1
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Zhang Y, Wang T, Liu YY, Zhang ZB, Han P, Jing L. Organic Photoredox-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Vinylboronic Esters for the Synthesis of Geminal and Vicinal Borosilanes. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39446172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Geminal and vicinal borosilanes have unique applications in functional materials and synthetic transformations. Herein, a convenient method for the synthesis of geminal and vicinal borosilanes is developed via photoredox metal-free hydrosilylation of vinylboronic esters. This strategy features the advantages of high atom economy, environmental friendliness, and excellent functional group compatibility. The mechanism studies reveal that the catalytic reaction goes through photoredox HAT catalysis and a radical addition pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Zheng-Bing Zhang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Pan Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Linhai Jing
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
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2
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Li Q, Dang K, Wu L, Liu S, Zhang Y, Zhao J. Regulating Chlorine and Hydrogen Atom Transfer for Selective Photoelectrochemical C─C Coupling by Cu-coordination Effect at Semiconductor/Electrolyte Interfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2408767. [PMID: 39447122 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202408767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024]
Abstract
Semiconductor-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) organic transformations usually show radical characteristics, in which the reaction selectivity is often difficult to precisely control due to the nonselectivity of radicals. Accordingly, several simple organic reactions (e.g., oxidations of alcohols, aldehydes, and other small molecules) have been widely studied, while more complicated processes like C─C coupling remain challenging. Herein, a synergistic heterogeneous/homogeneous PEC strategy is developed to achieve a controllable radical-induced C─C coupling reaction mediated by the copper-coordination effect at the semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces, which additionally exerts a significant impact on the product regioselectivity. Through experimental studies and theoretical simulations, this study reveals that the copper-chloride complex effectively regulates the formation of chloride radicals, a typical hydrogen atom transfer agent, on semiconductor surfaces and stabilizes the heterogeneous interfaces by suppressing the radical-induced surface passivation. Taking the Minisci reaction (the coupling between 2-phenylquinoline and cyclohexane) as a model, the yield of the target C─C coupling product reaches up to 90% on TiO2 photoanodes with a selectivity of 95% and long-term stability over 100 h. Moreover, such a strategy exhibits a broad scope and can be used for the functionalization of various heteroaromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Siqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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3
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Wang Z, Tang Y, Liu S, Zhao L, Li H, He C, Duan C. Energy transfer-mediated multiphoton synergistic excitation for selective C(sp 3)-H functionalization with coordination polymer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8813. [PMID: 39394220 PMCID: PMC11470074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation and selective oxidation of inert C(sp3)-H bonds remain one of the most challenging tasks in current synthetic chemistry due to the inherent inertness of C(sp3)-H bonds. In this study, inspired by natural monooxygenases, we developed a coordination polymer with naphthalenediimide (NDI)-based ligands and binuclear iron nodes. The mixed-valence FeIIIFeII species and chlorine radicals (Cl•) are generated via ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) between FeIII and chlorine ions. These Cl• radicals abstract a hydrogen atom from the inert C(sp3)-H bond of alkanes via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). In addition, NDI converts oxygen to 1O2 via energy transfer (EnT), which then coordinates to FeII, forming an FeIV = O intermediate for the selective oxidation of C(sp3)-H bonds. This synthetic platform, which combines photoinduced EnT, LMCT and HAT, provides a EnT-mediated parallel multiphoton excitation strategy with kinetic synergy effect for selective C(sp3)-H oxidation under mild conditions and a blueprint for designing coordination polymer-based photocatalysts for C(sp3)-H bond oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Songtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huaqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Lahdenperä ASK, Dhankhar J, Davies DJ, Lam NYS, Bacoş PD, de la Vega-Hernández K, Phipps RJ. A chiral hydrogen atom abstraction catalyst for the enantioselective epimerization of meso-diols. Science 2024; 386:42-49. [PMID: 39361751 DOI: 10.1126/science.adq8029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen atom abstraction is an important elementary chemical process but is very difficult to carry out enantioselectively. We have developed catalysts, readily derived from the Cinchona alkaloid family of natural products, which can achieve this by virtue of their chiral amine structure. The catalyst, following single-electron oxidation, desymmetrizes meso-diols by selectively abstracting a hydrogen atom from one carbon center, which then regains a hydrogen atom by abstraction from a thiol. This results in an enantioselective epimerization process, forming the chiral diastereomer with high enantiomeric excess. Cyclic and acyclic 1,2-diols are compatible, as are acyclic 1,3-diols. Additionally, we demonstrate the viability of combining our approach with carbon-carbon bond formation in Giese addition. Given the increasing number of synthetic methods involving hydrogen atom transfer steps, we anticipate that this work will have a broad impact in the field of enantioselective radical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti S K Lahdenperä
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jyoti Dhankhar
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Daniel J Davies
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Nelson Y S Lam
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - P David Bacoş
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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5
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Garwood JJA, Chen AD, Nagib DA. Radical Polarity. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39363280 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
The polarity of a radical intermediate profoundly impacts its reactivity and selectivity. To quantify this influence and predict its effects, the electrophilicity/nucleophilicity of >500 radicals has been calculated. This database of open-shell species entails frequently encountered synthetic intermediates, including radicals centered at sp3, sp2, and sp hybridized carbon atoms or various heteroatoms (O, N, S, P, B, Si, X). Importantly, these computationally determined polarities have been experimentally validated for electronically diverse sets of >50 C-centered radicals, as well as N- and O- centered radicals. High correlations are measured between calculated polarity and quantified reactivity, as well as within parallel sets of competition experiments (across different radical types and reaction classes). These multipronged analyses show a strong relationship between the computed electrophilicity, ω, of a radical and its relative reactivity (krel vs Δω slopes up to 40; showing mere Δω of 0.1 eV affords up to 4-fold rate enhancement). We expect this experimentally validated database will enable reactivity and selectivity prediction (by harnessing polarity-matched rate enhancement) and assist with troubleshooting in synthetic reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J A Garwood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Andrew D Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - David A Nagib
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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6
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Ahmad A, Qureshi AS, Hassan A, Arshad M, Khurshid H, Mehmood U, Guo X. Synthesis of reduced graphene oxide supported FeCu and its environmental applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:57655-57665. [PMID: 39287738 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
A significant share of wastewater produced during different processes is released to the surroundings without further treatment. Therefore, polluted water sources are triggering diseases like typhoid. To avoid this, various techniques have been developed for the removal of contaminants from the water. Iron-copper bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) supported on the reduced graphene oxide (rGOFeCu) were prepared which showed excellent antibacterial activity, efficient dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), and removal of methylene blue (MB). The characterization of prepared nanocomposites was done by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Iron-based bimetallic NPs supported on the graphene were successfully synthesized as confirmed by TEM. Iron has a strong antibacterial effect on microorganisms, especially bacteria. We conducted the antibacterial activity of different compositions of nanocomposite toward Escherichia coli to understand the efficacy of prepared nanocomposites. In the same time and concentration conditions, rGOFeCu showed the best antibacterial activity, as compared to the graphene-based iron. Results show that the excellent antibacterial activity was exhibited by using rGO-Fe95Cu05 within two hours. More than 98% of cell inhibition was observed. The further increase in copper loading has no major effect on antibacterial activity. rGO-Fe95Cu05 exhibited excellent removal efficiency of TCA (99%) within 30 min as compared to other compositions of FeCu. It was found that rGO-Fe95Cu05 exhibited excellent removal efficiency against degradation of methylene blue (MB) through activation of sodium percarbonate (SPC). The results indicated that more than 99% of MB was removed within 15 min. The rGOFeCu represented a great potential material for antibacterial activity towards E. coli and remediation of other pollutants in the wastewater such as TCA and removal of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyaz Ahmad
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, MNS University of Engineering and Technology, Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Sattar Qureshi
- Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ali Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, MNS University of Engineering and Technology, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hifsa Khurshid
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umar Mehmood
- Punjab Human Capital Investment Project, Planning & Development Board, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Xuhong Guo
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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7
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Singh P, König B, Shaikh AC. Electro-photochemical Functionalization of C(sp 3)-H bonds: Synthesis toward Sustainability. JACS AU 2024; 4:3340-3357. [PMID: 39328771 PMCID: PMC11423327 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, there has been a surge of interest in harnessing the functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds due to their promising applications across various domains. Yet, traditional methodologies have heavily leaned on stoichiometric quantities of costly and often environmentally harmful metal oxidants, posing sustainability challenges for C-H activation chemistry at large. In stark contrast, the emergence of electro-photocatalytic-driven C(sp3)-H bond activation presents a transformative alternative. This approach offers a viable route for forging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. It stands out by directly engaging inert C(sp3)-H bonds, prevalent in organic compounds, without the necessity for prefunctionalization or harsh reaction conditions. Such methodology simplifies the synthesis of intricate organic compounds and facilitates the creation of novel chemical architectures with remarkable efficiency and precision. This review aims to shed light on the notable strides achieved in recent years in the realm of C(sp3)-H bond functionalization through organic electro-photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Aslam C Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India
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8
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Xu S, Ping Y, Xu M, Wu G, Ke Y, Miao R, Qi X, Kong W. Stereoselective and site-divergent synthesis of C-glycosides. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01629-3. [PMID: 39271916 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates play important roles in medicinal chemistry and biochemistry. However, their synthesis relies on specially designed glycosyl donors, which are often unstable and require multi-step synthesis. Furthermore, the catalytic and stereoselective installation of arylated quaternary stereocentres on sugar rings remains a formidable challenge. Here we report a facile and versatile method for the synthesis of diverse C-R (where R is an aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, alkynyl or alkyl) glycosides from readily available and bench-stable 1-deoxyglycosides. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and exhibits high stereoselectivity across a broad range of glycosyl units. This protocol can be used to synthesize challenging 2-deoxyglycosides, unprotected glycosides, non-classical glycosides and deuterated glycosides. We further developed the catalyst-controlled site-divergent functionalization of carbohydrates for the synthesis of various unexplored carbohydrates containing arylated quaternary stereocentres that are inaccessible by existing methods. The synthetic utility of this strategy is further demonstrated in the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant molecules and carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ping
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minghao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guozhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Ke
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Miao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wangqing Kong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Kaster SHM, Zhu L, Lyon WL, Ma R, Ammann SE, White MC. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of alcohols with olefins by positional tuning of a counteranion. Science 2024; 385:1067-1076. [PMID: 39236162 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado8027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed cross-couplings have great potential to furnish complex ethers; however, challenges in the C(sp3)-O functionalization step have precluded general methods. Here, we describe computationally guided transition metal-ligand design that positions a hydrogen-bond acceptor anion at the reactive site to promote functionalization. A general cross-coupling of primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic alcohols with terminal olefins to furnish >130 ethers is achieved. The mild conditions tolerate functionality that is prone to substitution, elimination, and epimerization and achieve site selectivity in polyol settings. Mechanistic studies support the hypothesis that the ligand's geometry and electronics direct positioning of the phosphate anion at the π-allyl-palladium terminus, facilitating the phosphate's hydrogen-bond acceptor role toward the alcohol. Ligand-directed counteranion positioning in cationic transition metal catalysis has the potential to be a general strategy for promoting challenging bimolecular reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven H M Kaster
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - William L Lyon
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rulin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen E Ammann
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - M Christina White
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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10
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Zhou P, Ding L, Liu Y, Song H, Wang Q. Iron-Catalyzed Electrophotochemical α-Functionalization of a Silylcyclobutanol. Org Lett 2024; 26:7094-7099. [PMID: 39150853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Four-membered ring structure is important in organic chemistry, and selective cleavage and functionalization of these strained rings are of great interest. However, direct α-functionalization of cyclobutanols is rarely reported because of the high O-H bond dissociation energy and the occurrence of β-scission of C-C bonds in these alcohols. Recently, transition-metal catalysis has facilitated alkoxy radical generation. Herein, we report a method for electrophotochemical α-functionalization of a silylcyclobutanol via visible-light-induced LMCT reactions of M-alkoxy complexes. Introduction of the silyl group into the cyclobutanol structure favored fast [1,2]-silyl transfer over ring opening, thus allowing the generation of α-functionalized products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongjian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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11
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Cao S, Zhang H, Chen M, Zhu N, Zhan B, Xu P, Chen X, Yu B, Zhang X. Regiodivergent Functionalization of Protected and Unprotected Carbohydrates using Photoactive 4-Tetrafluoropyridinylthio Fragment as an Adaptive Activating Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202412436. [PMID: 39206505 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202412436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The selective functionalization of carbohydrates holds a central position in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry, driving the ongoing quest for ideal approaches to manipulate these compounds. In this study, we introduce a general strategy that enables the regiodivergent functionalization of saccharides. The use of electron-deficient photoactive 4-tetrafluoropyridinylthio (SPyf) fragment as an adaptable activating group, facilitated efficient functionalization across all saccharide sites. More importantly, this activating group can be directly installed at the C1, C5 and C6 positions of biomass-derived carbohydrates in a single step and in a site-selective manner, allowing for the efficient and precision-oriented modification of unprotected saccharides and glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Cao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Haobo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Mingshuo Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Niming Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Zhan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Peng Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
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12
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Russo C, Volpe C, Santoro F, Brancaccio D, Di Porzio A, Carotenuto A, Randazzo A, Grimaud L, Vitale MR, Protti S, Giustiniano M. Visible Light-promoted C(sp 3)-H α-Carbamoylation of Cyclic Ethers with Isocyanides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401997. [PMID: 38873846 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
A protocol exploiting isocyanides as carbamoylating agents for the α-C(sp3)-H functionalization of cyclic ethers has been optimized via a combined visible light-driven hydrogen atom transfer/Lewis acid-catalyzed approach. The isocyanide substrate scope revealed an exquisite functional group compatibility (18 examples, with yields up to 99 %). Both radical and polar trapping, kinetic isotopic effect and real-time NMR studies support the mechanistic hypothesis and provide insightful details for the design of new chemical processes involving the generation of oxocarbenium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmine Volpe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Diego Brancaccio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Di Porzio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Laurence Grimaud
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Maxime R Vitale
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreenLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Giustiniano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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13
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Ji G, Chen X, Zhang J. Direct ketone synthesis from primary alcohols and alkenes enabled by a dual photo/cobalt catalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6816. [PMID: 39122715 PMCID: PMC11316105 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Catalytic methods to couple alcohol and alkene feedstocks are highly valuable in synthetic chemistry. The direct oxidative coupling of primary alcohols and alkenes offers a streamlined approach to ketone synthesis. Currently, available methods are based on transition metal-catalyzed alkene hydroacylation, which involves the generation of an electrophilic aldehyde intermediate from primary alcohol dehydrogenation. These methods generally require high reaction temperatures and a high loading of precious metal catalysts and are predominantly effective for branch-selective reactions with electron-rich alkenes. Herein, we designed a dual photo/cobalt-catalytic method to manipulate the reactivity of nucleophilic ketyl radicals for the synthesis of ketones from primary alcohols and alkenes in complementary reactivity and selectivity. This protocol exhibits exceptional scope across both primary alcohols and alkenes with high chemo- and regio-selectivity under mild reaction conditions. Mechanism investigations reveal the essential role of cobalt catalysis in enabling efficient catalysis and broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Ji
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Xinqiang Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China.
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14
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Carder HM, Occhialini G, Bistoni G, Riplinger C, Kwan EE, Wendlandt AE. The sugar cube: Network control and emergence in stereoediting reactions. Science 2024; 385:456-463. [PMID: 39052778 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Stereochemical editing strategies have recently enabled the transformation of readily accessible substrates into rare and valuable products. Typically, site selectivity is achieved by minimizing kinetic complexity by using protecting groups to suppress reactivity at undesired sites (substrate control) or by using catalysts with tailored shapes to drive reactivity at the desired site (catalyst control). We propose "network control," a contrasting paradigm that exploits hidden interactions between rate constants to greatly amplify modest intrinsic biases and enable precise multisite editing. When network control is applied to the photochemical isomerization of hexoses, six of the eight possible diastereomers can be selectively obtained. The amplification effect can be viewed as a mesoscale phenomenon between the limiting regimes of kinetic control in simple chemical systems and metabolic regulation in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden M Carder
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gino Occhialini
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Alison E Wendlandt
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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15
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Pasca F, Gelato Y, Andresini M, Romanazzi G, Degennaro L, Colella M, Luisi R. Synthesis of alcohols: streamlined C1 to C n hydroxyalkylation through photoredox catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11337-11346. [PMID: 39055000 PMCID: PMC11268494 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02696a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring and readily available α-hydroxy carboxylic acids (AHAs) are utilized as platforms for visible light-mediated oxidative CO2-extrusion furnishing α-hydroxy radicals proved to be versatile C1 to Cn hydroxyalkylating agents. The direct decarboxylative Giese reaction (DDGR) is operationally simple, not requiring activator or sacrificial oxidants, and enables the synthesis of a diverse range of hydroxylated products, introducing connectivity typically precluded from conventional polar domains. Notably, the methodology has been extended to widely used glycolic acid resulting in a highly efficient and unprecedented C1 hydroxyhomologation tactic. The use of flow technology further facilitates scalability and adds green credentials to this synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pasca
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Yuri Gelato
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Michael Andresini
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Marco Colella
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
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16
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Chen J, Gan Z, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Liu S, Cui R, Xue Z, Sun H, Shi L, Jiang WF, Jin Y. Iron-Catalyzed Photoredox Alcohol α-C-H Alkylation and Tandem Intramolecular Cyclization: Facile Access to Multisubstituted 2,3-Dihydrofurans and γ-Butyrolactones. Org Lett 2024; 26:5329-5334. [PMID: 38869223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Multisubstituted furans occupy a pivotal position within the realms of synthetic chemistry and pharmacological science due to their distinctive chemical configurations and inherent properties. We herein introduce a tandem difunctionalization protocol of alcohols for the efficient synthesis of multisubstituted 2,3-dihydrofurans and γ-butyrolactones through the combination of photocatalysis and iron catalysis under mild conditions. Photoredox alcohol α-C(sp3)-H activation and Pinner-type intramolecular cyclization are two key processes. This method features significant convenience, economic benefits, and environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ziyu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ziyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Rongqi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhiyan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Haoxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wen-Feng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yunhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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17
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Sato K, Egami H, Hamashima Y. Thiobenzoic Acid-Catalyzed Cα-H Cross Coupling of Benzyl Alcohols with α-Ketoacid Derivatives. Org Lett 2024; 26:5285-5289. [PMID: 38869244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The C-H alkylation of benzyl alcohols with α-ketoacid derivatives was achieved in the presence of thiobenzoic acid with or without Ru or Ir photoredox catalysts. The thiobenzoic acid serves as a photoexcited single-electron reducing reagent and a hydrogen atom transfer catalyst, while addition of the metal photoredox catalyst assists the electron transfer and improves the reaction efficiency. Various functional groups were tolerant of the reaction conditions, and sterically hindered diols were produced in good to high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichi Sato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Egami
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hamashima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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18
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Wang C, Chen Z, Sun J, Tong L, Wang W, Song S, Li J. Sulfonamide-directed site-selective functionalization of unactivated C(sp 3)-H enabled by photocatalytic sequential electron/proton transfer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5087. [PMID: 38876986 PMCID: PMC11178871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation of alkyl radical from C(sp3)-H substrates via hydrogen atom abstraction represents a desirable yet underexplored strategy in alkylation reaction since involving common concerns remain adequately unaddressed, such as the harsh reaction conditions, limited substrate scope, and the employment of noble metal- or photo-catalysts and stoichiometric oxidants. Here, we utilize the synergistic strategy of photoredox and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysis to accomplish a general and practical functionalization of unactived C(sp3)-H centers with broad reaction scope, high functional group compatibility, and operational simplicity. A combination of validation experiments and density functional theory reveals that the N-centered radicals, generated from free N - H bond in a stepwise electron/proton transfer event, are the key intermediates that enable an intramolecular 1,5-HAT or intermolecular HAT process for nucleophilic carbon-centered radicals formation to achieve heteroarylation, alkylation, amination, cyanation, azidation, trifluoromethylthiolation, halogenation and deuteration. The practical value of this protocol is further demonstrated by the gram-scale synthesis and the late-stage functionalization of natural products and drug derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaodong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Luwei Tong
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Shengjie Song
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China.
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Taizhou Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Taizhou, P. R. of China.
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19
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Xiao W, Wang J, Ye J, Wang H, Wu J, Ye S. Electrochemical Synthesis of Spirolactones from α-Tetralone Derivatives with Methanol as a C1 Source. Org Lett 2024; 26:5016-5020. [PMID: 38825794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Spirolactones are widely found in pharmaceuticals and bioactive natural products. However, efficient and environmentally friendly approaches to accessing spirolactones are still highly desirable. Herein, a novel electrochemical synthesis of spirolactones from α-tetralone derivatives with methanol as a C1 source is described. This electrochemical reaction exhibits a high efficiency and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jianyan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jiamin Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Shengqing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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20
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Wang T, Chen L, Liu YY, Zhang ZB, Han P, Jing LH. Silylation and (Hetero)aryl/alkenylation of Unactivated Alkenes via Radical-Mediated Distal 1,4-Migration with Hydrosilanes under Organophotocatalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:4526-4531. [PMID: 38761124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
We report a novel organic photoredox catalysis to achieve unprecedented γ-(hetero)aryl/alkenyl-δ-silyl aliphatic amines via silyl-mediated distal (hetero)aryl/alkenyl migration of aromatic/alkenyl amines bearing unactivated alkenes with hydrosilanes. This protocol features mild and metal-free reaction conditions, high atom economy, excellent selectivity, and functional group compatibility. Mechanistic studies suggest that silylation and (hetero)aryl/alkenylation involve photoredox hydrogen atom transfer catalysis and subsequent 1,4-migration of a remote (hetero)aryl/alkenyl group from nitrogen to carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Bing Zhang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Hai Jing
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, People's Republic of China
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21
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Monteith JJ, Rousseaux SAL. A Dual Ni/Photoredox Cross-Coupling Approach toward Mandelic Acids. Org Lett 2024; 26:4566-4570. [PMID: 38758597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Mandelic acid derivatives represent a valuable class of compounds due to their wide use in synthetic organic chemistry and the pharmaceutical sector. Herein, we report a novel reductive Ni/photoredox cross-coupling of readily accessible, bench stable N-alkoxyphthalimides and aryl halides to prepare unprotected mandelic acid ester derivatives. Mechanistic experiments suggest that this cross-coupling likely proceeds via a pathway that is distinct from previous reports using similar redox-active alkoxy radical precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Monteith
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sophie A L Rousseaux
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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22
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Deng WH, Liao RZ. Cysteine Radical and Glutamate Collaboratively Enable C-H Bond Activation and C-N Bond Cleavage in a Glycyl Radical Enzyme HplG. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:4168-4179. [PMID: 38745447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxyprolines are abundant in nature and widely utilized by many living organisms. Isomerization of trans-4-hydroxy-d-proline (t4D-HP) to generate 2-amino-4-ketopentanoate has been found to need a glycyl radical enzyme HplG, which catalyzes the cleavage of the C-N bond, while dehydration of trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline involves a homologous enzyme of HplG. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations are employed to understand the reaction mechanism of HplG. Two possible reaction pathways of HplG have been explored to decipher the origin of its chemoselectivity. The QM/MM calculations reveal that the isomerization proceeds via an initial hydrogen shift from the Cγ site of t4D-HP to a catalytic cysteine radical, followed by cleavage of the Cδ-N bond in t4D-HP to form a radical intermediate that captures a hydrogen atom from the cysteine. Activation of the Cδ-H bond in t4D-HP to bring about dehydration of t4D-HP possesses an extremely high energy barrier, thus rendering the dehydration pathway implausible in HplG. On the basis of the current calculations, conserved residue Glu429 plays a pivotal role in the isomerization pathway: the hydrogen bonding between it and t4D-HP weakens the hydroxyalkyl Cγ-Hγ bond, and it acts as a proton acceptor to trigger the cleavage of the C-N bond in t4D-HP. Our current QM/MM calculations rationalize the origin of the experimentally observed chemoselectivity of HplG and propose an H-bond-assisted bond activation strategy in radical-containing enzymes. These findings have general implications on radical-mediated enzymatic catalysis and expand our understanding of how nature wisely and selectively activates the C-H bond to modulate catalytic selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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23
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Zhang Z, Lv X, Mu X, Zhao M, Wang S, Ke C, Ding S, Zhou D, Wang M, Zeng R. In-situ noncovalent interaction of ammonium ion enabled C-H bond functionalization of polyethylene glycols. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4445. [PMID: 38789453 PMCID: PMC11126569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The noncovalent interactions of ammonium ion with multidentate oxygen-based host has never been reported as a reacting center in catalytic reactions. In this work, we report a reactivity enhancement process enabled by non-covalent interaction of ammonium ion, achieving the C-H functionalization of polyethylene glycols with acrylates by utilizing photoinduced co-catalysis of iridium and quinuclidine. A broad scope of alkenes can be tolerated without observing significant degradation. Moreover, this cyano-free condition respectively allows the incorporation of bioactive molecules and the PEGylation of dithiothreitol-treated bovine serum albumin, showing great potentials in drug delivery and protein modification. DFT calculations disclose that the formed α-carbon radical adjacent to oxygen-atom is reduced directly by iridium before acrylate addition. And preliminary mechanistic experiments reveal that the noncovalent interaction of PEG chain with the formed quinuclidinium species plays a unique role as a catalytic site by facilitating the proton transfer and ultimately enabling the transformation efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongnan Zhang
- School of Chemistry & School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xueli Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xin Mu
- School of Chemistry & School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Mengyao Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, P. R. China
| | - Sichang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, P. R. China
| | - Congyu Ke
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, P. R. China
| | - Shujiang Ding
- School of Chemistry & School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Dezhong Zhou
- School of Chemistry & School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Rong Zeng
- School of Chemistry & School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
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24
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Kumari S, Roy S, Arora P, Kundu S. Visible light-mediated synthesis of quinazolinones and benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxides utilizing aliphatic alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4172-4178. [PMID: 38716563 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00541d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The activation and utilization of challenging aliphatic alcohols like methanol and ethanol is a very appealing approach to synthesize valuable organic molecules. Utilization of methanol and ethanol as a coupling partner has emerged as a valuable alternative to synthesize industrially relevant N-heterocycles because they can be easily procured from renewable sources unlike other activated coupling partners which are expensive and also unstable. Herein, a mild and metal-free photocatalytic protocol to synthesize quinazolinones and more challenging benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxides, which is unprecedented at room temperature, is demonstrated. This methodology showcased broad substrate scope and provided important N-heterocycles more efficiently than the transition metal-based high temperature protocols. An unexplored reactivity with allyl alcohol is observed following the developed protocol. A series of control experiments were carried out to understand the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Pragya Arora
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Sabuj Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
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25
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Wang GQ, Zhang Y, Zhou YX, Yang D, Han P, Jing LH, Tang K. Photoredox Synthesis of Silicon-Containing Isoindolin-1-ones and Deuterated Analogues Through Hydrosilylation and Deuterium-silylation. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38728220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
An efficient, practical, and metal-free protocol for the synthesis of silicon-containing isoindolin-1-ones and deuterated analogues via the synergistic combination of an organic photoredox and hydrogen atom transfer process is described. This strategy features mild reaction conditions, high atom economy, and excellent functional group compatibility, delivering a myriad of structurally diverse and valuable products with good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qin Wang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Yuan-Xia Zhou
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Pan Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Lin-Hai Jing
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Kai Tang
- Key Laboratories of Fine Chemicals and Surfactants in Sichuan Provincial Universities, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
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26
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Chen R, Intermaggio NE, Xie J, Rossi-Ashton JA, Gould CA, Martin RT, Alcázar J, MacMillan DWC. Alcohol-alcohol cross-coupling enabled by S H2 radical sorting. Science 2024; 383:1350-1357. [PMID: 38513032 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl5890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Alcohols represent a functional group class with unparalleled abundance and structural diversity. In an era of chemical synthesis that prioritizes reducing time to target and maximizing exploration of chemical space, harnessing these building blocks for carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions is a key goal in organic chemistry. In particular, leveraging a single activation mode to form a new C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond from two alcohol subunits would enable access to an extraordinary level of structural diversity. In this work, we report a nickel radical sorting-mediated cross-alcohol coupling wherein two alcohol fragments are deoxygenated and coupled in one reaction vessel, open to air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhe Chen
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Jiaxin Xie
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Colin A Gould
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Robert T Martin
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jesús Alcázar
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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27
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Chai Z. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Strategies for C(sp 3 )-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316444. [PMID: 38225893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Activation of ubiquitous C(sp3 )-H bonds is extremely attractive but remains a great challenge. Heterogeneous photocatalysis offers a promising and sustainable approach for C(sp3 )-H activation and has been fast developing in the past decade. This Minireview focuses on mechanism and strategies for heterogeneous photocatalytic C(sp3 )-H activation. After introducing mechanistic insights, heterogeneous photocatalytic strategies for C(sp3 )-H activation including precise design of active sites, regulation of reactive radical species, improving charge separation and reactor innovations are discussed. In addition, recent advances in C(sp3 )-H activation of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, amines and amides by heterogeneous photocatalysis are summarized. Lastly, challenges and opportunities are outlined to encourage more efforts for the development of this exciting and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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28
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Wang M, Pan D, Zhang Q, Lei Y, Wang C, Jia H, Mou L, Miao X, Ren X, Xu Z. Site-Selective Polyfluoroaryl Modification and Unsymmetric Stapling of Unprotected Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6675-6685. [PMID: 38427024 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Peptide stapling is recognized as an effective strategy for improving the proteolytic stability and cell permeability of peptides. In this study, we present a novel approach for the site-selective unsymmetric perfluoroaryl stapling of Ser and Cys residues in unprotected peptides. The stapling reaction proceeds smoothly under very mild conditions, exhibiting a remarkably rapid reaction rate. It can furnish stapled products in both liquid and solid phases, and the presence of nucleophilic groups other than Cys thiol within the peptide does not impede the reaction, resulting in uniformly high yields. Importantly, the chemoselective activation of Ser β-C(sp3)-H enables the unreacted -OH to serve as a reactive handle for subsequent divergent modification of the staple moiety with various therapeutic functionalities, including a clickable azido group, a polar moiety, a lipid tag, and a fluorescent dye. In our study, we have also developed a visible-light-induced chemoselective C(sp3)-H polyfluoroarylation of the Ser β-position. This reaction avoids interference with the competitive reaction of Ser -OH, enabling the precise late-stage polyfluoroarylative modification of Ser residues in various unprotected peptides containing other highly reactive amino acid residues. The biological assay suggested that our peptide stapling strategy would potentially enhance the proteolytic stability and cellular permeability of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Da Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongjia Lei
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haoyuan Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lingyun Mou
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaokang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhaoqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou 730000, China
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29
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Huang C, Qin YS, Wang CL, Xiao P, Tang S, Liu HJ, Wei Z, Cai H. Visible light-induced C(sp 3)-H azolation of ethers via radical-polar crossover. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2669-2672. [PMID: 38351890 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Reported herein is a photochemical strategy for C(sp3)-H azolation of ethers via a hydrogen-atom transfer and radical-polar crossover process, offering efficient access to valuable N-alkylated azoles under visible-light irradiation. The protocol is metal-free and photocatalyst-free, and exhibits good to excellent yields and broad substrate scope with regard to azoles. EPR experiments provide evidence for the formation of intermediates formed in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Shu Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Chen-Lu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Hong-Jun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenhong Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Hu Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
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30
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Kumar Jha R, Rohilla K, Jain S, Parganiha D, Kumar S. Blue-Light Irradiated Mn(0)-Catalyzed Hydroxylation and C(sp 3 )-H Functionalization of Unactivated Alkanes with C(sp 2 )-H Bonds of Quinones for Alkylated Hydroxy Quinones and Parvaquone. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303537. [PMID: 37991931 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective C(sp3 )-H functionalization of unreactive hydrocarbons is always challenging due to its inherited chemical inertness, slightly different reactivity of various C-H bonds, and intrinsically high bond dissociation energies. Here, a site-selective C-H alkylation of naphthoquinone with unactivated hydrocarbons using Mn2 (CO)10 as a catalyst under blue-light (457 nm) irradiation without any external acid or base and pre-functionalization is presented. The selective C-H functionalization of tertiary over secondary and secondary over primary C(sp3 )-H bonds in abundant chemical feedstocks was achieved, and hydroxylation of quinones was realized in situ by employing the developed methodology. This protocol provides a new catalytic system for the direct construction of high-value-added compounds, namely, parvaquone (a commercially available drug used to treat theileriosis) and its derivatives under ambient reaction conditions. Moreover, this operationally simple protocol applies to various linear-, branched-, and cyclo-alkanes with high degrees of site selectivity under blue-light irradiated conditions and could provide rapid and straightforward access to versatile methodologies for upgrading feedstock chemicals. Mechanistic insight by radical trapping, radical scavenging, EPR, and other controlled experiments well corroborated with DFT studies suggest that the reaction proceeds by a radical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raushan Kumar Jha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Komal Rohilla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Saket Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Devendra Parganiha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
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31
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Li D, Liu C, Guo T, Zhu J, Guo J, Luo T, Liu Y, Shen W, Jiang B, Wang W, Yin Q, Zhang Y. Structural Modification of Noscapine via Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis for the Discovery of S-Phase Arresting Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:230-238. [PMID: 38352836 PMCID: PMC10860181 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a powerful strategy for the functionalization of the antitumor natural alkaloid noscapine by utilizing photoredox/nickel dual-catalytic coupling technology. A small collection of 37 new noscapinoids with diverse (hetero)alkyl and (hetero)cycloalkyl groups and enhanced sp3 character was thus synthesized. Further in vitro antiproliferative activity screening and SAR study enabled the identification of 6o as a novel, potent, and less-toxic anticancer agent. Furthermore, 6o exerts superior cellular activity via an unexpected S-phase arrest mechanism and could significantly induce cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, thereby further highlighting its potential in drug discovery as a promising lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Li
- Shanghai
Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism,
Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chuanxu Liu
- Department
of Lymphoma, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer
Center, Shanghai 200032, P. R.
China
| | - Tingyu Guo
- Shanghai
Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism,
Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiajie Zhu
- Shanghai
Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism,
Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Shanghai
Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism,
Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ting Luo
- Shanghai
Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism,
Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- Shanghai
Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism,
Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Shen
- Shanghai
Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Shanghai
Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0207, United States
| | - Qianqian Yin
- Shanghai
Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Shanghai
Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism,
Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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32
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Archer G, Meyrelles R, Eder I, Kovács N, Maryasin B, Médebielle M, Merad J. Photoredox-Catalyzed α-C-H Monoalkylation of Symmetric Polyols in the Presence of CO 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315329. [PMID: 38091251 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
Achieving the selective modification of symmetric poly-hydroxylated compounds presents a significant challenge due to the presence of identical active sites. Herein, we address this challenge through the design of a ternary catalytic system that includes a photoredox catalyst, a hydrogen atom transfer promotor and a carbonation catalyst. This catalytic system enables the reversible carbonation of acyclic polyols under CO2 atmosphere, which modulates the reactivity of its distinct C-H bonds toward hydrogen atom transfers. An exquisite selectivity for the monoalkylation is achieved in a variety of unprotected light polyols, yielding valuable building blocks in short reaction times. Mechanistic and computational studies demonstrate that the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the transient carbonate and the free alcohol is pivotal for the kinetic and thermodynamic activation of a specific alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaétan Archer
- ICBMS, UMR 5246, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ricardo Meyrelles
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabel Eder
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nóra Kovács
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Boris Maryasin
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- ICBMS, UMR 5246, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jérémy Merad
- ICBMS, UMR 5246, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
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33
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Deng Y, Hu Z, Xue J, Yin J, Zhu T, Liu S. Visible-Light-Promoted α-C(sp 3)-H Amination of Ethers with Azoles and Amides. Org Lett 2024; 26:933-938. [PMID: 38241172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced highly efficient C(sp3)-H amination of ethers with amides and azoles has been presented under mild conditions via a nitrogen- and carbon-centered radical coupling process. This protocol successfully utilizes 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) and tert-butyl nitrite (TBN) as cocatalysts to deliver the aminated products of ethers under aerobic conditions. Notably, the developed reaction features the corresponding products in good yields (up to 93%) with a wide substrate scope. The mechanistic study indicates that C-N bond formation proceeds via a direct radical cross-coupling process. Preliminary biological activity analysis indicates that the resulting products have good and selective inhibitory activity on osteosarcoma (OS) cell lines and are promising for use as hits for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Deng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Zongjing Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Jian Xue
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Jiabin Yin
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Shunying Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062 China
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34
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Hosaka M, Nagasawa S, Iwabuchi Y. C-H Alkylation of Cubanes via Catalytic Generation of Cubyl Radicals. Org Lett 2024; 26:658-663. [PMID: 38236029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
A catalytic method for the C-H alkylation of cubanes is described. Some hydrogen atom transfer catalysts enable the direct abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the C-H bond of cubanes, followed by conjugate addition of the generated cubyl radicals to electron-deficient alkenes. Synthetic applications of the functionalization method developed are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hosaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shota Nagasawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Iwabuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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35
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Gorelik DJ, Desai SP, Jdanova S, Turner JA, Taylor MS. Transformations of carbohydrate derivatives enabled by photocatalysis and visible light photochemistry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1204-1236. [PMID: 38274059 PMCID: PMC10806712 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05400d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article highlights the diverse ways in which recent developments in the areas of photocatalysis and visible light photochemistry are impacting synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. The major topics covered are photocatalytic glycosylations, generation of radicals at the anomeric position, transformations involving radical formation at non-anomeric positions, additions to glycals, processes initiated by photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer from sugars, and functional group interconversions at OH and SH groups. Factors influencing stereo- and site-selectivity in these processes, along with mechanistic aspects, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gorelik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Shrey P Desai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Sofia Jdanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Julia A Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
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36
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Xia C, Hu H, Xu W, Yang B, Shao Q, Wu M. Defluoroalkylation of gem-Difluoroalkenes with Alcohols via C-F/C-H Coupling. Org Lett 2024; 26:310-314. [PMID: 38134354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A feasible and effective method to synthesize α-fluoroalkenyl alcohols was reported. With the cooperation of photoredox and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes, defluoroalkylations of gem-difluoroalkenes occurred smoothly with alcohols under visible-light irradiation. Notably, the protocols feature broad scopes, mild conditions, and validity for the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecule derivatives. Mechanistic studies suggested that the reaction occurred through the radical coupling of the alkyl radical and the fluoroalkenyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjian Xia
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Wengang Xu
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Baokai Yang
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Qi Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Wu
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, P. R. China
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37
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Groff BD, Koronkiewicz B, Mayer JM. Polar Effects in Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions from a Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer (PCET) Perspective: Abstractions from Toluenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16259-16269. [PMID: 37978890 PMCID: PMC10841608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Rate constants for hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions of substituted toluenes with tert-butyl, tert-butoxy, and tert-butylperoxyl radicals are reanalyzed here using the free energies of related proton transfer (PT) and electron transfer (ET) reactions, calculated from an extensive set of compiled or estimated pKa and E° values. The Eyring activation energies ΔGHAT‡ do not correlate with the relatively constant ΔG°HAT, but do correlate close-to-linearly with ΔG°PT and ΔG°ET. The slopes of correlations are similar for the three radicals except that the tBu• barriers shift in the opposite direction from the oxyl radical barriers─a clear example of the qualitative "polar effect" in HAT reactions. When cast quantitatively in free energy terms (ΔGHAT‡ vs ΔG°PT/ET), this effect is very small, only 5-10% of the typical Bell-Evans-Polanyi (BEP) effect of changing ΔG°HAT. This analysis also highlights connections between polar effects and the concepts of "asynchronous" or "imbalanced" HAT reactions in which the PT and ET components of ΔG°HAT contribute differently to the barrier. Finally, these observations are discussed in light of the traditional explanations of polar effects and the potential for a rubric that could predict the extent to which contra-thermodynamic selectivity may be achieved in HAT reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Groff
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Current Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11091 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723
| | - James M. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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38
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Guan M, Hou M, Tang S, Cheng G, Zhu X, Zhao YH, Tang X, Zhou H, Qiu G. Iron-catalyzed β-hydroxymethylative carbonylation of styrene under photo-irradiation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13309-13312. [PMID: 37859505 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03919f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
This study describes an iron-catalyzed divergent oxidation of styrene into β-hydroxylmethylketone and ketone under photo-irradiation. This divergence is ascribed to the use of styrene with various substituents. More importantly, methanol is oxidized into formaldehyde in the reaction and serves as a C1 synthon. Mechanism investigations show that the reaction is initiated by oxidative SET to transfer styrene into the cation radical. The reaction pathway undergoes HAT and β-hydride elimination as well as a concerted cyclization. Particularly, several drug-like molecules, such as melperone analogue, lenperone analogue, and haloperidol analogue, are synthesized. In addition, this method is also applicable to the synthesis of natural product (R)-atomoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Sciences and Technology, Xiangtan 4111201, Hunan, China.
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ming Hou
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shuwang Tang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guang Cheng
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yun-Hui Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Sciences and Technology, Xiangtan 4111201, Hunan, China.
| | - Ximei Tang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guanyinsheng Qiu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China.
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39
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Wang GQ, Wang T, Zhang Y, Zhou YX, Yang D, Han P, Jing LH. Photoredox Metal-Free Synthesis of Unnatural β-Silyl-α-Amino Acids via Hydrosilylation. Chem Asian J 2023:e202300805. [PMID: 37906443 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, practical and metal-free methodology for the synthesis of β-silyl-α-amino acid motifs via photoredox and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process is described. This protocol enables the direct hydrosilylation of dehydroalanine derivatives and tolerates a wide array of functional groups and synthetic handles, leading to valuable β-silyl-α-amino acids with moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qin Wang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Xia Zhou
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, P.R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, P.R. China
| | - Pan Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Hai Jing
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, P.R. China
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40
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Muralirajan K, Kancherla R, Maity B, Karuthedath S, Laquai F, Cavallo L, Rueping M. Mechanistic insights into excited-state palladium catalysis for C-S bond formations and dehydrogenative sulfonylation of amines. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6622. [PMID: 37857662 PMCID: PMC10587301 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic selective C(sp3)-H activation/cross-coupling reactions are appealing in organic synthesis. In this manuscript, we describe the development of photoexcited-state Pd-catalyzed dehydrogenative β-sulfonylation reactions using amines and aryl sulfonyl chlorides via intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer and C-S cross-coupling processes at room temperature. The transformation can be achieved by the direct generation of two distinct Pd-radical hybrid species and their capability to promote two different reactivities from Pd(0) and aryl sulfonyl chlorides, allowing for the efficient conversion of readily available amines into stable sulfonyl-substituted enamines at room temperature. The in-depth experimental, computational, and transient optical spectroscopic study and catalytic applications of a dehydrogenative functionalization event provide evidence for both static and dynamic quenching, as well as inner-sphere and outer-sphere mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Muralirajan
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Kancherla
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bholanath Maity
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safakath Karuthedath
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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41
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Sisti S, Galeotti M, Scarchilli F, Salamone M, Costas M, Bietti M. Highly Selective C(sp 3)-H Bond Oxygenation at Remote Methylenic Sites Enabled by Polarity Enhancement. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22086-22096. [PMID: 37751483 PMCID: PMC10571082 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study on the C(sp3)-H bond oxygenation reactions with H2O2 catalyzed by the [Mn(OTf)2(TIPSmcp)] complex at methylenic sites of cycloalkyl and 1-alkyl substrates bearing 19 different electron-withdrawing functional groups (EW FGs) was carried out. Oxidations in MeCN were compared to the corresponding ones in the strong hydrogen bond donating (HBD) solvents 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) and nonafluoro tert-butyl alcohol (NFTBA). Formation of the products deriving from oxygenation at the most remote methylenic sites was observed, with yields, product ratios (PR) for oxygenation at the most remote over the next methylenic sites, and associated site-selectivities that significantly increased going from MeCN to HFIP and NFTBA. Unprecedented site-selectivities were obtained in the oxidation of cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, and 1-heptyl substrates, approaching >99%, >99%, 90%, >99%, 93%, and 88% (PR >99, >99, 9.4, >99, 14, and 7.5) with cyclohexyl-2-pyridinecarboxylate, cycloheptyl-2-pyridinecarboxylate, cyclooctyl-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide, 1-pentyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate, 1-hexyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate, and 1-heptyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate, respectively. The results are rationalized on the basis of a polarity enhancement effect via synergistic electronic deactivation of proximal methylenic sites imparted by the EWG coupled to solvent HB. Compared to previous procedures, polarity enhancement provides the opportunity to tune site-selectivity among multiple methylenes in different substrate classes, extending the strong electronic deactivation determined by native EWGs by two carbon atoms. This study uncovers a simple procedure for predictable, high-yielding, and highly site-selective oxidation at remote methylenes of cycloalkyl and 1-alkyl substrates that occurs under mild conditions, with a large substrate scope, providing an extremely powerful tool to be implemented in synthetically useful procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sisti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Galeotti
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Filippo Scarchilli
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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42
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Maharana R, Bhanja R, Mal P, Samanta K. Investigation of the Effect of Solvents on the Synthesis of Aza-flavanone from Aminochalcone Facilitated by Halogen Bonding. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:33785-33793. [PMID: 37744869 PMCID: PMC10515354 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
It has been recognized that CBr4 can give rise to a noncovalent interaction known as halogen bond (XB). CBr4 was found to catalyze, in terms of XB formation, the transformation of 2'-aminochalcone to aza-flavanone through an intramolecular Michael addition reaction. The impact of XB and the resulting yield of aza-flavanone exhibited a pronounced dependence on the characteristics of the solvent. Notably, yields of 88% in ethanol and 33% in DMSO were achieved, while merely a trace amount of the product was detected in benzene. In this work, we use a computational modeling study to understand this variance in yield. The reaction is modeled at the level of density functional theory (based on the M06-2X exchange-correlation functional) with all-electron basis sets of triple-ζ quality. Grimme's dispersion correction is incorporated to account for the noncovalent interactions accurately. Harmonic frequency calculations are carried out to establish the character of the optimized structures (minimum or saddle point). Our calculations confirm the formation of an XB between CBr4 and the reacting species and its role in lowering the activation energy barrier. Stronger orbital interactions and significant lowering of the steric repulsion were found to be important in lowering the activation barrier. The negligible yield in the nonpolar solvent benzene may be attributed to the high activation energy as well as the inadequate stabilization of the zwitterionic intermediate. In ethanol, a protic solvent, additional H-bonding contributes to further lowering of the activation barrier and better stabilization of the zwitterionic intermediate. The combined effects of solvent polarity, XB, and H-bond are likely to give rise to an excellent yield of aza-flavanone in ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat
Rajiv Maharana
- School
of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology
Bhubaneswar, Argul, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Rosalin Bhanja
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National
Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National
Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Kousik Samanta
- School
of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology
Bhubaneswar, Argul, Odisha 752050, India
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43
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Kang H, Tan L, Han JT, Huang CY, Su H, Kavun A, Li CJ. Acceptorless cross-dehydrogenative coupling for C(sp 3)-H heteroarylation mediated by a heterogeneous GaN/ketone photocatalyst/photosensitizer system. Commun Chem 2023; 6:181. [PMID: 37658203 PMCID: PMC10474291 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkanes are naturally abundant chemical building blocks that contain plentiful C(sp3)-H bonds. While inert, the activation of C(sp3)-H via hydrogen atom abstraction (HAT) stages an appealing approach to generate alkyl radicals. However, prevailing shortcomings include the excessive use of oxidants and alkanes that impede scope. We herein show the use of gallium nitride (GaN) as a non-toxic, recyclable, heterogeneous photocatalyst to enable alkyl C(sp3)-H in conjunction with the catalytic use of simple photosensitizer, benzophenone, to promote the desired alkyl radical generation. The dual photocatalytic cycle enables cross-dehydrogenative Minisci alkylation under mild and chemical oxidant-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyotaik Kang
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montréal, Québec, H3A0B8, Canada.
| | - Lida Tan
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montréal, Québec, H3A0B8, Canada
| | - Jing-Tan Han
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montréal, Québec, H3A0B8, Canada
| | - Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montréal, Québec, H3A0B8, Canada
| | - Hui Su
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montréal, Québec, H3A0B8, Canada
| | - Aleksei Kavun
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montréal, Québec, H3A0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montréal, Québec, H3A0B8, Canada
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44
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Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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45
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Paul S, Filippini D, Ficarra F, Melnychenko H, Janot C, Silvi M. Oxetane Synthesis via Alcohol C-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:15688-15694. [PMID: 37462721 PMCID: PMC10375527 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxetanes are strained heterocycles with unique properties that have triggered significant advances in medicinal chemistry. However, their synthesis still presents significant challenges that limit the use of this class of compounds in practical applications. In this Letter, we present a methodology that introduces a new synthetic disconnection to access oxetanes from native alcohol substrates. The generality of the approach is demonstrated by the application in late-stage functionalization chemistry, which is further exploited to develop a single-step synthesis of a known bioactive synthetic steroid derivative that previously required at least four synthetic steps from available precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Paul
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Filippini
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Filippo Ficarra
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Heorhii Melnychenko
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Janot
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Mattia Silvi
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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46
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Jiang Y, Liu D, Rotella ME, Deng G, Liu Z, Chen W, Zhang H, Kozlowski MC, Walsh PJ, Yang X. Net-1,2-Hydrogen Atom Transfer of Amidyl Radicals: Toward the Synthesis of 1,2-Diamine Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16045-16057. [PMID: 37441806 PMCID: PMC10411589 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes are among the most useful approaches for the selective construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. 1,5-HAT with heteroatom-centered radicals (O•, N•) have been well established and are favored relative to other 1,n-HAT processes. In comparison, net 1,2-HAT processes have been observed infrequently. Herein, the first amidyl radicalls are reported that preferentially undergo a net 1,2-HAT over 1,5-HAT. Beginning with single electron transfer from 2-azaallyl anions to N-alkyl N-aryloxy amides, the latter generate amidyl radicals. The amidyl radical undergoes a net-1,2-HAT to generate a C-centered radical that participates in an intermolecular radical-radical coupling with the 2-azaallyl radical to generate 1,2-diamine derivatives. Mechanistic and EPR experiments point to radical intermediates. Density functional theory calculations provide support for a base-assisted, stepwise-1,2-HAT process. It is proposed that the generation of amidyl radicals under basic conditions can be greatly expanded to access α-amino C-centered radicals that will serve as valuable synthetic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Dongxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Madeline E. Rotella
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Guogang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Zhengfen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
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47
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Hitt M, Norris A, Vedernikov AN. Oxidative Imidation of Benzylic and Cycloalkane C(sp 3)-H Bond Donors Using N-Aroyloxyquinuclidinium Salts and Nitriles under Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37467385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of N-aroyloxyquinuclidinium salts were prepared and used as reagents to perform efficient three-component Ritter-Mumm-type oxidative C-H imidation of donors of 1° and 2° benzylic C-H bonds used as limiting reagents with nitriles as a source of imide nitrogen under photocatalytic conditions; these reagents also exhibit somewhat lower reactivity toward cycloalkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hitt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Andrew Norris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Andrei N Vedernikov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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48
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Zhang S, Findlater M. Electrochemically Driven Hydrogen Atom Transfer Catalysis: A Tool for C(sp 3)/Si-H Functionalization and Hydrofunctionalization of Alkenes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:8731-8751. [PMID: 37441236 PMCID: PMC10334887 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically driven hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysis provides a complementary approach for the transformation of redox-inactive substrates that would be inaccessible to conventional electron transfer (ET) catalysis. Moreover, electrochemically driven HAT catalysis could promote organic transformations with either hydrogen atom abstraction or donation as the key step. It provides a versatile and effective tool for the direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H/Si-H bonds and the hydrofunctionalization of alkenes. Despite these attractive properties, electrochemically driven HAT catalysis has been largely overlooked due to the lack of understanding of both the catalytic mechanism and how catalyst selection should occur. In this Review, we give an overview of the HAT catalysis applications in the direct C(sp3)-H/Si-H functionalization and hydrofunctionalization of alkenes. The mechanistic pathways, physical properties of the HAT mediators, and state-of-the-art examples are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Institutes
of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of
Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry
of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Michael Findlater
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
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49
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Deng C, Song BQ, Lusi M, Bezrukov AA, Haskins MM, Gao MY, Peng YL, Ma JG, Cheng P, Mukherjee S, Zaworotko MJ. Crystal Engineering of a Chiral Crystalline Sponge That Enables Absolute Structure Determination and Enantiomeric Separation. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:5211-5220. [PMID: 37426545 PMCID: PMC10326857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Chiral metal-organic materials (CMOMs), can offer molecular binding sites that mimic the enantioselectivity exhibited by biomolecules and are amenable to systematic fine-tuning of structure and properties. Herein, we report that the reaction of Ni(NO3)2, S-indoline-2-carboxylic acid (S-IDECH), and 4,4'-bipyridine (bipy) afforded a homochiral cationic diamondoid, dia, network, [Ni(S-IDEC)(bipy)(H2O)][NO3], CMOM-5. Composed of rod building blocks (RBBs) cross-linked by bipy linkers, the activated form of CMOM-5 adapted its pore structure to bind four guest molecules, 1-phenyl-1-butanol (1P1B), 4-phenyl-2-butanol (4P2B), 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol (MPE), and methyl mandelate (MM), making it an example of a chiral crystalline sponge (CCS). Chiral resolution experiments revealed enantiomeric excess, ee, values of 36.2-93.5%. The structural adaptability of CMOM-5 enabled eight enantiomer@CMOM-5 crystal structures to be determined. The five ordered crystal structures revealed that host-guest hydrogen-bonding interactions are behind the observed enantioselectivity, three of which represent the first crystal structures determined of the ambient liquids R-4P2B, S-4P2B, and R-MPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Deng
- Bernal
Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Bai-Qiao Song
- Bernal
Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Matteo Lusi
- Bernal
Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Andrey A. Bezrukov
- Bernal
Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Molly M. Haskins
- Bernal
Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Mei-Yan Gao
- Bernal
Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Yun-Lei Peng
- Bernal
Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Jian-Gong Ma
- Department
of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Material Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Bernal
Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Michael J. Zaworotko
- Bernal
Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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Yamatsugu K, Kanai M. Catalytic Approaches to Chemo- and Site-Selective Transformation of Carbohydrates. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6793-6838. [PMID: 37126370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are a fundamental unit playing pivotal roles in all the biological processes. It is thus essential to develop methods for synthesizing, functionalizing, and manipulating carbohydrates for further understanding of their functions and the creation of sugar-based functional materials. It is, however, not trivial to develop such methods, since carbohydrates are densely decorated with polar and similarly reactive hydroxy groups in a stereodefined manner. New approaches to chemo- and site-selective transformations of carbohydrates are, therefore, of great significance for revolutionizing sugar chemistry to enable easier access to sugars of interest. This review begins with a brief overview of the innate reactivity of hydroxy groups of carbohydrates. It is followed by discussions about catalytic approaches to enhance, override, or be orthogonal to the innate reactivity for the transformation of carbohydrates. This review avoids making a list of chemo- and site-selective reactions, but rather focuses on summarizing the concept behind each reported transformation. The literature references were sorted into sections based on the underlying ideas of the catalytic approaches, which we hope will help readers have a better sense of the current state of chemistry and develop innovative ideas for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Yamatsugu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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