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Sato A, Tsukiyama T, Komeno M, Iwatani C, Tsuchiya H, Kawamoto I, Murase M, Nakagawa T, Itagaki I, Seita Y, Matsumoto S, Nakaya M, Shimizu A, Yamada A, Ema M, Ogita H. Generation of a familial hypercholesterolemia model in non-human primate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15649. [PMID: 37730951 PMCID: PMC10511719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited autosomal dominant disorder that is associated with a high plasma level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. To develop basic and translational research on FH, we here generated an FH model in a non-human primate (cynomolgus monkeys) by deleting the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene using the genome editing technique. Six LDLR knockout (KO) monkeys were produced, all of which were confirmed to have mutations in the LDLR gene by sequence analysis. The levels of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride were quite high in the monkeys, and were similar to those in FH patients with homozygous mutations in the LDLR gene. In addition, periocular xanthoma was observed only 1 year after birth. Lipoprotein profile analysis showed that the plasma very low-density lipoprotein and LDL were elevated, while the plasma high density lipoprotein was decreased in LDLR KO monkeys. The LDLR KO monkeys were also strongly resistant to medications for hypercholesterolemia. Taken together, we successfully generated a non-human primate model of hypercholesterolemia in which the phenotype is similar to that of homozygous FH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sato
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsukiyama
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Komeno
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Chizuru Iwatani
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tsuchiya
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kawamoto
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Murase
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakagawa
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Iori Itagaki
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yasunari Seita
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shoma Matsumoto
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakaya
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akio Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Ogita
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
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Pig and Mouse Models of Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2419:379-411. [PMID: 35237978 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease. Resident cells of the artery wall and cells of the immune system participate in atherogenesis. This process is influenced by plasma lipoproteins, genetics, and the hemodynamics of the blood flow in the artery. A variety of animal models have been used to study the pathophysiology and mechanisms that contribute to atherosclerotic lesion formation. No model is ideal as each has its own advantages and limitations with respect to manipulation of the atherogenic process and modeling human atherosclerosis and lipoprotein profile. In this chapter we will discuss pig and mouse models of experimental atherosclerosis. The similarity of pig lipoprotein metabolism and the pathophysiology of the lesions in these animals with that of humans is a major advantage. While a few genetically engineered pig models have been generated, the ease of genetic manipulation in mice and the relatively short time frame for the development of atherosclerosis has made them the most extensively used model. Newer approaches to induce hypercholesterolemia in mice have been developed that do not require germline modifications. These approaches will facilitate studies on atherogenic mechanisms.
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Tang D, Geng F, Yu C, Zhang R. Recent Application of Zebrafish Models in Atherosclerosis Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:643697. [PMID: 33718384 PMCID: PMC7947229 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.643697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Establishing animal models of atherosclerosis is of great benefit for studying its complicated pathogenesis and screening and evaluating related drugs. Although researchers have generated a variety of models for atherosclerosis study in rabbits, mice and rats, the limitations of these models make it difficult to monitor the development of atherosclerosis, and these models are unsuitable for large scale screening of potential therapeutic targets. On the contrast, zebrafish can fulfill these purposes thanks to their fecundity, rapid development ex utero, embryonic transparency, and conserved lipid metabolism process. Thus, zebrafish have become a popular alternative animal model for atherosclerosis research. In this mini review, we summarize different zebrafish models used to study atherosclerosis, focusing on the latest applications of these models to the dynamic monitoring of atherosclerosis progression, mechanistic study of therapeutic intervention and drug screening, and assessment of the impacts of other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiao Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Wang D, Xu X, Zhao M, Wang X. Accelerated miniature swine models of advanced atherosclerosis: A review based on morphology. Cardiovasc Pathol 2020; 49:107241. [PMID: 32554057 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to accelerate development of atherosclerosis(AS) in miniature swine models, varieties of strategies and methods have been explored. In addition to traditional methods such as high cholesterol feeding and balloon injury, new methods such as familial hypercholesterolemia induced by gene editing and intramural injection have been applied in recent years. Although it has been claimed that these methods have successfully aggravated lesion areas and stenosis, lesion features induced by different strategies have shown heterogeneity in morphology. In addition, time consumption, high cost, and unavailability are problems that restrict application of these AS models. Here, we summarize strategies and methods to accelerate AS models and further analyze their values, advantages, and shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayang Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Third Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Mingjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Xian Wang
- Cardiovascular Insititute, Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Sorop O, van de Wouw J, Chandler S, Ohanyan V, Tune JD, Chilian WM, Merkus D, Bender SB, Duncker DJ. Experimental animal models of coronary microvascular dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:756-770. [PMID: 31926020 PMCID: PMC7061277 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is commonly present in patients with metabolic derangements and is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to myocardial ischaemia, both in the presence and absence of epicardial coronary atherosclerosis. The latter condition is termed 'ischaemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease' (INOCA). Notwithstanding the high prevalence of INOCA, effective treatment remains elusive. Although to date there is no animal model for INOCA, animal models of CMD, one of the hallmarks of INOCA, offer excellent test models for enhancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of CMD and for investigating novel therapies. This article presents an overview of currently available experimental models of CMD-with an emphasis on metabolic derangements as risk factors-in dogs, swine, rabbits, rats, and mice. In all available animal models, metabolic derangements are most often induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and/or diabetes mellitus via injection of alloxan or streptozotocin, but there is also a wide variety of spontaneous as well as transgenic animal models which develop metabolic derangements. Depending on the number, severity, and duration of exposure to risk factors-all these animal models show perturbations in coronary microvascular (endothelial) function and structure, similar to what has been observed in patients with INOCA and comorbid conditions. The use of these animal models will be instrumental in identifying novel therapeutic targets and for the subsequent development and testing of novel therapeutic interventions to combat ischaemic heart disease, the number one cause of death worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Sorop
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jens van de Wouw
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Selena Chandler
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Vahagn Ohanyan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Johnathan D Tune
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William M Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 27, 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Shawn B Bender
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Porcine models for studying complications and organ crosstalk in diabetes mellitus. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:341-378. [PMID: 31932949 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus and obesity is rapidly increasing not only in adults but also in children and adolescents. Diabetes is associated with macrovascular complications increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke, as well as microvascular complications leading to diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy. Animal models are essential for studying disease mechanisms and for developing and testing diagnostic procedures and therapeutic strategies. Rodent models are most widely used but have limitations in translational research. Porcine models have the potential to bridge the gap between basic studies and clinical trials in human patients. This article provides an overview of concepts for the development of porcine models for diabetes and obesity research, with a focus on genetically engineered models. Diabetes-associated ocular, cardiovascular and renal alterations observed in diabetic pig models are summarized and their similarities with complications in diabetic patients are discussed. Systematic multi-organ biobanking of porcine models of diabetes and obesity and molecular profiling of representative tissue samples on different levels, e.g., on the transcriptome, proteome, or metabolome level, is proposed as a strategy for discovering tissue-specific pathomechanisms and their molecular key drivers using systems biology tools. This is exemplified by a recent study providing multi-omics insights into functional changes of the liver in a transgenic pig model for insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus. Collectively, these approaches will provide a better understanding of organ crosstalk in diabetes mellitus and eventually reveal new molecular targets for the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications.
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Bovo S, Mazzoni G, Bertolini F, Schiavo G, Galimberti G, Gallo M, Dall'Olio S, Fontanesi L. Genome-wide association studies for 30 haematological and blood clinical-biochemical traits in Large White pigs reveal genomic regions affecting intermediate phenotypes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7003. [PMID: 31065004 PMCID: PMC6504931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematological and clinical-biochemical parameters are considered indicators of the physiological/health status of animals and might serve as intermediate phenotypes to link physiological aspects to production and disease resistance traits. The dissection of the genetic variability affecting these phenotypes might be useful to describe the resilience of the animals and to support the usefulness of the pig as animal model. Here, we analysed 15 haematological and 15 clinical-biochemical traits in 843 Italian Large White pigs, via three genome-wide association scan approaches (single-trait, multi-trait and Bayesian). We identified 52 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with 29 out of 30 analysed blood parameters, with the most significant QTL identified on porcine chromosome 14 for basophil count. Some QTL regions harbour genes that may be the obvious candidates: QTLs for cholesterol parameters identified genes (ADCY8, APOB, ATG5, CDKAL1, PCSK5, PRL and SOX6) that are directly involved in cholesterol metabolism; other QTLs highlighted genes encoding the enzymes being measured [ALT (known also as GPT) and AST (known also as GOT)]. Moreover, the multivariate approach strengthened the association results for several candidate genes. The obtained results can contribute to define new measurable phenotypes that could be applied in breeding programs as proxies for more complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Bovo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Mazzoni
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Francesca Bertolini
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Giuseppina Schiavo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuliano Galimberti
- Department of Statistical Sciences "Paolo Fortunati", University of Bologna, Via delle Belle Arti 41, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gallo
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Suini (ANAS), Via Nizza 53, 00198, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefania Dall'Olio
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Fontanesi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
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Yuan F, Guo L, Park KH, Woollard JR, Taek-Geun K, Jiang K, Melkamu T, Zang B, Smith SL, Fahrenkrug SC, Kolodgie FD, Lerman A, Virmani R, Lerman LO, Carlson DF. Ossabaw Pigs With a PCSK9 Gain-of-Function Mutation Develop Accelerated Coronary Atherosclerotic Lesions: A Novel Model for Preclinical Studies. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e006207. [PMID: 29572319 PMCID: PMC5907533 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ossabaw pigs are unique miniature swine with genetic predisposition to develop metabolic syndrome and coronary atherosclerosis after extended periods receiving atherogenic diets. We have hypothesized that transgenic Ossabaw swine expressing chimp PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9) containing the D374Y gain of function would develop familial hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery plaques more rapidly than Landrace swine with the same transgene. METHODS AND RESULTS Ossabaw and Landrace PCSK9 gain-of-function founders were generated by Sleeping Beauty transposition and cloning. Histopathologic findings in the Ossabaw founder animal showed more advanced plaques and higher stenosis than in the Landrace founder, underscoring the Ossabaw genetic predisposition to atherosclerosis. We chose to further characterize the Ossabaw PCSK9 gain-of-function animals receiving standard or atherogenic diets in a 6-month longitudinal study using computed tomography, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, intravascular ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography, followed by pathological analysis of atherosclerosis focused on the coronary arteries. The Ossabaw model was consistently hypercholesterolemic, with or without dietary challenge, and by 6 months had consistent and diffuse fibrofatty or fibroatheromatous plaques with necrosis, overlying fibrous caps, and calcification in up to 10% of coronary plaques. CONCLUSIONS The Ossabaw PCSK9 gain-of-function model provides consistent and robust disease development in a time frame that is practical for use in preclinical therapeutic evaluation to drive innovation. Although no animal model perfectly mimics the human condition, this genetic large-animal model is a novel tool for testing therapeutic interventions in the context of developing and advanced coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute Inc, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Kyoung-Ha Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang, Korea
| | - John R Woollard
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kwon Taek-Geun
- Heart Center, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kai Jiang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Bin Zang
- Program of Scientific Computation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Daemen MJ, Gijsen FJH, Heiden KVD, Hoogendoorn A. Animal models for plaque rupture: a biomechanical assessment. Thromb Haemost 2018; 115:501-8. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-07-0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryRupture of atherosclerotic plaques is the main cause of acute cardiovascular events. Animal models of plaque rupture are rare but essential for testing new imaging modalities to enable diagnosis of the patient at risk. Moreover, they enable the design of new treatment strategies to prevent plaque rupture. Several animal models for the study of atherosclerosis are available. Plaque rupture in these models only occurs following severe surgical or pharmaceutical intervention. In the process of plaque rupture, composition, biology and mechanics each play a role, but the latter has been disregarded in many animal studies. The biomechanical environment for atherosclerotic plaques is comprised of two parts, the pressure-induced stress distribution, mainly - but not exclusively – influenced by plaque composition, and the strength distribution throughout the plaque, largely determined by the inflammatory state. This environment differs considerably between humans and most animals, resulting in suboptimal conditions for plaque rupture. In this review we describe the role of the biomechanical environment in plaque rupture and assess this environment in animal models that present with plaque rupture.
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Frederiksen SD, Karlskov-Mortensen P, Pant SD, Guerin M, Lesnik P, Jørgensen CB, Cirera S, Bruun CS, Mark T, Fredholm M. Haplotypes on pig chromosome 3 distinguish metabolically healthy from unhealthy obese individuals. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178828. [PMID: 28570654 PMCID: PMC5453593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have established a pig resource population specifically designed to elucidate the genetics involved in development of obesity and obesity related co-morbidities by crossing the obesity prone Göttingen Minipig breed with two lean production pig breeds. In this study we have performed genome wide association (GWA) to identify loci with effect on blood lipid levels. The most significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used for linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype analyses. Three separate haploblocks which influence the ratio between high density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol (HDL-C/CT), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels respectively were identified on Sus Scrofa chromosome 3 (SSC3). Large additive genetic effects were found for the HDL-C/CT and LDL-C haplotypes. Haplotypes segregating from Göttingen Minipigs were shown to impose a positive effect on blood lipid levels. Thus, the genetic profile of the Göttingen Minipig breed seems to support a phenotype comparable to the metabolic healthy obese (MHO) phenotype in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona D. Frederiksen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Karlskov-Mortensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sameer D. Pant
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Maryse Guerin
- INSERM UMR_S1166, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lesnik
- INSERM UMR_S1166, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Paris, France
| | - Claus B. Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla S. Bruun
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mark
- Novo Nordisk, Scandinavia AB, Region Denmark, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Green DJ, Hopman MTE, Padilla J, Laughlin MH, Thijssen DHJ. Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:495-528. [PMID: 28151424 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
On the 400th anniversary of Harvey's Lumleian lectures, this review focuses on "hemodynamic" forces associated with the movement of blood through arteries in humans and the functional and structural adaptations that result from repeated episodic exposure to such stimuli. The late 20th century discovery that endothelial cells modify arterial tone via paracrine transduction provoked studies exploring the direct mechanical effects of blood flow and pressure on vascular function and adaptation in vivo. In this review, we address the impact of distinct hemodynamic signals that occur in response to exercise, the interrelationships between these signals, the nature of the adaptive responses that manifest under different physiological conditions, and the implications for human health. Exercise modifies blood flow, luminal shear stress, arterial pressure, and tangential wall stress, all of which can transduce changes in arterial function, diameter, and wall thickness. There are important clinical implications of the adaptation that occurs as a consequence of repeated hemodynamic stimulation associated with exercise training in humans, including impacts on atherosclerotic risk in conduit arteries, the control of blood pressure in resistance vessels, oxygen delivery and diffusion, and microvascular health. Exercise training studies have demonstrated that direct hemodynamic impacts on the health of the artery wall contribute to the well-established decrease in cardiovascular risk attributed to physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Ogita M, Miyauchi K, Onishi A, Tsuboi S, Wada H, Konishi H, Naito R, Dohi T, Kasai T, Kojima Y, Schwartz RS, Daida H. Development of Accelerated Coronary Atherosclerosis Model Using Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knock-Out Swine with Balloon Injury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163055. [PMID: 27631974 PMCID: PMC5025170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several animal models have facilitated the evaluation and pathological understanding of atherosclerosis, but a definitive animal model of coronary atherosclerosis is not available. We therefore developed low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-KO) pigs with hypercholesterolemia, a model which rapidly developed coronary atherosclerosis following balloon injury. Methods and Results We deleted LDLR exon regions from cultured porcine fetal fibroblasts and cloned LDLR knockout (LDLR-KO) embryos microinjecting fetal fibroblast nuclei into enucleated oocytes. Twelve LDLR-KO pigs were fed a 2.0% cholesterol and 20% fat diet. Baseline serum LDL cholesterol level was 510.0±86.1 mg/dL. Balloon injury was created in 46 coronary segments and necropsy were obtained 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks later. Coronary artery sections were reviewed to evaluate lesion progression. We found lipid accumulation with foam cells and inflammatory cells beginning four weeks after balloon injury. The mean ratio of macrophages to plaque area was significantly higher in the four- weeks and eight-week animals compared with those at 2-weeks (8.79% ± 5.98% and 17.00% ± 10.38% vs. 1.14% ± 1.88%, P < 0.0001). At 12 weeks the ratio decreased toward the level at 2 week level (4.00% ± 4.56%, P = 0.66 vs. baseline). Advanced coronary atherosclerotic lesions contained lipid pools at eight-weeks with fibrous components beginning at 12 weeks. Conclusions We developed a model of rapid coronary atherosclerosis using LDLR KO pigs with balloon injury. This model may be useful for preclinical evaluation of medication or devices, and may also help investigate mechanisms of plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ogita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Miyauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Onishi
- Transgenic Animal Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shuta Tsuboi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Wada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Konishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Naito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Dohi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kasai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kojima
- Division of Biomedical Imaging Research, Biomedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert S Schwartz
- Minneapolis Heart Institute and Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Severe familial hypercholesterolemia impairs the regulation of coronary blood flow and oxygen supply during exercise. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 111:61. [PMID: 27624732 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated development of coronary atherosclerosis is a defining characteristic of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). However, the recent data highlight a significant cardiovascular risk prior to the development of critical coronary stenosis. We, therefore, examined the hypothesis that FH produces coronary microvascular dysfunction and impairs coronary vascular control at rest and during exercise in a swine model of FH. Coronary vascular responses to drug infusions and exercise were examined in chronically instrumented control and FH swine. FH swine exhibited ~tenfold elevation of plasma cholesterol and diffuse coronary atherosclerosis (20-60 % plaque burden). Similar to our recent findings in the systemic vasculature in FH swine, coronary smooth muscle nitric oxide sensitivity was increased in vivo and in vitro with maintained endothelium-dependent vasodilation in vivo in FH. At rest and during exercise, FH swine exhibited increased myocardial O2 extraction resulting in reduced coronary venous SO2 and PO2 versus control. During exercise in FH swine, the transmural distribution of coronary blood flow was unchanged; however, a shift toward anaerobic cardiac metabolism was revealed by increased coronary arteriovenous H(+) concentration gradient. This shift was associated with a worsening of cardiac efficiency (relationship between cardiac work and O2 consumption) in FH during exercise owing, in part, to a generalized reduction in stroke volume which was associated with increased left atrial pressure in FH. Our data highlight a critical role for coronary microvascular dysfunction as a contributor to impaired myocardial O2 balance, cardiac ischemia, and impaired cardiac function prior to the development of critical coronary stenosis in FH.
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Abstract
Animal models are an important resource for studying human diseases. Genetically engineered mice are the most commonly used species and have made significant contributions to our understanding of basic biology, disease mechanisms, and drug development. However, they often fail to recreate important aspects of human diseases and thus can have limited utility as translational research tools. Developing disease models in species more similar to humans may provide a better setting in which to study disease pathogenesis and test new treatments. This unit provides an overview of the history of genetically engineered large animals and the techniques that have made their development possible. Factors to consider when planning a large animal model, including choice of species, type of modification and methodology, characterization, production methods, and regulatory compliance, are also covered. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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15
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Li Y, Fuchimoto D, Sudo M, Haruta H, Lin QF, Takayama T, Morita S, Nochi T, Suzuki S, Sembon S, Nakai M, Kojima M, Iwamoto M, Hashimoto M, Yoda S, Kunimoto S, Hiro T, Matsumoto T, Mitsumata M, Sugitani M, Saito S, Hirayama A, Onishi A. Development of Human-Like Advanced Coronary Plaques in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knockout Pigs and Justification for Statin Treatment Before Formation of Atherosclerotic Plaques. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e002779. [PMID: 27091180 PMCID: PMC4843535 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although clinical trials have proved that statin can be used prophylactically against cardiovascular events, the direct effects of statin on plaque development are not well understood. We generated low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR(-/-)) pigs to study the effects of early statin administration on development of atherosclerotic plaques, especially advanced plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS LDLR(-/-) pigs were generated by targeted deletion of exon 4 of the LDLR gene. Given a standard chow diet, LDLR(-/-) pigs showed atherosclerotic lesions starting at 6 months of age. When 3-month-old LDLR(-/-) pigs were fed a high-cholesterol, high-fat (HCHF) diet for 4 months (HCHF group), human-like advanced coronary plaques developed. We also fed 3-month-old LDLR(-/-) pigs an HCHF diet with pitavastatin for 4 months (Statin Prophylaxis Group). Although serum cholesterol concentrations did not differ significantly between the 2 groups, intravascular ultrasound revealed 52% reduced plaque volume in statin-treated pigs. Pathological examination revealed most lesions (87%) in the statin prophylaxis group were early-stage lesions, versus 45% in the HCHF diet group (P<0.01). Thin-cap fibroatheroma characterized 40% of the plaques in the HCHF diet group versus 8% in the statin prophylaxis group (P<0.01), intraplaque hemorrhage characterized 11% versus 1% (P<0.01), and calcification characterized 22% versus 1% (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Results of our large animal experiment support statin prophylaxis before the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Early statin treatment appears to retard development of coronary artery atherosclerosis and ensure lesion stability. In addition, the LDLR(-/-) pigs we developed represent a large animal model of human-like advanced coronary plaque suitable for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Li
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Fuchimoto
- Transgenic Pig Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Sudo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Haruta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qing-Fei Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadateru Takayama
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shotaro Morita
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shunichi Suzuki
- Transgenic Pig Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Sembon
- Transgenic Pig Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakai
- Transgenic Pig Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Misaki Kojima
- Animal Genome Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Shunichi Yoda
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kunimoto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hiro
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Matsumoto
- Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Mitsumata
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Sugitani
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Saito
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirayama
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Onishi
- Transgenic Pig Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Department of Animal Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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16
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Genetically engineered livestock for biomedical models. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:345-59. [PMID: 26820410 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9928-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To commemorate Transgenic Animal Research Conference X, this review summarizes the recent progress in developing genetically engineered livestock species as biomedical models. The first of these conferences was held in 1997, which turned out to be a watershed year for the field, with two significant events occurring. One was the publication of the first transgenic livestock animal disease model, a pig with retinitis pigmentosa. Before that, the use of livestock species in biomedical research had been limited to wild-type animals or disease models that had been induced or were naturally occurring. The second event was the report of Dolly, a cloned sheep produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cloning subsequently became an essential part of the process for most of the models developed in the last 18 years and is stilled used prominently today. This review is intended to highlight the biomedical modeling achievements that followed those key events, many of which were first reported at one of the previous nine Transgenic Animal Research Conferences. Also discussed are the practical challenges of utilizing livestock disease models now that the technical hurdles of model development have been largely overcome.
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17
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Cai Z, Xi H, Pan Y, Jiang X, Chen L, Cai Y, Zhu K, Chen C, Xu X, Chen M. Effect of testosterone deficiency on cholesterol metabolism in pigs fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:18. [PMID: 25889601 PMCID: PMC4357180 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Testosterone deficiency is associated with increased serum cholesterol levels. However, how testosterone deficiency precisely affects cholesterol metabolism remains unclear. Therefore, in the current study, we examined the effect of testosterone deficiency on cholesterol metabolism and liver gene expression in pigs fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFC) diet. Methods Sexually mature male miniature pigs (6–7 months old) were randomly divided into 3 groups as follows: intact male pigs fed an HFC diet (IM + HFC), castrated male pigs fed an HFC diet (CM + HFC), and castrated pigs with testosterone replacement fed an HFC diet (CM + HFC + T). Serum testosterone levels and lipid profiles were measured, and gene expression levels associated with hepatic cholesterol metabolism were determined. Furthermore, total hepatic cholesterol contents and the activities of enzymes mediating hepatic cholesterol metabolism were measured. Results Serum testosterone levels were significantly decreased in CM + HFC pigs, and testosterone replacement attenuated castration-induced testosterone deficiency. Castration significantly increased the serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as hepatic lipid contents in pigs fed an HFC diet. Compared with IM + HFC and CM + HFC + T pigs, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mRNA expression and protein levels were significantly decreased in the livers of CM + HFC pigs. In contrast, we found that compared with IM + HFC pigs, hepatic proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) mRNA and serum PCSK9 protein levels were significantly increased in CM + HFC pigs. Moreover, testosterone treatment reversed the increase in PCSK9 expression in CM + HFC pigs. However, neither castration nor testosterone replacement affected the expression of the other hepatic genes that were tested. Conclusions This study demonstrated that castration-induced testosterone deficiency caused severe hypercholesterolemia in pigs fed an HFC diet; furthermore, these effects could be reversed by testosterone replacement therapy. Altered hepatic PCSK9 and LDLR expression, resulting in reduced LDL-cholesterol clearance, may contribute to the increased serum cholesterol levels induced by testosterone deficiency and an HFC diet. These results deepen our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms that mediate the effects of testosterone deficiency on cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Cai
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Haitao Xi
- Reproduction Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Yongming Pan
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Xiaoling Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310025, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Yueqin Cai
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Keyan Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Cheng Chen
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Minli Chen
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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18
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Johnson LL, Tekabe Y, Kollaros M, Eng G, Bhatia K, Li C, Krueger CG, Shanmuganayagam D, Schmidt AM. Imaging RAGE expression in atherosclerotic plaques in hyperlipidemic pigs. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:26. [PMID: 25006545 PMCID: PMC4078320 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Receptor for advanced glycated end product (RAGE) expression is a prominent feature of atherosclerosis. We have previously shown in apoE null mice uptake of a radiolabeled anti-RAGE antibody in atherosclerotic plaque and now evaluate RAGE-directed imaging to identify advanced plaques in a large animal model. Methods Nine hyperlipidemic (HL) pigs were injected with 603.1 ± 129.5 MBq of 99mTc-anti-RAGE F(ab′)2, and after 6 h (blood pool clearance), they underwent single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging of the neck, thorax, and hind limbs. Two HL pigs received 99mTc non-immune IgG F(ab′)2, and three farm pigs were injected with 99mTc-anti-RAGE F(ab′)2. After imaging, the pigs were euthanized. The aorta from the root to bifurcation was dissected, and the innominates, proximal carotids, and coronaries were dissected and counted, stained for H&E and RAGE, and AHA-classified. Results On pathology, 24% of the arterial segments showed AHA class III or IV lesions, and these lesions were confined almost exclusively to coronaries and carotids with % stenosis from 15% to 65%. Scatter plots of %ID/g for class III/IV vs. I/II lesions showed almost complete separation. Focal vascular uptake of tracer visualized on SPECT scans corresponded to class III/IV lesions in the coronary and carotid vessels. In addition, uptake in the hind limbs was noted in the HL pigs and corresponded to RAGE staining of small arteries in the muscle sections. Correlations for the vascular lesions were r = 0.747, P = 0.001 for %ID vs. %ID/g and r = 0.83, P = 0.002 for %ID/g vs. % RAGE staining. Conclusions Uptake of radiolabeled anti-RAGE antibody in coronary and carotid fibroatheroma and in the small arteries of the hind limbs in a relevant large animal model of atherosclerosis supports the important role of RAGE in atherosclerosis and peripheral artery disease as a target for imaging and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne L Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168 St, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - Yared Tekabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168 St, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - Maria Kollaros
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168 St, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - George Eng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168 St, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - Ketan Bhatia
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168 St, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168 St, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - Christian G Krueger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, WI, USA
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Kapourchali FR, Surendiran G, Chen L, Uitz E, Bahadori B, Moghadasian MH. Animal models of atherosclerosis. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2:126-132. [PMID: 24868511 PMCID: PMC4023305 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i5.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this mini-review several commonly used animal models of atherosclerosis have been discussed. Among them, emphasis has been made on mice, rabbits, pigs and non-human primates. Although these animal models have played a significant role in our understanding of induction of atherosclerotic lesions, we still lack a reliable animal model for regression of the disease. Researchers have reported several genetically modified and transgenic animal models that replicate human atherosclerosis, however each of current animal models have some limitations. Among these animal models, the apolipoprotein (apo) E-knockout (KO) mice have been used extensively because they develop spontaneous atherosclerosis. Furthermore, atherosclerotic lesions developed in this model depending on experimental design may resemble humans’ stable and unstable atherosclerotic lesions. This mouse model of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis has been also used to investigate the impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on atherogenesis. Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-r-KO mice are a model of human familial hypercholesterolemia. However, unlike apo E-KO mice, the LDL-r-KO mice do not develop spontaneous atherosclerosis. Both apo E-KO and LDL-r-KO mice have been employed to generate other relevant mouse models of cardiovascular disease through breeding strategies. In addition to mice, rabbits have been used extensively particularly to understand the mechanisms of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. The present review paper details the characteristics of animal models that are used in atherosclerosis research.
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20
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Davis BT, Wang XJ, Rohret JA, Struzynski JT, Merricks EP, Bellinger DA, Rohret FA, Nichols TC, Rogers CS. Targeted disruption of LDLR causes hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in Yucatan miniature pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93457. [PMID: 24691380 PMCID: PMC3972179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in engineering the genomes of large animals has spurred increased interest in developing better animal models for diseases where current options are inadequate. Here, we report the creation of Yucatan miniature pigs with targeted disruptions of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene in an effort to provide an improved large animal model of familial hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Yucatan miniature pigs are well established as translational research models because of similarities to humans in physiology, anatomy, genetics, and size. Using recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated gene targeting and somatic cell nuclear transfer, male and female LDLR+/− pigs were generated. Subsequent breeding of heterozygotes produced LDLR−/− pigs. When fed a standard swine diet (low fat, no cholesterol), LDLR+/− pigs exhibited a moderate, but consistent increase in total and LDL cholesterol, while LDLR−/− pigs had considerably elevated levels. This severe hypercholesterolemia in homozygote animals resulted in atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries and abdominal aorta that resemble human atherosclerosis. These phenotypes were more severe and developed over a shorter time when fed a diet containing natural sources of fat and cholesterol. LDLR-targeted Yucatan miniature pigs offer several advantages over existing large animal models including size, consistency, availability, and versatility. This new model of cardiovascular disease could be an important resource for developing and testing novel detection and treatment strategies for coronary and aortic atherosclerosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T. Davis
- Exemplar Genetics, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Exemplar Genetics, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Judy A. Rohret
- Exemplar Genetics, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Elizabeth P. Merricks
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dwight A. Bellinger
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Frank A. Rohret
- Exemplar Genetics, Coralville, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Nichols
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Bender SB, de Beer VJ, Tharp DL, van Deel ED, Bowles DK, Duncker DJ, Laughlin MH, Merkus D. Reduced contribution of endothelin to the regulation of systemic and pulmonary vascular tone in severe familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Physiol 2014; 592:1757-69. [PMID: 24421352 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction has been associated with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), a severe form of hyperlipidaemia. We recently demonstrated that swine with FH exhibit reduced exercise-induced systemic, but not pulmonary, vasodilatation involving reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Since NO normally limits endothelin (ET) action, we examined the hypothesis that reduced systemic vasodilatation during exercise in FH swine results from increased ET-mediated vasoconstriction. Systemic and pulmonary vascular responses to exercise were examined in chronically instrumented normal and FH swine in the absence and presence of the ETA/B receptor antagonist tezosentan. Intrinsic reactivity to ET was further assessed in skeletal muscle arterioles. FH swine exhibited ∼9-fold elevation in total plasma cholesterol versus normal swine. Similar to our recent findings, systemic, not pulmonary, vasodilatation during exercise was reduced in FH swine. Blockade of ET receptors caused marked systemic vasodilatation at rest and during exercise in normal swine that was significantly reduced in FH swine. The reduced role of ET in FH swine in vivo was not the result of decreased arteriolar ET responsiveness, as responsiveness was increased in isolated arterioles. Smooth muscle ET receptor protein content was unaltered by FH. However, circulating plasma ET levels were reduced in FH swine. ET receptor antagonism caused pulmonary vasodilatation at rest and during exercise in normal, but not FH, swine. Therefore, contrary to our hypothesis, FH swine exhibit a generalised reduction in the role of ET in regulating vascular tone in vivo probably resulting from reduced ET production. This may represent a unique vascular consequence of severe familial hypercholesterolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn B Bender
- Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Chen C, Yang B, Zeng Z, Yang H, Liu C, Ren J, Huang L. Genetic dissection of blood lipid traits by integrating genome-wide association study and gene expression profiling in a porcine model. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:848. [PMID: 24299188 PMCID: PMC4046658 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) are highly heritable traits that are used clinically to evaluate risk for cardiovascular disease in humans. In this study, we applied a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 1,075 pigs from two populations and gene expression studies on 497 liver samples to dissect the genetic basis of serum lipids in a pig model. RESULTS We totally identified 8, 5, 2 and 3 genomic loci harboring 109 SNPs that were significantly associated with LDL-C, TC, TG and the ratio of HDL-C/LDL-C in two experimental populations, respectively. In the F2 population, the most prominent SNP was identified at the SSC3: 124,769,847 bp where APOB is the well-known candidate gene. However, in the Sutai population, the most number of significant SNPs was identified at SSC2: 64.97-82.22 Mb where LDLR was identified as the candidate gene. Furthermore, we firstly reported 4 novel genomic loci in pigs harboring the LDL-C-associated SNPs. We also observed obvious population heterogeneity in the two tested populations. Through whole-genome gene expression analysis, we detected 718 trait-correlated expressions. Many of these transcripts correspond to candidate genes for blood lipids in humans. The GWAS mapped 120 cis-eQTLs and 523 trans-eQTLs for these transcripts. One gene encoding the transcript gnl|UG|Ssc#S35330332 stands out to be an important candidate gene for LDL-C by an integrative analysis of GWAS, eQTL and trait-associated expression. CONCLUSIONS We identified the genomic regions or candidate genes associated with blood lipids by an integrative analysis of GWAS, QTT and eQTL mapping in pigs. The findings would benefit the further identification of the causative genes for blood lipid traits in both pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang, China
| | - Zhijun Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang, China
| | - Chenlong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang, China
| | - Lusheng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang, China
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Shehata IA, Ballard JR, Casper AJ, Liu D, Mitchell T, Ebbini ES. Feasibility of Targeting Atherosclerotic Plaques by High-Intensity–focused Ultrasound: An In Vivo Study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2013; 24:1880-1887.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Blood pressure regulation VIII: resistance vessel tone and implications for a pro-atherogenic conduit artery endothelial cell phenotype. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 114:531-44. [PMID: 23860841 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endothelium is proposed as the primary initiator of atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease, which occurs mainly in medium- to large-sized conduit arteries of the lower extremities (e.g., iliac, femoral, popliteal arteries). In this review article, we propose the novel concept that conduit artery endothelial cell phenotype is determined, in part, by microvascular tone in skeletal muscle resistance arteries through both changes in arterial blood pressure as well as upstream conduit artery shear stress patterns. First, we summarize the literature supporting the involvement of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and nitric oxide (NO) in the modulation of microvascular tone and arterial blood pressure. We then focus on the role of elevated blood pressure and shear stress profiles in modulating conduit artery endothelial cell phenotype. Last, we discuss findings from classic and emerging studies indicating that increased vascular resistance, as it occurs in the context of increased SNA and/or reduced NO bioavailability, is associated with greater oscillatory shear stress (e.g., increased retrograde shear) in upstream conduit arteries. The ideas put forth in this review set the stage for a new paradigm concerning the mechanistic link between increased microvascular tone and development of conduit artery endothelial dysfunction and thus increased risk for peripheral artery disease. Indeed, a vast amount of evidence supports the notion that excessive blood pressure and oscillatory shear stress are potent pro-atherogenic signals to the endothelium.
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Casellas J, Vidal O, Pena RN, Gallardo D, Manunza A, Quintanilla R, Amills M. Genetics of serum and muscle lipids in pigs. Anim Genet 2013; 44:609-19. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Casellas
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - O. Vidal
- Departament de Biologia; Universitat de Girona; Girona 17071 Spain
| | - R. N. Pena
- Departament de Producció Animal; Universitat de Lleida; Lleida 25198 Spain
| | - D. Gallardo
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - A. Manunza
- Department of Animal Genetics; Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | | | - M. Amills
- Department of Animal Genetics; Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
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Arinell K, Sahdo B, Evans AL, Arnemo JM, Baandrup U, Fröbert O. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) seem resistant to atherosclerosis despite highly elevated plasma lipids during hibernation and active state. Clin Transl Sci 2012; 5:269-72. [PMID: 22686205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2011.00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernation is an extreme physiological challenge for the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in which metabolism is based mainly on lipids. The study objective was to compare plasma lipids in hibernating and active free-ranging brown bears and relate them to arterial histopathology. Blood was drawn from seven immobilized free-ranging brown bears (three females, 2-3 years old) during hibernation in February and from the same bears while active in June and analyzed by enzymatic and automated hematology methods within 48 hours of sampling. Left anterior descending coronary arteries and aortic arches from 12 bears (six females, 1.5-12 years old) killed in hunting were examined by histopathology. Total plasma cholesterol decreased from hibernation to the active period (11.08 ± 1.04 mmol/L vs. 7.89 ± 1.96 mmol/L, P= 0.0028) as did triglyceride (3.16 ± 0.62 mmol/L vs. 1.44 ± 0.27 mmol/L, P= 0.00012) and LDL cholesterol (4.30 ± 0.71 mmol/L vs. 2.02 ± 1.03 mmol/L, P= 0.0075), whereas HDL cholesterol was unchanged. No atherosclerosis, fatty streaks, foam cell infiltration, or inflammation were seen in any arterial samples. Brown bears tolerate elevated cholesterol levels, obesity, physical inactivity, and circulatory slow flow during hibernation without signs of -atherosclerosis. This species might serve as a reverse translational model for atherosclerosis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Arinell
- Department of Cardiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
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Fuster JJ, Castillo AI, Zaragoza C, Ibáñez B, Andrés V. Animal models of atherosclerosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:1-23. [PMID: 22137427 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is currently the predominant cause of mortality worldwide and its incidence is expected to increase significantly during the next decades owing to the unhealthy effects of modern lifestyle habits (e.g., obesity and lack of physical exercise). Cardiovascular death is frequently associated with acute myocardial infarction or stroke, which are generally the ultimate consequence of an underlying atherosclerotic process. Small and big animal models are valuable tools to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression, as well as the occurrence of associated ischemic events. Moreover, animal models of atherosclerosis are pivotal for testing mechanistic hypothesis and for translational research, including the assessment of dietary and/or pharmacological interventions and the development of imaging technologies and interventional devices. In this chapter, we will describe the most widely used animal models that have permitted major advances in atherosclerosis research and significant improvements in the treatment and diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Fuster
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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Sider KL, Blaser MC, Simmons CA. Animal models of calcific aortic valve disease. Int J Inflam 2011; 2011:364310. [PMID: 21826258 PMCID: PMC3150155 DOI: 10.4061/2011/364310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), once thought to be a degenerative disease, is now recognized to be an active pathobiological process, with chronic inflammation emerging as a predominant, and possibly driving, factor. However, many details of the pathobiological mechanisms of CAVD remain to be described, and new approaches to treat CAVD need to be identified. Animal models are emerging as vital tools to this end, facilitated by the advent of new models and improved understanding of the utility of existing models. In this paper, we summarize and critically appraise current small and large animal models of CAVD, discuss the utility of animal models for priority CAVD research areas, and provide recommendations for future animal model studies of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Sider
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G9
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Xiangdong L, Yuanwu L, Hua Z, Liming R, Qiuyan L, Ning L. Animal models for the atherosclerosis research: a review. Protein Cell 2011; 2:189-201. [PMID: 21468891 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide, and its mechanisms are still unclear. However, various animal models have significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis and have allowed the evaluation of therapeutic options. The aim of this paper is to review those animal models (i.e., rabbits, mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, avian, carnivores, swine, and, non-human primates) that have been used to study atherosclerosis. Though there is no single perfect animal model that completely replicates the stages of human atherosclerosis, cholesterol feeding and mechanical endothelial injury are two common features shared by most models of atherosclerosis. Further, with the development of genetically modified animals, these models are significantly broadening our understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiangdong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Company JM, Booth FW, Laughlin MH, Arce-Esquivel AA, Sacks HS, Bahouth SW, Fain JN. Epicardial fat gene expression after aerobic exercise training in pigs with coronary atherosclerosis: relationship to visceral and subcutaneous fat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:1904-12. [PMID: 20947714 PMCID: PMC3006413 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00621.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is contiguous with coronary arteries and myocardium and potentially may play a role in coronary atherosclerosis (CAD). Exercise is known to improve cardiovascular disease risk factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise training on the expression of 18 genes, measured by RT-PCR and selected for their role in chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and adipocyte metabolism, in peri-coronary epicardial (cEAT), peri-myocardial epicardial (mEAT), visceral abdominal (VAT), and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues from a castrate male pig model of familial hypercholesterolemia with CAD. We tested the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training for 16 wk would reduce the inflammatory profile of mRNAs in both components of EAT and VAT but would have little effect on SAT. Exercise increased mEAT and total heart weights. EAT and heart weights were directly correlated. Compared with sedentary pigs matched for body weight to exercised animals, aerobic exercise training reduced the inflammatory response in mEAT but not cEAT, had no effect on inflammatory genes but preferentially decreased expression of adiponectin and other adipocyte-specific genes in VAT, and had no effect in SAT except that IL-6 mRNA went down and VEGFa mRNA went up. We conclude that 1) EAT is not homogeneous in its inflammatory response to aerobic exercise training, 2) cEAT around CAD remains proinflammatory after chronic exercise, 3) cEAT and VAT share similar inflammatory expression profiles but different metabolic mRNA responses to exercise, and 4) gene expression in SAT cannot be extrapolated to VAT and heart adipose tissues in exercise intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Company
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Thim T, Hagensen MK, Wallace-Bradley D, Granada JF, Kaluza GL, Drouet L, Paaske WP, Bøtker HE, Falk E. Unreliable Assessment of Necrotic Core by Virtual Histology Intravascular Ultrasound in Porcine Coronary Artery Disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 3:384-91. [PMID: 20460496 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.109.919357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Troels Thim
- From The Atherosclerosis Research Unit (T.T., M.K.H., E.F.), Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby and; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Jack H. Skirball Center for Cardiovascular Research (T.T., D.W.-B., J.F.G., G.L.K.), Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY; Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang (L.D.), Paris, France; and the Departments of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (W.P.P.), and Cardiology (H.E.B.), Aarhus University Hospital
| | - Mette Kallestrup Hagensen
- From The Atherosclerosis Research Unit (T.T., M.K.H., E.F.), Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby and; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Jack H. Skirball Center for Cardiovascular Research (T.T., D.W.-B., J.F.G., G.L.K.), Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY; Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang (L.D.), Paris, France; and the Departments of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (W.P.P.), and Cardiology (H.E.B.), Aarhus University Hospital
| | - David Wallace-Bradley
- From The Atherosclerosis Research Unit (T.T., M.K.H., E.F.), Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby and; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Jack H. Skirball Center for Cardiovascular Research (T.T., D.W.-B., J.F.G., G.L.K.), Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY; Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang (L.D.), Paris, France; and the Departments of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (W.P.P.), and Cardiology (H.E.B.), Aarhus University Hospital
| | - Juan F. Granada
- From The Atherosclerosis Research Unit (T.T., M.K.H., E.F.), Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby and; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Jack H. Skirball Center for Cardiovascular Research (T.T., D.W.-B., J.F.G., G.L.K.), Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY; Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang (L.D.), Paris, France; and the Departments of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (W.P.P.), and Cardiology (H.E.B.), Aarhus University Hospital
| | - Greg L. Kaluza
- From The Atherosclerosis Research Unit (T.T., M.K.H., E.F.), Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby and; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Jack H. Skirball Center for Cardiovascular Research (T.T., D.W.-B., J.F.G., G.L.K.), Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY; Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang (L.D.), Paris, France; and the Departments of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (W.P.P.), and Cardiology (H.E.B.), Aarhus University Hospital
| | - Ludovic Drouet
- From The Atherosclerosis Research Unit (T.T., M.K.H., E.F.), Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby and; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Jack H. Skirball Center for Cardiovascular Research (T.T., D.W.-B., J.F.G., G.L.K.), Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY; Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang (L.D.), Paris, France; and the Departments of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (W.P.P.), and Cardiology (H.E.B.), Aarhus University Hospital
| | - William P. Paaske
- From The Atherosclerosis Research Unit (T.T., M.K.H., E.F.), Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby and; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Jack H. Skirball Center for Cardiovascular Research (T.T., D.W.-B., J.F.G., G.L.K.), Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY; Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang (L.D.), Paris, France; and the Departments of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (W.P.P.), and Cardiology (H.E.B.), Aarhus University Hospital
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- From The Atherosclerosis Research Unit (T.T., M.K.H., E.F.), Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby and; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Jack H. Skirball Center for Cardiovascular Research (T.T., D.W.-B., J.F.G., G.L.K.), Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY; Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang (L.D.), Paris, France; and the Departments of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (W.P.P.), and Cardiology (H.E.B.), Aarhus University Hospital
| | - Erling Falk
- From The Atherosclerosis Research Unit (T.T., M.K.H., E.F.), Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby and; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Jack H. Skirball Center for Cardiovascular Research (T.T., D.W.-B., J.F.G., G.L.K.), Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY; Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang (L.D.), Paris, France; and the Departments of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (W.P.P.), and Cardiology (H.E.B.), Aarhus University Hospital
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Thim T, Hagensen MK, Drouet L, Bal Dit Sollier C, Bonneau M, Granada JF, Nielsen LB, Paaske WP, Bøtker HE, Falk E. Familial hypercholesterolaemic downsized pig with human-like coronary atherosclerosis: a model for preclinical studies. EUROINTERVENTION 2010; 6:261-8. [PMID: 20562079 DOI: 10.4244/eijv6i2a42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
AIMS A manageable and reproducible large animal model of human-like coronary atherosclerosis is lacking but highly needed for translational research in percutaneous coronary interventions and imaging. Farm pigs with familial hypercholesterolaemia develop advanced atherosclerosis in two to three years but then weigh >200 kg making them impractical and costly. We aimed at down-sizing this pig and accelerating coronary plaque development to make the model more useful and affordable. METHODS AND RESULTS Familial hypercholesterolaemic farm pigs were downsized by crossing them with smaller pigs while preserving their hypercholesterolaemic trait ascribed to a mutation in the low density lipoprotein receptor. We accelerated coronary plaque development by atherogenic diet feeding whereby plasma total cholesterol rose to >20 mmol/l (>800 mg/dl). We further accelerated coronary plaque development site-specifically by inflicting coronary artery balloon injury. Both spontaneously developed and balloon accelerated coronary plaques mirrored pertinent human plaque features, including a large necrotic core covered by a thin and inflamed fibrous cap as seen in the most common type of thrombosis-prone (vulnerable) plaque in humans. Associated vulnerable plaque features included neovascularisation, intraplaque haemorrhage, and expansive remodelling. CONCLUSIONS This human-like porcine model of coronary atherosclerosis is practical and highly relevant for translational research in percutaneous coronary interventions and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Thim
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital (Skejby) and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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Bunker AK, Laughlin MH. Influence of exercise and perivascular adipose tissue on coronary artery vasomotor function in a familial hypercholesterolemic porcine atherosclerosis model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 108:490-7. [PMID: 19959766 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00999.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our lab has shown that left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) perivascular adipose tissue (PAT) blunts endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced maximal contractions in normal pigs on low- and high-fat diets. Other studies report that PAT exerts anticontractile effects on agonist-induced arterial contraction via release of a relaxing factor that acts on the underlying vasculature. The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that PAT blunts LCX contraction in familial hypercholesterolemic pigs and that exercise training (Ex) augments this anticontractile effect. Male familial hypercholesterolemic pigs were divided into Ex (n = 13) and sedentary (Sed) (n = 15) groups. LCX reactivity to angiotensin II (ANG II), bradykinin (BK), ET-1, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was evaluated in vitro with intact or removed PAT in Sed and Ex familial hypercholesterolemic pigs. LCX relaxation induced by BK and SNP was not altered by Ex or PAT removal. LCX contractions stimulated by ANG II and ET-1 were not significantly altered by Ex or PAT removal across doses; however, Ex did act to significantly reduce ET-1 maximal contractions in familial hypercholesterolemic pig LCX compared with Sed familial hypercholesterolemic pig LCX, independent of PAT (P < 0.05). We conclude that LCX PAT in Sed and Ex familial hypercholesterolemic pigs exerts no substantial anticontractile influence over LCX vasomotor responses to endogenous constrictors such as ANG II and ET-1. Our results suggest that exercise training significantly reduces familial hypercholesterolemic pig LCX maximal contractile responses to the endogenous constrictor ET-1, independent of PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Bunker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Rd., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Abarbanell AM, Herrmann JL, Weil BR, Wang Y, Tan J, Moberly SP, Fiege JW, Meldrum DR. Animal models of myocardial and vascular injury. J Surg Res 2009; 162:239-49. [PMID: 20053409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, numerous animal models have been developed in an attempt to understand myocardial and vascular injury. However, the successful translation of results observed in animals to human therapy remains low. To understand this problem, we present several animal models of cardiac and vascular injury that are of particular relevance to the cardiac or vascular surgeon. We also explore the potential clinical implications and limitations of each model with respect to the human disease state. Our results underscore the concept that animal research requires an in-depth understanding of the model, animal physiology, and the potential confounding factors. Future outcome analyses with standardized animal models may improve translation of animal research from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Abarbanell
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Artinger S, Deiner C, Loddenkemper C, Schwimmbeck PL, Schultheiss HP, Pels K. Complex porcine model of atherosclerosis: induction of early coronary lesions after long-term hyperlipidemia without sustained hyperglycemia. Can J Cardiol 2009; 25:e109-14. [PMID: 19340354 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(09)70068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) is still increasing in industrialized countries and it is even higher in diabetic patients. For experimental studies investigating the pathophysiology of CAD, the use of an animal model comparable with the pathological situation in patients is crucial. OBJECTIVE To develop a model of advanced coronary atherosclerosis with induction of hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in domestic pigs. METHODS Six pigs were fed a standard pig chow (controls), two were fed a 2% cholesterol and 17% coconut fat diet (Chol group), and two pigs received a 4% cholesterol and 17% coconut fat diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ) injections to induce diabetes (High Chol+STZ group). Serum lipid and plasma glucose values were analyzed, and histochemical staining for morphometric analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed. RESULTS Pigs on the hyperlipidemic diet had elevated mean (+/- SD) serum lipid levels (total cholesterol 5.05+/-1.45 mmol/L [Chol] and 5.03+/-2.41 mmol/L [High Chol+STZ] versus 2.09+/-0.23 mmol/L [controls]). Histopathological evaluation revealed an initial stage of coronary atherosclerosis. None of the STZ-treated pigs showed a sustained elevation of plasma glucose (mean glucose before STZ injection was 5.11+/-0.94 mmol/L and thereafter was 6.03+/-2.39 mmol/L) or a decline in pancreatic beta cells. CONCLUSIONS The current data suggest that the domestic porcine model is not suitable to create severe CAD using an atherogenic diet in combination with STZ injections for experimental interventional vascular research. This may be due to different STZ sensitivities among species. However, hyperlipidemia induced early pathological lesions in coronary arteries resembling initial stages of atherosclerosis without severe luminal narrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Artinger
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany
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Juneja RK, Gahne B, Lukka M, Ehnholm C. A previously reported polymorphic plasma protein of dogs and horses, identified as apolipoprotein A-IV. Anim Genet 2009; 20:59-63. [PMID: 2729674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1989.tb00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
By using immunoblotting with antiserum specific to human plasma apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV), a previously reported polymorphic plasma protein of dogs viz postalbumin-2 (Pa2) and one of horses viz serum protein 2 (SP2), were identified as apoA-IV of these species. This along with earlier published results implied that: (1) both dog and horse show a high degree of polymorphism at the APOA4 locus with three common alleles in each of the two species; and (2) apoA-IV phenotyping in these two species can be done by analysing plasma/serum samples by a simple method of two-dimensional electrophoresis, conducted under non-denaturing conditions, followed by general-protein staining of gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Juneja
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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SOLINAS S, HASLER-RAPACZ J, MAEDA N, RAPACZ J, FRIES R. Assignment of the pig apolipoprotein B locus (APOB) to chromosome region 3q24-qter. Anim Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1992.tb00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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SOLINAS S, HASLER-RAPACZ J, MAEDA N, RAPACZ J, FRIES R. Assignment of the pig apolipoprotein B locus (APOB) to chromosome region 3q24-qter. Anim Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1992.tb00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Isolator and other neonatal piglet models in developmental immunology and identification of virulence factors. Anim Health Res Rev 2009; 10:35-52. [DOI: 10.1017/s1466252308001618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe postnatal period is a ‘critical window’, a time when innate and passive immunity protect the newborn mammal while its own adaptive immune system is developing. Neonatal piglets, especially those reared in isolators, provide valuable tools for studying immunological development during this period, since environmental factors that cause ambiguity in studies with conventional animals are controlled by the experimenter. However, these models have limited value unless the swine immune system is first characterized and the necessary immunological reagents developed. Characterization has revealed numerous features of the swine immune system that did not fit mouse paradigms but may be more generally true for most mammals. These include fetal class switch recombination that is uncoupled from somatic hypermutation, the relative importance of the molecular mechanisms used to develop the antibody repertoire, the role of gut lymphoid tissue in that process, and the limited heavy chain repertoire but diverse IgG subclass repertoire. Knowledge gained from studies of adaptive immunity in isolator-reared neonatal pigs suggests that isolator piglets can be valuable in identification of virulence factors that are often masked in studies using conventional animals.
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Forsberg EJ. Commercial applications of nuclear transfer cloning: three examples. Reprod Fertil Dev 2006; 17:59-68. [PMID: 15745632 DOI: 10.1071/rd04114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential applications of cloning go well beyond the popularly envisioned replication of valuable animals. This is because targeted genetic modifications can be made in donor cells before nuclear transfer. Applications that are currently being pursued include therapeutic protein production in the milk and blood of transgenic cloned animals, the use of cells, tissues and organs from gene-modified animals for transplantation into humans and genetically modified livestock that produce healthier and safer products in an environmentally friendly manner. Commercial and social acceptance of one or more of these early cloning applications will lead to yet unimagined applications of nuclear transfer technology. The present paper summarises progress on three additional applications of nuclear transfer, namely the development of male livestock that produce single-sex sperm, the transfer of immune responses from animals to their clones to permit the production of unlimited supplies of unique polyclonal antibodies, and the generation of genetically modified animals that accurately mimic human diseases for the purpose of developing new therapies. However, the myriad applications of cloning will require appropriate safeguards to ensure safe, humane and responsible outcomes of the technology.
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Navarro M, Arbonés J, Acín S, Carnicer R, Sarría A, Surra J, Arnal C, Martínez M, Osada J. Animales de experimentación utilizados como modelos en la investigación de la arteriosclerosis. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0214-9168(05)73320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Turk JR, Laughlin MH. Physical activity and atherosclerosis: which animal model? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 29:657-83. [PMID: 15536667 DOI: 10.1139/h04-042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease that is the most important single contributor to human cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Epidemiologic studies show that physical activity, or routine exercise, reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms through which exercise may function in primary or secondary prevention of atherosclerosis remain largely to be established. Most studies in humans are performed after the onset of clinical signs when disease is well advanced and the prescription of exercise is based on empirical evidence of benefit in secondary prevention. Animal models per-mit the study of the initiation and progression of preclinical stages of atherosclerosis. In order to provide information relevant to treatment and prevention, these models should mimic human disease and interactions of physical activity with disease processes as closely as possible. The purpose of this review is to compare animal models of atherosclerosis and to summarize the available data in those models in regard to the effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Turk
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA
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Green TJ, Moghadasian MH. Species-related variations in lipoprotein metabolism: The impact of FERHDL on susceptibility to atherogenesis. Life Sci 2004; 74:2441-9. [PMID: 14998721 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2003] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several animal models have been used to investigate the mechanisms of atherogenesis. Each animal species has advantages and disadvantages with regard to similarity with human lipoprotein metabolism. In humans, fractional esterification rate in apolipoprotein B-depleted plasma (FER(HDL)) has been shown to correlate with the quality of high density lipoprotein particles. Increased values of FER(HDL) indicate an atherogenic lipoprotein profile. Such an association has not been defined in animal models. Thus, we have characterized plasma lipoprotein profile and FER(HDL) values in four animal species namely, cats, pigs, guinea pigs and rabbits. These animal species have been used in experimental dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Our data indicate a wide rage of variations among various animal species. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles contain approximately 40% of total plasma cholesterol concentrations in rabbits, pigs and cats <10% in guinea pigs. A negative association between FER(HDL) values and plasma HDL-cholesterol levels was observed in pigs, rabbits and guinea pigs. On the other hand, FER(HDL) values showed a positive association with plasma triglyceride levels in all animal species tested. These findings are in agreement with data reported in humans. More research is needed to identify the better animal models which closely resemble human lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Green
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences and National Centre for Agri-food Research in Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Lowe HC, Schwartz RS, Mac Neill BD, Jang IK, Hayase M, Rogers C, Oesterle SN. The porcine coronary model of in-stent restenosis: Current status in the era of drug-eluting stents. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003; 60:515-23. [PMID: 14624433 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.10705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Drug-eluting stents are revolutionizing interventional cardiology. Sirolimus-eluting stents are in widespread clinical use, associated with well-documented remarkably low restenosis rates, and a number of other agents appear promising in clinical trials. These human studies have been preceded by numerous animal studies, foremost among them the pig coronary model of in-stent restenosis (ISR). The histologic response to porcine coronary stenting was described over a decade ago. Porcine stenting studies now provide examinations not only of histology, but also mechanisms of action, toxicity, and biocompatibility. This review therefore examines the current status of this porcine coronary model of ISR. Contemporary methods of pig coronary stenting are discussed. The morphometric, cellular, and molecular analyses of the responses to stent injury are then described. Finally, recent pig coronary drug-eluting stent studies are examined, with a discussion of their advantages, limitations, and possible future modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Lowe
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Wang X, Chauhan V, Nguyen AT, Schultz J, Davignon J, Young SG, Boren J, Innerarity TL, Rutai H, Milne RW. Immunochemical evidence that human apoB differs when expressed in rodent versus human cells. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:547-53. [PMID: 12562832 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m200413-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LDL from human apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) transgenic (HuBTg+/+) mice contains more triglyceride than LDL from normolipidemic subjects. To obtain novel monoclonal antibody (MAb) probes of apoB conformation, we generated hybridomas from HuBTg+/+ that had been immunized with LDL isolated from human plasma. One apoE-specific and four anti-apoB-100-specific hybridomas were identified. Two MAbs, 2E1 and 3D11, recognized an epitope in the amino-terminal 689 residues of apoB in native apoB-containing lipoproteins (LpBs) from human plasma or from the supernatant of human hepatoma HepG2 cells, but did not react with LpB from HuBTg+/+ mice or LpB secreted by human apoB-100-transfected rat McArdle 7777 hepatoma cells. 2E1 reacted weakly and 3D11 reacted strongly with apoB from HuBTg+/+ mice after SDS-PAGE. The lack of expression of the 2E1 and 3D11 epitopes on native LpB from HuBTg+/+ mice did not solely reflect the abnormal lipid composition of murine LpB. Both epitopes were detected in all human plasma samples tested and in all human plasma LpB classes. Therefore, human apoB expressed by rodent hepatocytes or hepatoma cells appears to adopt a different conformation or undergoes different posttranslational modification than apoB expressed in human hepatocytes or hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wang
- Lipoprotein and Atherosclerosis Research Group and the Department of Pathology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Moghadasian MH, Frohlich JJ, McManus BM. Advances in experimental dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. J Transl Med 2001; 81:1173-83. [PMID: 11555665 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the models of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, a number of wild-type, naturally defective, and genetically modified animals (rabbits, mice, pigeons, dogs, pigs, and monkeys) have been characterized. In particular, their similarities to and differences from humans in respect to relevant biochemical, physiologic, and pathologic conditions have been evaluated. Features of atherosclerotic lesions and their specific relationship to plasma lipoprotein particles have been critically reviewed and summarized. All animal models studied have limitations: the most significant advantages and disadvantages of using a specific animal species are outlined here. New insights in lipid metabolism and genetic background with regard to variations in pathogenesis of dyslipidemia-associated atherogenesis have also been reviewed. Evidence suggests that among wild-type species, strains of White Carneau pigeons and Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic and St. Thomas's Hospital rabbits are preferable to the cholesterol-fed wild-type animal species in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis research. Evidence for the usefulness of both wild-type and transgenic animals in studying the involvement of inflammatory pathways and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has also been summarized. Transgenic mice and rabbits are excellent tools for studying specific gene-related disorders. However, despite these significant achievements in animal experimentation, there are no suitable animal models for several rare types of fatal dyslipidemia-associated disorders such as phytosterolemia and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. An excellent model of diabetic atherosclerosis is unavailable. The question of reversibility of atherosclerosis still remains unanswered. Further work is needed to overcome these deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Moghadasian
- Healthy Heart Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Identification of a novel Arg→Cys mutation in the LDL receptor that contributes to spontaneous hypercholesterolemia in pigs. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Hasler-Rapacz J, Ellegren H, Fridolfsson AK, Kirkpatrick B, Kirk S, Andersson L, Rapacz J. Identification of a mutation in the low density lipoprotein receptor gene associated with recessive familial hypercholesterolemia in swine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980413)76:5<379::aid-ajmg3>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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