1
|
Kravtsov M, Shilov AL, Yang Y, Pryadilin T, Kashchenko MA, Popova O, Titova M, Voropaev D, Wang Y, Shein K, Gayduchenko I, Goltsman GN, Lukianov M, Kudriashov A, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Svintsov DA, Adam S, Novoselov KS, Principi A, Bandurin DA. Viscous terahertz photoconductivity of hydrodynamic electrons in graphene. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01795-y. [PMID: 39375523 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
Light incident upon materials can induce changes in their electrical conductivity, a phenomenon referred to as photoresistance. In semiconductors, the photoresistance is negative, as light-induced promotion of electrons across the bandgap enhances the number of charge carriers participating in transport. In superconductors and normal metals, the photoresistance is positive because of the destruction of the superconducting state and enhanced momentum-relaxing scattering, respectively. Here we report a qualitative deviation from the standard behaviour in doped metallic graphene. We show that Dirac electrons exposed to continuous-wave terahertz (THz) radiation can be thermally decoupled from the lattice, which activates hydrodynamic electron transport. In this regime, the resistance of graphene constrictions experiences a decrease caused by the THz-driven superballistic flow of correlated electrons. We analyse the dependencies of the negative photoresistance on the carrier density, and the radiation power, and show that our superballistic devices operate as sensitive phonon-cooled bolometers and can thus offer, in principle, a picosecond-scale response time. Beyond their fundamental implications, our findings underscore the practicality of electron hydrodynamics in designing ultra-fast THz sensors and electron thermometers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kravtsov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A L Shilov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Programmable Functional Materials Lab, Center for Neurophysics and Neuromorphic Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Yang
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - T Pryadilin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M A Kashchenko
- Programmable Functional Materials Lab, Center for Neurophysics and Neuromorphic Technologies, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Moscow, Russia
| | - O Popova
- Programmable Functional Materials Lab, Center for Neurophysics and Neuromorphic Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Titova
- Programmable Functional Materials Lab, Center for Neurophysics and Neuromorphic Technologies, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Moscow, Russia
| | - D Voropaev
- Programmable Functional Materials Lab, Center for Neurophysics and Neuromorphic Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Wang
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - K Shein
- Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - I Gayduchenko
- Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - G N Goltsman
- Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Lukianov
- Programmable Functional Materials Lab, Center for Neurophysics and Neuromorphic Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Kudriashov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Programmable Functional Materials Lab, Center for Neurophysics and Neuromorphic Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - T Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute of Material Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute of Material Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - D A Svintsov
- Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Adam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - K S Novoselov
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Principi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - D A Bandurin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lian M, Geng Y, Chen YJ, Chen Y, Lü JT. Coupled Thermal and Power Transport of Optical Waveguide Arrays: Photonic Wiedemann-Franz Law and Rectification Effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:116303. [PMID: 39331964 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.116303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
In isolated nonlinear optical waveguide arrays, simultaneous conservation of longitudinal momentum flow ("internal energy") and optical power ("particle number") of the optical modes enables study of coupled thermal and particle transport in the negative temperature regime. Based on exact numerical simulation and rationale from Landauer formalism, we predict generic photonic version of the Wiedemann-Franz law in such systems, with the Lorenz number L∝|T|^{-2}. This is rooted in the spectral decoupling of thermal and particle current, and their different temperature dependence. In addition, in asymmetric junctions, relaxation of the system toward equilibrium shows apparent asymmetry for positive and negative biases, indicating rectification behavior. This Letter illustrates the possibility of simulate nonequilibrium transport processes using optical networks, in parameter regimes difficult to reach in natural condensed matter or atomic gas systems. It also provides new insights in manipulating power and momentum flow of optical waves in artificial waveguide arrays.
Collapse
|
3
|
Davidovitch B, Klein A. How viscous bubbles collapse: Topological and symmetry-breaking instabilities in curvature-driven hydrodynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310195121. [PMID: 39093945 PMCID: PMC11317635 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310195121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The duality between deformations of elastic bodies and noninertial flows in viscous liquids has been a guiding principle in decades of research. However, this duality is broken when a spheroidal or other doubly curved liquid film is suddenly forced out of mechanical equilibrium, as occurs, e.g., when the pressure inside a liquid bubble drops rapidly due to rupture or controlled evacuation. In such cases, the film may evolve through a noninertial yet geometrically nonlinear surface dynamics, which has remained largely unexplored. We reveal the driver of such dynamics as temporal variations in the curvature of the evolving surface. Focusing on the prototypical example of a floating bubble that undergoes rapid depressurization, we show that the bubble surface evolves via a topological instability and a subsequent front propagation, whereby a small planar zone that includes a singular flow structure, analogous to a disclination in elastic systems, nucleates spontaneously and expands in the spherically shaped film. This flow pattern brings about hoop compression and triggers another, symmetry-breaking instability to the formation of radial wrinkles that invade the flattening film. Our analysis reveals the dynamics as a nonequilibrium branch of "jellium" physics, whereby a rate-of-change of surface curvature in a viscous film is akin to charge in an electrostatic medium that comprises polarizable and conducting domains. We explain key features underlying recent experiments and highlight a qualitative inconsistency between the prediction of linear stability analysis and the observed "wavelength" of surface wrinkles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benny Davidovitch
- Physics Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA01003
| | - Avraham Klein
- Physics Department, Ariel University, Ariel40700, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu H, Xue H, Zeng D, Liu G, Zhu L, Tian Z, Chu PK, Mei Y, Zhang M, An Z, Di Z. Field-Effect Thermoelectric Hotspot in Monolayer Graphene Transistor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402679. [PMID: 38821488 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Graphene is a promising candidate for the thermal management of downscaled microelectronic devices owing to its exceptional electrical and thermal properties. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the intricate electrical and thermal interconversions at a nanoscale, particularly in field-effect transistors with prevalent gate operations, remains elusive. In this study, nanothermometric imaging is used to examine a current-carrying monolayer graphene channel sandwiched between hexagonal boron nitride dielectrics. It is revealed for the first time that beyond the expected Joule heating, the thermoelectric Peltier effect actively plays a significant role in generating hotspots beneath the gated region. With gate-controlled charge redistribution and a shift in the Dirac point position, an unprecedented systematic evolution of thermoelectric hotspots, underscoring their remarkable tenability is demonstrated. This study reveals the field-effect Peltier contribution in a single graphene-material channel of transistors, offering valuable insights into field-effect thermoelectrics and future on-chip energy management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huanyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Westlake Institute for Optoelectronics, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Daobing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guanyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ziao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Zhenghua An
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zengfeng Di
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang D, Chen KW, Zheng G, Yu F, Shi M, Zhu Y, Chan A, Jenkins K, Ying J, Xiang Z, Chen X, Li L. Large oscillatory thermal hall effect in kagome metals. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6224. [PMID: 39043657 PMCID: PMC11266402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The thermal Hall effect recently provided intriguing probes to the ground state of exotic quantum matters. These observations of transverse thermal Hall signals lead to the debate on the fermionic versus bosonic origins of these phenomena. The recent report of quantum oscillations (QOs) in Kitaev spin liquid points to a possible resolution. The Landau level quantization would most likely capture only the fermionic thermal transport effect. However, the QOs in the thermal Hall effect are generally hard to detect. In this work, we report the observation of a large oscillatory thermal Hall effect of correlated Kagome metals. We detect a 180-degree phase change of the oscillation and demonstrate the phase flip as an essential feature for QOs in the thermal transport properties. More importantly, the QOs in the thermal Hall channel are more profound than those in the electrical Hall channel, which strongly violates the Wiedemann-Franz (WF) law for QOs. This result presents the oscillatory thermal Hall effect as a powerful probe to the correlated quantum materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dechen Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kuan-Wen Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guoxin Zheng
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fanghang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mengzhu Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aaron Chan
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kaila Jenkins
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianjun Ying
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ziji Xiang
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xianhui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rycerz A, Rycerz K, Witkowski P. Sub-Sharvin Conductance and Incoherent Shot-Noise in Graphene Disks at Magnetic Field. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3067. [PMID: 38998150 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Highly doped graphene samples show reduced conductance and enhanced shot-noise power compared with standard ballistic systems in two-dimensional electron gas. These features can be understood within a model that assumes incoherent scattering of Dirac electrons between two interfaces separating the sample and the leads. Here we find, by adopting the above model for the edge-free (Corbino) geometry and by computer simulation of quantum transport, that another graphene-specific feature should be observable when the current flow through a doped disk is blocked by a strong magnetic field. When the conductance drops to zero, the Fano factor approaches the value of F≈0.56, with a very weak dependence on the ratio of the disk radii. The role of finite source-drain voltages and the system behavior when the electrostatic potential barrier is tuned from a rectangular to a parabolic shape are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Rycerz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, PL-30348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rycerz
- Faculty of Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Witkowski
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, PL-30348 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lian M, Zhang C, Guo Z, Lü JT. Discrete unified gas kinetic scheme for the solution of electron Boltzmann transport equation with Callaway approximation. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:065310. [PMID: 39020968 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.065310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Electrons are the carriers of heat and electricity in materials and exhibit abundant transport phenomena such as ballistic, diffusive, and hydrodynamic behaviors in systems with different sizes. The electron Boltzmann transport equation (eBTE) is a reliable model for describing electron transport, but it is a challenging problem to efficiently obtain the numerical solutions of the eBTE within one unified scheme involving ballistic, hydrodynamics, and/or diffusive regimes. In this work, a discrete unified gas kinetic scheme (DUGKS) in the finite-volume framework is developed based on the eBTE with the Callaway relaxation model for electron transport. By reconstructing the distribution function at the cell interface, the processes of electron drift and scattering are coupled together within a single time step. Numerical tests demonstrate that the DUGKS can be adaptively applied to multiscale electron transport, across different regimes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Li F, Miao W, Yu C, He Z, Wang Q, Zhong J, Wu F, Wang Z, Zhou K, Ren Y, Zhang W, Li J, Shi S, Liu Q, Feng Z. Low-Temperature Thermal Transport Characteristics in Epitaxial Bilayer Graphene Microbridges. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23053-23059. [PMID: 38826519 PMCID: PMC11137710 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a study of the thermal transport of epitaxial bilayer graphene microbridges. The thermal conductance of three graphene microbridges with different lengths was measured at different temperatures using Johnson noise thermometry. We find that with the decrease of the temperature, the thermal transport in the graphene microbridges switches from electron-phonon coupling to electron diffusion, and the switching temperature is dependent on the length of the microbridge, which is in good agreement with the simulation based on a distributed hot-spot model. Moreover, the electron-phonon thermal conductance has a temperature power law of T3 as predicted for pristine graphene and the electron-phonon coupling coefficient σep is found to be approximately 0.18 W/(m2 K4), corresponding to a deformation potential D of 55 eV. In addition, the electron diffusion in the graphene microbridges adheres to the Wiedemann-Franz law, requiring no corrections to the Lorentz number.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiming Li
- Purple
Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, China
- University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Miao
- Purple
Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, China
| | - Cui Yu
- National
Key Laboratory of Solid-State Microwave Devices and Circuits, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Zezhao He
- National
Key Laboratory of Solid-State Microwave Devices and Circuits, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Qingcheng Wang
- Purple
Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, China
- University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiaqiang Zhong
- Purple
Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Purple
Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Purple
Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, China
| | - Kangmin Zhou
- Purple
Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- Purple
Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Purple
Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, China
| | - Jing Li
- Purple
Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, China
| | - Shengcai Shi
- Purple
Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210033, China
| | - Qingbin Liu
- National
Key Laboratory of Solid-State Microwave Devices and Circuits, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Zhihong Feng
- National
Key Laboratory of Solid-State Microwave Devices and Circuits, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang W, Fu Q, Ge J, Xu S, Liu Q, Zhang J, Shan H. Advancements in Thermal Insulation through Ceramic Micro-Nanofiber Materials. Molecules 2024; 29:2279. [PMID: 38792141 PMCID: PMC11124260 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Ceramic fibers have the advantages of high temperature resistance, light weight, favorable chemical stability and superior mechanical vibration resistance, which make them widely used in aerospace, energy, metallurgy, construction, personal protection and other thermal protection fields. Further refinement of the diameter of conventional ceramic fibers to microns or nanometers could further improve their thermal insulation performance and realize the transition from brittleness to flexibility. Processing traditional two-dimensional (2D) ceramic fiber membranes into three-dimensional (3D) ceramic fiber aerogels could further increase porosity, reduce bulk density, and reduce solid heat conduction, thereby improving thermal insulation performance and expanding application areas. Here, a comprehensive review of the newly emerging 2D ceramic micro-nanofiber membranes and 3D ceramic micro-nanofiber aerogels is demonstrated, starting from the presentation of the thermal insulation mechanism of ceramic fibers, followed by the summary of 2D ceramic micro-nanofiber membranes according to different types, and then the generalization of the construction strategies for 3D ceramic micro-nanofiber aerogels. Finally, the current challenges, possible solutions, and future prospects of ceramic micro-nanofiber materials are comprehensively discussed. We anticipate that this review could provide some valuable insights for the future development of ceramic micro-nanofiber materials for high temperature thermal insulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wang
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.W.); (Q.F.); (J.G.); (S.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Qiuxia Fu
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.W.); (Q.F.); (J.G.); (S.X.); (J.Z.)
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jianlong Ge
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.W.); (Q.F.); (J.G.); (S.X.); (J.Z.)
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Sijun Xu
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.W.); (Q.F.); (J.G.); (S.X.); (J.Z.)
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Qixia Liu
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.W.); (Q.F.); (J.G.); (S.X.); (J.Z.)
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Junxiong Zhang
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.W.); (Q.F.); (J.G.); (S.X.); (J.Z.)
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Haoru Shan
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (W.W.); (Q.F.); (J.G.); (S.X.); (J.Z.)
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang S, Ghosh N, Niu C, Chen YP, Ye PD, Xu X. Optically Gated Electrostatic Field-Effect Thermal Transistor. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5139-5145. [PMID: 38639471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic tuning of thermal transport in solids is scientifically intriguing with wide applications for thermal transport control in electronic devices. In this work, we demonstrate a thermal transistor, a device in which heat flow can be regulated using external control, realized in a topological insulator (TI) through the topological surface states. The tuning of thermal transport is achieved by using optical gating of a thin dielectric layer deposited on the TI film. The gate-dependent thermal conductivity is measured using micro-Raman thermometry. The transistor has a large ON/OFF ratio of 2.8 at room temperature and can be continuously and repetitively switched in tens of seconds by optical gating and potentially much faster by electrical gating. Such thermal transistors with a large ON/OFF ratio and fast switching times offer the possibilities of smart thermal devices for active thermal management and control in future electronic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouyuan Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Neil Ghosh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chang Niu
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yong P Chen
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Peide D Ye
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xianfan Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fabritius P, Mohan J, Talebi M, Wili S, Zwerger W, Huang MZ, Esslinger T. Irreversible entropy transport enhanced by fermionic superfluidity. NATURE PHYSICS 2024; 20:1091-1096. [PMID: 39036649 PMCID: PMC11254751 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The nature of particle and entropy flow between two superfluids is often understood in terms of reversible flow carried by an entropy-free, macroscopic wavefunction. While this wavefunction is responsible for many intriguing properties of superfluids and superconductors, its interplay with excitations in non-equilibrium situations is less understood. Here we observe large concurrent flows of both particles and entropy through a ballistic channel connecting two strongly interacting fermionic superfluids. Both currents respond nonlinearly to chemical potential and temperature biases. We find that the entropy transported per particle is much larger than the prediction of superfluid hydrodynamics in the linear regime and largely independent of changes in the channel's geometry. By contrast, the timescales of advective and diffusive entropy transport vary significantly with the channel geometry. In our setting, superfluidity counterintuitively increases the speed of entropy transport. Moreover, we develop a phenomenological model describing the nonlinear dynamics within the framework of generalized gradient dynamics. Our approach for measuring entropy currents may help elucidate mechanisms of heat transfer in superfluids and superconducting devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Fabritius
- Institute for Quantum Electronics & Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Mohan
- Institute for Quantum Electronics & Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohsen Talebi
- Institute for Quantum Electronics & Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Wili
- Institute for Quantum Electronics & Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm Zwerger
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Meng-Zi Huang
- Institute for Quantum Electronics & Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tilman Esslinger
- Institute for Quantum Electronics & Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mou Y, Chen H, Liu J, Lan Q, Wang J, Zhang C, Wang Y, Gu J, Zhao T, Jiang X, Shi W, Zhang C. Gate-Tunable Quantum Acoustoelectric Transport in Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4625-4632. [PMID: 38568748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Transport probes the motion of quasi-particles in response to external excitations. Apart from the well-known electric and thermoelectric transport, acoustoelectric transport induced by traveling acoustic waves has rarely been explored. Here, by adopting hybrid nanodevices integrated with piezoelectric substrates, we establish a simple design of acoustoelectric transport with gate tunability. We fabricate dual-gated acoustoelectric devices based on hBN-encapsulated graphene on LiNbO3. Longitudinal and transverse acoustoelectric voltages are generated by launching a pulsed surface acoustic wave. The gate dependence of zero-field longitudinal acoustoelectric signal presents strikingly similar profiles to that of Hall resistivity, providing a valid approach for extracting carrier density without magnetic field. In magnetic fields, acoustoelectric quantum oscillations appear due to Landau quantization, which are more robust and pronounced than Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations. Our work demonstrates a feasible acoustoelectric setup with gate tunability, which can be extended to the broad scope of various van der Waals materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Haonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chuanxin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiaming Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tuoyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201210, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Šilhavík M, Kumar P, Levinský P, Zafar ZA, Hejtmánek J, Červenka J. Anderson Localization of Phonons in Thermally Superinsulating Graphene Aerogels with Metal-Like Electrical Conductivity. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301536. [PMID: 38577909 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In the quest to improve energy efficiency and design better thermal insulators, various engineering strategies have been extensively investigated to minimize heat transfer through a material. Yet, the suppression of thermal transport in a material remains elusive because heat can be transferred by multiple energy carriers. Here, the realization of Anderson localization of phonons in a random 3D elastic network of graphene is reported. It is shown that thermal conductivity in a cellular graphene aerogel can be drastically reduced to 0.9 mW m-1 K-1 by the application of compressive strain while keeping a high metal-like electrical conductivity of 120 S m-1 and ampacity of 0.9 A. The experiments reveal that the strain can cause phonon localization over a broad compression range. The remaining heat flow in the material is dominated by charge transport. Conversely, electrical conductivity exhibits a gradual increase with increasing compressive strain, opposite to the thermal conductivity. These results imply that strain engineering provides the ability to independently tune charge and heat transport, establishing a new paradigm for controlling phonon and charge conduction in solids. This approach will enable the development of a new type of high-performance insulation solutions and thermally superinsulating materials with metal-like electrical conductivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šilhavík
- Department of Thin Films and Nanostructures, FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, Prague, 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Prabhat Kumar
- Department of Thin Films and Nanostructures, FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, Prague, 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Levinský
- Department of Magnetics and Superconductors, FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, Prague, 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zahid Ali Zafar
- Department of Thin Films and Nanostructures, FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, Prague, 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hejtmánek
- Department of Magnetics and Superconductors, FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, Prague, 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Červenka
- Department of Thin Films and Nanostructures, FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10/112, Prague, 162 00, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zan X, Guo X, Deng A, Huang Z, Liu L, Wu F, Yuan Y, Zhao J, Peng Y, Li L, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhu J, Dong J, Shi D, Yang W, Yang X, Shi Z, Du L, Dai Q, Zhang G. Electron/infrared-phonon coupling in ABC trilayer graphene. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1888. [PMID: 38424092 PMCID: PMC10904774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Stacking order plays a crucial role in determining the crystal symmetry and has significant impacts on electronic, optical, magnetic, and topological properties. Electron-phonon coupling, which is central to a wide range of intriguing quantum phenomena, is expected to be intricately connected with stacking order. Understanding the stacking order-dependent electron-phonon coupling is essential for understanding peculiar physical phenomena associated with electron-phonon coupling, such as superconductivity and charge density waves. In this study, we investigate the effect of stacking order on electron-infrared phonon coupling in graphene trilayers. By using gate-tunable Raman spectroscopy and excitation frequency-dependent near-field infrared nanoscopy, we show that rhombohedral ABC-stacked trilayer graphene has a significant electron-infrared phonon coupling strength. Our findings provide novel insights into the superconductivity and other fundamental physical properties of rhombohedral ABC-stacked trilayer graphene, and can enable nondestructive and high-throughput imaging of trilayer graphene stacking order using Raman scattering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Zan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190, Beijing, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Aolin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiheng Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Le Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Fanfan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Yalong Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Yalin Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Yangkun Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuzhen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Jundong Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxia Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190, Beijing, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Luojun Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190, Beijing, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pettine J, Padmanabhan P, Shi T, Gingras L, McClintock L, Chang CC, Kwock KWC, Yuan L, Huang Y, Nogan J, Baldwin JK, Adel P, Holzwarth R, Azad AK, Ronning F, Taylor AJ, Prasankumar RP, Lin SZ, Chen HT. Light-driven nanoscale vectorial currents. Nature 2024; 626:984-989. [PMID: 38326619 PMCID: PMC10901733 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Controlled charge flows are fundamental to many areas of science and technology, serving as carriers of energy and information, as probes of material properties and dynamics1 and as a means of revealing2,3 or even inducing4,5 broken symmetries. Emerging methods for light-based current control5-16 offer particularly promising routes beyond the speed and adaptability limitations of conventional voltage-driven systems. However, optical generation and manipulation of currents at nanometre spatial scales remains a basic challenge and a crucial step towards scalable optoelectronic systems for microelectronics and information science. Here we introduce vectorial optoelectronic metasurfaces in which ultrafast light pulses induce local directional charge flows around symmetry-broken plasmonic nanostructures, with tunable responses and arbitrary patterning down to subdiffractive nanometre scales. Local symmetries and vectorial currents are revealed by polarization-dependent and wavelength-sensitive electrical readout and terahertz (THz) emission, whereas spatially tailored global currents are demonstrated in the direct generation of elusive broadband THz vector beams17. We show that, in graphene, a detailed interplay between electrodynamic, thermodynamic and hydrodynamic degrees of freedom gives rise to rapidly evolving nanoscale driving forces and charge flows under the extremely spatially and temporally localized excitation. These results set the stage for versatile patterning and optical control over nanoscale currents in materials diagnostics, THz spectroscopies, nanomagnetism and ultrafast information processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pettine
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - Prashant Padmanabhan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Teng Shi
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Luke McClintock
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Chieh Chang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Kevin W C Kwock
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Long Yuan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Yue Huang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - John Nogan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jon K Baldwin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | | | - Abul K Azad
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Filip Ronning
- Institute for Materials Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Antoinette J Taylor
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Rohit P Prasankumar
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Intellectual Ventures, Bellevue, WA, USA
| | - Shi-Zeng Lin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Hou-Tong Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wan Z, Li C, Liu R, Zhou W, Fan W, Huang C, Liu Y. Probing Thermal Transport on a Suspended Ti 3C 2T x MXene Film via a Photothermally Actuated Resonator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4999-5008. [PMID: 38241705 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) Ti3C2Tx MXene materials show great potential in electrochemical and flexible sensors due to their high electrical conductivity, good chemical stability, and special delaminated structure. However, their thermal properties were rarely studied, which remarkably affect the stability and safety of various devices. Here, we fabricated a suspended MXene drum resonator photothermally driven by a sinusoidally modulated laser, measured the thermal time constant by demodulating the thermomechanical motion, and then calculated the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the MXene film. Experiments show the thermal conductivity of the film increases from 3.10 to 3.58 W/m·K while the thermal diffusivity from 1.06 × 10-6 to 1.22 × 10-6 m2/s when temperature increases from 300 to 360 K. We also confirm the film thermal conductivity is mainly contributed by phonon transport rather than electron transport. Furthermore, the relationship between the mechanical and thermal properties of the MXene films was disclosed. The thermal conductivity decreases when film strain increases, caused by enhanced phonon scattering and softening of high-frequency phonons. The measurements provide a noninvasive method to analyze the thermal characteristics of suspended MXene films, which can be further extended to the thermal properties of other 2D materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wan
- School of Instrumentation Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Instrumentation Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Research Institute of Beihang University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ronghui Liu
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenjing Fan
- School of Instrumentation Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chuanxue Huang
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Instrumentation Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Melcer RA, Gil A, Paul AK, Tiwari P, Umansky V, Heiblum M, Oreg Y, Stern A, Berg E. Heat conductance of the quantum Hall bulk. Nature 2024; 625:489-493. [PMID: 38172641 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The quantum Hall effect is a prototypical realization of a topological state of matter. It emerges from a subtle interplay between topology, interactions and disorder1-9. The disorder enables the formation of localized states in the bulk that stabilize the quantum Hall states with respect to the magnetic field and carrier density3. Still, the details of the localized states and their contribution to transport remain beyond the reach of most experimental techniques10-31. Here we describe an extensive study of the bulk's heat conductance. Using a novel 'multiterminal' short device (on a scale of 10 µm), we separate the longitudinal thermal conductance, [Formula: see text] (owing to the bulk's contribution), from the topological transverse value [Formula: see text] by eliminating the contribution of the edge modes24. When the magnetic field is tuned away from the conductance plateau centre, the localized states in the bulk conduct heat efficiently ([Formula: see text]), whereas the bulk remains electrically insulating. Fractional states in the first excited Landau level, such as the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], conduct heat throughout the plateau with a finite [Formula: see text]. We propose a theoretical model that identifies the localized states as the cause of the finite heat conductance, agreeing qualitatively with our experimental findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Aharon Melcer
- Braun Center for Submicron Research, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avigail Gil
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arup Kumar Paul
- Braun Center for Submicron Research, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Priya Tiwari
- Braun Center for Submicron Research, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vladimir Umansky
- Braun Center for Submicron Research, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moty Heiblum
- Braun Center for Submicron Research, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Yuval Oreg
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ady Stern
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erez Berg
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yan X, Su X, Chen J, Jin C, Chen L. Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks Towards Spintronics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305408. [PMID: 37258996 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic properties of predesignable topologies and tunable electronic structures, coupled with the increase of electrical conductivity, make two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (2D MOFs) highly prospective candidates for next-generation electronic/spintronic devices. In this Minireview, we present an outline of the design principles of 2D MOF-based spintronics materials. Then, we highlight the spin-transport properties of 2D MOF-based organic spin valves (OSVs) as a notable achievement in the progress of 2D MOFs for spintronics devices. After that, we discuss the potential for spin manipulation in 2D MOFs with bipolar magnetic semiconductor (BMS) properties as a promising field for future research. Finally, we provide a brief summary and outlook to encourage the development of novel 2D MOFs for spintronics applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Chao Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Processing Technology, Department of Applied Physics, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rao Q, Kang WH, Xue H, Ye Z, Feng X, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Wang N, Liu MH, Ki DK. Ballistic transport spectroscopy of spin-orbit-coupled bands in monolayer graphene on WSe 2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6124. [PMID: 37777513 PMCID: PMC10542375 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Van der Waals interactions with transition metal dichalcogenides were shown to induce strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in graphene, offering great promises to combine large experimental flexibility of graphene with unique tuning capabilities of the SOC. Here, we probe SOC-driven band splitting and electron dynamics in graphene on WSe2 by measuring ballistic transverse magnetic focusing. We found a clear splitting in the first focusing peak whose evolution in charge density and magnetic field is well reproduced by calculations using the SOC strength of ~ 13 meV, and no splitting in the second peak that indicates stronger Rashba SOC. Possible suppression of electron-electron scatterings was found in temperature dependence measurement. Further, we found that Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations exhibit a weaker band splitting, suggesting that it probes different electron dynamics, calling for a new theory. Our study demonstrates an interesting possibility to exploit ballistic electron motion pronounced in graphene for emerging spin-orbitronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Rao
- Department of Physics and HK Institute of Quantum Science & Technology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wun-Hao Kang
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research and Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hongxia Xue
- Department of Physics and HK Institute of Quantum Science & Technology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ziqing Ye
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuemeng Feng
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Hao Liu
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research and Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Dong-Keun Ki
- Department of Physics and HK Institute of Quantum Science & Technology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Glazov MM. Excitons in atomically thin materials flow faster than they fly. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:972-973. [PMID: 37524906 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
|
21
|
Liou F, Tsai HZ, Goodwin ZAH, Aikawa AS, Ha E, Hu M, Yang Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Zettl A, Lischner J, Crommie MF. Imaging Field-Driven Melting of a Molecular Solid at the Atomic Scale. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300542. [PMID: 37317869 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solid-liquid phase transitions are basic physical processes, but atomically resolved microscopy has yet to capture their full dynamics. A new technique is developed for controlling the melting and freezing of self-assembled molecular structures on a graphene field-effect transistor (FET) that allows phase-transition behavior to be imaged using atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy. This is achieved by applying electric fields to 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane-decorated FETs to induce reversible transitions between molecular solid and liquid phases at the FET surface. Nonequilibrium melting dynamics are visualized by rapidly heating the graphene substrate with an electrical current and imaging the resulting evolution toward new 2D equilibrium states. An analytical model is developed that explains observed mixed-state phases based on spectroscopic measurement of solid and liquid molecular energy levels. The observed nonequilibrium melting dynamics are consistent with Monte Carlo simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Liou
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hsin-Zon Tsai
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zachary A H Goodwin
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Rd, London, SW7 2BB, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Booth St. E. Manchester M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Andrew S Aikawa
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ethan Ha
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Michael Hu
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yiming Yang
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Johannes Lischner
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Rd, London, SW7 2BB, UK
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Torres F, Basaran AC, Schuller IK. Thermal Management in Neuromorphic Materials, Devices, and Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205098. [PMID: 36067752 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning has experienced unprecedented growth in recent years, often referred to as an "artificial intelligence revolution." Biological systems inspire the fundamental approach for this new computing paradigm: using neural networks to classify large amounts of data into sorting categories. Current machine-learning schemes implement simulated neurons and synapses on standard computers based on a von Neumann architecture. This approach is inefficient in energy consumption, and thermal management, motivating the search for hardware-based systems that imitate the brain. Here, the present state of thermal management of neuromorphic computing technology and the challenges and opportunities of the energy-efficient implementation of neuromorphic devices are considered. The main features of brain-inspired computing and quantum materials for implementing neuromorphic devices are briefly described, the brain criticality and resistive switching-based neuromorphic devices are discussed, the energy and electrical considerations for spiking-based computation are presented, the fundamental features of the brain's thermal regulation are addressed, the physical mechanisms for thermal management and thermoelectric control of materials and neuromorphic devices are analyzed, and challenges and new avenues for implementing energy-efficient computing are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Torres
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, 653, Santiago, 7800024, Chile
- Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Av. Ecuador 3493, Santiago, 9170124, Chile
| | - Ali C Basaran
- Department of Physics and Center for Advanced Nanoscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ivan K Schuller
- Department of Physics and Center for Advanced Nanoscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Del Águila AG, Wong YR, Wadgaonkar I, Fieramosca A, Liu X, Vaklinova K, Dal Forno S, Do TTH, Wei HY, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Novoselov KS, Koperski M, Battiato M, Xiong Q. Ultrafast exciton fluid flow in an atomically thin MoS 2 semiconductor. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1012-1019. [PMID: 37524907 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Excitons (coupled electron-hole pairs) in semiconductors can form collective states that sometimes exhibit spectacular nonlinear properties. Here, we show experimental evidence of a collective state of short-lived excitons in a direct-bandgap, atomically thin MoS2 semiconductor whose propagation resembles that of a classical liquid as suggested by the nearly uniform photoluminescence through the MoS2 monolayer regardless of crystallographic defects and geometric constraints. The exciton fluid flows over ultralong distances (at least 60 μm) at a speed of ~1.8 × 107 m s-1 (~6% the speed of light). The collective phase emerges above a critical laser power, in the absence of free charges and below a critical temperature (usually Tc ≈ 150 K) approaching room temperature in hexagonal-boron-nitride-encapsulated devices. Our theoretical simulations suggest that momentum is conserved and local equilibrium is achieved among excitons; both these features are compatible with a fluid dynamics description of the exciton transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Granados Del Águila
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yi Ren Wong
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Indrajit Wadgaonkar
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xue Liu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Kristina Vaklinova
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stefano Dal Forno
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - T Thu Ha Do
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ho Yi Wei
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kostya S Novoselov
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maciej Koperski
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marco Battiato
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China.
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing, P.R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, P.R. China.
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kumar AS, Liu CW, Liu S, Gao XPA, Levchenko A, Pfeiffer LN, West KW. Anomalous High-Temperature Magnetoresistance in a Dilute 2D Hole System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:266302. [PMID: 37450788 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.266302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We report an unusual magnetoresistance that strengthens with the temperature in a dilute two-dimensional (2D) hole system in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells with densities p=1.98-0.99×10^{10}/cm^{2} where r_{s}, the ratio between Coulomb energy and Fermi energy, is as large as 20-30. We show that, while the system exhibits a negative parabolic magnetoresistance at low temperatures (≲0.4 K) characteristic of an interacting Fermi liquid, a positive magnetoresistance emerges unexpectedly at higher temperatures, and grows with increasing temperature even in the regime T∼E_{F}, close to the Fermi energy. This unusual positive magnetoresistance at high temperatures can be attributed to the viscous transport of 2D hole fluid in the hydrodynamic regime where holes scatter frequently with each other. These findings give insight into the collective transport of strongly interacting carriers in the r_{s}≫1 regime and new routes toward magnetoresistance at high temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Shankar Kumar
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Chieh-Wen Liu
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Shuhao Liu
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Xuan P A Gao
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Alex Levchenko
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Loren N Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Kenneth W West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hui A, Skinner B. Current Noise of Hydrodynamic Electrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:256301. [PMID: 37418728 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.256301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
A resistor at finite temperature produces white noise fluctuations of the current called Johnson-Nyquist noise. Measuring the amplitude of this noise provides a powerful primary thermometry technique to access the electron temperature. In practical situations, however, one needs to generalize the Johnson-Nyquist theorem to handle spatially inhomogeneous temperature profiles. Recent work provided such a generalization for Ohmic devices obeying the Wiedemann-Franz law, but there is a need to provide a similar generalization for hydrodynamic electron systems, since hydrodynamic electrons provide unusual sensitivity for Johnson noise thermometry but they do not admit a local conductivity nor obey the Wiedemann-Franz law. Here we address this need by considering low-frequency Johnson noise in the hydrodynamic setting for a rectangular geometry. Unlike in the Ohmic setting, we find that the Johnson noise is geometry dependent due to nonlocal viscous gradients. Nonetheless, ignoring the geometric correction only leads to an error of at most 40% as compared to naively using the Ohmic result.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Hui
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43202, USA
| | - Brian Skinner
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sadeghi MM, Huang Y, Lian C, Giustino F, Tutuc E, MacDonald AH, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Shi L. Tunable electron-flexural phonon interaction in graphene heterostructures. Nature 2023; 617:282-286. [PMID: 37100903 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Peculiar electron-phonon interaction characteristics underpin the ultrahigh mobility1, electron hydrodynamics2-4, superconductivity5 and superfluidity6,7 observed in graphene heterostructures. The Lorenz ratio between the electronic thermal conductivity and the product of the electrical conductivity and temperature provides insight into electron-phonon interactions that is inaccessible to past graphene measurements. Here we show an unusual Lorenz ratio peak in degenerate graphene near 60 kelvin and decreased peak magnitude with increased mobility. When combined with ab initio calculations of the many-body electron-phonon self-energy and analytical models, this experimental observation reveals that broken reflection symmetry in graphene heterostructures can relax a restrictive selection rule8,9 to allow quasielastic electron coupling with an odd number of flexural phonons, contributing to the increase of the Lorenz ratio towards the Sommerfeld limit at an intermediate temperature sandwiched between the low-temperature hydrodynamic regime and the inelastic electron-phonon scattering regime above 120 kelvin. In contrast to past practices of neglecting the contributions of flexural phonons to transport in two-dimensional materials, this work suggests that tunable electron-flexural phonon couping can provide a handle to control quantum matter at the atomic scale, such as in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene10 where low-energy excitations may mediate Cooper pairing of flat-band electrons11,12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mir Mohammad Sadeghi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yajie Huang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Chao Lian
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Feliciano Giustino
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Emanuel Tutuc
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Allan H MacDonald
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sano R, Matsuo M. Breaking Down the Magnonic Wiedemann-Franz Law in the Hydrodynamic Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:166201. [PMID: 37154651 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.166201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments have shown an indication of a hydrodynamic magnon behavior in ultrapure ferromagnetic insulators; however, its direct observation is still lacking. Here, we derive a set of coupled hydrodynamic equations and study the thermal and spin conductivities for such a magnon fluid. We reveal the drastic breakdown of the magnonic Wiedemann-Franz law as a hallmark of the hydrodynamics regime, which will become key evidence for the experimental realization of an emergent hydrodynamic magnon behavior. Therefore, our results pave the way toward the direct observation of magnon fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Sano
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mamoru Matsuo
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai 319-1195, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xin N, Lourembam J, Kumaravadivel P, Kazantsev AE, Wu Z, Mullan C, Barrier J, Geim AA, Grigorieva IV, Mishchenko A, Principi A, Fal'ko VI, Ponomarenko LA, Geim AK, Berdyugin AI. Giant magnetoresistance of Dirac plasma in high-mobility graphene. Nature 2023; 616:270-274. [PMID: 37045919 PMCID: PMC10097601 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The most recognizable feature of graphene's electronic spectrum is its Dirac point, around which interesting phenomena tend to cluster. At low temperatures, the intrinsic behaviour in this regime is often obscured by charge inhomogeneity1,2 but thermal excitations can overcome the disorder at elevated temperatures and create an electron-hole plasma of Dirac fermions. The Dirac plasma has been found to exhibit unusual properties, including quantum-critical scattering3-5 and hydrodynamic flow6-8. However, little is known about the plasma's behaviour in magnetic fields. Here we report magnetotransport in this quantum-critical regime. In low fields, the plasma exhibits giant parabolic magnetoresistivity reaching more than 100 per cent in a magnetic field of 0.1 tesla at room temperature. This is orders-of-magnitude higher than magnetoresistivity found in any other system at such temperatures. We show that this behaviour is unique to monolayer graphene, being underpinned by its massless spectrum and ultrahigh mobility, despite frequent (Planckian limit) scattering3-5,9-14. With the onset of Landau quantization in a magnetic field of a few tesla, where the electron-hole plasma resides entirely on the zeroth Landau level, giant linear magnetoresistivity emerges. It is nearly independent of temperature and can be suppressed by proximity screening15, indicating a many-body origin. Clear parallels with magnetotransport in strange metals12-14 and so-called quantum linear magnetoresistance predicted for Weyl metals16 offer an interesting opportunity to further explore relevant physics using this well defined quantum-critical two-dimensional system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Xin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James Lourembam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Piranavan Kumaravadivel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A E Kazantsev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Zefei Wu
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ciaran Mullan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julien Barrier
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alexandra A Geim
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - I V Grigorieva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A Mishchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A Principi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - V I Fal'ko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - L A Ponomarenko
- Department of Physics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK.
| | - A K Geim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Alexey I Berdyugin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Choi YG, Doan MH, Ngoc LLP, Lee J, Choi GM, Chernodub MN. Pseudo-Hydrodynamic Flow of Quasiparticles in Semimetal WTe 2 at Room Temperature. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206604. [PMID: 36960494 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, much interest has emerged in fluid-like electric charge transport in various solid-state systems. The hydrodynamic behavior of the electronic fluid reveals itself as a decrease of the electrical resistance with increasing temperature (the Gurzhi effect) in narrow channels, polynomial scaling of the resistance as a function of the channel width, violation of the Wiedemann-Franz law supported by the emergence of the Poiseuille flow. Similar to whirlpools in flowing water, the viscous electronic flow generates vortices, resulting in abnormal sign-changing electrical response driven by backflow. However, the question of whether the long-ranged sign-changing electrical response can be produced by a mechanism other than hydrodynamics has not been addressed so far. Here polarization-sensitive laser microscopy is used to demonstrate the emergence of visually similar abnormal sign-alternating patterns in semi-metallic tungsten ditelluride at room temperature where this material does not exhibit true hydrodynamics. It is found that the neutral quasiparticle current consisting of electrons and holes obeys an equation remarkably similar to the Navier-Stokes equation. In particular, the momentum relaxation is replaced by the much slower process of quasiparticle recombination. This pseudo-hydrodynamic flow of quasiparticles leads to a sign-changing charge accumulation pattern via different diffusivities of electrons and holes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Gwan Choi
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Manh-Ha Doan
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, 2800, Denmark
| | - Luu Ly Pham Ngoc
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Junsu Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Gyung-Min Choi
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Głódkowski A, Peña-Benítez F, Surówka P. Hydrodynamics of dipole-conserving fluids. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:034142. [PMID: 37072973 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.034142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Dipole-conserving fluids serve as examples of kinematically constrained systems that can be understood on the basis of symmetry. They are known to display various exotic features including glassylike dynamics, subdiffusive transport, and immobile excitations' dubbed fractons. Unfortunately, such systems have so far escaped a complete macroscopic formulation as viscous fluids. In this work, we construct a consistent hydrodynamic description for fluids invariant under translation, rotation, and dipole shift symmetry. We use symmetry principles to formulate a thermodynamic theory for dipole-conserving systems at equilibrium and apply irreversible thermodynamics in order to elucidate dissipative effects. Remarkably, we find that the inclusion of the energy conservation not only renders the longitudinal modes diffusive rather than subdiffusive but also diffusion is present even at the lowest order in the derivative expansion. This work paves the way towards an effective description of many-body systems with constrained dynamics such as ensembles of topological defects, fracton phases of matter, and certain models of glasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Głódkowski
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Francisco Peña-Benítez
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Surówka
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Krebs ZJ, Behn WA, Li S, Smith KJ, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Levchenko A, Brar VW. Imaging the breaking of electrostatic dams in graphene for ballistic and viscous fluids. Science 2023; 379:671-676. [PMID: 36795831 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm6073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The charge carriers in a material can, under special circumstances, behave as a viscous fluid. In this work, we investigated such behavior by using scanning tunneling potentiometry to probe the nanometer-scale flow of electron fluids in graphene as they pass through channels defined by smooth and tunable in-plane p-n junction barriers. We observed that as the sample temperature and channel widths are increased, the electron fluid flow undergoes a Knudsen-to-Gurzhi transition from the ballistic to the viscous regime characterized by a channel conductance that exceeds the ballistic limit, as well as suppressed charge accumulation against the barriers. Our results are well modeled by finite element simulations of two-dimensional viscous current flow, and they illustrate how Fermi liquid flow evolves with carrier density, channel width, and temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Krebs
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Wyatt A Behn
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Songci Li
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Keenan J Smith
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Alex Levchenko
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Victor W Brar
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Observation of hydrodynamic plasmons and energy waves in graphene. Nature 2023; 614:688-693. [PMID: 36813893 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Thermally excited electrons and holes form a quantum-critical Dirac fluid in ultraclean graphene and their electrodynamic responses are described by a universal hydrodynamic theory. The hydrodynamic Dirac fluid can host intriguing collective excitations distinctively different from those in a Fermi liquid1-4. Here we report the observation of the hydrodynamic plasmon and energy wave in ultraclean graphene. We use the on-chip terahertz (THz) spectroscopy technique to measure the THz absorption spectra of a graphene microribbon as well as the propagation of the energy wave in graphene close to charge neutrality. We observe a prominent high-frequency hydrodynamic bipolar-plasmon resonance and a weaker low-frequency energy-wave resonance of the Dirac fluid in ultraclean graphene. The hydrodynamic bipolar plasmon is characterized by the antiphase oscillation of massless electrons and holes in graphene. The hydrodynamic energy wave is an electron-hole sound mode with both charge carriers oscillating in phase and moving together. The spatial-temporal imaging technique shows that the energy wave propagates at a characteristic speed of [Formula: see text] near the charge neutrality2-4. Our observations open new opportunities to explore collective hydrodynamic excitations in graphene systems.
Collapse
|
33
|
Phonon-mediated room-temperature quantum Hall transport in graphene. Nat Commun 2023; 14:318. [PMID: 36658139 PMCID: PMC9852447 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantum Hall (QH) effect in two-dimensional electron systems (2DESs) is conventionally observed at liquid-helium temperatures, where lattice vibrations are strongly suppressed and bulk carrier scattering is dominated by disorder. However, due to large Landau level (LL) separation (~2000 K at B = 30 T), graphene can support the QH effect up to room temperature (RT), concomitant with a non-negligible population of acoustic phonons with a wave-vector commensurate to the inverse electronic magnetic length. Here, we demonstrate that graphene encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) realizes a novel transport regime, where dissipation in the QH phase is governed predominantly by electron-phonon scattering. Investigating thermally-activated transport at filling factor 2 up to RT in an ensemble of back-gated devices, we show that the high B-field behaviour correlates with their zero B-field transport mobility. By this means, we extend the well-accepted notion of phonon-limited resistivity in ultra-clean graphene to a hitherto unexplored high-field realm.
Collapse
|
34
|
Grushevskaya H, Timoshchenko A, Lipnevich I. Topological Defects Created by Gamma Rays in a Carbon Nanotube Bilayer. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:410. [PMID: 36770369 PMCID: PMC9921100 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene sheets are a highly radiation-resistant material for prospective nuclear applications and nanoscale defect engineering. However, the precise mechanism of graphene radiation hardness has remained elusive. In this paper, we study the origin and nature of defects induced by gamma radiation in a graphene rolled-up plane. In order to reduce the environmental influence on graphene and reveal the small effects of gamma rays, we have synthesized a novel graphene-based nanocomposite material containing a bilayer of highly aligned carbon nanotube assemblies that have been decorated by organometallic compounds and suspended on nanoporous Al2O3 membranes. The bilayer samples were irradiated by gamma rays from a 137Cs source with a fluence rate of the order of 105 m-2s-1. The interaction between the samples and gamma quanta results in the appearance of three characteristic photon escape peaks in the radiation spectra. We explain the mechanism of interaction between the graphene sheets and gamma radiation using a pseudo-Majorana fermion graphene model, which is a quasi-relativistic N=3-flavor graphene model with a Majorana-like mass term. This model admits the existence of giant charge carrier currents that are sufficient to neutralize the impact of ionizing radiation. Experimental evidence is provided for the prediction that the 661.7-keV gamma quanta transfer enough energy to the electron subsystem of graphene to bring about the deconfinement of the bound pseudo-Majorana modes and involve C atoms in a vortical motion of the electron density flows in the graphene plane. We explain the radiation hardness of graphene by the topological non-triviality of the pseudo-Majorana fermion configurations comprising the graphene charge carriers.
Collapse
|
35
|
Bandurin DA, Principi A, Phinney IY, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Jarillo-Herrero P. Interlayer Electron-Hole Friction in Tunable Twisted Bilayer Graphene Semimetal. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:206802. [PMID: 36461999 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.206802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Charge-neutral conducting systems represent a class of materials with unusual properties governed by electron-hole (e-h) interactions. Depending on the quasiparticle statistics, band structure, and device geometry these semimetallic phases of matter can feature unconventional responses to external fields that often defy simple interpretations in terms of single-particle physics. Here we show that small-angle twisted bilayer graphene (SA TBG) offers a highly tunable system in which to explore interactions-limited electron conduction. By employing a dual-gated device architecture we tune our devices from a nondegenerate charge-neutral Dirac fluid to a compensated two-component e-h Fermi liquid where spatially separated electrons and holes experience strong mutual friction. This friction is revealed through the T^{2} resistivity that accurately follows the e-h drag theory we develop. Our results provide a textbook illustration of a smooth transition between different interaction-limited transport regimes and clarify the conduction mechanisms in charge-neutral SA TBG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Bandurin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575 Singapore
| | - A Principi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - I Y Phinney
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute of Material Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute of Material Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - P Jarillo-Herrero
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gate-tunable Veselago interference in a bipolar graphene microcavity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6711. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe relativistic charge carriers in monolayer graphene can be manipulated in manners akin to conventional optics. Klein tunneling and Veselago lensing have been previously demonstrated in ballistic graphene pn-junction devices, but collimation and focusing efficiency remains relatively low, preventing realization of advanced quantum devices and controlled quantum interference. Here, we present a graphene microcavity defined by carefully-engineered local strain and electrostatic fields. Electrons are manipulated to form an interference path inside the cavity at zero magnetic field via consecutive Veselago refractions. The observation of unique Veselago interference peaks via transport measurement and their magnetic field dependence agrees with the theoretical expectation. We further utilize Veselago interference to demonstrate localization of uncollimated electrons and thus improvement in collimation efficiency. Our work sheds new light on relativistic single-particle physics and provide a new device concept toward next-generation quantum devices based on manipulation of ballistic electron trajectory.
Collapse
|
37
|
Sharma V, Okram GS, Kuo YK. Metal to insulator transition, colossal Seebeck coefficient and large violation of Wiedemann-Franz law in nanoscale granular nickel. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:035702. [PMID: 36228508 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac99e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report on the electrical and thermal transport properties of nickel nanoparticles with crystallite size from 23.1 ± 0.3 to 1.3 ± 0.3 nm. These nanoparticles show a systematic metal to insulator transition with the change in the conduction type fromn- to p-type, colossal Seebeck coefficient of 1.87 ± 0.07 mV K-1, and ultralow thermal conductivity of 0.52 ± 0.05 W m-1K-1at 300 K as the crystallite size drops. The electrical resistivity analysis reveals a dramatic change in the electronic excitation spectrum indicating the opening of an energy gap, and cotunneling and Coulomb blockade of the charge carriers. Seebeck coefficient shows transport energy degradation of charge carriers as transport level moves away from the Fermi level with decrease in crystallite size. The Lorenz number rising to about four orders of magnitude in the metallic regimes with decrease in crystallite size, showing a large violation of the Wiedemann-Franz law in these compacted nickel nanoparticles. Such an observation provides the compelling confirmation for unconventional quasiparticle dynamics where the transport of charge and heat is independent of each other. Therefore, such nanoparticles provide an intriguing platform to tune the charge and heat transport, which may be useful for thermoelectrics and heat dissipation in nanocrystal array-based electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Sharma
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, University Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics & Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai-400005, India
| | - Gunadhor Singh Okram
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, University Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Yung-Kang Kuo
- Department of Physics, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lei Z, Liu W, Xing W, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Tao P, Shang W, Fu B, Song C, Deng T. Developing Thermal Regulating and Electromagnetic Shielding Nacre-Inspired Graphene-Conjugated Conducting Polymer Film via Apparent Wiedemann-Franz Law. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:49199-49211. [PMID: 36281936 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we observed size-dependent behavior of filler on both the thermal and electrical conductivities of nacre-like graphene-conjugated conducting polymer films and demonstrated the display of apparent Wiedemann-Franz law and tunability of Lorenz constant in such films. The maximum thermal and electrical conductivities of as-fabricated films can reach over 73 W·m-1·K-1 and 1200 S·cm-1, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum value of electromagnetic interference shielding reaches 54 dB with SSE/t over 16000 dB·cm2·g-1. These films can not only show high-quality electromagnetic interference shielding performance with small thickness and low filler ratio but also achieve simultaneous thermal management during electromagnetic shielding. The findings in this work offer new insight into designing flexible graphene-conjugated polymers with customizable thermal and electrical properties in the broad fields of thermal management systems, electromagnetic defense systems, and flexible electronic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Lei
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
| | - Wendong Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
| | - Wenkui Xing
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
| | - Yingyue Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
| | - Yongjia Liu
- The Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
| | - Peng Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
| | - Wen Shang
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
| | - Benwei Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
| | - Chengyi Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
| | - Tao Deng
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai200240, P.R.China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
In C, Kim UJ, Choi H. Two-dimensional Dirac plasmon-polaritons in graphene, 3D topological insulator and hybrid systems. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:313. [PMID: 36302746 PMCID: PMC9613982 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Collective oscillations of massless particles in two-dimensional (2D) Dirac materials offer an innovative route toward implementing atomically thin devices based on low-energy quasiparticle interactions. Strong confinement of near-field distribution on the 2D surface is essential to demonstrate extraordinary optoelectronic functions, providing means to shape the spectral response at the mid-infrared (IR) wavelength. Although the dynamic polarization from the linear response theory has successfully accounted for a range of experimental observations, a unified perspective was still elusive, connecting the state-of-the-art developments based on the 2D Dirac plasmon-polaritons. Here, we review recent works on graphene and three-dimensional (3D) topological insulator (TI) plasmon-polariton, where the mid-IR and terahertz (THz) radiation experiences prominent confinement into a deep-subwavelength scale in a novel optoelectronic structure. After presenting general light-matter interactions between 2D Dirac plasmon and subwavelength quasiparticle excitations, we introduce various experimental techniques to couple the plasmon-polaritons with electromagnetic radiations. Electrical and optical controls over the plasmonic excitations reveal the hybridized plasmon modes in graphene and 3D TI, demonstrating an intense near-field interaction of 2D Dirac plasmon within the highly-compressed volume. These findings can further be applied to invent optoelectronic bio-molecular sensors, atomically thin photodetectors, and laser-driven light sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chihun In
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Jeong Kim
- Advanced Sensor Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunyong Choi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lin Y, Bao Y, Yan S, Chen B, Zou K, Nie H, Wang G. Ferroelectric Polarization Modulated Thermal Conductivity in Barium Titanate Ceramic. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:49928-49936. [PMID: 36286537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermal conductivity k dominates in a heat transfer medium, and a field modulated k would facilitate delicate control in thermal management technology, yet it is hardly realized in a single solid material unless with changing temperature. Herein, in BaTiO3 ceramic, a modulated k was discovered by adjusting ferroelectric polarization P, which was a conventional strategy in ferroelectric functional materials. Four different states (P1, P2, P3, P4) were obtained by controlling poling time and field strength, showing that k leaped from 2.704 ± 0.054 to 3.201 ± 0.070 W (m K)-1 with increased P. Moreover, the strong correlation between P and k was also verified by the thermal depolarization measurement from room temperature to Curie temperature. The underlying origin of P modulated k was attributed to the internal bias field, which is born in the oriented ferroelectric domains, tightening special phonon modes in BaTiO3 ceramics. Raman spectrum, P-E loops, first-order reversible curve, XRD analysis, and PFM measurement were then employed to clarify how ferroelectric polarization structurally influences phonon transport and subsequent thermal conductivity. This work will pave a brand-new research route for conventional ferroelectric ceramic, also potentiating the idea of the electric field-controlled k component and active solid heat-transport device in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yezhan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijinshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yizheng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiguang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Changning District, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zou
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijinshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hengchang Nie
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Genshui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Changning District, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijinshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Stern A, Scaffidi T, Reuven O, Kumar C, Birkbeck J, Ilani S. How Electron Hydrodynamics Can Eliminate the Landauer-Sharvin Resistance. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:157701. [PMID: 36269972 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.157701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
It has long been realized that even a perfectly clean electronic system harbors a Landauer-Sharvin resistance, inversely proportional to the number of its conduction channels. This resistance is usually associated with voltage drops on the system's contacts to an external circuit. Recent theories have shown that hydrodynamic effects can reduce this resistance, raising the question of the lower bound of resistance of hydrodynamic electrons. Here, we show that by a proper choice of device geometry, it is possible to spread the Landauer-Sharvin resistance throughout the bulk of the system, allowing its complete elimination by electron hydrodynamics. We trace the effect to the dynamics of electrons flowing in channels that terminate within the sample. For ballistic systems this termination leads to back-reflection of the electrons and creates resistance. Hydrodynamically, the scattering of these electrons off other electrons allows them to transfer to transmitted channels and avoid the resistance. Counterintuitively, we find that in contrast to the ohmic regime, for hydrodynamic electrons the resistance of a device with a given width can decrease with its length, suggesting that a long enough device may have an arbitrarily small total resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ady Stern
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Thomas Scaffidi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Oren Reuven
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Chandan Kumar
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - John Birkbeck
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shahal Ilani
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kumar C, Birkbeck J, Sulpizio JA, Perello D, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Reuven O, Scaffidi T, Stern A, Geim AK, Ilani S. Imaging hydrodynamic electrons flowing without Landauer-Sharvin resistance. Nature 2022; 609:276-281. [PMID: 36071191 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrical resistance usually originates from lattice imperfections. However, even a perfect lattice has a fundamental resistance limit, given by the Landauer1 conductance caused by a finite number of propagating electron modes. This resistance, shown by Sharvin2 to appear at the contacts of electronic devices, sets the ultimate conduction limit of non-interacting electrons. Recent years have seen growing evidence of hydrodynamic electronic phenomena3-18, prompting recent theories19,20 to ask whether an electronic fluid can radically break the fundamental Landauer-Sharvin limit. Here, we use single-electron-transistor imaging of electronic flow in high-mobility graphene Corbino disk devices to answer this question. First, by imaging ballistic flows at liquid-helium temperatures, we observe a Landauer-Sharvin resistance that does not appear at the contacts but is instead distributed throughout the bulk. This underpins the phase-space origin of this resistance-as emerging from spatial gradients in the number of conduction modes. At elevated temperatures, by identifying and accounting for electron-phonon scattering, we show the details of the purely hydrodynamic flow. Strikingly, we find that electron hydrodynamics eliminates the bulk Landauer-Sharvin resistance. Finally, by imaging spiralling magneto-hydrodynamic Corbino flows, we show the key emergent length scale predicted by hydrodynamic theories-the Gurzhi length. These observations demonstrate that electronic fluids can dramatically transcend the fundamental limitations of ballistic electrons, with important implications for fundamental science and future technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Kumar
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J Birkbeck
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J A Sulpizio
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - D Perello
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - O Reuven
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - T Scaffidi
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ady Stern
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A K Geim
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S Ilani
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jenkins A, Baumann S, Zhou H, Meynell SA, Daipeng Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Lucas A, Young AF, Bleszynski Jayich AC. Imaging the Breakdown of Ohmic Transport in Graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:087701. [PMID: 36053708 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.087701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ohm's law describes the proportionality of the current density and electric field. In solid-state conductors, Ohm's law emerges due to electron scattering processes that relax the electrical current. Here, we use nitrogen-vacancy center magnetometry to directly image the local breakdown of Ohm's law in a narrow constriction fabricated in a high mobility graphene monolayer. Ohmic flow is visible at room temperature as current concentration on the constriction edges, with flow profiles entirely determined by sample geometry. However, as the temperature is lowered below 200 K, the current concentrates near the constriction center. The change in the flow pattern is consistent with a crossover from diffusive to viscous electron transport dominated by electron-electron scattering processes that do not relax current.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alec Jenkins
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara California 93106, USA
| | - Susanne Baumann
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara California 93106, USA
| | - Haoxin Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara California 93106, USA
| | - Simon A Meynell
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara California 93106, USA
| | - Yang Daipeng
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara California 93106, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Andrew Lucas
- Department of Physics and Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Andrea F Young
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara California 93106, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Vortices produced and studied in electron fluids. Nature 2022:10.1038/d41586-022-01557-7. [PMID: 35794381 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-01557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
45
|
Direct observation of vortices in an electron fluid. Nature 2022; 607:74-80. [PMID: 35794267 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vortices are the hallmarks of hydrodynamic flow. Strongly interacting electrons in ultrapure conductors can display signatures of hydrodynamic behaviour, including negative non-local resistance1-4, higher-than-ballistic conduction5-7, Poiseuille flow in narrow channels8-10 and violation of the Wiedemann-Franz law11. Here we provide a visualization of whirlpools in an electron fluid. By using a nanoscale scanning superconducting quantum interference device on a tip12, we image the current distribution in a circular chamber connected through a small aperture to a current-carrying strip in the high-purity type II Weyl semimetal WTe2. In this geometry, the Gurzhi momentum diffusion length and the size of the aperture determine the vortex stability phase diagram. We find that vortices are present for only small apertures, whereas the flow is laminar (non-vortical) for larger apertures. Near the vortical-to-laminar transition, we observe the single vortex in the chamber splitting into two vortices; this behaviour is expected only in the hydrodynamic regime and is not anticipated for ballistic transport. These findings suggest a new mechanism of hydrodynamic flow in thin pure crystals such that the spatial diffusion of electron momenta is enabled by small-angle scattering at the surfaces instead of the routinely invoked electron-electron scattering, which becomes extremely weak at low temperatures. This surface-induced para-hydrodynamics, which mimics many aspects of conventional hydrodynamics including vortices, opens new possibilities for exploring and using electron fluidics in high-mobility electron systems.
Collapse
|
46
|
Ghosh K, Kusiak A, Battaglia JL. Phonon hydrodynamics in crystalline materials. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:323001. [PMID: 35588717 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac718a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phonon hydrodynamics is an exotic phonon transport phenomenon that challenges the conventional understanding of diffusive phonon scattering in crystalline solids. It features a peculiar collective motion of phonons with various unconventional properties resembling fluid hydrodynamics, facilitating non Fourier heat transport. Hence, it opens up several new avenues to enrich the knowledge and implementations on phonon physics, phonon engineering, and micro and nanoelectronic device technologies. This review aims at covering a comprehensive development as well as the recent advancements in this field via experiments, analytical methods, and state-of-the-art numerical techniques. The evolution of the topic has been realized using both phenomenological and material science perspectives. Further, the discussions related to the factors that influence such peculiar motion, illustrate the capability of phonon hydrodynamics to be implemented in various applications. A plethora of new ideas can emerge from the topic considering both the physics and the material science axes, navigating toward a promising outlook in the research areas around phonon transport in non-metallic solids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanka Ghosh
- University of Bordeaux, I2M Laboratory, UMR CNRS 5295, 351 Cours de la libération, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Andrzej Kusiak
- University of Bordeaux, I2M Laboratory, UMR CNRS 5295, 351 Cours de la libération, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Jean-Luc Battaglia
- University of Bordeaux, I2M Laboratory, UMR CNRS 5295, 351 Cours de la libération, F-33400 Talence, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yu L, Xu L, Lu L, Alhalili Z, Zhou X. Thermal Properties of MXenes and Relevant Applications. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200203. [PMID: 35674280 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The properties and applications of MXenes (a family of layered transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides) have aroused enormous research interests for a decade since the successful synthesis of few-layer transition metal carbides in 2011. Though MXenes, as the building blocks, have already been applied in various fields (such as wearable electronics) owing to the distinctive optical, mechanical and electrical properties, their thermal stability and intrinsic thermal properties were less thoroughly investigated compared to other characteristics in early reports. The pioneering theoretical prediction of the thermoelectric nature of MXenes was performed in 2013 while the first experiment-based report concerning the degradation behavior of the 2D structure at elevated temperatures in a controlled atmosphere was published in 2015, followed by numerous discoveries regarding the thermal properties of MXenes. Herein, after a brief description of the synthesis, this Review summarized the latest insights into the thermal stability and thermophysical properties of MXenes, and further associated these unique properties with relevant applications by multiple examples. Finally, current hurdles and challenges in this field were provided along with some advices on potential research directions in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LePing Yu
- Institute of Automotive Technology, Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214153, People's Republic of China
| | - Lyu Xu
- Institute of Automotive Technology, Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214153, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Automotive Technology, Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214153, People's Republic of China
| | - Zahrah Alhalili
- College of Sciences and Arts, Shaqra University, Sajir, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - XiaoHong Zhou
- Institute of Automotive Technology, Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214153, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Joshi MK, Kranzl F, Schuckert A, Lovas I, Maier C, Blatt R, Knap M, Roos CF. Observing emergent hydrodynamics in a long-range quantum magnet. Science 2022; 376:720-724. [PMID: 35549407 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Identifying universal properties of nonequilibrium quantum states is a major challenge in modern physics. A fascinating prediction is that classical hydrodynamics emerges universally in the evolution of any interacting quantum system. We experimentally probed the quantum dynamics of 51 individually controlled ions, realizing a long-range interacting spin chain. By measuring space-time-resolved correlation functions in an infinite temperature state, we observed a whole family of hydrodynamic universality classes, ranging from normal diffusion to anomalous superdiffusion, that are described by Lévy flights. We extracted the transport coefficients of the hydrodynamic theory, reflecting the microscopic properties of the system. Our observations demonstrate the potential for engineered quantum systems to provide key insights into universal properties of nonequilibrium states of quantum matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Joshi
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - F Kranzl
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Schuckert
- Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - I Lovas
- Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - C Maier
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,AQT, Technikerstraße 17, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Blatt
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Knap
- Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - C F Roos
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tan C, Ho DYH, Wang L, Li JIA, Yudhistira I, Rhodes DA, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Shepard K, McEuen PL, Dean CR, Adam S, Hone J. Dissipation-enabled hydrodynamic conductivity in a tunable bandgap semiconductor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabi8481. [PMID: 35427167 PMCID: PMC9012458 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi8481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic transport in the regime where carrier-carrier collisions are the dominant scattering mechanism has taken on new relevance with the advent of ultraclean two-dimensional materials. Here, we present a combined theoretical and experimental study of ambipolar hydrodynamic transport in bilayer graphene demonstrating that the conductivity is given by the sum of two Drude-like terms that describe relative motion between electrons and holes, and the collective motion of the electron-hole plasma. As predicted, the measured conductivity of gapless, charge-neutral bilayer graphene is sample- and temperature-independent over a wide range. Away from neutrality, the electron-hole conductivity collapses to a single curve, and a set of just four fitting parameters provides quantitative agreement between theory and experiment at all densities, temperatures, and gaps measured. This work validates recent theories for dissipation-enabled hydrodynamic conductivity and creates a link between semiconductor physics and the emerging field of viscous electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Derek Y. H. Ho
- Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138614, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Lei Wang
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jia I. A. Li
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Indra Yudhistira
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Daniel A. Rhodes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenneth Shepard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Paul L. McEuen
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cory R. Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Shaffique Adam
- Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138614, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhou J, Zhang C, Shi L, Chen X, Kim TS, Gyeon M, Chen J, Wang J, Yu L, Wang X, Kang K, Orgiu E, Samorì P, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Tsukagoshi K, Wang P, Shi Y, Li S. Non-invasive digital etching of van der Waals semiconductors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1844. [PMID: 35383178 PMCID: PMC8983769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability to finely tailor material thickness with simultaneous atomic precision and non-invasivity would be useful for constructing quantum platforms and post-Moore microelectronics. However, it remains challenging to attain synchronized controls over tailoring selectivity and precision. Here we report a protocol that allows for non-invasive and atomically digital etching of van der Waals transition-metal dichalcogenides through selective alloying via low-temperature thermal diffusion and subsequent wet etching. The mechanism of selective alloying between sacrifice metal atoms and defective or pristine dichalcogenides is analyzed with high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. Also, the non-invasive nature and atomic level precision of our etching technique are corroborated by consistent spectral, crystallographic, and electrical characterization measurements. The low-temperature charge mobility of as-etched MoS2 reaches up to 1200 cm2 V−1s−1, comparable to that of exfoliated pristine counterparts. The entire protocol represents a highly precise and non-invasive tailoring route for material manipulation. Here, the authors exploit a non-invasive layer-bylayer etching technique to fabricate electronic devices based on 2D transition metal dichalcogenides with controlled thickness and transport properties comparable to those of exfoliated flakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunchen Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tae Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseung Gyeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinlan Wang
- Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linwei Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kibum Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Emanuele Orgiu
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Blvd. Lionel-Boulet, J3X 1S2, Varennes, QC, Canada
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- WPI-MANA, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- WPI-MANA, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsukagoshi
- WPI-MANA, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Peng Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. .,College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Physics, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK.
| | - Yi Shi
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. .,School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Songlin Li
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. .,School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|