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Jiang X, Yang C, Qiu J, Ma D, Xu C, Hu S, Han W, Yuan B, Lu Y. Nanomolar LL-37 induces permeability of a biomimetic mitochondrial membrane. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17654-17660. [PMID: 36413063 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05409d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
LL-37, the only human host cathelicidin peptide, is proposed to be able to induce host cell apoptosis through mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP). Detailed pathways of the LL-37-triggered MMP are however still disputed. It is generally believed that cationic peptides permeate a membrane mostly in conditions of micromolar peptide concentrations and negatively charged membranes, which are not usually satisfied in the mitochondrial circumstance. Herein, using a variety of single-molecule techniques, we show that nanomolar LL-37 specifically induces permeability of a phosphoethanolamine (PE)-rich biomimetic mitochondrial membrane in a protein-independent manner. The insertion dynamics of single LL-37 molecules exhibit different metastable states in bilayers composed of different lipids. Moreover, the PE lipids significantly facilitate adsorption and accumulation of LL-37 on the PE-rich bilayer, and produce deeper insertion of peptide oligomers, especially tetramers, into the bilayer. This work offers an alternative pathway of the LL-37-triggered MMP and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China.
| | - Chenguang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China.
| | - Dongfei Ma
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China.
| | - Cheng Xu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China.
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Shuxin Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weijing Han
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China.
| | - Bing Yuan
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China.
| | - Ying Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Whole-Genome Approach to Understanding the Mechanism of Action of a Histatin 5-Derived Peptide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01698-19. [PMID: 31843998 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01698-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of opportunistic fungal infections that threaten immunocompromised patients, along with the limited arsenal of antifungal drugs, calls for renewed efforts to develop novel antifungal therapies. Antimicrobial peptides have garnered interest as potential therapeutics. Among naturally occurring peptides, histatin 5 is a well-characterized 24-amino-acid peptide with strong antifungal activity. Our lab has identified a smaller histatin derivative, KM29, with stronger activity against multiple Candida spp., prompting us to investigate its fungicidal mechanism. A genetic screen was developed to test the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomewide deletion collection for mutants with increased or decreased peptide sensitivity. The goal was to identify genes that would reveal insights into the mechanism of action of KM29, to be assessed in Candida albicans Several biological processes yielded increased sensitivity, with endosomal transport and vacuolar function appearing at high frequencies. Among the pathways involved in increased resistance, mitochondrial function showed the highest normalized genome frequency; hence, we focused on characterizing this pathway. KM29 localizes to mitochondria, and the killing activity depends on a functional electron transport chain. In addition, KM29 triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which was responsible for some cell death but insufficient to account for the complete killing activity. In agreement with this finding, we found that KM29 induced mitochondrial fragmentation and a mild loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, respiratory mutants exhibited severely diminished KM29 uptake. We confirmed this behavior in a C. albicans respiratory mutant. Taking our findings together, this work delineates the mitochondrial functions associated with KM29 fungicidal activity and provides additional pathways for further characterization in Candida spp.
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3
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Stutz K, Müller AT, Hiss JA, Schneider P, Blatter M, Pfeiffer B, Posselt G, Kanfer G, Kornmann B, Wrede P, Altmann KH, Wessler S, Schneider G. Peptide-Membrane Interaction between Targeting and Lysis. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2254-2259. [PMID: 28763193 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Certain cationic peptides interact with biological membranes. These often-complex interactions can result in peptide targeting to the membrane, or in membrane permeation, rupture, and cell lysis. We investigated the relationship between the structural features of membrane-active peptides and these effects, to better understand these processes. To this end, we employed a computational method for morphing a membranolytic antimicrobial peptide into a nonmembranolytic mitochondrial targeting peptide by "directed simulated evolution." The results obtained demonstrate that superficially subtle sequence modifications can strongly affect the peptides' membranolytic and membrane-targeting abilities. Spectroscopic and computational analyses suggest that N- and C-terminal structural flexibility plays a crucial role in determining the mode of peptide-membrane interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Stutz
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex T. Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan A. Hiss
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Blatter
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Pfeiffer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gernot Posselt
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Division of Microbiology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gil Kanfer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Otto-Stern-Weg-3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Kornmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Otto-Stern-Weg-3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Wrede
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silja Wessler
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Division of Microbiology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hiss JA, Stutz K, Posselt G, Weßler S, Schneider G. Attractors in Sequence Space: Peptide Morphing by Directed Simulated Evolution. Mol Inform 2015; 34:709-714. [PMID: 26779290 PMCID: PMC4712357 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201500089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan A. Hiss
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Stutz
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gernot Posselt
- Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Microbiology, Billroth Str. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Silja Weßler
- Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Microbiology, Billroth Str. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Di Pisa M, Chassaing G, Swiecicki JM. Translocation Mechanism(s) of Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Biophysical Studies Using Artificial Membrane Bilayers. Biochemistry 2014; 54:194-207. [DOI: 10.1021/bi501392n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Di Pisa
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules,
Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Chassaing
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules,
Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Swiecicki
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, F-75005 Paris, France
- ENS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules,
Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
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Vangavaragu JR, Valasani KR, Gan X, Yan SS. Identification of human presequence protease (hPreP) agonists for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:506-16. [PMID: 24602793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ), a neurotoxic peptide, is linked to the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increased Aβ content within neuronal cell mitochondria is a pathological feature in both human and mouse models with AD. This accumulation of Aβ within the mitochondrial landscape perpetuates increased free radical production and activation of the apoptotic pathway. Human Presequence Protease (hPreP) is responsible for the degradation of mitochondrial amyloid-β peptide in human neuronal cells, and is thus an attractive target to increase the proteolysis of Aβ. Therefore, it offers a potential target for Alzheimer's drug design, by identifying potential activators of hPreP. We applied structure-based drug design, combined with experimental methodologies to investigate the ability of various compounds to enhance hPreP proteolytic activity. Compounds 3c &4c enhanced hPreP-mediated proteolysis of Aβ (1-42), pF₁β (2-54) and fluorogenic-substrate V. These results suggest that activation of hPreP by small benzimidazole derivatives provide a promising avenue for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhansi Rani Vangavaragu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 2099 Constant Ave., Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Koteswara Rao Valasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 2099 Constant Ave., Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Xueqi Gan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 2099 Constant Ave., Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Shirley ShiDu Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 2099 Constant Ave., Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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7
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Abstract
A novel mitochondrial and chloroplast peptidasome, the Presequence Protease (PreP) degrades organellar targeting peptides as well as other unstructured peptides up to 65 amino acid residues in length. PreP belongs to the pitrilysin oligopeptidase family (M16C) containing an inverted zinc-binding motif. The crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana PreP, AtPreP, refined at 2.1 Å, revealed a novel mechanism of proteolysis in which two halves of the enzyme connected by a hinge region enclose a large catalytic chamber opening and closing in response to peptide binding. Double knock-out mutant of AtPreP1 and AtPreP2 results in a severe phenotype, including decreased size and growth rate, chlorosis and organellar abnormalities, such as altered chloroplast starch content, partial loss of the integrity of the inner mitochondrial membrane and reduced mitochondrial respiration. PreP homologues are also present in yeast and humans. Interestingly, human PreP has been associated with Alzheimer's disease as it is responsible for degradation of amyloid-β peptide in brain mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kmiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Bergers JJ, Bloois LV, Barenholz Y, Crommelin DJ. Conformational Changes of Myoglobin Upon Interaction with Negatively-Charged Phospholipid Vesicles. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109509018632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Shimanouchi T, Walde P, Gardiner J, Mahajan YR, Seebach D, Thomae A, Krämer SD, Voser M, Kuboi R. Permeation of a beta-heptapeptide derivative across phospholipid bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:2726-36. [PMID: 17714685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on a number of experiments it is concluded that the fluorescein labeled beta-heptapeptide fluoresceinyl-NH-CS-(S)-beta(3)hAla-(S)-beta(3)hArg-(R)-beta(3)hLeu-(S)-beta(3)hPhe-(S)-beta(3)hAla-(S)-beta(3)hAla-(S)-beta(3)hLys-OH translocates across lipid vesicle bilayers formed from DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). The conclusion is based on the following observations: (i) addition of the peptide to the vicinity of micrometer-sized giant vesicles leads to an accumulation of the peptide inside the vesicles; (ii) if the peptide is injected inside individual giant vesicles, it is released from the vesicles in a time dependent manner; (iii) if the peptide is encapsulated within sub-micrometer-sized large unilamellar vesicles, it is released from the vesicles as a function of time; (iv) if the peptide is submitted to immobilized liposome chromatography, the peptide is retained by the immobilized DOPC vesicles. Furthermore, the addition of the peptide to calcein-containing DOPC vesicles does not lead to significant calcein leakage and vesicle fusion is not observed. The finding that derivatives of the beta-heptapeptide (S)-beta(3)hAla-(S)-beta(3)hArg-(R)-beta(3)hLeu-(S)-beta(3)hPhe-(S)-beta(3)hAla-(S)-beta(3)hAla-(S)-beta(3)hLys-OH can translocate across phospholipid bilayers is supported by independent measurements using Tb(3+)-containing large unilamellar vesicles prepared from egg phosphatidylcholine and wheat germ phosphatidylinositol (molar ratio of 9:1) and a corresponding peptide that is labeled with dipicolinic acid instead of fluorescein. The experiments show that this dipicolinic acid labeled beta-heptapeptide derivative also permeates across phospholipid bilayers. The possible mechanism of the translocation of the particular beta-heptapeptide derivatives across the membrane of phospholipid vesicles is discussed within the frame of the current understanding of the permeation of certain oligopeptides across simple phospholipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Shimanouchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Bárány-Wallje E, Keller S, Serowy S, Geibel S, Pohl P, Bienert M, Dathe M. A critical reassessment of penetratin translocation across lipid membranes. Biophys J 2005; 89:2513-21. [PMID: 16040762 PMCID: PMC1366750 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.067694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Penetratin is a short, basic cell-penetrating peptide able to induce cellular uptake of a vast variety of large, hydrophilic cargos. We have reassessed the highly controversial issue of direct permeation of the strongly cationic peptide across negatively charged lipid membranes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy on rhodamine-labeled giant vesicles incubated with carboxyfluorescein-labeled penetratin yielded no evidence of transbilayer movement, in contradiction to previously reported results. Confocal fluorescence spectroscopy on black lipid membranes confirmed this finding, which was also not affected by application of a transmembrane electric potential difference. A novel dialysis assay based on tryptophan absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that the permeability of small and large unilamellar vesicles to penetratin is <10(-13) m/s. Taken together, the results show that penetratin is not capable of overcoming model membrane systems irrespective of the bilayer curvature or the presence of a transmembrane voltage. Thus, direct translocation across the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane cannot account for the efficient uptake of penetratin into live cells, which is in accord with recent in vitro studies underlining the importance of endocytosis in the internalization process of cationic cell-penetrating peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Bárány-Wallje
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Oehlke J, Lorenz D, Wiesner B, Bienert M. Studies on the cellular uptake of substance P and lysine-rich, KLA-derived model peptides. J Mol Recognit 2005; 18:50-9. [PMID: 15386618 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade many peptides have been shown to be internalized into various cell types by different, poorly characterized mechanisms. This review focuses on uptake studies with substance P (SP) aimed at unravelling the mechanism of peptide-induced mast cell degranulation, and on the characterization of the cellular uptake of designed KLA-derived model peptides. Studies on structure-activity relationships and receptor autoradiography failed to detect specific peptide receptors for the undecapeptide SP on mast cells. In view of these findings, a direct interaction of cationic peptides with heterotrimeric G proteins without the participation of a receptor has been proposed. Such a process would require insertion into and translocation of peptides across the plasma membrane. In order to clarify whether a transport of cationic peptides into rat peritoneal mast cells is possible, transport studies were performed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) using fluorescence-labeled Arg(3),Orn(7)-SP and its D-amino acid analog, all-D-Arg(3),Orn(7)-SP, as well as by electron microscopic autoradiography using (3)H-labelled SP and (125)I-labelled all-D-SP. The results obtained by CLSM directly showed translocation of SP peptides into pertussis toxin-treated cells. Kinetic experiments indicated that the translocation process was rapid, occurring within a few seconds. Mast cell degranulation induced by analog of magainin 2 amide, neuropeptide Y and the model peptide acetyl-KLALKLALKALKAALKLA-amide was also found to be very fast, pointing to an extensive translocation of the peptides. In order to learn more about structural requirements for the cellular uptake of peptides, the translocation behavior of a set of systematically modified KLA-based model peptides has been studied in detail. By two different protocols for determining the amount of internalized peptide, evidence was found that the structure of the peptides only marginally affects their uptake, whereas the efflux of cationic, amphipathic peptides is strikingly diminished, thus allowing their enrichment within the cells. Although the mechanism of cellular uptake, consisting of energy-dependent and -independent contributions, is not well understood, KLA-derived peptides have been shown to deliver various cargos (PNAs, peptides) into cells. The results obtained with SP- and KLA-derived peptides are discussed in the context of the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Oehlke
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
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Lensink MF, Christiaens B, Vandekerckhove J, Prochiantz A, Rosseneu M. Penetratin-membrane association: W48/R52/W56 shield the peptide from the aqueous phase. Biophys J 2004; 88:939-52. [PMID: 15542560 PMCID: PMC1305166 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.052787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using molecular dynamics simulations, we studied the mode of association of the cell-penetrating peptide penetratin with both a neutral and a charged bilayer. The results show that the initial peptide-lipid association is a fast process driven by electrostatic interactions. The homogeneous distribution of positively charged residues along the axis of the helical peptide, and especially residues K46, R53, and K57, contribute to the association of the peptide with lipids. The bilayer enhances the stability of the penetratin helix. Oriented parallel to the lipid-water interface, the subsequent insertion of the peptide through the bilayer headgroups is significantly slower. The presence of negatively charged lipids considerably enhances peptide binding. Lateral side-chain motion creates an opening for the helix into the hydrophobic core of the membrane. The peptide aromatic residues form a pi-stacking cluster through W48/R52/W56 and F49/R53, protecting the peptide from the water phase. Interaction with the penetratin peptide has only limited effect on the overall membrane structure, as it affects mainly the conformation of the lipids which interact directly with the peptide. Charge matching locally increases the concentration of negatively charged lipids, lateral lipid diffusion locally decreases. Lipid disorder increases, through decreased order parameters of the lipids interacting with the penetratin side chains. Penetratin molecules at the membrane surface do not seem to aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Lensink
- Department of Lipoprotein Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium.
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13
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Drin G, Cottin S, Blanc E, Rees AR, Temsamani J. Studies on the internalization mechanism of cationic cell-penetrating peptides. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:31192-201. [PMID: 12783857 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303938200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A great deal of data has been amassed suggesting that cationic peptides are able to translocate into eucaryotic cells in a temperature-independent manner. Although such peptides are widely used to promote the intracellular delivery of bioactive molecules, the mechanism by which this cell-penetrating activity occurs still remains unclear. Here, we present an in vitro study of the cellular uptake of peptides, originally deriving from protegrin (the SynB peptide vectors), that have also been shown to enhance the transport of drugs across the blood-brain barrier. In parallel, we have examined the internalization process of two lipid-interacting peptides, SynB5 and pAntp-(43-58), the latter corresponding to the translocating segment of the Antennapedia homeodomain. We report a quantitative study of the time- and dose-dependence of internalization and demonstrate that these peptides accumulate inside vesicular structures. Furthermore, we have examined the role of endocytotic pathways in this process using a variety of metabolic and endocytosis inhibitors. We show that the internalization of these peptides is a temperature- and energy-dependent process and that endosomal transport is a key component of the mechanism. Altogether, our results suggest that SynB and pAntp-(43-58) peptides penetrate into cells by an adsorptive-mediated endocytosis process rather than temperature-independent translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Drin
- Synt:em, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Abstract
During the evolution of mitochondria from free-living alpha-proteobacteria, many bacterial genes were transferred into the nuclear genome of eukaryotic cells. This required the development of both targeting signals on the respective polypeptides and protein translocation machineries (translocases) in the mitochondrial membranes. Most components of these translocases have no obvious homologies to bacterial proteins or proteins found in other organelles. Membrane integration of many inner membrane proteins, however, apparently occurs via a conserved sorting pathway whose components and characteristics resemble protein translocation in bacteria. Consistent with this, the topogenic signals of these mitochondrial inner membrane proteins mimic those of bacterial proteins. The requirement for post-translational transport to their final destination has placed considerable constraints on the evolution of mitochondrial protein sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Herrmann
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Münich, Germany.
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15
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Stahl A, Moberg P, Ytterberg J, Panfilov O, Brockenhuus Von Lowenhielm H, Nilsson F, Glaser E. Isolation and identification of a novel mitochondrial metalloprotease (PreP) that degrades targeting presequences in plants. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:41931-9. [PMID: 12138166 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205500200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursor proteins contain an N-terminal extension called the presequence that carries targeting information and that is cleaved off after import into mitochondria. The presequences are amphiphilic, positively charged, membrane-interacting peptides with a propensity to form alpha-helices. Here we have investigated the proteolysis of the presequences that have been cleaved off inside mitochondria. A presequence derived from the overexpressed F(1)beta subunit of the ATP synthase and specific synthetic fluorescent peptides (Pep Tag Protease assay) have been shown to undergo rapid degradation catalyzed by a matrix located protease. We have developed a three-step chromatographic procedure including affinity and anion exchange chromatography for isolation of the protease from potato tuber mitochondria. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the isolated proteolytically active fraction followed by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and data base searches allowed identification of the presequence peptide-degrading protease in Arabidopsis thaliana data base as a novel mitochondrial metalloendoprotease with a molecular mass of 105 kDa. The identified metalloprotease contains an inverted zinc-binding motif and belongs to the pitrilysin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Stahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden
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16
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17
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Drin G, Mazel M, Clair P, Mathieu D, Kaczorek M, Temsamani J. Physico-chemical requirements for cellular uptake of pAntp peptide. Role of lipid-binding affinity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:1304-14. [PMID: 11231282 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The pAntp peptide, corresponding to the third helix of the Antennapedia homeodomain, is internalized by a receptor-independent process into eucaryotic cells. The precise mechanism of entry remains unclear but the interaction between the phospholipids of plasma membrane and pAntp is probably involved in the translocation process. In order to define the role of peptide-lipid interaction in this mechanism and the physico-chemical properties that are necessary for an efficient cellular uptake, we have carried out an Ala-Scan mapping. The peptides were labeled with a fluorescent group (7-nitrobenz-2-oxo-1,3-diazol-4-yl-; NBD) and their cell association was measured by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we determined the fraction of internalized peptide by using a dithionite treatment. Comparison between cell association and cell uptake suggests that the affinity of pAntp for the plasma membrane is required for the import process. To further investigate which are the physico-chemical requirements for phospholipid-binding of pAntp, we have determined the surface partition coefficient of peptides by titrating them with phospholipid vesicles having different compositions. In addition, we estimated by circular dichroism the conformation adopted by these peptides in a membrane-mimetic environment. We show that the phospholipid binding of pAntp depends on its helical amphipathicity, especially when the negative surface charge density of phospholipid vesicles is low. The cell uptake of pAntp, related to lipid-binding affinity, requires a minimal hydrophobicity and net charge. As pAntp does not seem to translocate through an artificial phospholipid bilayer, this might indicate that it could interact with other cell surface components or enters into cells by a nonelucidated biological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Drin
- Synt:em, Parc Scientifique Georges Besse, Nimes, France
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18
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Abstract
The selective degradation of cytosolic proteins in lysosomes by chaperone-mediated autophagy depends, at least in part, on the levels of a substrate receptor at the lysosomal membrane. We have previously identified this receptor as the lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2a (lamp2a) and showed that levels of lamp2a at the lysosomal membrane directly correlate with the activity of the proteolytic pathway. Here we show that levels of lamp2a at the lysosomal membrane are mainly controlled by changes in its half-life and its distribution between the lysosomal membrane and the matrix. The lysosomal degradation of lamp2a requires the combined action of at least two different proteolytic activities at the lysosomal membrane. Lamp2a is released from the membrane by the action of these proteases, and then the truncated lamp2a is rapidly degraded within the lysosomal matrix. Membrane degradation of lamp2a is a regulated process that is inhibited in the presence of substrates for chaperone-mediated autophagy and under conditions that activate that type of autophagy. Uptake of substrate proteins also results in transport of some intact lamp2a from the lysosomal membrane into the matrix. This fraction of lamp2a can be reinserted back into the lysosomal membrane. The traffic of lamp2a through the lysosomal matrix is not mediated by vesicles, and lamp2a reinsertion requires the lysosomal membrane potential and protein components of the lysosomal membrane. The distribution of lamp2a between the lysosomal membrane and matrix is a dynamic process that contributes to the regulation of lysosomal membrane levels of lamp2a and consequently to the activity of the chaperone-mediated autophagic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cuervo
- Department of Physiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Schleiff E. Signals and receptors--the translocation machinery on the mitochondrial surface. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2000; 32:55-66. [PMID: 11768763 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005512412404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Most proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis are encoded by the genome of the nucleus. They are synthesized in the cytosol and have to be transported toward and, subsequently, imported into the organelle. This targeting and import process is initiated by the specific mitochondrial targeting signal, which differs pending on the final localization of the protein. The preprotein will be recognized by cytosolic proteins, which function in transport toward the mitochondria and in maintaining the import competent state of the preprotein. The precursor will be transferred onto a multicomponent complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane, formed by receptor proteins and the general insertion pore (GIP). Some proteins are directly sorted into the outer membrane whereas the majority will be transported over the outer membrane through the import channel followed by further distribution of those proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schleiff
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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20
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Arbuzova A, Schwarz G. Pore-forming action of mastoparan peptides on liposomes: a quantitative analysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1420:139-52. [PMID: 10446298 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(99)00098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the wasp venom peptides mastoparan X and polistes mastoparan regarding their apparent potential to induce pore-like defects in phosphatidylcholine unilamellar vesicles. Based on a fundamental theoretical model, the pore activation and deactivation kinetics have been evaluated from the observed efflux of liposome entrapped carboxyfluorescein in relation to the bound peptide to lipid ratio. We can quantitatively describe our experimental data very well in terms of a specific reaction scheme resulting in only a few short-lived pores. They evidently emerge rapidly from a prepore nucleus being produced by two rate-limiting monomeric states of bound peptide. These peculiar states would be favorably populated in an early stage of bilayer perturbation, but tend to die out in the course of a peptide/lipid restabilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arbuzova
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Biocenter of the University of Basle, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056, Basle, Switzerland
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21
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Helmerhorst EJ, Breeuwer P, van't Hof W, Walgreen-Weterings E, Oomen LC, Veerman EC, Amerongen AV, Abee T. The cellular target of histatin 5 on Candida albicans is the energized mitochondrion. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:7286-91. [PMID: 10066791 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.11.7286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Histatin 5 is a human basic salivary peptide with strong fungicidal properties in vitro. To elucidate the mechanism of action, the effect of histatin 5 on the viability of Candida albicans cells was studied in relation to its membrane perturbing properties. It was found that both the killing activity and the membrane perturbing activity, studied by the influx of a DNA-specific marker propidium iodide, were inhibited by high salt conditions and by metabolic inhibitors, like sodium azide. In addition, exposure to histatin 5 resulted in a loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential in situ, measured by the release of the potential-dependent distributional probe rhodamine 123. Localization studies using tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled histatin 5 or fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled histatin 5 showed a granular intracellular distribution of the peptide, which co-localized with mitotracker orange, a permeant mitochondria-specific probe. Like the biological effects, uptake of labeled histatin 5 was inhibited by mitochondrial inhibitors and high salt conditions. Our data indicate that histatin 5 is internalized, and targets to the energized mitochondrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Helmerhorst
- Academic Centre for Dentistry, Department of Oral Biochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Cafiso DS. Chapter 7 Interaction of Natural and Model Peptides with Membranes. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)61045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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23
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Chipot C, Pohorille A. Folding and translocation of the undecamer of poly-L-leucine across the water-hexane interface. A molecular dynamics study. J Am Chem Soc 1998; 120:11912-24. [PMID: 11542762 DOI: 10.1021/ja980010o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The undecamer of poly-L-leucine at the water-hexane interface is studied by molecular dynamics simulations. This represents a simple model relevant to folding and insertion of hydrophobic peptides into membranes. The peptide, initially placed in a random coil conformation on the aqueous side of the system, rapidly translocates toward the hexane phase and undergoes interfacial folding into an alpha-helix in the subsequent 36 ns. Folding is nonsequential and highly dynamic. The initially formed helical segment at the N-terminus of the undecamer becomes transiently broken and, subsequently, reforms before the remainder of the peptide folds from the C-terminus. The formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds during the folding of the peptide is preceded by a dehydration of the participating polar groups, as they become immersed in hexane. Folding proceeds through a short-lived intermediate, a 3(10)-helix, which rapidly interconverts to an alpha-helix. Both helices contribute to the equilibrium ensemble of folded structures. The helical peptide is largely buried in hexane, yet remains adsorbed at the interface. Its preferred orientation is parallel to the interface, although the perpendicular arrangement with the N-terminus immersed in hexane is only slightly less favorable. In contrast, the reversed orientation is highly unfavorable, because it would require dehydration of C-terminus carbonyl groups that do not participate in intramolecular hydrogen bonding. For the same reason, the transfer of the undecamer from the interface to the bulk hexane is also unfavorable. The results suggest that hydrophobic peptides fold in the interfacial region and, simultaneously, translocate into the nonpolar side of the interface. It is further implied that peptide insertion into the membrane is accomplished by rotating from the parallel to the perpendicular orientation, most likely in such a way that the N-terminus penetrates the bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chipot
- Universite Henri Poincare-Nancy I, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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24
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Oehlke J, Scheller A, Wiesner B, Krause E, Beyermann M, Klauschenz E, Melzig M, Bienert M. Cellular uptake of an alpha-helical amphipathic model peptide with the potential to deliver polar compounds into the cell interior non-endocytically. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1414:127-39. [PMID: 9804921 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(98)00161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that multiple, probably non-endocytic mechanisms are involved in the uptake into mammalian cells of the alpha-helical amphipathic model peptide FLUOS-KLALKLALKALKAALKLA-NH2 (I) is presented. Extensive cellular uptake of N-terminally GC-elongated derivatives of I, conjugated by disufide bridges to differently charged peptides, indicated that I-like model peptides might serve as vectors for intracellular delivery of polar bioactive compounds. The mode of the cellular internalization of I comprising energy-, temperature-, pH- and ion-dependent as well as -independent processes suggests analogy to that displayed by small unstructured peptides reported previously (Oehlke et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1330 (1997) 50-60). The uptake behavior of I also showed analogy to that of several protein-derived helical peptide sequences, recently found to be capable of efficiently carrying tagged oligonucleotides and peptides directly into the cytosol of mammalian cells (Derossi et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 10444-10450; Lin et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 14255-14258; Fawell et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 664-668; Chaloin et al., Biochemistry 36 (1997) 11179-11187; Vives et al., J. Biol. Chem., 272 (1997) 16010-16017).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oehlke
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 4, D-10315 Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Matsuzaki K. Magainins as paradigm for the mode of action of pore forming polypeptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1376:391-400. [PMID: 9804997 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4157(98)00014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Magainins are a class of antimicrobial peptides discovered in the skin of Xenopus laevis. The peptides kill bacteria by permeabilizing the cell membranes without exhibiting significant toxicity against mammalian cells, and are a promising candidate for a new antibiotic of therapeutic value. The main target of the peptides are considered to be the lipid matrix of the membranes. This review summarizes studies on magainin-lipid interactions in comparison with other pore forming peptides. The selective toxicity can be at least partly explained by preferential interactions of magainins with anionic phospholipids abundant in bacterial membranes. A novel mode of action is discussed in detail, i.e., the formation of a dynamic peptide-lipid supramolecular pore, which allows the mutually coupled transbilayer transport of ions, lipids, and peptides per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsuzaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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26
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Lorenz D, Wiesner B, Zipper J, Winkler A, Krause E, Beyermann M, Lindau M, Bienert M. Mechanism of peptide-induced mast cell degranulation. Translocation and patch-clamp studies. J Gen Physiol 1998; 112:577-91. [PMID: 9806967 PMCID: PMC2229441 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.112.5.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance P and other polycationic peptides are thought to stimulate mast cell degranulation via direct activation of G proteins. We investigated the ability of extracellularly applied substance P to translocate into mast cells and the ability of intracellularly applied substance P to stimulate degranulation. In addition, we studied by reverse transcription--PCR whether substance P-specific receptors are present in the mast cell membrane. To study translocation, a biologically active and enzymatically stable fluorescent analogue of substance P was synthesized. A rapid, substance P receptor- and energy-independent uptake of this peptide into pertussis toxin-treated and -untreated mast cells was demonstrated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The peptide was shown to localize preferentially on or inside the mast cell granules using electron microscopic autoradiography with 125I-labeled all-D substance P and 3H-labeled substance P. Cell membrane capacitance measurements using the patch-clamp technique demonstrated that intracellularly applied substance P induced calcium transients and activated mast cell exocytosis with a time delay that depended on peptide concentration (delay of 100-500 s at concentrations of substance P from 50 to 5 microM). Degranulation in response to intracellularly applied substance P was inhibited by GDPbetaS and pertussis toxin, suggesting that substance P acts via G protein activation. These results support the recently proposed model of a receptor-independent mechanism of peptide-induced mast cell degranulation, which assumes a direct interaction of peptides with G protein alpha subunits subsequent to their translocation across the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lorenz
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Jayasinghe S, Barranger-Mathys M, Ellena JF, Franklin C, Cafiso DS. Structural features that modulate the transmembrane migration of a hydrophobic peptide in lipid vesicles. Biophys J 1998; 74:3023-30. [PMID: 9635757 PMCID: PMC1299644 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(98)78010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two approaches employing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to investigate the transmembrane migration rate of the C-terminal end of native alamethicin and a more hydrophobic analog called L1. Native alamethicin exhibits a very slow transmembrane migration rate when bound to phosphatidylcholine vesicles, which is no greater than 1 x 10(-4) min(-1). This rate is much slower than expected, based on the hydrophobic partition energies of the amino acid side chains and the backbone of the exposed C-terminal end of alamethicin. The alamethicin analog L1 exhibits crossing rates that are at least 1000 times faster than that of native alamethicin. A comparison of the equilibrium positions of these two peptides shows that L1 sits approximately 3-4 A deeper in the membrane than does native alamethicin (Barranger-Mathys and Cafiso. 1996. Biochemistry. 35:489). The slow rate of alamethicin crossing can be explained if the peptide helix is irregular at its C-terminus and hydrogen bonded to solvent or lipid. We postulate that L1 does not experience as large a barrier to transport because its C-terminus is already buried within the membrane interface. This difference is most easily explained by conformational differences between L1 and alamethicin rather than differences in hydrophobicity. The results obtained here demonstrate that side-chain hydrophobicity alone cannot account for the energy barriers to peptide and protein transport across membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jayasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Program at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22901, USA
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28
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Mindell JA. Swimming through the hydrophobic sea: new insights in protein translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:4081-3. [PMID: 9539690 PMCID: PMC34262 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.8.4081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J A Mindell
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254, USA
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29
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Pérez-Payá E, Porcar I, Gómez CM, Pedrós J, Campos A, Abad C. Binding of basic amphipathic peptides to neutral phospholipid membranes: a thermodynamic study applied to dansyl-labeled melittin and substance P analogues. Biopolymers 1997; 42:169-81. [PMID: 9234996 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(199708)42:2<169::aid-bip6>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A thermodynamic approach is proposed to quantitatively analyze the binding isotherms of peptides to model membranes as a function of one adjustable parameter, the actual peptide charge in solution z(p)+. The main features of this approach are a theoretical expression for the partition coefficient calculated from the molar free energies of the peptide in the aqueous and lipid phases, an equation proposed by S. Stankowski [(1991) Biophysical Journal, Vol. 60, p. 341] to evaluate the activity coefficient of the peptide in the lipid phase, and the Debye-Hückel equation that quantifies the activity coefficient of the peptide in the aqueous phase. To assess the validity of this approach we have studied, by means of steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, the interaction of basic amphipathic peptides such as melittin and its dansylcadaverine analogue (DNC-melittin), as well as a new fluorescent analogue of substance P, SP (DNC-SP) with neutral phospholipid membranes. A consistent quantitative analysis of each binding curve was achieved. The z(p)+ values obtained were always found to be lower than the physical charge of the peptide. These z(p)+ values can be rationalized by considering that the peptide charged groups are strongly associated with counterions in buffer solution at a given ionic strength. The partition coefficients theoretically derived using the z(p)+ values were in agreement with those deduced from the Gouy-Chapman formalism. Ultimately, from the z(p)+ values the molar free energies for the free and lipid-bound states of the peptides have been calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pérez-Payá
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Valencia, Spain
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30
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Wang Q, Cui D, Lin Q. Fluorescence studies on the interaction of a synthetic signal peptide and its analog with liposomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1324:69-75. [PMID: 9059499 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(96)00209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The N-terminal signal sequence of glucitol permease of Escherichia coli (Gut22: MIETITPGAVWFIGLFQKGGEC) and its analog (Gut22Ana: MIETITHGAEWFIGLFQKGGEC) were synthesized. The analog had a Pro residue substituted for the His at the 7th position of Gut22 and a Val residue substituted for the Glu at the 10th position. Previous studies indicated that due to its structural rigidity, the interaction of Gut22Ana with lipid bilayer was much weaker than that of Gut22 (Wang, Q.D., Cui, D.F. and Lin, Q.S. (1996) Science in China (Series C) 39, 395-405). To further probe the location of the tryptophan residues of the peptides in lipid bilayer, the membrane penetration depth of the tryptophan residue of Gut22 was measured using spin-labeled phospholipids, and fluorescence quenching of the peptides by iodide and acrylamide in the presence and absence of phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine liposomes were also studied. Fluorescent labeling of the peptides enabled the study of their association with membrane by fluorospectrophotometry. In the presence of liposomes, the peptides were protected from reaction with chymotrypsin, indicating that the peptide incorporated into the membrane. However, dithionite, which acts external to the membrane, reacted with the peptide, showing that the peptides did not translocate across lipid bilayer spontaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Academia Sinica, China
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31
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Roise D. Recognition and binding of mitochondrial presequences during the import of proteins into mitochondria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1997; 29:19-27. [PMID: 9067798 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022403604273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins are imported into mitochondria due to the presence of a targeting sequence, the presequence, on their amino termini. Presequences, which are typically proteolyzed after a protein has been imported into a mitochondrion, lack any strictly conserved primary structure but are positively charged and are predicted to form amphiphilic alpha-helices. Studies with synthetic peptides corresponding to various presequences argue that presequences can partition nonspecifically into the mitochondrial outer membrane and that the specificity of translocation of precursors into mitochondria may depend on interactions of the presequence with the electrical potential of the inner membrane. Although proteins of the outer membrane that are necessary for the translocation of precursor proteins have been proposed to function as receptors for presequences, the binding of presequences to these proteins has not been demonstrated directly. Proteins of the mitochondrial outer membrane may not be responsible for the specificity of translocation of precursors but may instead function, together with cytosolic molecular chaperones, to maintain precursor proteins in conformations that are competent for translocation as the precursors associate with the mitochondrial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Roise
- Palo Alto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Mountain View, California 94043, USA
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32
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Abstract
Mitochondria import many hundreds of different proteins that are encoded by nuclear genes. These proteins are targeted to the mitochondria, translocated through the mitochondrial membranes, and sorted to the different mitochondrial subcompartments. Separate translocases in the mitochondrial outer membrane (TOM complex) and in the inner membrane (TIM complex) facilitate recognition of preproteins and transport across the two membranes. Factors in the cytosol assist in targeting of preproteins. Protein components in the matrix partake in energetically driving translocation in a reaction that depends on the membrane potential and matrix-ATP. Molecular chaperones in the matrix exert multiple functions in translocation, sorting, folding, and assembly of newly imported proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Neupert
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie der Universität München, Germany
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33
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Leenhouts JM, Török Z, Mandieau V, Goormaghtigh E, de Kruijff B. The N-terminal half of a mitochondrial presequence peptide inserts into cardiolipin-containing membranes. Consequences for the action of a transmembrane potential. FEBS Lett 1996; 388:34-8. [PMID: 8654584 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of a mitochondrial-presequence peptide, associated with anionic lipid-containing model membranes, was investigated. The peptide inserts with its N-terminal alpha-helical part into cardiolipin (CL) monolayers so that the N-terminal 14 residues are protected from proteinase K. In phosphatidylglycerol (PG) monolayers the inserted peptide was fully accessible to the protease. A consequence of the different orientations of the peptide was that membrane potential-dependent protection from trypsin was much faster for the peptide bound to PG-containing vesicles compared to CL-containing membranes, suggesting that in the mitochondrial protein import process other components of the import apparatus are involved in the efficient potential-driven translocation of presequences across the inner mitochondrial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Leenhouts
- Department of Biochemistry of Membranes, Centre for Biomembranes and Lipid Enzymology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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34
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Henry JP, Juin P, Vallette F, Thieffry M. Characterization and function of the mitochondrial outer membrane peptide-sensitive channel. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1996; 28:101-8. [PMID: 9132407 DOI: 10.1007/bf02110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The PSC (peptide-sensitive Channel), a cationic channel of large conductance, has been characterized in yeast and mammalian mitochondria by three different methods, "tip-dip," patch clamp of giant liposomes, and planar bilayers. The yeast and mammalian PSC share the common property to be blocked by basic peptides such as pCyt OX IV (1-12)Y which contains the first 12 residues of the presequence of cytochrome C oxidase subunit IV. The electrophysiological data are consistent with a translocation of the peptide through the pore. Analysis of the frequency of observation of the PSC in different fractions indicates that the channel is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Uptake measurements of iodinated peptides by intact mitochondria from a porin-less mutant show that the peptides are translocated through the outer membrane, presumably at the level of PSC. Among the peptides active on PSC, several, such as pCyt OX IV (1-22) and the reduced form of the mast cell degranulating peptide, induce an alteration of the voltage dependence or of the inactivation rate subsisting after washing and which is eliminated only by proteolysis of the interacting peptide. These irreversible effects may account for the variability of the properties of the PSC which would interact with cytosolic or intermembrane cations, peptides, or proteins, thus modulating the channel permeability. Finally, several lines of evidence suggest the participation of the PSC in protein translocation and some interaction with the general insertion pore of the outer membrane translocation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Henry
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Service de Neurobiologie Physico-Chimique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
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35
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Hincha DK, Sieg F, Köth H, Schmitt JM, Bakaltcheva I. Chapter 4 Freeze-thaw damage to thylakoid membranes: Specific protection by sugars and proteins. ADVANCES IN LOW-TEMPERATURE BIOLOGY VOLUME 3 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1873-9792(96)80006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Voltage-dependent movement of a sodium channel S4 segment was examined by cysteine scanning mutagenesis and testing accessibility of the residues to hydrophilic cysteine-modifying reagents. These experiments indicate that 2 charged S4 residues move completely from an internally accessible to an externally accessible location in response to depolarization by passage through a short "channel" in the protein. The energetic problems of S4 movement have thus been solved in the same way that may ion channels achieve highly selective and rapid ion permeation through an open pore, by restricting the contact region between the permion and its channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yang
- Department of Physiology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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37
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Translocation of Preproteins Across the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane: Tims and HSP70. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(09)60012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Isenman L, Liebow C, Rothman S. Transport of proteins across membranes--a paradigm in transition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1241:341-70. [PMID: 8547300 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(95)00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Isenman
- Department of Physiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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39
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Cross LJ, Ennis M, Krause E, Dathe M, Lorenz D, Krause G, Beyermann M, Bienert M. Influence of alpha-helicity, amphipathicity and D-amino acid incorporation on the peptide-induced mast cell activation. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 291:291-300. [PMID: 8719413 DOI: 10.1016/0922-4106(95)90069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell activation by polycationic substances is believed to result from a direct activation of G protein alpha subunits and it was suggested that the adaption of amphipathic, alpha-helical conformations would allow the peptide to reach the cytosolic compartment to interact with G proteins (Mousli et al., 194, Immunopharmacology 27, 1, for review). We investigated the histamine-releasing activity of model peptides as well as analogues of magainin 2 amide and neuropeptide Y with different amphipathicities and alpha-helix content on rat peritoneal mast cells. Amphipathic helicity is not a prerequisite for mast cell activation. Moreover, non-helical magainin peptides with high histamine-releasing activity were less active in the liberation of carboxyfluoresceine from negatively charged liposomes, indicating that peptide-induced mast cell activation and peptide-induced membrane perturbation do not correlate. In contrast to the negligible influence of the secondary structure, amino acid configuration may exert a striking influence on peptide-induced mast cell activation. Thus histamine-release by substance P was markedly impaired when the L-amino acids in the positively charged N-terminal region were replaced by D-amino acids, with [D-Arg1)substance P being the most inactive substance P diastreoisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Cross
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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40
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Wall J, Golding CA, Van Veen M, O'Shea P. The use of fluoresceinphosphatidylethanolamine (FPE) as a real-time probe for peptide-membrane interactions. Mol Membr Biol 1995; 12:183-92. [PMID: 7795709 DOI: 10.3109/09687689509027506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of fluoresceinphosphatidylethanolamine (FPE) as a real-time indicator of the electrostatic nature of a membrane surface is described. The conditions appropriate for the labelling of membranes and the implementation of FPE as a tool to monitor the interactions of various peptides with model membranes are outlined. It is shown that of the membrane-active peptides studied, Naja naja kaouthia cardiotoxin and pyrularia thionin bind to certain model membranes without insertion. Whereas the leader sequence of the nuclear encoded subunit IV of mammalian cytochrome c oxidase (E.C. 1.9.3.1), known as p-25, and melittin appear to bind and then partially insert into the membrane. It seems evident also that melittin does not adopt a fully transmembrane configuration. Melittin is known to promote membrane lysis and by employing a rapid-kinetic technique it is shown that the time-course of such lysis does not appear to correlate with peptide binding, but following binding a significant proportion of melittin must become inserted into the membrane before lysis appears to commence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wall
- Department of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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41
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Matsuzaki K, Sugishita K, Fujii N, Miyajima K. Molecular basis for membrane selectivity of an antimicrobial peptide, magainin 2. Biochemistry 1995; 34:3423-9. [PMID: 7533538 DOI: 10.1021/bi00010a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Magainin peptides, isolated from Xenopus skin, kill bacteria by permeabilizing their cell membranes whereas they do not lyse erythrocytes. To elucidate the rationale for this membrane selectivity, we compared the effects of the membrane lipid composition and the transmembrane potential on the membrane-lytic power of magainin 2 with that of hemolytic melittin. The activity of magainin to zwitterionic phospholipids constituting the erythrocyte surface was extremely weak compared with that of melittin, and acidic phospholipids are necessary for effective action. The presence of sterols reduced the susceptibility of the membrane to magainin. The generation of an inside-negative transmembrane potential enhanced magainin-induced hemolysis. We can conclude that the absence of any acidic phospholipids on the outer monolayer and the abundant presence of cholesterol, combined with the lack of the transmembrane potential, contribute to the protection of erythrocytes from magainin's attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsuzaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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42
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Pérez-Payá E, Houghten RA, Blondelle SE. The role of amphipathicity in the folding, self-association and biological activity of multiple subunit small proteins. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:1048-56. [PMID: 7836358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.3.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect that altering amphipathicity has on the folding process and self association of melittin, a small model protein, has been investigated using single amino acid substitutions of lysine 7, a residue distant from the contact residues involved in the hydrophobic core of tetrameric melittin. While substitutions of such a residue were not expected to interfere with the packing process, the largest alterations in the potential overall amphipathicity of melittin were found to prevent the folding into an alpha-helical conformation to occur and, in turn, to prevent the self association. Amphipathic alpha-helices were found to be a key determining feature in the early folding process of the self association of peptides and protein segments. Those substitutions, which prevented the inducible amphipathic folding ability, were also found to result in a loss in hemolytic and antimicrobial activity. These results, combined with studies of the binding to artificial liposomes and to polysialic acids, indicate that the losses in activity were due to an initial inability to be induced into an amphipathic alpha-helix and to self associate. Ultimately, melittin's self association is proposed to be required to penetrate the carbohydrate barrier present in biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pérez-Payá
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California 92121
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43
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Protein translocation into chloroplasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-592x(06)80024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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44
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Yu YG, Thorgeirsson TE, Shin YK. Topology of an amphiphilic mitochondrial signal sequence in the membrane-inserted state: a spin labeling study. Biochemistry 1994; 33:14221-6. [PMID: 7947833 DOI: 10.1021/bi00251a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the interaction of the presequence of the precursor of yeast cytochrome C oxidase subunit IV (COX IV) with phospholipid membranes, a series of single- and double-cysteine-substituted peptide variants derived from the 25-residue NH2-terminal presequence has been synthesized and modified with nitroxide spin labels. The immersion depth, orientation, and secondary structure of the peptide in the POPC bilayer containing 10 mol % POPG were determined using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. EPR saturation analysis of singly labeled variants reveals that the nitroxides attached to the NH2-terminal region of the peptide insert into the acyl chain region of the bilayer, approximately 13 A deep from the membrane surface. EPR line shape analysis of doubly labeled variants indicates that the peptide predominantly exists as an extended conformation, with little secondary structure. The experimental results, together with the energetic consideration of peptide-bilayer interactions, suggest that the presequence is located near the interface between the head group region and the acyl chain region, such that the hydrophobic side chains are solvated by the acyl chains and the charged side chains extended toward the polar environment at the bilayer surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley
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45
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Jo E, Boggs JM. A transmembrane potential does not affect the vertical location of charged lipid spin labels with respect to the surface of a phosphatidylcholine bilayer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1195:245-51. [PMID: 7947917 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(94)90263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a transmembrane potential on the vertical location of a charged lipid in a neutral phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipid bilayer has been investigated using negatively and positively charged spin-labeled lipids. A transmembrane potential was generated across extruded large unilamellar vesicles either by using a K+/Na+ ion gradient and a K+ ionophore or by using a pH gradient. Since a transmembrane potential could have opposing effects on lipids in the inner and outer monolayer, some of the acidic spin labels were asymmetrically located in the inner monolayer as a result of a pH gradient. No significant effect on their order parameters was observed upon applying a transmembrane potential. The internal dipole potential of the bilayer was modified by using dialkyl-PC or by incorporating 10 mol% phloretin, or 6-ketocholestanol in the PC, but a transmembrane potential still had no detectable effect on the spin labeled lipids. Therefore, it is concluded that the electrochemical potential across membranes probably does not cause a significant change in the vertical location of charged lipids with respect to the surface of a PC bilayer. This suggests that polar interactions and/or van der Waals interactions between the spin probe and the surrounding lipids stabilize the overall structure of the membranes and these interactions are not disrupted by a selective effect of the transmembrane potential on the charged lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada
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46
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Berezov A, Iriarte A, Martinez-Carrion M. Binding to phospholipid vesicles impairs substrate-mediated conformational changes of the precursor to mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31780-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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47
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Leenhouts JM, Török Z, Demel RA, de Gier J, de Kruijff B. The full length of a mitochondrial presequence is required for efficient monolayer insertion and interbilayer contact formation. Mol Membr Biol 1994; 11:159-64. [PMID: 7742880 DOI: 10.3109/09687689409162234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The peptide specificity of both presequence-monolayer interactions and the ability of presequences to induce interbilayer contacts between large unilamellar vesicles was investigated. A range of different synthetic peptides that are documented for their mitochondrial protein import abilities were used for this purpose. Both monolayer insertion and vesicle aggregation were found to be strongly dependent on the primary structure of the studied presequence peptides. The combination of monolayer data and results of vesicle aggregation experiments leads to the overall suggestion that monolayer insertion and interbilayer contact formation are mechanistically related. For maximal effects the full length of a presequence peptide is required. The cardiolipin specificity of presequence-induced interbilayer contact formation previously reported was found to be a more general property among presequence peptides. The peptide's ability to induce vesicle-vesicle contacts seems to parallel the efficiency of its import ability into mitochondria. These results lead to an extended hypothesis on the role of presequence-induced contact site formation during the mitochondrial protein import process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Leenhouts
- Department of Biochemistry of Membranes, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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48
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Chakrabarti AC, Deamer DW. Permeation of membranes by the neutral form of amino acids and peptides: relevance to the origin of peptide translocation. J Mol Evol 1994; 39:1-5. [PMID: 8064865 DOI: 10.1007/bf00178243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The flux of amino acids and other nutrient solutes such as phosphate across lipid bilayers (liposomes) is 10(5) slower than facilitated inward transport across biological membranes. This suggest that primitive cells lacking highly evolved transport systems would have difficulty transporting sufficient nutrients for cell growth to occur. There are two possible ways by which early life may have overcome this difficulty: (1) The membranes of the earliest cellular life-forms may have been intrinsically more permeable to solutes; or (2) some transport mechanism may have been available to facilitate transbilayer movement of solutes essential for cell survival and growth prior to the evolution of membrane transport proteins. Translocation of neutral species represents one such mechanism. The neutral forms of amino acids modified by methylation (creating protonated weak bases) permeate membranes up to 10(10) times faster than charged forms. This increased permeability when coupled to a transmembrane pH gradient can result in significantly increased rates of net unidirectional transport. Such pH gradients can be generated in vesicles used to model protocells that preceded and were presumably ancestral to early forms of life. This transport mechanism may still play a role in some protein translocation processes (e.g. for certain signal sequences, toxins and thylakoid proteins) in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Chakrabarti
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis 95616
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49
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Abstract
Anionic phospholipids determine, in diverse ways, the membrane interaction of proteins involved in or undergoing membrane insertion or translocation. How these lipids modulate protein localization, organization, folding and membrane insertion is herein summarized and generalized, leading to a proposal for the function of anionic lipids in cellular transport of newly synthesized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B de Kruijff
- Department of Biochemistry of Membranes, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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50
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Nicolay K, Laterveer FD, van Heerde WL. Effects of amphipathic peptides, including presequences, on the functional integrity of rat liver mitochondrial membranes. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1994; 26:327-34. [PMID: 8077186 DOI: 10.1007/bf00763104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A number of amphipathic peptides were tested for their effects on structural and functional properties of isolated rat liver mitochondria. The peptides included the matrix targeting sequence of subunit IV of (yeast) cytochrome c oxidase. Titration experiments in which the mitochondria were incubated with increasing concentrations of the peptides revealed two major stages in the interaction. First, at low peptide/mitochondria ratios, peptide binding to the outer membrane occurred which was accompanied by gradual lysis of the outer membrane at higher ratios. The latter was deduced from the release of adenylate kinase, the classical marker enzyme of the intermembrane space. Secondly, at still higher peptide/mitochondria ratios, the permeability of the inner membrane progressively increased, as evidenced by measurements of respiratory control and of the membrane potential. Complete uncoupling of respiration seemed to precede dissipation of the membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nicolay
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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