1
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Association of Toll-like receptors polymorphisms with the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the Brazilian Amazon. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15159. [PMID: 36071076 PMCID: PMC9452670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common hematologic malignancy in children in childhood. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in key molecules of the immune system, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and CD14 molecules, are associated with the development of several diseases. However, their role in ALL is unknown. A case–control study was performed with 152 ALL patients and 187 healthy individuals to investigate the role of SNPs in TLRs and the CD14 gene in ALL. In this study, TLR6 C > T rs5743810 [OR: 3.20, 95% CI: 1.11–9.17, p = 0.003) and TLR9 C > T rs187084 (OR: 2.29, 95% CI: 1.23–4.26, p = 0.000) seems to be a risk for development of ALL. In addition, the TLR1 T > G rs5743618 and TLR6 C > T rs5743810 polymorphisms with protection against death (OR: 0.17, 95% IC: 0.04–0.79, p = 0.008; OR: 0.48, 95% IC: 0.24–0.94, p = 0.031, respectively). Our results show that SNPs in TLRs genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of ALL and may influence clinical prognosis; however, further studies are necessary to elucidate the role of TLR1, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR9 and CD14 polymorphisms in this disease.
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Vergez F, Largeaud L, Bertoli S, Nicolau ML, Rieu JB, Vergnolle I, Saland E, Sarry A, Tavitian S, Huguet F, Picard M, Vial JP, Lechevalier N, Bidet A, Dumas PY, Pigneux A, Luquet I, Mansat-De Mas V, Delabesse E, Carroll M, Danet-Desnoyers G, Sarry JE, Récher C. Phenotypically-defined stages of leukemia arrest predict main driver mutations subgroups, and outcome in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Cancer J 2022; 12:117. [PMID: 35973983 PMCID: PMC9381519 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-022-00712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Classifications of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients rely on morphologic, cytogenetic, and molecular features. Here we have established a novel flow cytometry-based immunophenotypic stratification showing that AML blasts are blocked at specific stages of differentiation where features of normal myelopoiesis are preserved. Six stages of leukemia differentiation-arrest categories based on CD34, CD117, CD13, CD33, MPO, and HLA-DR expression were identified in two independent cohorts of 2087 and 1209 AML patients. Hematopoietic stem cell/multipotent progenitor-like AMLs display low proliferation rate, inv(3) or RUNX1 mutations, and high leukemic stem cell frequency as well as poor outcome, whereas granulocyte-monocyte progenitor-like AMLs have CEBPA mutations, RUNX1-RUNX1T1 or CBFB-MYH11 translocations, lower leukemic stem cell frequency, higher chemosensitivity, and better outcome. NPM1 mutations correlate with most mature stages of leukemia arrest together with TET2 or IDH mutations in granulocyte progenitors-like AML or with DNMT3A mutations in monocyte progenitors-like AML. Overall, we demonstrate that AML is arrested at specific stages of myeloid differentiation (SLA classification) that significantly correlate with AML genetic lesions, clinical presentation, stem cell properties, chemosensitivity, response to therapy, and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Vergez
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France. .,Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. .,Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. .,Stem Cell and Xenograft Core, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Laetitia Largeaud
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah Bertoli
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Laure Nicolau
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rieu
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Inès Vergnolle
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Estelle Saland
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Sarry
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Suzanne Tavitian
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Huguet
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Picard
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Vial
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Nicolas Lechevalier
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Audrey Bidet
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Dumas
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Arnaud Pigneux
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Isabelle Luquet
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique Mansat-De Mas
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Delabesse
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Martin Carroll
- Stem Cell and Xenograft Core, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gwenn Danet-Desnoyers
- Stem Cell and Xenograft Core, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Sarry
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Récher
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. .,Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR1037 INSERM, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France. .,Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France.
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Trosko JE. What Can Chemical Carcinogenesis Shed Light on the LNT Hypothesis in Radiation Carcinogenesis? Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819876799. [PMID: 31565039 PMCID: PMC6755642 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819876799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To protect the public’s health from exposure to physical, chemical, and microbiological
agents, it is important that any policy be based on rigorous scientifically based
research. The concept of “linear no-threshold” (LNT) has been implemented to provide
guideline exposures to these agents. The practical limitation to testing this hypothesis
is to provide sufficient samples for experimental or epidemiological studies. While there
is no universally accepted understanding of most human diseases, there seems to be better
understanding of cancer that might help resolve the “LNT” model. The public’s concern,
after being exposed to radiation, is the potential of producing cancer. The most rigorous
hypothesis of human carcinogenesis is the “multistage, multimechanism” chemical
carcinogenesis model. The radiation carcinogenesis LNT model, rarely, if ever, built it
into their support. It will be argued that this multistage, multimechanism model of
carcinogenesis, involving the “initiation” of a single cell by a mutagen event, followed
by chronic exposure to threshold levels of epigenetic agents or conditions that stimulate
the clonal expansion of the “initiated” cell, can convert these benign cells to become
invasive and metastatic. This “promotion” process can be interrupted, thereby preventing
these initiated cells from transitioning to the “progression” process of invasion and
metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Trosko
- Department Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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4
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Single-cell developmental classification of B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis reveals predictors of relapse. Nat Med 2018; 24:474-483. [PMID: 29505032 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insight into the cancer cell populations that are responsible for relapsed disease is needed to improve outcomes. Here we report a single-cell-based study of B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis that reveals hidden developmentally dependent cell signaling states that are uniquely associated with relapse. By using mass cytometry we simultaneously quantified 35 proteins involved in B cell development in 60 primary diagnostic samples. Each leukemia cell was then matched to its nearest healthy B cell population by a developmental classifier that operated at the single-cell level. Machine learning identified six features of expanded leukemic populations that were sufficient to predict patient relapse at diagnosis. These features implicated the pro-BII subpopulation of B cells with activated mTOR signaling, and the pre-BI subpopulation of B cells with activated and unresponsive pre-B cell receptor signaling, to be associated with relapse. This model, termed 'developmentally dependent predictor of relapse' (DDPR), significantly improves currently established risk stratification methods. DDPR features exist at diagnosis and persist at relapse. By leveraging a data-driven approach, we demonstrate the predictive value of single-cell 'omics' for patient stratification in a translational setting and provide a framework for its application to human cancer.
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Trosko JE. The Role of the Mitochondria in the Evolution of Stem Cells, Including MUSE Stem Cells and Their Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1103:131-152. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56847-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Liou JT, Lin CS, Liao YC, Ho LJ, Yang SP, Lai JH. JNK/AP-1 activation contributes to tetrandrine resistance in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1171-1183. [PMID: 28603286 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is a challenging malignancy with a high relapse rate attributed to drug resistance. Tetrandrine (TET), a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid extracted from a Chinese herb, is a potential anti-cancer and anti-leukaemic drug. In this study we investigated the mechanisms of TET resistance in T-ALL cells in vitro. Among the four T-ALL cell lines tested, Jurkat and CEM cells exhibited the lowest and highest resistance to TET with IC50 values at 24 h of 4.31±0.12 and 16.53±3.32 μmol/L, respectively. When treated with TET, the activity of transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) was significantly decreased in Jurkat cells but nearly constant in CEM cells. To avoid cell-specific variation in drug resistance and transcription factor activities, we established a TET-R Jurkat subclone with the estimated IC50 value of 10.90±.92 μmol/L by exposing the cells to increasing concentrations of TET. Interestingly, when treated with TET, TET-R Jurkat cells exhibited enhanced AP-1 and NF-κB activity, along with upregulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways, whereas the expression of P-gp was not altered. Selective inhibition of JNK but not ERK suppressed AP-1 activity and TET resistance in TET-R Jurkat cells and in CEM cells. These results demonstrate that Jurkat cells acquire TET resistance through activation of the JNK/AP-1 pathway but not through P-gp expression. The JNK/AP-1 pathway may be a potential therapeutic target in relapsed T-ALL.
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Trosko JE. Reflections on the use of 10 IARC carcinogenic characteristics for an objective approach to identifying and organizing results from certain mechanistic studies. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847317710837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To find a scientifically based method for evaluating mechanistic data related to risks to human beings, a new protocol for identifying, organizing, and summarizing mechanistic data for decision-making on cancer hazard identification was proposed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and by an international working group of multidisciplinary experts. This Commentary examined the 10 key carcinogens’ characteristics proposed in the context of several paradigms assumed in the using of these 10 characteristics. These characteristics were assumed to represent a “carcinogen’s” mechanism of action but what was ignored were characteristics of the mechanisms of the “initiation,” “promotion,” and “progression” carcinogenic process. Challenges were made to the interpretation of genotoxicity data as well as from concepts and findings related to the promotion phase and the role of adult human stem cells. Reliance of interpretation of “genotoxicity” data (molecular-DNA lesions in DNA; induction of free radicals/oxidative stress markers; phenotypic surrogates of gene mutations), as well as from lesions in genomic versus mitochondrial DNA, or in the target cells for the carcinogenic process in either in vitro cultures or in vivo tissues, makes this “objective” use of the data questionable. A challenge to the “dedifferentiation” hypothesis of cancer was made. Because of an agent being misclassified as “genotoxic”—rather than an “epigenetic”—agent (which works by threshold levels; can be blocked; and must be present at critical times during development and at regular, sustained chronic exposures) could lead to unwise policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Trosko
- Center of Integrative Toxicology, Department Pediatrics/Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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8
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Trosko JE, Carruba G. "Bad Luck Mutations": DNA Mutations Are not the Whole Answer to Understanding Cancer Risk. Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325817716585. [PMID: 28717349 PMCID: PMC5502948 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817716585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that many human cancers are generated by intrinsic mechanisms that produce "Bad Luck" mutations by the proliferation of organ-specific adult stem cells. There have been serious challenges to this interpretation, including multiple extrinsic factors thought to be correlated with mutations found in cancers associated with these exposures. While support for both interpretations provides some validity, both interpretations ignore several concepts of the multistage, multimechanism process of carcinogenesis, namely, (1) mutations can be generated by both "errors of DNA repair" and "errors of DNA replication," during the "initiation" process of carcinogenesis; (2) "initiated" stem cells must be clonally amplified by nonmutagenic, intrinsic or extrinsic epigenetic mechanisms; (3) organ-specific stem cell numbers can be modified during in utero development, thereby altering the risk to cancer later in life; and (4) epigenetic tumor promoters are characterized by species, individual genetic-, gender-, developmental state-specificities, and threshold levels to be active; sustained and long-term exposures; and exposures in the absence of antioxidant "antipromoters." Because of the inevitability of some of the stem cells generating "initiating" mutations by either "errors of DNA repair" or "errors of DNA replication," a tumor is formed depending on the promotion phase of carcinogenesis. While it is possible to reduce our frequencies of mutagenic "initiated" cells, one can never reduce it to zero. Because of the extended period of the promotion phase of carcinogenesis, strategies to reduce the appearance of cancers must involve the interruption of the promotion of these initiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Trosko
- Department of Pediatrics/Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Giuseppe Carruba
- ARNAS-Azienda di Rilievo Nationale e di Alta Specializzazione Civico, Di Cristina e Benfratelli-Palermo, Italy
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Schmitz NMR, Leibundgut K, Hirt A. Phosphorylation of the Retinoblastoma Protein in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Hematology 2016; 6:29-39. [DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2001.11746550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. R. Schmitz
- Department of Clinical Research, Tiefemustrasse 120, 3004 Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital 3010 Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Leibundgut
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital 3010 Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hirt
- Department of Clinical Research, Tiefemustrasse 120, 3004 Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital 3010 Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Abstract
Our understanding of cancer biology has been radically transformed over recent years with a more realistic grasp of its multilayered cellular and genetic complexity. These advances are being translated into more selective and effective treatment of cancers and, although there are still considerable challenges, particularly with drug resistance and metastatic disease, many patients with otherwise lethal malignancies now enjoy protracted remissions or cure. One largely unheralded theme of this story is the extent to which new biological insights and novel clinical applications have their origins with leukaemia and related blood cell cancers, including lymphoma. In this Timeline article, I review the remarkable and ground-breaking role that studies in leukaemia have had at the forefront of this progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
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11
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Ouzounoglou E, Dionysiou D, Stamatakos GS. Differentiation resistance through altered retinoblastoma protein function in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: in silico modeling of the deregulations in the G1/S restriction point pathway. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:23. [PMID: 26932523 PMCID: PMC4774111 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As in many cancer types, the G1/S restriction point (RP) is deregulated in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Hyper-phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (hyper-pRb) is found in high levels in ALL cells. Nevertheless, the ALL lymphocyte proliferation rate for the average patient is surprisingly low compared to its normal counterpart of the same maturation level. Additionally, as stated in literature, ALL cells possibly reside at or beyond the RP which is located in the late-G1 phase. This state may favor their differentiation resistant phenotype. A major phenomenon contributing to this fact is thought to be the observed limited redundancy in the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) by the various Cyclin Dependent Kinases (Cdks). The latter may result in partial loss of pRb functions despite hyper-phosphorylation. RESULTS To test this hypothesis, an in silico model aiming at simulating the biochemical regulation of the RP in ALL is introduced. By exploiting experimental findings derived from leukemic cells and following a semi-quantitative calibration procedure, the model has been shown to satisfactorily reproduce such a behavior for the RP pathway. At the same time, the calibrated model has been proved to be in agreement with the observed variation in the ALL cell cycle duration. CONCLUSIONS The proposed model aims to contribute to a better understanding of the complex phenomena governing the leukemic cell cycle. At the same time it constitutes a significant first step in the creation of a personalized proliferation rate predictor that can be used in the context of multiscale cancer modeling. Such an approach is expected to play an important role in the refinement and the advancement of mechanistic modeling of ALL in the context of the emergent and promising scientific domains of In Silico Oncology and more generally In Silico Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Ouzounoglou
- In Silico Oncology and In Silico Medicine Group, Laboratory of Microwaves and Fiber Optics, Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Dionysiou
- In Silico Oncology and In Silico Medicine Group, Laboratory of Microwaves and Fiber Optics, Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Georgios S Stamatakos
- In Silico Oncology and In Silico Medicine Group, Laboratory of Microwaves and Fiber Optics, Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
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12
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Savage P. Clinical observations on chemotherapy curable malignancies: unique genetic events, frozen development and enduring apoptotic potential. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:11. [PMID: 25605631 PMCID: PMC4308945 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A select number of relatively rare metastatic malignancies comprising trophoblast tumours, the rare childhood cancers, germ cells tumours, leukemias and lymphomas have been routinely curable with chemotherapy for more than 30 years. However for the more common metastatic malignancies chemotherapy treatment frequently brings clinical benefits but cure is not expected. Clinically this clear divide in outcome between the tumour types can appear at odds with the classical theories of chemotherapy sensitivity and resistance that include rates of proliferation, genetic development of drug resistance and drug efflux pumps. We have looked at the clinical characteristics of the chemotherapy curable malignancies to see if they have any common factors that could explain this extreme differential sensitivity to chemotherapy. DISCUSSION It has previously been noted how the onset of malignancy can leave malignant cells fixed with some key cellular functions remaining frozen at the point in development at which malignant transformation occurred. In the chemotherapy curable malignancies the onset of malignancy is in each case closely linked to one of the unique genetic events of; nuclear fusion for molar pregnancies, choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblast tumours, gastrulation for the childhood cancers, meiosis for testicular cancer and ovarian germ cell tumours and VDJ rearrangement and somatic hypermutation for acute leukemia and lymphoma. These processes are all linked to natural periods of supra-physiological apoptotic potential and it appears that the malignant cells arising from them usually retain this heightened sensitivity to DNA damage. To investigate this hypothesis we have examined the natural history of the healthy cells during these processes and the chemotherapy sensitivity of malignancies arising before, during and after the events. To add to the debate on chemotherapy resistance and sensitivity, we would argue that malignancies can be functionally divided into 2 groups. Firstly those that arise in cells with naturally heightened apoptotic potential as a result of their proximity to the unique genetic events, where the malignancies are generally chemotherapy curable and then the more common malignancies that arise in cells of standard apoptotic potential that are not curable with classical cytotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Savage
- BCCA Vancouver Island, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC, V8R 6V5, Canada.
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13
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Trosko JE. Human adult stem cells as the target cells for the initiation of carcinogenesis and for the generation of "cancer stem cells". Int J Stem Cells 2014; 1:8-26. [PMID: 24855504 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2008.1.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The inference to stem cells has been found in ancient myths and the concept of stem cells has existed in the fields of plant biology, developmental biology and embryology for decades. In the field of cancer research, the stem cell theory was one of the earliest hypotheses on the origin of a cancer from a single cell. However, an opposing hypothesis had it that an adult differentiated somatic cell could "de-differentiate" to become a cancer cell. Only within the last decade, via the "cloning" of Dolly, the sheep, did the field of stem cell biology really trigger an exciting revolution in biological research. The isolation of human embryonic stem cells has created a true revolution in the life sciences that has led to the hope that these human stem cells could lead to (a) basic science understanding of gene regulation during differentiation and development; (b) stem cell therapy; (c) gene therapy via stem cells; (d) the use of stem cells for drug discovery; (e) screening for toxic effects of chemicals; and (f) understand the aging and diseases of aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Trosko
- Department of Pediatrics/Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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14
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The role of PAX5 and C/EBP α/β in atypical non-Langerhans cell histiocytic tumor post acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2014; 28:1377-9. [PMID: 24569775 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Trosko JE, Kang KS. Evolution of energy metabolism, stem cells and cancer stem cells: how the warburg and barker hypotheses might be linked. Int J Stem Cells 2013; 5:39-56. [PMID: 24298354 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2012.5.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary transition from single cells to the metazoan forced the appearance of adult stem cells and a hypoxic niche, when oxygenation of the environment forced the appearance of oxidative phosphorylation from that of glycolysis. The prevailing paradigm in the cancer field is that cancers start from the "immortalization" or "re-programming" of a normal, differentiated cell with many mitochondria, that metabolize via oxidative phosphorylation. This paradigm has been challenged with one that assumes that the target cell for carcinogenesis is the normal, immortal adult stem cell, with few mitochondria. This adult organ-specific stem cell is blocked from "mortalizing" or from "programming" to be terminally differentiated. Two hypotheses have been offered to explain cancers, namely, the "stem cell theory" and the "de-differentiation" or "re-programming" theory. This Commentary postulates that the paleochemistry of the oceans, which, initially, provided conditions for life' s energy to arise via glycolysis, changed to oxidative phosphorylation for life' s processes. In doing so, stem cells evolved, within hypoxic niches, to protect the species germinal and somatic genomes. This Commentary provides support for the "stem cell theory", in that cancer cells, which, unlike differentiated cells, have few mitochondria and metabolize via glycolysis. The major argument against the "de-differentiation theory" is that, if re-programming of a differentiated cell to an "induced pluri-potent stem cell" happened in an adult, teratomas, rather than carcinomas, should be the result.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Trosko
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Eas Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Sabaawy HE. Genetic Heterogeneity and Clonal Evolution of Tumor Cells and their Impact on Precision Cancer Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:1000124. [PMID: 24558642 PMCID: PMC3927925 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6917.1000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of targeted therapies in leukemias and solid tumors depends upon the accurate detection and sustained targeting of initial and evolving driver mutations and/or aberrations in cancer cells. Tumor clonal evolution of the diverse populations of cancer cells during cancer progression contributes to the longitudinal variations of clonal, morphological, anatomical, and molecular heterogeneity of tumors. Moreover, drug-resistant subclones present at initiation of therapy or emerging as a result of targeted therapies represent major challenges for achieving success of personalized therapies in providing meaningful improvement in cancer survival rates. Here, I briefly portray tumor cell clonal evolution at the cellular and molecular levels, and present the multiple types of genetic heterogeneity in tumors, with a focus on their impact on the implementation of personalized or precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem E Sabaawy
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, USA ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, USA ; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-2681, USA
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17
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Brown G, Hughes PJ, Ceredig R. The versatile landscape of haematopoiesis: are leukaemia stem cells as versatile? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2012; 49:232-40. [PMID: 23153117 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2012.742487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, developing haematopoietic cells have been categorised into three well-defined compartments: multi-potent haematopoietic stem cells (HSC), which are able to self-renew, followed by haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC), which undergo decision-making and age as they divide rather than self-renew, and the final compartment of functional blood and immune cells. The classic model of haematopoiesis divides cells into two families, myeloid and lymphoid, and dictates a route to a particular cell fate. New discoveries question these long-held principles, including: (i) the identification of lineage-biased cells that self-renew; (ii) a strict myeloid/lymphoid dichotomy is refuted by the existence of progenitors with lymphoid potential and an incomplete set of myeloid potentials; (iii) there are multiple routes to some end cell types; and (iv) thymocyte progenitor cells that have progressed some way along this pathway retain clandestine myeloid options. In essence, the progeny of HSC are more versatile and the process of haematopoiesis is more flexible than previously thought. Here we examine this new way of viewing haematopoiesis and the impact of rewriting an account of haematopoiesis on our understanding of what goes awry in leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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18
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Yang SR, Rahman I, Trosko JE, Kang KS. Oxidative stress-induced biomarkers for stem cell-based chemical screening. Prev Med 2012; 54 Suppl:S42-9. [PMID: 22197760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have been considered for their potential in pharmaceutical research, as well as for stem cell-based therapy for many diseases. Despite the potential for their use, the challenge remains to examine the safety and efficacy of stem cells for their use in therapies. Recently, oxidative stress has been strongly implicated in the functional regulation of cell behavior of stem cells. Therefore, development of rapid and sensitive biomarkers, related to oxidative stress is of growing importance in stem cell-based therapies for treating various diseases. Since stem cells have been implicated as targets for carcinogenesis and might be the origin of "cancer stem cells", understanding of how oxidative stress-induced signaling, known to be involved in the carcinogenic process could lead to potential screening of cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. An evaluation of antioxidant states reducing equivalents like GSH and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) generation, can be effective markers in stem cell-based therapies. In addition, oxidative adducts, such as 4-hydroxynonenal, can be reliable markers to detect cellular changes during self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. This review highlights the biomarker development to monitor oxidative stress response for stem cell-based chemical screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ran Yang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Brown G, Hughes PJ, Ceredig R, Michell RH. Versatility and nuances of the architecture of haematopoiesis – Implications for the nature of leukaemia. Leuk Res 2012; 36:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Liu P, Barb J, Woodhouse K, Taylor JG, Munson PJ, Raghavachari N. Transcriptome profiling and sequencing of differentiated human hematopoietic stem cells reveal lineage-specific expression and alternative splicing of genes. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1117-34. [PMID: 21828245 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00099.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic differentiation is strictly regulated by complex network of transcription factors that are controlled by ligands binding to cell surface receptors. Disruptions of the intricate sequences of transcriptional activation and suppression of multiple genes cause hematological diseases, such as leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes, or myeloproliferative syndromes. From a clinical standpoint, deciphering the pattern of gene expression during hematopoiesis may help unravel disease-specific mechanisms in hematopoietic malignancies. Herein, we describe a human in vitro hematopoietic model system where lineage-specific differentiation of CD34(+) cells was accomplished using specific cytokines. Microarray and RNAseq-based whole transcriptome and exome analysis was performed on the differentiated erythropoietic, granulopoietic, and megakaryopoietic cells to delineate changes in expression of whole transcripts and exons. Analysis on the Human 1.0 ST exon arrays indicated differential expression of 172 genes (P < 0.0000001) and significant alternate splicing of 86 genes during differentiation. Pathway analysis identified these genes to be involved in Rac/RhoA signaling, Wnt/B-catenin signaling and alanine/aspartate metabolism. Comparison of the microarray data to next generation RNAseq analysis during erythroid differentiation demonstrated a high degree of correlation in gene (R = 0.72) and exon (R = 0.62) expression. Our data provide a molecular portrait of events that regulate differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Knowledge of molecular processes by which the cells acquire their cell-specific fate would be beneficial in developing cell-based therapies for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poching Liu
- Genomics Core Facility, Genetics and Development Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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21
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Brown G, Hughes PJ, Michell RH, Ceredig R. The versatility of haematopoietic stem cells: implications for leukaemia. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2010; 47:171-80. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2010.530150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Kang KS, Trosko JE. Stem cells in toxicology: fundamental biology and practical considerations. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120 Suppl 1:S269-89. [PMID: 21163910 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This "Commentary" has examined the use of human stem cells for detection of toxicities of physical, chemical, and biological toxins/toxicants in response to the challenge posed by the NRC Report, "Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A vision and Strategy." Before widespread application of the use of human embryonic, pluripotent, "iPS," or adult stem cells be considered, the basic characterization of stem cell biology should be undertaken. Because no in vitro system can mimic all factors that influence cells in vivo (individual genetic, gender, developmental, immunological and diurnal states; niche conditions; complex intercellular interactions between stem, progenitor, terminal differentiated cells, and the signaling from extracellular matrices, oxygen tensions, etc.), attempts should be made to use both embryonic and adult stem cells, grown in three dimension under "niche-like" conditions. Because many toxins and toxicants work by "epigenetic" mechanisms and that epigenetic mechanisms play important roles in regulating gene expression and in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, epigenetic toxicity must be incorporated in toxicity testing. Because modulation of gap junctional intercellular communication by epigenetic agents plays a major role in homeostatic regulation of both stem and progenitor cells in normal tissues, the modulation of this biological process by both endogenous and endogenous chemicals should be incorporated as an end point to monitor for potential toxicities or chemo-preventive attributes. In addition, modulation of quantity, as well as the quality, of stem cells should be considered as potential source of a chemical's toxic potential in affecting any stem cell-based pathology, such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Laboratory for Stem Cell and Tumor Biology, Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Sillim-Dong, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Chowdhury S, Mandal C. O-acetylated sialic acids: multifaceted role in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:361-74. [PMID: 19296441 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), a malignant transformation of the lymphoblasts, is highly responsive to chemotherapy. However, due to certain inadequacy in detection of minimal residual disease (MRD), relapse is a common phenomenon. To address this question, the present review deals with the induction of an unique O-acetyl derivative of sialic acid on a few disease-associated glycoproteins and glycolipids at the onset of childhood ALL, a finding of our group in the last decade. This information has been successfully utilized for diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. Existing literature is included for comparison. Additionally, cell surface overexpression of 9-O-acetylated sialoglycoproteins and antibodies against them present in patients' sera aid the survival of the malignant lymphoblasts and suggest a multifaceted role played by these molecules. Taken together, monitoring these molecules helps not only in unravelling the biology of this paediatric malignancy but also in personalizing the treatment strategies for the betterment of the patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchandra Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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24
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Lee JH, Min YH, Chung CW, Kim BK, Yoon HJ, Jo DY, Shin HJ, Bang SM, Won JH, Zang DY, Kim HJ, Chi HS, Lee KH, Cheong JW, Kim JS, Kim SH, Park S, Park SY, Chung JS, Lee JH, Park CJ, The Korean Society Of Hematology AM. Prognostic implications of the immunophenotype in biphenotypic acute leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 49:700-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190701843247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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26
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Deane M, Norton JD. Detection of Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement in B Cell Neoplasias by Polymerase Chain Reaction Gene Amplification. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 5:9-22. [DOI: 10.3109/10428199109068100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Uckun FM, Heerema NA. Use of Lymphoid Progenitor Cell Assays for a More Detailed Analysis of the Cytogenetic Changes Occurring During Clonal Evolution in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 2:1-16. [DOI: 10.3109/10428199009042510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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Drexler HG, Gignac SM, Hoffbrand AV, Minowada J. Esterase Isoenzyme Profiles in Acute and Chronic Leukemias. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 3:343-54. [DOI: 10.3109/10428199109070278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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29
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Kreindler D, Petsche D, Hrincu A, Gougos A, Quackenbush EJ, Freedman MH, Gelfand EW, Letarte M. Quantitative Phenotyping of Childhood Leukemia Identifies Variable and Invariable Cell Surface Antigens. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 3:7-18. [DOI: 10.3109/10428199009050970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Fabbri M, Croce CM, Calin GA. MicroRNAs in the ontogeny of leukemias and lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 50:160-70. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190802535114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Drexler HG, Gignac SM, Patel D, Scott CS. Lineage-Specific Monocytic Esterase, a Distinct Marker for Leukemias of Monocytic Origin: Cytochemical, Isoenzymatic and Biochemical Features. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 4:295-312. [DOI: 10.3109/10428199109068079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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32
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Green RM, Murphy JJ, Norton JD. Use of cDNA Probes for Typing Cells of B Lymphoid Lineage: Application of Early Response Genes to the Analysis of Mature B Cell Malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 3:325-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10428199109070276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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33
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Trosko JE. Review Paper: Cancer Stem Cells and Cancer Nonstem Cells: From Adult Stem Cells or from Reprogramming of Differentiated Somatic Cells. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:176-93. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.46-2-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two opposing hypotheses of the origin of cancer have existed for many decades. One hypothesis postulates that the adult stem cell is needed to initiate the carcinogenic process, whereas the other claims a somatic differentiated cell can dedifferentiate or be reprogrammed to regain properties associated with cancer cells. Recent reemergence of the cancer stem cell hypothesis and the isolation of presumptive cancer stem cells from many types of cancer have forced a reexamination of these 2 hypotheses of the origin of cancer. In addition, normal embryonic and adult stem cells have now been isolated and partially characterized. Furthermore, the demonstration of embryonic-like stem cells, being isolated from adult-differentiated skin fibroblast cells of mice, monkey, and human beings, provides a newer opportunity to determine which of these 2 hypotheses might explain the cell type for initiating the carcinogenic process. The goal of this review is to integrate these recent findings, concerning the isolation of normal and cancer stem cells, with several of the classical concepts of carcinogenesis (initiation/promotion/progression; mutation/epigenetic; stem cell theory/dedifferentiation hypotheses; oncogenetumor suppressor theory). Although the weight of the evidence in this review seems to support the stem cell hypothesis, only future studies, probably using comparative animal and human oncologic studies, will determine if targeting the cancer stem cell, with individualized medical approaches, will improve cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Trosko
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, National Food Safety Toxicology Center, Department of Pediatrics/Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mi
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34
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Tran PT, Fan AC, Bendapudi PK, Koh S, Komatsubara K, Chen J, Horng G, Bellovin DI, Giuriato S, Wang CS, Whitsett JA, Felsher DW. Combined Inactivation of MYC and K-Ras oncogenes reverses tumorigenesis in lung adenocarcinomas and lymphomas. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2125. [PMID: 18461184 PMCID: PMC2365560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Conditional transgenic models have established that tumors require sustained oncogene activation for tumor maintenance, exhibiting the phenomenon known as “oncogene-addiction.” However, most cancers are caused by multiple genetic events making it difficult to determine which oncogenes or combination of oncogenes will be the most effective targets for their treatment. Methodology/Principal Findings To examine how the MYC and K-rasG12D oncogenes cooperate for the initiation and maintenance of tumorigenesis, we generated double conditional transgenic tumor models of lung adenocarcinoma and lymphoma. The ability of MYC and K-rasG12D to cooperate for tumorigenesis and the ability of the inactivation of these oncogenes to result in tumor regression depended upon the specific tissue context. MYC-, K-rasG12D- or MYC/K-rasG12D-induced lymphomas exhibited sustained regression upon the inactivation of either or both oncogenes. However, in marked contrast, MYC-induced lung tumors failed to regress completely upon oncogene inactivation; whereas K-rasG12D-induced lung tumors regressed completely. Importantly, the combined inactivation of both MYC and K-rasG12D resulted more frequently in complete lung tumor regression. To account for the different roles of MYC and K-rasG12D in maintenance of lung tumors, we found that the down-stream mediators of K-rasG12D signaling, Stat3 and Stat5, are dephosphorylated following conditional K-rasG12D but not MYC inactivation. In contrast, Stat3 becomes dephosphorylated in lymphoma cells upon inactivation of MYC and/or K-rasG12D. Interestingly, MYC-induced lung tumors that failed to regress upon MYC inactivation were found to have persistent Stat3 and Stat5 phosphorylation. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, our findings point to the importance of the K-Ras and associated down-stream Stat effector pathways in the initiation and maintenance of lymphomas and lung tumors. We suggest that combined targeting of oncogenic pathways is more likely to be effective in the treatment of lung cancers and lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuoc T. Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Alice C. Fan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Pavan K. Bendapudi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Shan Koh
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kim Komatsubara
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Joy Chen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - George Horng
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - David I. Bellovin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sylvie Giuriato
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U563 Centre de physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Craig S. Wang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Whitsett
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dean W. Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Commentary: “Re-Programming or Selecting Adult Stem Cells?”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:81-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-008-9017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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van Grotel M, Meijerink JPP, van Wering ER, Langerak AW, Beverloo HB, Buijs-Gladdines JGCAM, Burger NB, Passier M, van Lieshout EM, Kamps WA, Veerman AJP, van Noesel MM, Pieters R. Prognostic significance of molecular-cytogenetic abnormalities in pediatric T-ALL is not explained by immunophenotypic differences. Leukemia 2007; 22:124-31. [PMID: 17928886 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is characterized by chromosomal rearrangements possibly enforcing arrest at specific development stages. We studied the relationship between molecular-cytogenetic abnormalities and T-cell development stage to investigate whether arrest at specific stages can explain the prognostic significance of specific abnormalities. We extensively studied 72 pediatric T-ALL cases for genetic abnormalities and expression of transcription factors, NOTCH1 mutations and expression of specific CD markers. HOX11 cases were CD1 positive consistent with a cortical stage, but as 4/5 cases lacked cytoplasmatic-beta expression, developmental arrest may precede beta-selection. HOX11L2 was especially confined to immature and pre-AB developmental stages, but 3/17 HOX11L2 mature cases were restricted to the gammadelta-lineage. TAL1 rearrangements were restricted to the alphabeta-lineage with most cases being TCR-alphabeta positive. NOTCH1 mutations were present in all molecular-cytogenetic subgroups without restriction to a specific developmental stage. CALM-AF10 was associated with early relapse. TAL1 or HOX11L2 rearrangements were associated with trends to good and poor outcomes, respectively. Also cases with high vs low TAL1 expression levels demonstrated a trend toward good outcome. Most cases with lower TAL1 levels were HOX11L2 or CALM-AF10 positive. NOTCH1 mutations did not predict for outcome. Classification into T-cell developmental subgroups was not predictive for outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Grotel
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Rodan GA, Heath JK, Yoon K, Noda M, Rodan SB. Diversity of the osteoblastic phenotype. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 136:78-91. [PMID: 3068018 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513637.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies of bone cells in culture have raised two salient questions: are the findings representative of the in vivo situation and can the conflicting data from different cell models be reconciled? Review of the literature indicates that all osteoblastic cells, defined by their origin or by their ability to produce mineralized matrix, have a few common properties: production of type I collagen; increased alkaline phosphatase activity; and parathyroid hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase. Other features, such as osteocalcin and prostaglandin E production and the response to prostaglandin E, are selectively expressed by certain cell types. Pilot studies on mRNA levels of 'bone proteins' in developing calvaria suggest that such differences may reflect stages in osteoblastic differentiation. Immortalization of calvaria-derived cells using a SV40 large T antigen vector, which may freeze the cells in their particular state of differentiation (as proposed for leukaemia cells), yields phenotypes consistent with that hypothesis. Immortal cell lines may thus help to characterize osteoblastic differentiation. The diversity of osteoblast responses in culture to hormones and growth factors could be due to these phenotype differences but could also represent a subspecialization of differentiated cells. In addition, in the organism regulatory agents act in concert on a heterogeneous interactive cell population. Nonetheless cell cultures can be useful in screening for and predicting in vivo responses, as was shown by the 1,25-(OH)2D3 stimulation of osteocalcin, and for studying the molecular mechanisms of regulatory effects. Cell lines are also convenient for the production of specific proteins and cDNA libraries, and for the expression of specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Rodan
- Department of Bone Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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Flotho C, Coustan-Smith E, Pei D, Cheng C, Song G, Pui CH, Downing JR, Campana D. A set of genes that regulate cell proliferation predicts treatment outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2007; 110:1271-7. [PMID: 17456722 PMCID: PMC1939904 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-01-068478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify novel predictors of outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we analyzed gene expression in the leukemic cells of 187 children with newly diagnosed ALL and compared the findings with minimal residual disease (MRD) results obtained on day 19 of remission induction treatment. Genes that showed a significant relationship to MRD were then tested for their capacity to predict leukemic relapse in an independent cohort of 99 patients. We identified 674 probe sets that were associated with MRD on day 19 (P < .006); 40 of the identified genes predicted relapse (P < .03). Among these, 14 showed independent prognostic significance after adjustment for age, leukocyte count at diagnosis, and genetic subtype. More than half of the 40 genes and nearly all of the 14 genes were functionally related, as indicated by their roles in the regulation of cell proliferation. Underexpression of genes promoting cell proliferation was associated with resistance to chemotherapy. The biologic processes regulated by the genes we identified appear to be key determinants of the early cytoreductive response to remission induction therapy and subsequent clinical outcome in childhood ALL. Incorporation of the expression levels of these genes into existing strategies of risk classification could improve clinical management.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Proliferation
- Child
- Disease-Free Survival
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leukemia, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, T-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, T-Cell/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
- Neoplasm, Residual/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/diagnosis
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Prognosis
- Remission Induction
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Flotho
- Departments of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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39
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Martínez-Jaramillo G, Vela-Ojeda J, Sánchez-Valle E, Montesinos JJ, Mayani H. In vitro functional alterations in the hematopoietic system of adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2007; 31:83-9. [PMID: 16769114 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, we have demonstrated that progenitor cell-enriched marrow cell populations from patients with myeloid leukemia - including both acute (AML) and chronic (CML) - show severe functional alterations when cultured in stroma-free liquid cultures supplemented with stimulatory cytokines. In trying to expand our characterization of the biology of leukemic cells, in the present study we have used a similar approach and analyzed the in vitro growth of equivalent cell populations from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). ALL marrow cell populations -enriched for hematopoietic progenitors by means of a negative selection procedure- were assessed for their proliferation and expansion potentials, in liquid cultures supplemented with a mixture of early- and late-acting recombinant stimulatory cytokines, throughout a 25-day culture period. ALL cells, although capable of responding to the stimulatory signals provided by hematopoietic stimulators, showed deficient proliferation potentials (reduced capacity to generate more nucleated cells), as compared with their normal counterparts. The capacity to generate myeloid and erythroid progenitors was also significantly reduced in ALL cultures. Interestingly, the functional alterations observed in ALL cultures (i.e., deficient proliferation and expansion potentials) were more pronounced in those from Ph+ patients than in those from Ph- patients. This study indicates that bone marrow cell populations - enriched for hematopoietic progenitor cells - from ALL patients possess deficient proliferation and expansion potentials in vitro, and that such functional alterations are more severe when cells are derived from Ph+ patients, as compared to their Ph- counterparts.
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40
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Cox CV, Martin HM, Kearns PR, Virgo P, Evely RS, Blair A. Characterization of a progenitor cell population in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2006; 109:674-82. [PMID: 17003368 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of children with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) continue to fail therapy. Consequently, characterization of the cells that proliferate to maintain the disease should provide valuable information on the most relevant therapeutic targets. We have used in vitro suspension culture (SC) and nonobese diabetic-severe combined immune deficient (NOD/SCID) mouse assays to phenotypically characterize and purify T-ALL progenitor cells. Cells from 13 pediatric cases were maintained in vitro for at least 4 weeks and expanded in 8 cases. To characterize the progenitors, cells were sorted for expression of CD34 and CD4 or CD7 and the subfractions were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The majority of cells capable of long-term proliferation in vitro were derived from the CD34+/CD4- and CD34+/CD7- subfractions. Moreover, the CD34+/CD4- or CD7- cells were the only subfractions capable of NOD/SCID engraftment. These T-ALL cells successfully repopulated secondary and tertiary recipients with equivalent levels of engraftment, demonstrating self-renewal ability. The immunophenotype and genotype of the original leukemia cells were preserved with serial passage in the NOD/SCID mice. These data demonstrate the long-term repopulating ability of the CD34+/CD4- and CD34+/CD7- subfractions in T-ALL and suggest that a cell with a more primitive phenotype was the target for leukemic transformation in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte V Cox
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, University of Bristol, BS10 5ND, United Kingdom
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41
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Jacquelin B, Kortulewski T, Vaigot P, Pawlik A, Gruel G, Alibert O, Soularue P, Joubert C, Gidrol X, Tronik-Le Roux D. Novel pathway for megakaryocyte production after in vivo conditional eradication of integrin αIIb-expressing cells. Blood 2005; 106:1965-74. [PMID: 15947096 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-3975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that regulate hematopoiesis in physiologic and pathologic conditions is limited. Using a molecular approach based on cDNA microarrays, we demonstrated the emergence of an alternative pathway for mature bone marrow cell recovery after the programmed and reversible eradication of CD41+ cells in transgenic mice expressing a conditional toxigene targeted by the platelet αIIb promoter. The expression profile of the newly produced CD41+ cells showed high levels of transcripts encoding Ezh2, TdT, Rag2, and various immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains. In this context, we identified and characterized a novel population of Lin-Sca-1hic-Kit- cells, with a lymphoid-like expression pattern, potentially involved in the reconstitution process. Our study revealed novel transcriptional cross talk between myeloid and lymphoid lineages and identified gene expression modifications that occur in vivo under these particular stress conditions, opening important prospects for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Jacquelin
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de l'Hématopoïèse, Service de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Evry, France
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42
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Kalina T, Vaskova M, Mejstrikova E, Madzo J, Trka J, Stary J, Hrusak O. Myeloid antigens in childhood lymphoblastic leukemia: clinical data point to regulation of CD66c distinct from other myeloid antigens. BMC Cancer 2005; 5:38. [PMID: 15826304 PMCID: PMC1112585 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-5-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant expression of myeloid antigens (MyAgs) on acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells is a well-documented phenomenon, although its regulating mechanisms are unclear. MyAgs in ALL are interpreted e.g. as hallmarks of early differentiation stage and/or lineage indecisiveness. Granulocytic marker CD66c – Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) is aberrantly expressed on ALL with strong correlation to genotype (negative in TEL/AML1 and MLL/AF4, positive in BCR/ABL and hyperdiploid cases). Methods In a cohort of 365 consecutively diagnosed Czech B-precursor ALL patients, we analyze distribution of MyAg+ cases and mutual relationship among CD13, CD15, CD33, CD65 and CD66c. The most frequent MyAg (CD66c) is studied further regarding its stability from diagnosis to relapse, prognostic significance and regulation of surface expression. For the latter, flow cytometry, Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR on sorted cells is used. Results We show CD66c is expressed in 43% patients, which is more frequent than other MyAgs studied. In addition, CD66c expression negatively correlates with CD13 (p < 0.0001), CD33 (p = 0.002) and/or CD65 (p = 0.029). Our data show that different myeloid antigens often differ in biological importance, which may be obscured by combining them into "MyAg positive ALL". We show that unlike other MyAgs, CD66c expression is not shifted from the onset of ALL to relapse (n = 39, time to relapse 0.3–5.3 years). Although opposite has previously been suggested, we show that CEACAM6 transcription is invariably followed by surface expression (by quantitative RT-PCR on sorted cells) and that malignant cells containing CD66c in cytoplasm without surface expression are not found by flow cytometry nor by Western blot in vivo. We report no prognostic significance of CD66c, globally or separately in genotype subsets of B-precursor ALL, nor an association with known risk factors (n = 254). Conclusion In contrast to general notion we show that different MyAgs in lymphoblastic leukemia represent different biological circumstances. We chose the most frequent and tightly genotype-associated MyAg CD66c to show its stabile expression in patients from diagnosis to relapse, which differs from what is known on the other MyAgs. Surface expression of CD66c is regulated at the gene transcription level, in contrast to previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kalina
- Department of Immunology, Charles University 2nd Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
- CLIP – Childhood Leukemia Investigation Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martina Vaskova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University 2nd Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
- CLIP – Childhood Leukemia Investigation Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ester Mejstrikova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University 2nd Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
- CLIP – Childhood Leukemia Investigation Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Madzo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charles University 2nd Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
- CLIP – Childhood Leukemia Investigation Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Trka
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charles University 2nd Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
- CLIP – Childhood Leukemia Investigation Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stary
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charles University 2nd Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Hrusak
- Department of Immunology, Charles University 2nd Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
- CLIP – Childhood Leukemia Investigation Prague Czech Republic
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43
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Abstract
Chromosomal translocations involving the immunoglobulin loci are a hallmark of many types of B-cell lymphoma. Other factors, however, also have important roles in the pathogenesis of B-cell malignancies. Most B-cell lymphomas depend on the expression of a B-cell receptor (BCR) for survival, and in several B-cell malignancies antigen activation of lymphoma cells through BCR signalling seems to be an important factor for lymphoma pathogenesis. Recent insights into the lymphomagenic role of factors supplied by the microenvironment also offer new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Küppers
- Institute for Cell Biology (Tumor Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Germany.
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44
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Rosenbaum PF, Buck GM, Brecher ML. Allergy and infectious disease histories and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2005; 19:152-64. [PMID: 15787890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2005.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease histories were evaluated in a population-based case-control study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) as it has been hypothesised that delays in early infections are associated with an increased risk of disease. Allergy histories were also assessed as part of a broader evaluation of the role of immune factors in ALL. Cases (n = 255) were diagnosed between 1980 and 1991 at one of four referral centres in a 31-county area of New York State; controls (n = 760) were a random sample of live births from the same region, frequency matched to cases by sex, race and birth year. Data were collected by mailed questionnaire, completed by case and control parents in 1995. Allergy and infectious histories before the age at leukaemia diagnosis for cases and an equivalent age for controls were evaluated. The adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval [CI] associated with a positive history of any allergy was 0.58 [95% CI 0.38, 0.88] compared with a negative allergy history. The occurrence of several common childhood illnesses before 25 months of age and ALL were assessed, with both weak positive and weak inverse associations observed. Overall, these analyses provide little support for the hypothesis that infection delay in early life is associated with an increased risk of ALL. Children with positive allergy histories reported significantly more infections than those with negative histories; however, effect modification of the infection-ALL associations by child allergy history was not observed. Nonetheless, these observations suggest the importance of assessing both allergy and infectious histories and their possible interactions when evaluating the association between these immune factors and childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula F Rosenbaum
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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45
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Beer S, Zetterberg A, Ihrie RA, McTaggart RA, Yang Q, Bradon N, Arvanitis C, Attardi LD, Feng S, Ruebner B, Cardiff RD, Felsher DW. Developmental context determines latency of MYC-induced tumorigenesis. PLoS Biol 2004; 2:e332. [PMID: 15455033 PMCID: PMC519000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the enigmas in tumor biology is that different types of cancers are prevalent in different age groups. One possible explanation is that the ability of a specific oncogene to cause tumorigenesis in a particular cell type depends on epigenetic parameters such as the developmental context. To address this hypothesis, we have used the tetracycline regulatory system to generate transgenic mice in which the expression of a c-MYC human transgene can be conditionally regulated in murine hepatocytes. MYC's ability to induce tumorigenesis was dependent upon developmental context. In embryonic and neonatal mice, MYC overexpression in the liver induced marked cell proliferation and immediate onset of neoplasia. In contrast, in adult mice MYC overexpression induced cell growth and DNA replication without mitotic cell division, and mice succumbed to neoplasia only after a prolonged latency. In adult hepatocytes, MYC activation failed to induce cell division, which was at least in part mediated through the activation of p53. Surprisingly, apoptosis is not a barrier to MYC inducing tumorigenesis. The ability of oncogenes to induce tumorigenesis may be generally restrained by developmentally specific mechanisms. Adult somatic cells have evolved mechanisms to prevent individual oncogenes from initiating cellular growth, DNA replication, and mitotic cellular division alone, thereby preventing any single genetic event from inducing tumorigenesis. A transgenic mouse model demonstrates that developmental context may be the reason why the spectrum of tumors differs in children and adults
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Beer
- 1Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and PathologyStanford University, Stanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Anders Zetterberg
- 2Division of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Cancer Center, Departments of Oncology and PathologyKarolinska Institute, StockholmSweden
| | - Rebecca A Ihrie
- 3Department of Radiation and Cancer Oncology, Stanford UniversityStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Ryan A McTaggart
- 4Department of Surgery, Division of TransplantationUniversity of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Qiwei Yang
- 1Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and PathologyStanford University, Stanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Nicole Bradon
- 1Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and PathologyStanford University, Stanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Constadina Arvanitis
- 1Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and PathologyStanford University, Stanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Laura D Attardi
- 3Department of Radiation and Cancer Oncology, Stanford UniversityStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Sandy Feng
- 4Department of Surgery, Division of TransplantationUniversity of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Boris Ruebner
- 5Department of Pathology, University of CaliforniaDavis, Davis, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Robert D Cardiff
- 5Department of Pathology, University of CaliforniaDavis, Davis, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Dean W Felsher
- 1Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and PathologyStanford University, Stanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
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46
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Abstract
All haemopoietic cell lineages arise from multipotential self-renewing stem cells that give rise to committed progenitor cells. These progenitor cells subsequently differentiate into more lineage-committed cells with a restricted range of plasticity. A hierarchical order is considered to exist, where lineage commitment and differentiation are thought to be irreversible. As cells differentiate, they gradually lose the ability to self-renew. The most primitive haemopoietic progenitor cells have the ability to reconstitute long-term haemopoiesis in myeloablated recipients. However, as cells differentiate, there is an orchestrated silencing of some genes and activation of others, resulting in lineage commitment and generally a reduction in proliferative ability. Here, we discuss potential differences between normal and leukaemic stem cells, some of which may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blair
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, Bristol, UK.
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47
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Cox CV, Evely RS, Oakhill A, Pamphilon DH, Goulden NJ, Blair A. Characterization of acute lymphoblastic leukemia progenitor cells. Blood 2004; 104:2919-25. [PMID: 15242869 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-03-0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Only some acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells are thought to be capable of proliferating to maintain the leukemic clone, and these cells may be the most relevant to target with treatment regimens. We have developed a serum-free suspension culture (SC) system that supported growth of B-ALL cells from 33 patients for up to 6 weeks. ALL cells from 28 cases (85%) were expanded in this system, and growth was superior in SC than in long-term bone marrow culture. To characterize ALL progenitors, cells were sorted for expression of CD34 and CD10 or CD19 and the subfractions assayed in SC and in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. Cells capable of long-term proliferation in vitro and NOD/SCID repopulation were derived only from the CD34(+)/CD10(-) and CD34(+)/CD19(-) subfractions, and these cells could engraft secondary recipients. The engrafted cells had the same immunophenotype and karyotype as was seen at diagnosis, suggesting they had differentiated in vivo. These results demonstrate that ALL cells capable of long-term proliferation in vitro and in vivo are CD34(+)/CD10(-)/CD19(-). This suggests that cells with a more immature phenotype, rather than committed B-lymphoid cells, may be the targets for transformation in B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte V Cox
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, Southmead Rd, Bristol, BS10 5ND, United Kingdom
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48
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Hope KJ, Jin L, Dick JE. Acute myeloid leukemia originates from a hierarchy of leukemic stem cell classes that differ in self-renewal capacity. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:738-43. [PMID: 15170211 DOI: 10.1038/ni1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2003] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests cancer stem cells sustain neoplasms; however, little is understood of the normal cell initially targeted and the resultant cancer stem cells. We show here, by tracking individual human leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency mice serially transplanted with acute myeloid leukemia cells, that LSCs are not functionally homogeneous but, like the normal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment, comprise distinct hierarchically arranged LSC classes. Distinct LSC fates derived from heterogeneous self-renewal potential. Some LSCs emerged only in recipients of serial transplantation, indicating they divided rarely and underwent self-renewal rather than commitment after cell division within primary recipients. Heterogeneity in LSC self-renewal potential supports the hypothesis that they derive from normal HSCs. Furthermore, normal developmental processes are not completely abolished during leukemogenesis. The existence of multiple stem cell classes shows the need for LSC-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J Hope
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, University Health Network, and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C1, Canada
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49
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Imai C, Ross ME, Reid G, Coustan-Smith E, Schultz KR, Pui CH, Downing JR, Campana D. Expression of the adaptor protein BLNK/SLP-65 in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2004; 18:922-5. [PMID: 15029213 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Deficient expression of BLNK, an adaptor molecule crucial for normal B-cell development, is associated with increased pro-B/pre-B-cell expansion in mice. It has been proposed that BLNK deficiency is a primary cause of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We studied BLNK expression in the leukemic cells from 352 patients with childhood ALL (309 B-lineage; 43 T-lineage). By HG_U95Av2 Affymetrix GeneChip analysis, BLNK was expressed in 275 of 284 (96.8%) B-lineage ALL samples but in only one of 43 (2.3%) T-lineage ALL samples. Of 118 B-lineage ALL samples analyzed with the HG_U133A GeneChip, 117 (99.2%) expressed BLNK. All 30 primary B-lineage ALL samples studied by RT-PCR expressed BLNK transcripts; all 19 samples studied by Western blotting or flow cytometry expressed BLNK protein. Levels of BLNK in B-lineage ALL were as high as those of their normal counterparts; they were not related with genetic subgroups or differentiation stage. These results indicate that BLNK deficiency is a rare occurrence in childhood B-lineage ALL and is unlikely to be a common leukemogenic event as previously proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Imai
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, North Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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50
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Plasschaert SLA, Kamps WA, Vellenga E, de Vries EGE, de Bont ESJM. Prognosis in childhood and adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a question of maturation? Cancer Treat Rev 2004; 30:37-51. [PMID: 14766125 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-7372(03)00140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a disease diagnosed in children as well as adults. Progress in the treatment of ALL has led to better survival rates, however, children have benefited more from improved treatment modalities than adults. Recent evidence has underscored that the difference in characteristics and biology of adult versus childhood ALL might be the result of a different origin. According to the two-hit paradigm of Knudson, to develop cancer two genetic events are necessary. It has been suggested, that in childhood ALL the first genetic event happens in the more mature lymphoid committed progenitor cells, whereas in adult ALL the first hit occurs in multipotent stem cells. This review compares patient characteristics, the extent of the disease, leukaemic cell characteristics and treatment between childhood and adult ALL. This is discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the maturation stage of the cells, from which the leukaemia arises, is responsible for the differential behaviour of adult and childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine L A Plasschaert
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
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