjuan Xu
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang W, Bian J, Sun Y, Li Z. The new fate of internalized membrane receptors: Internalized activation. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108018. [PMID: 34626676 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Classically, the fate of internalized membrane receptors includes receptor degradation and receptor recycling. However, recent findings have begun to challenge these views. Much research demonstrated that many internalized membrane receptors can trigger distinct signal activation rather than being desensitized inside the cell. Here, we introduce the concept of "internalized activation" which not only represents a new mode of receptor activation, but also endows the new fate for receptor internalization (from death to life). The new activation mode and fate of membrane receptor are ubiquitous and have unique theoretical significance. We systematically put forward the features, process, and regulation of "internalized activation" and its significance in signal transduction and diseases. "Internalized activation" will provide a completely new understanding for the theory of receptor activation, internalization and novel drug targets for precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingwei Bian
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ahmed HMS, Mohamed SG, Ibrahim WS, Rezk AM, Mahmoud AAA, Mahmoud MF, Ibrahim IAAEH. Acute and chronic metabolic effects of carvedilol in high-fructose, high-fat diet-fed mice: implication of β-arrestin2 pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 100:68-77. [PMID: 34570983 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the acute and chronic effects of carvedilol on insulin resistance in high-fructose, high-fat diet (HFrHFD) - fed mice and the implication of the β-arrestin2 pathway. The acute effect of carvedilol (10 mg/kg, i.p.) on glucose tolerance and hepatic lipid signaling in normal and insulin resistant mice was investigated. Then, the chronic effect of carvedilol on insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in HFrHFD-fed mice was examined. Changes in β-arrestin2 and its downstream signals in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue were measured. This involved measuring phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and diacylglycerol (DAG) levels and protein kinase B (AKT) activity. Carvedilol acutely reduced fasting blood glucose levels in both normal and insulin resistant mice without significantly affecting the glucose tolerance. These acute effects were associated with increased hepatic PIP2 but decreased hepatic DAG levels. Chronic administration of carvedilol significantly ameliorated insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in HFrHFD-fed mice. These chronic effects were associated with increased β-arrestin2, PIP2, and AKT activity levels but decreased DAG levels in the classical insulin target tissues. In conclusion, carvedilol acutely maintains glucose homeostasis and chronically ameliorates insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in HFrHFD-fed mice. The insulin sensitizing effects of carvedilol are highly correlated with the upregulation of β-arrestin2 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoda M S Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt.,Medical Supply Chain, Abo-Hammad Health Administration, Ministry of Health, Egypt
| | - Samar G Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt.,Department of Toxic and Narcotic Drugs, Forensic Medicine, Cairo Laboratory, Medicolegal Organization, Ministry of Justice, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Rezk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacy, Benha University Hospitals, Benha, Egypt
| | - Amr A A Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Mona F Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Islam A A E-H Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Scaffolding mechanism of arrestin-2 in the cRaf/MEK1/ERK signaling cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026491118. [PMID: 34507982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026491118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrestins were initially identified for their role in homologous desensitization and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors. Receptor-bound arrestins also initiate signaling by interacting with other signaling proteins. Arrestins scaffold MAPK signaling cascades, MAPK kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAPK kinase (MAP2K), and MAPK. In particular, arrestins facilitate ERK1/2 activation by scaffolding ERK1/2 (MAPK), MEK1 (MAP2K), and Raf (MAPK3). However, the structural mechanism underlying this scaffolding remains unknown. Here, we investigated the mechanism of arrestin-2 scaffolding of cRaf, MEK1, and ERK2 using hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry, tryptophan-induced bimane fluorescence quenching, and NMR. We found that basal and active arrestin-2 interacted with cRaf, while only active arrestin-2 interacted with MEK1 and ERK2. The ATP binding status of MEK1 or ERK2 affected arrestin-2 binding; ATP-bound MEK1 interacted with arrestin-2, whereas only empty ERK2 bound arrestin-2. Analysis of the binding interfaces suggested that the relative positions of cRaf, MEK1, and ERK2 on arrestin-2 likely facilitate sequential phosphorylation in the signal transduction cascade.
Collapse
|
46
|
Giubilaro J, Schuetz DA, Stepniewski TM, Namkung Y, Khoury E, Lara-Márquez M, Campbell S, Beautrait A, Armando S, Radresa O, Duchaine J, Lamarche-Vane N, Claing A, Selent J, Bouvier M, Marinier A, Laporte SA. Discovery of a dual Ras and ARF6 inhibitor from a GPCR endocytosis screen. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4688. [PMID: 34344896 PMCID: PMC8333425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Internalization and intracellular trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play pivotal roles in cell responsiveness. Dysregulation in receptor trafficking can lead to aberrant signaling and cell behavior. Here, using an endosomal BRET-based assay in a high-throughput screen with the prototypical GPCR angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), we sought to identify receptor trafficking inhibitors from a library of ~115,000 small molecules. We identified a novel dual Ras and ARF6 inhibitor, which we named Rasarfin, that blocks agonist-mediated internalization of AT1R and other GPCRs. Rasarfin also potently inhibits agonist-induced ERK1/2 signaling by GPCRs, and MAPK and Akt signaling by EGFR, as well as prevents cancer cell proliferation. In silico modeling and in vitro studies reveal a unique binding modality of Rasarfin within the SOS-binding domain of Ras. Our findings unveil a class of dual small G protein inhibitors for receptor trafficking and signaling, useful for the inhibition of oncogenic cellular responses. While Ras is a promising target for cancer therapy, development of inhibitors targeting Ras signaling has proven challenging. Here, the authors report the discovery of Rasarfin, a small molecule from a phenotypic screen on G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) endocytosis that acts as a dual Ras and ARF6 inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Giubilaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Doris A Schuetz
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomasz M Stepniewski
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu, Fabra University (UPF)-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,InterAx Biotech AG, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yoon Namkung
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Etienne Khoury
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mónica Lara-Márquez
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Shirley Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Beautrait
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Schrödinger, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - Sylvain Armando
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Radresa
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Duchaine
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Lamarche-Vane
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Claing
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jana Selent
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu, Fabra University (UPF)-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Marinier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane A Laporte
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Du JJ, Sun JC, Li N, Li XQ, Sun WY, Wei W. β-Arrestin2 deficiency attenuates oxidative stress in mouse hepatic fibrosis through modulation of NOX4. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1090-1100. [PMID: 33116250 PMCID: PMC8209231 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a disease characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the liver. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is responsible for most of ECM production. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be important factors leading to liver fibrosis. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) is the main source of ROS in hepatic fibrosis, but the mechanism by which NOX4 regulates oxidative stress is not fully understood. β-Arrestin2 is a multifunctional scaffold protein that regulates receptor endocytosis, signaling and trafficking. In this study, we investigated whether β-arrestin2 regulated oxidative stress in hepatic fibrosis. Both β-arrestin2 knockout (Arrb2 KO) mice and wild-type mice were intraperitoneally injected with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to induce hepatic fibrosis. Arrb2 KO mice showed significantly attenuated liver fibrosis, decreased ROS levels and NOX4 expression, and reduced collagen levels in their livers. In vitro, NOX4 knockdown significantly inhibited ROS production, and decreased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin in angiotensin II-stimulated human HSC cell line LX-2. Through overexpression or depletion of β-arrestin2 in LX-2 cells, we revealed that decreased β-arrestin2 inhibited ROS levels and NOX4 expression, and reduced collagen production; it also inhibited activation of ERK and JNK signaling pathways. These results demonstrate that β-arrestin2 deficiency protects against liver fibrosis by downregulating ROS production through NOX4. This effect appears to be mediated by ERK and JNK signaling pathways. Thus, targeted inhibition of β-arrestin2 might reduce oxidative stress and inhibit the progression of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Du
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jia-Chang Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiu-Qin Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wu-Yi Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wen Q, Li Y, Han Z, Liu H, Zhang S, Chen Y, He J, Du X, Fu Y, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Zhou X, Zhou C, Hu S, Ma L. β-Arrestin 2 Regulates Inflammatory Responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection through ERK1/2 Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2623-2637. [PMID: 34001657 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen that causes tuberculosis, exhibits complex host-pathogen interactions. Pattern recognition receptors and their downstream signaling pathways play crucial roles in determining the outcome of infection. In particular, the scaffold protein β-arrestin 2 mediates downstream signaling of G protein-coupled receptors. However, the role of β-arrestin 2 in conferring immunity against M. tuberculosis has not yet been explored. We found that β-arrestin 2 was upregulated in the lesioned regions of lung tissues in patients with tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis infection upregulated β-arrestin 2 expression in human macrophages, and silencing of β-arrestin 2 significantly enhanced bactericidal activity by enhancing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. β-Arrestin 2 was shown to inhibit the activation of the TLR2/ERK1/2 pathway and its transcriptional regulation activity upon M. tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, β-arrestin 2 transcriptionally regulates TNF-α by binding to CREB1. These observations revealed that the upregulation of β-arrestin 2 is critical for M. tuberculosis to escape immune surveillance through an unknown mechanism. Our research offers a novel interference modality to enhance the immune response against tuberculosis by targeting β-arrestin 2 to modulate the TLR2-β-arrestin 2-ERK1/2-CREB1-TNF-α regulatory axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfen Li
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Han
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoxin Chen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchun He
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xialin Du
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Fu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zelin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfeng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Alhosaini K, Azhar A, Alonazi A, Al-Zoghaibi F. GPCRs: The most promiscuous druggable receptor of the mankind. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:539-551. [PMID: 34194261 PMCID: PMC8233523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
All physiological events in living organisms originated as specific chemical/biochemical signals on the cell surface and transmitted into the cytoplasm. This signal is translated within milliseconds-hours to a specific and unique order required to maintain optimum performance and homeostasis of living organisms. Examples of daily biological functions include neuronal communication and neurotransmission in the process of learning and memory, secretion (hormones, sweat, and saliva), muscle contraction, cellular growth, differentiation and migration during wound healing, and immunity to fight infections. Among the different transducers for such life-dependent signals is the large family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs constitute roughly 800 genes, corresponding to 2% of the human genome. While GPCRs control a plethora of pathophysiological disorders, only approximately one-third of GPCR families have been deorphanized and characterized. Recent drug data show that around 40% of the recommended drugs available in the market target mainly GPCRs. In this review, we presented how such system signals, either through G protein or via other players, independent of G protein, function within the biological system. We also discussed drugs in the market or clinical trials targeting mainly GPCRs in various diseases, including cancer.
Collapse
Key Words
- AC, Adenylyl Cyclase
- Arrestin
- CCR, Chemokine Receptor
- COX, Cyclooxygenase
- DAG, Diacylglycerol
- Drugs
- ERK, Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase
- G proteins
- GIP, Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
- GLP1R, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor
- GPCR
- GRKs
- GRKs, G protein-coupled Receptor Kinases
- Heterodimerization
- IP3, Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
- MAPK, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
- NMDA, N-Methyl D-Aspartate
- Nbs, Nanobodies
- PAR-1, Protease Activated Receptor 1
- PIP2, Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
- PKA, Protein Kinase A
- Signaling
- cAMP, cyclic AMP
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Alhosaini
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Azhar
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, AMU Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Asma Alonazi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - F Al-Zoghaibi
- Molecular BioMedicine Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, MBC:03, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wanka L, Behr V, Beck-Sickinger AG. Arrestin-dependent internalization of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors. Biol Chem 2021; 403:133-149. [PMID: 34036761 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is an important mechanism regulating the signal strength and limiting the opportunity of receptor activation. Based on the importance of GPCRs, the detailed knowledge about the regulation of signal transduction is crucial. Here, current knowledge about the agonist-induced, arrestin-dependent internalization process of rhodopsin-like GPCRs is reviewed. Arrestins are conserved molecules that act as key players within the internalization process of many GPCRs. Based on highly conserved structural characteristics within the rhodopsin-like GPCRs, the identification of arrestin interaction sites in model systems can be compared and used for the investigation of internalization processes of other receptors. The increasing understanding of this essential regulation mechanism of receptors can be used for drug development targeting rhodopsin-like GPCRs. Here, we focus on the neuropeptide Y receptor family, as these receptors transmit various physiological processes such as food intake, energy homeostasis, and regulation of emotional behavior, and are further involved in pathophysiological processes like cancer, obesity and mood disorders. Hence, this receptor family represents an interesting target for the development of novel therapeutics requiring the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms influencing receptor mediated signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizzy Wanka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Victoria Behr
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|