1
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Vaidyanathan T, Foster SJ, Ramkumar B, Vincent ACJ. A practical approach to meeting national obligations for sustainable trade under CITES. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14337. [PMID: 39248743 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Reconciling conservation goals with sustainable resource use requires adaptive management strategies. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) regulates global trade for species listed on Appendix II, partly by requiring member countries (parties) to ensure exports do not damage wild populations (called making positive "nondetriment findings" [NDFs]). Unfortunately, when parties find NDFs difficult, they often suspend legal trade, imposing economic costs and driving trade underground. To make it easier for parties to examine the detrimental nature of exports, we devised a spatial approach and applied it to seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) in Tamil Nadu, India, as an example. Our approach involves mapping answers to 5 key questions on species distribution (QA), pressures (QB), management measures (QC), management implementation (QD), and species' population status (QE). We gathered data from fisher interviews and published literature. Seahorse abundance was greatest in southern Palk Bay and the northern Gulf of Mannar, primarily in seagrasses and coral reefs (QA). Fishing pressure was highest in Palk Bay, primarily from bottom trawlers and dragnetters operating in shallow seahorse habitats near the coastline (QB). Management measures including a marine protected area (MPA), bottom trawl exclusion zone, and closed season were theoretically in place (QC), but their implementation was poor (QD). Fishers reported seahorse catches in 85% of the area covered by the MPA and the exclusion zone; bottom trawlers were responsible for most violations. Seahorses were also captured in Sri Lankan waters, where bottom trawling is banned. Fisher reports indicated declining seahorse catches and reduced body sizes (QE), highlighting unsustainable exploitation. Our results highlight the need for better implementation of existing management measures before a positive NDF can be made and suggest mitigation beyond bans. Such pragmatic spatial analyses can help regulate exports at sustainable levels, supporting CITES implementation for its vast range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Vaidyanathan
- Project Seahorse, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- IUCN SSC Seahorse, Pipefish and Seadragon Specialist Group, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sarah J Foster
- Project Seahorse, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- IUCN SSC Seahorse, Pipefish and Seadragon Specialist Group, Vancouver, Canada
| | - B Ramkumar
- Department of Marine and Coastal Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Amanda C J Vincent
- Project Seahorse, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- IUCN SSC Seahorse, Pipefish and Seadragon Specialist Group, Vancouver, Canada
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2
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Tessnow-von Wysocki I, Vadrot ABM. Pathways of scientific input into intergovernmental negotiations: a new agreement on marine biodiversity. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS : POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS 2024; 24:325-348. [PMID: 39347380 PMCID: PMC11424709 DOI: 10.1007/s10784-024-09642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
A new legally binding agreement for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) was adopted by consensus on 19th June, 2023. Setting new regulations and filling regulatory gaps of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea are expected to be informed by "best available science". It is critical to understand how science entered the negotiations, which defined the global scientific knowledge base of decision-makers. This paper presents various pathways over which scientific input entered the BBNJ negotiations, using empirical data, collected through collaborative event ethnography, including participant observation and semi-structured interviews at the BBNJ negotiation site. Results show that scientific input in the BBNJ negotiations was not systematic and transparent but dependent on (a) available national scientific capacity, (b) financial resources, (c) established contacts and (d) active involvement of actors. Results of the study call for formalised science-policy interfaces, initiated by the UN Secretariat to guarantee a global knowledge base for decision-making. Keywords: international negotiations; United Nations; marine biodiversity; BBNJ; ocean protection; science-policy interfaces. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10784-024-09642-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Tessnow-von Wysocki
- Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Kolingasse 14-16, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice B M Vadrot
- Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Kolingasse 14-16, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Marraffini ML, Hamilton SL, Marin Jarrin JR, Ladd M, Koval G, Madden JR, Mangino I, Parker LM, Emery KA, Terhaar K, Hubbard DM, Miller RJ, Dugan JE. Evaluating the influence of marine protected areas on surf zone fish. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024:e14296. [PMID: 38770838 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) globally serve conservation and fisheries management goals, generating positive effects in some marine ecosystems. Surf zones and sandy beaches, critical ecotones bridging land and sea, play a pivotal role in the life cycles of numerous fish species and serve as prime areas for subsistence and recreational fishing. Despite their significance, these areas remain understudied when evaluating the effects of MPAs. We compared surf zone fish assemblages inside and outside MPAs across 3 bioregions in California (USA). Using seines and baited remote underwater videos (BRUVs), we found differences in surf zone fish inside and outside MPAs in one region. Inside south region MPAs, we observed higher abundance (Tukey's honest significant difference [HSD] = 0.83, p = 0.0001) and richness (HSD = 0.22, p = 0.0001) in BRUVs and greater biomass (HSD = 0.32, p = 0.0002) in seine surveys compared with reference sites. Selected live-bearing, fished taxa were positively affected by MPAs. Elasmobranchs displayed greater abundance in BRUV surveys and higher biomass in seine surveys inside south region MPAs (HSD = 0.35, p = 0.0003 and HSD = 0.23, p = 0.008, respectively). Although we observed no overall MPA signal for Embiotocidae, abundances of juvenile and large adult barred surfperch (Amphistichus argenteus), the most abundant fished species, were higher inside MPAs (K-S test D = 0.19, p < 0.0001). Influence of habitat characteristics on MPA performance indicated surf zone width was positively associated with fish abundance and biomass but negatively associated with richness. The south region had the largest positive effect size on all MPA performance metrics. Our findings underscored the variability in species richness and composition across regions and survey methods that significantly affected differences observed inside and outside MPAs. A comprehensive assessment of MPA performance should consider specific taxa, their distribution, and the effects of habitat factors and geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Marraffini
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - S L Hamilton
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University, Moss Landing, California, USA
| | - J R Marin Jarrin
- Department of Fisheries Biology, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, California, USA
| | - M Ladd
- Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA-National Marine Fisheries Service, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - G Koval
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University, Moss Landing, California, USA
| | - J R Madden
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - I Mangino
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - L M Parker
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University, Moss Landing, California, USA
| | - K A Emery
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - K Terhaar
- Department of Fisheries Biology, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, California, USA
| | - D M Hubbard
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - R J Miller
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - J E Dugan
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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4
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Filbee-Dexter K, Starko S, Pessarrodona A, Wood G, Norderhaug KM, Piñeiro-Corbeira C, Wernberg T. Marine protected areas can be useful but are not a silver bullet for kelp conservation. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2024; 60:203-213. [PMID: 38546039 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Kelp forests are among the most valuable ecosystems on Earth, but they are increasingly being degraded and lost due to a range of human-related stressors, leading to recent calls for their improved management and conservation. One of the primary tools to conserve marine species and biodiversity is the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). International commitments to protect 30% of the world's ecosystems are gaining momentum, offering a promising avenue to secure kelp forests into the Anthropocene. However, a clear understanding of the efficacy of MPAs for conserving kelp forests in a changing ocean is lacking. In this perspective, we question whether strengthened global protection will create meaningful conservation outcomes for kelp forests. We explore the benefits of MPAs for kelp conservation under a suite of different stressors, focusing on empirical evidence from protected kelp forests. We show that MPAs can be effective against some drivers of kelp loss (e.g., overgrazing, kelp harvesting), particularly when they are maintained in the long-term and enforced as no-take areas. There is also some evidence that MPAs can reduce impacts of climate change through building resilience in multi-stressor situations. However, MPAs also often fail to provide protection against ocean warming, marine heatwaves, coastal darkening, and pollution, which have emerged as dominant drivers of kelp forest loss globally. Although well-enforced MPAs should remain an important tool to protect kelp forests, successful kelp conservation will require implementing an additional suite of management solutions that target these accelerating threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Filbee-Dexter
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
| | - Samuel Starko
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Albert Pessarrodona
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Georgina Wood
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Cristina Piñeiro-Corbeira
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias, and CICA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
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5
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Gill DA, Lester SE, Free CM, Pfaff A, Iversen E, Reich BJ, Yang S, Ahmadia G, Andradi-Brown DA, Darling ES, Edgar GJ, Fox HE, Geldmann J, Trung Le D, Mascia MB, Mesa-Gutiérrez R, Mumby PJ, Veverka L, Warmuth LM. A diverse portfolio of marine protected areas can better advance global conservation and equity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313205121. [PMID: 38408235 PMCID: PMC10927568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313205121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are widely used for ocean conservation, yet the relative impacts of various types of MPAs are poorly understood. We estimated impacts on fish biomass from no-take and multiple-use (fished) MPAs, employing a rigorous matched counterfactual design with a global dataset of >14,000 surveys in and around 216 MPAs. Both no-take and multiple-use MPAs generated positive conservation outcomes relative to no protection (58.2% and 12.6% fish biomass increases, respectively), with smaller estimated differences between the two MPA types when controlling for additional confounding factors (8.3% increase). Relative performance depended on context and management: no-take MPAs performed better in areas of high human pressure but similar to multiple-use in remote locations. Multiple-use MPA performance was low in high-pressure areas but improved significantly with better management, producing similar outcomes to no-take MPAs when adequately staffed and appropriate use regulations were applied. For priority conservation areas where no-take restrictions are not possible or ethical, our findings show that a portfolio of well-designed and well-managed multiple-use MPAs represents a viable and potentially equitable pathway to advance local and global conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Gill
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC28516
| | - Sarah E. Lester
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL32306
| | - Christopher M. Free
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93117
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93117
| | - Alexander Pfaff
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
| | - Edwin Iversen
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
| | - Brian J. Reich
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC27695
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC27695
| | - Gabby Ahmadia
- Ocean Conservation, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC20037
| | | | | | - Graham J. Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS7001, Australia
- Reef Life Survey Foundation, Battery Point, TAS7000, Australia
| | | | - Jonas Geldmann
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2100, Denmark
| | - Duong Trung Le
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC28516
- World Bank, Washington, DC20006
| | - Michael B. Mascia
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA22202
| | - Roosevelt Mesa-Gutiérrez
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC28516
- Integrated Statistics Inc. in support of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Protected Resources Division, Gloucester, MA01930
| | - Peter J. Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Laura Veverka
- Ocean Conservation, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC20037
| | - Laura M. Warmuth
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC28516
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
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6
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Akerlof KL, Loevenich J, Melena S, Lipsky CA. Behaviorally segmented audiences for managing sunscreen chemical pollution risk in protected coastal natural resource areas. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2024; 44:349-365. [PMID: 37188329 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This audience segmentation of visitors at coastal parks in Hawaii and North Carolina addresses an emergent natural resource management concern and risk to aquatic ecosystems: sunscreen chemical pollution. Four audiences were identified that correspond to different behavioral profiles: sunscreen protection tourists, multimodal sun protection tourists, in-state frequent park visitors, and frequent beachgoers who skip sunscreen. The second-largest audience, sunscreen protection tourists, represents 29% of visitors at Cape Lookout National Seashore and 25% at Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park. This group ranks of most concern for chemical pollution because they use sunscreen, but not typically mineral formulations or other methods such as protective clothing, and they have lower levels of sunscreen chemical issue awareness. The identification of similar audience segments across regions with differing cultural characteristics and sunscreen regulation status suggests the robustness of the model and its indicator variables, with implications for both environmental protection and public health. Further, coastal visitors' interest in enacting pro-environmental sun protection behaviors during their next park or beach visit indicates the potential for natural resource managers to holistically address risks in both domains through targeted interventions with audiences of most concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Akerlof
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Jacqueline Loevenich
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sara Melena
- Natural Resource Stewardship & Science Directorate, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christine A Lipsky
- Natural Resource Stewardship & Science Directorate, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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7
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Liu H, Peng D, Yang HJ, Mu Y, Zhu Y. Exploring the evolution of sustainable fisheries development: Focusing on ecological, environmental and management issues. ECOL INFORM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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8
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Song X, Zhang B, Cao Y, Liu B, Chen B. Shrimp-waste based dispersant as oil spill treating agent: Biodegradation of dispersant and dispersed oil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129617. [PMID: 35872457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The emerging demand for the enhancement of biodegradation of persistent organic pollutants from marine oil spills using oil-treating agents to minimize the environmental impacts promotes the development of green dispersants. Shrimp waste is a potential raw material to generate green dispersants. The biodegradability of dispersed oil and dispersants themselves are key factors for the national consideration of the approval, stockpile, and usage of dispersants. However, it is unknown whether shrimp-waste-based dispersant (SWD) has high bioavailability or facilitates the biodegradation of dispersed oil. In this study, we tackled the biodegradation of oil dispersed by a purified SWD. Furthermore, the SWD biodegradability was evaluated by exploring the degradation genes via metagenomic sequencing, analyzing the enzymatic activities for dispersant biodegradation by molecular docking, and discussing the SWD toxicity. We discovered that the SWD facilitated the biodegradation of two crude oils (Alaska North Slope and Marine Fuel-No.6). The metagenomic analysis with molecular docking showed that fresh seawater had feasible enzymes to degrade the SWD to safety components. Additionally, the SWD was low toxic and high bioactive. The findings helped confirm that the purified SWD is an effective and eco-sustainable marine oil spill treating agent and tracked the biodegradation of dispersed oil and the SWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Song
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada.
| | - Yiqi Cao
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Bo Liu
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada
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9
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Tablada J, Geange S, Lundquist CJ. Evaluation of biodiversity benefits of proposed marine protected areas from the Sea Change—
Tai Timu Tai Pari Hauraki Gulf Marine
Spatial Plan. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Tablada
- School of Environment University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- Department of Conservation Wellington New Zealand
| | - Shane Geange
- Department of Conservation Wellington New Zealand
| | - Carolyn J. Lundquist
- School of Environment University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Hamilton New Zealand
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10
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Di Lorenzo M, Calò A, Di Franco A, Milisenda G, Aglieri G, Cattano C, Milazzo M, Guidetti P. Small-scale fisheries catch more threatened elasmobranchs inside partially protected areas than in unprotected areas. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4381. [PMID: 35945205 PMCID: PMC9363485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Elasmobranchs are heavily impacted by fishing. Catch statistics are grossly underestimated due to missing data from various fishery sectors such as small-scale fisheries. Marine Protected Areas are proposed as a tool to protect elasmobranchs and counter their ongoing depletion. We assess elasmobranchs caught in 1,256 fishing operations with fixed nets carried out in partially protected areas within Marine Protected Areas and unprotected areas beyond Marine Protected Areas borders at 11 locations in 6 Mediterranean countries. Twenty-four elasmobranch species were recorded, more than one-third belonging to the IUCN threatened categories (Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered). Catches per unit of effort of threatened and data deficient species were higher (with more immature individuals being caught) in partially protected areas than in unprotected areas. Our study suggests that despite partially protected areas having the potential to deliver ecological benefits for threatened elasmobranchs, poor small-scale fisheries management inside Marine Protected Areas could hinder them from achieving this important conservation objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfredi Di Lorenzo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Sicily Marine Center, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo (complesso Roosevelt), 90149, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Antonio Calò
- Department of Earth and Marine sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 20-22, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Franco
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Sicily Marine Center, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo (complesso Roosevelt), 90149, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Milisenda
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Sicily Marine Center, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo (complesso Roosevelt), 90149, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Aglieri
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Sicily Marine Center, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo (complesso Roosevelt), 90149, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Earth and Marine sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 20-22, 90123, Palermo, Italy
- CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Cattano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Sicily Marine Center, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo (complesso Roosevelt), 90149, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Earth and Marine sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 20-22, 90123, Palermo, Italy
- CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Department of Earth and Marine sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 20-22, 90123, Palermo, Italy
- CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Guidetti
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology (EMI), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn-National Institute of Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Genoa Marine Centre, 16126, Genoa, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
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11
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LaRue M, Brooks C, Wege M, Salas L, Gardiner N. High‐resolution satellite imagery meets the challenge of monitoring remote marine protected areas in the Antarctic and beyond. Conserv Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle LaRue
- Gateway Antarctica, School of Earth and Environment University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Cassandra Brooks
- Department of Environmental Studies University of Colorado‐Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Mia Wege
- Gateway Antarctica, School of Earth and Environment University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
- Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | | | - Natasha Gardiner
- Gateway Antarctica, School of Earth and Environment University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
- Antarctica New Zealand Christchurch New Zealand
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12
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Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas by Decree: Lessons Learned from the Creation of the Revillagigedo Marine Park. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14074027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing speed of the establishment of large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPA) on a global scale has generated intense debate among the scientific community. In this paper, we revise the declaration of the Revillagigedo Marine Park, the largest marine reserve in North America, and propose a framework to assess the potential costs and benefits of having a competitive or a cooperative strategy between the tuna fishing industry and the conservation sector. By framing scenarios in a simple model of the prisoner dilemma and using multicriteria analysis with Delphos—an open-source multicriteria program developed by NGOs for this purpose—we show how conservationists and fishers might have a potential benefit of competing for marine spaces, but not as much as they could gain if they collaborate. Our ultimate goal with this paper is to retrieve the lessons learned in this process to propose a step-by-step process that helps to improve the creation of LSMPAs in the future, thus helping improve the outcome of marine conservation on a global scale.
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13
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Hodge BC, Pendleton DE, Ganley LC, O’Brien O, Kraus SD, Quintana‐Rizzo E, Redfern JV. Identifying predictors of species diversity to guide designation of marine protected areas. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke C. Hodge
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Daniel E. Pendleton
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Laura C. Ganley
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Orfhlaith O’Brien
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Scott D. Kraus
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium Boston Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Jessica V. Redfern
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium Boston Massachusetts USA
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14
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Gray CA. Evaluating effects of partial fishing closures on the composition and structure of estuarine fish assemblages. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 175:105571. [PMID: 35151950 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Partial fishing closures are an integral component of contemporary aquatic resource conservation and fisheries management. This study examined whether assemblages of fishes differed between partially closed (PC) estuaries that permit recreational fishing compared to fully fished (FF) estuaries that permit commercial and recreational fisheries. Fish assemblages were quantitatively sampled in a standard and stratified manner using a multimesh gillnet and beam trawl that sampled different ichthyofaunal components in two PC and two FF estuaries across three years, ∼ six to eight years post commercial fishing closure and PC implementation. There was no global support for the hypothesis that assemblages, diversity and numbers of fishes would differ between PC and FF estuaries. Assemblages significantly and consistently differed among individual estuaries regardless of estuary management category. Differences between PC and FF estuaries in terms of numbers of species and individuals were inconsistent across years, with more species (gillnet) and individuals (trawl) occurring in PC estuaries in only one of three years. Only one species (Gerres subfasciatus) was more abundant (gillnet) in the PC category, most likely due to reduced fishery harvests. In contrast, juveniles of three harvested species (G. subfasciatus, Rhabdosargus sarba and Acanthopagrus spp.) occurred in greater numbers (trawl) in FF estuaries, potentially a result of strong recruitment and estuary-specific environmental conditions. This study demonstrated the complexity, and potential scale-dependent ecological and fishery-related constraints, in comparatively examining the effects of different fishery management arrangements on fish assemblages across estuary systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Gray
- WildFish Research, Grays Point, Sydney, NSW, 2232, Australia.
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15
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Calò A, Pereñiguez JM, Hernandez-Andreu R, García-Charton JA. Quotas regulation is necessary but not sufficient to mitigate the impact of SCUBA diving in a highly visited marine protected area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:113997. [PMID: 34710760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
When effectively managed, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) can produce wide ecosystem benefits that can foster, directly and indirectly, local economies. Tourism is one of the sectors mainly benefited by the effect of conservation. SCUBA diving represents an important tourism activity, especially in the context of MPAs, where it is one of the few activities often fostered rather than limited, for its capacity to integrate environmental and socio-economic sustainability. However, SCUBA diving can also produce negative impacts on the environment when tourism frequentation exceeds a sustainable threshold, these potentially generating negative effects on the sector itself. In this study, we (1) investigated the impact of SCUBA diving in one of the most frequented diving areas of the Mediterranean Sea (Cabo de Palos - Islas Hormigas marine reserve), and (2) assessed the potential benefits over time related to the adoption of a regulation change for the diving activity (i.e., formally adoption of diving quotas). Specifically, we compared demographic (density of alive and dead colonies) and morphometric (height, width and complexity) characteristics of the false coral (Myriapora truncata) between dived and fully protected (non-dived) locations over four diving seasons (one before and three after the change in diving quotas). The density of alive colonies of the false coral was, on average, six times lower in dived locations compared to controls, highlighting a clear impact of SCUBA diving (consistent over time). Colonies were also significantly smaller in dived locations. The diving quotas produced a significant reduction of the ratio dead/total colonies in the dived locations soon after their adoption, but these benefits disappeared over the following years, possibly due to a gradual decline in operators' and divers' observance and concern, rather than an increasing number of dives. This suggests that the adoption of effective regulations is crucial for the environmental sustainability of diving tourism in protected areas and can provide positive effects, but an effort is needed to ensure that compliance is consistent over time, and that low-impact diving practices are adopted by this important recreational sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Calò
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 20-22, 90123, Palermo, Italy; Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Pereñiguez
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ramón Hernandez-Andreu
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Ecology and Marine Conservation Laboratory (LECoMAR), Universidade Federal Do Sul da Bahia, Campus Sosígenes Costa, Porto Seguro-Eunápolis, 45810-000, Porto Seguro, Brazil
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16
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Ferreira HM, Magris RA, Floeter SR, Ferreira CEL. Drivers of ecological effectiveness of marine protected areas: A meta-analytic approach from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Brazil). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113889. [PMID: 34610560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid global increase in the number and extent of marine protected areas (MPAs), there is a need for methods that enable an assessment of their actual contribution to biodiversity conservation. In Brazil, where MPAs have been designated to replenish biodiversity, there is a lack of regional-scale analysis of MPA impacts and the factors related to positive ecological change. This study aims to quantify the magnitude of the ecological effects of Brazilian MPAs and test whether some study and MPA characteristics (e.g., taxonomic group studied, exploitation level of species, MPA area, protection time, management effectiveness, level of connectedness, etc.) were underlying factors associated with their performance. We conducted a structured search in a database of scientific articles, selecting comparative studies of direct biodiversity metrics inside and outside MPAs offering different protection levels (i.e., fully- or partially-protected MPAs) or within MPAs with distinct zones. We then carried out a meta-analysis based on 424 observations found in 18 articles. Averaged across all studies, we found that MPAs had a 17% increase in the abundance of species, length of individuals, and community diversity. When compared to open-access areas, fully-protected MPAs increased biodiversity by 45%. However, MPAs offering partial protection had variable effects, ranging from significant positive to significant negative effects. MPA effects depended on the taxonomic group and exploitation level of species, with the strongest positive effects seen on exploited fish species and benthic invertebrates. Partially-protected MPAs that reported strong positive effects required long time of protection (>15years) and high level of connectivity. Conversely, fully-protected MPAs (i.e., no-take ones) could be effective even when small, under intense fishing pressure in their surroundings, and regardless of their level of connectivity. We used the Brazilian MPAs as a case study, but these results can contribute to a more comprehensive assessment of the association between ecological impacts of MPAs and drivers of conservation success, and offer key information to consolidate MPA networks that sustain biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harildon M Ferreira
- Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Environment, Brasilia, Brazil.
| | - Rafael A Magris
- Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Environment, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Sergio R Floeter
- Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Carlos E L Ferreira
- Reef Systems Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Kroon FJ, Barneche DR, Emslie MJ. Fish predators control outbreaks of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6986. [PMID: 34880205 PMCID: PMC8654818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of corallivorous Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (CoTS, Acanthaster spp.) have caused persistent and widespread loss of coral cover across Indo-Pacific coral reefs. The potential drivers of these outbreaks have been debated for more than 50 years, hindering effective management to limit their destructive impacts. Here, we show that fish biomass removal through commercial and recreational fisheries may be a major driver of CoTS population outbreaks. CoTS densities increase systematically with increasing fish biomass removal, including for known CoTS predators. Moreover, the biomass of fish species and families that influence CoTS densities are 1.4 to 2.1-fold higher on reefs within no-take marine reserves, while CoTS densities are 2.8-fold higher on reefs that are open to fishing, indicating the applicability of fisheries-based management to prevent CoTS outbreaks. Designing targeted fisheries management with consideration of CoTS population dynamics may offer a tangible and promising contribution to effectively reduce the detrimental impacts of CoTS outbreaks across the Indo-Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederieke J Kroon
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia.
| | - Diego R Barneche
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Michael J Emslie
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
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18
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Rizzo A, Rangel-Buitrago N, Impedovo A, Mastronuzzi G, Scardino G, Scicchitano G. A rapid assessment of litter magnitudes and impacts along the Torre Guaceto marine protected area (Brindisi, Italy). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:112987. [PMID: 34601251 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on assessing litter magnitudes along the Torre Guaceto Marine Protected Area (Brindisi, Italy). Collected litter was grouped into twenty different types and classified into four litter typologies according to the Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Litter in European Seas. All data were analyzed using an index-based approach that allowed the classification of a coastal stretch in terms of cleanliness, and presence of plastics as well hazardous items. The average litter abundance in the study area was 0.5 items/m2, being plastics the most common litter item. Hazardous litter items were found along the study area, reaching 21.3% of the total collected items. The application of environmental indices allowed to define the study area with a "moderate cleanliness" and a "moderate" presence of hazardous litter items. Sampled litter typologies and related magnitudes suggest a combination of sources that mainly include direct activities on the nearby coastal zones and river basins (dumping).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Nelson Rangel-Buitrago
- Programas de Física - Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Angelita Impedovo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mastronuzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scardino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scicchitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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19
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Queirós AM, Talbot E, Beaumont NJ, Somerfield PJ, Kay S, Pascoe C, Dedman S, Fernandes JA, Jueterbock A, Miller PI, Sailley SF, Sará G, Carr LM, Austen MC, Widdicombe S, Rilov G, Levin LA, Hull SC, Walmsley SF, Nic Aonghusa C. Bright spots as climate-smart marine spatial planning tools for conservation and blue growth. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5514-5531. [PMID: 34486773 PMCID: PMC9291121 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine spatial planning that addresses ocean climate-driven change ('climate-smart MSP') is a global aspiration to support economic growth, food security and ecosystem sustainability. Ocean climate change ('CC') modelling may become a key decision-support tool for MSP, but traditional modelling analysis and communication challenges prevent their broad uptake. We employed MSP-specific ocean climate modelling analyses to inform a real-life MSP process; addressing how nature conservation and fisheries could be adapted to CC. We found that the currently planned distribution of these activities may become unsustainable during the policy's implementation due to CC, leading to a shortfall in its sustainability and blue growth targets. Significant, climate-driven ecosystem-level shifts in ocean components underpinning designated sites and fishing activity were estimated, reflecting different magnitudes of shifts in benthic versus pelagic, and inshore versus offshore habitats. Supporting adaptation, we then identified: CC refugia (areas where the ecosystem remains within the boundaries of its present state); CC hotspots (where climate drives the ecosystem towards a new state, inconsistent with each sectors' present use distribution); and for the first time, identified bright spots (areas where oceanographic processes drive range expansion opportunities that may support sustainable growth in the medium term). We thus create the means to: identify where sector-relevant ecosystem change is attributable to CC; incorporate resilient delivery of conservation and sustainable ecosystem management aims into MSP; and to harness opportunities for blue growth where they exist. Capturing CC bright spots alongside refugia within protected areas may present important opportunities to meet sustainability targets while helping support the fishing sector in a changing climate. By capitalizing on the natural distribution of climate resilience within ocean ecosystems, such climate-adaptive spatial management strategies could be seen as nature-based solutions to limit the impact of CC on ocean ecosystems and dependent blue economy sectors, paving the way for climate-smart MSP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Susan Kay
- Plymouth Marine LaboratoryPlymouthUK
| | | | - Simon Dedman
- Hopkins Marine StationStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jose A. Fernandes
- AZTI‐Tecnalia, Marine ResearchBasque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)BizkaiaSpain
| | | | | | | | - Gianluca Sará
- Department of Earth and Marine ScienceLaboratory of EcologyUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | | | | | | | - Gil Rilov
- National Institute of OceanographyIsrael Oceanographic and Limnological Research InstituteHaifaIsrael
| | - Lisa A. Levin
- Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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20
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Balmford A. Concentrating vs. spreading our footprint: how to meet humanity's needs at least cost to nature. J Zool (1987) 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Balmford
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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21
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Grorud-Colvert K, Sullivan-Stack J, Roberts C, Constant V, Horta E Costa B, Pike EP, Kingston N, Laffoley D, Sala E, Claudet J, Friedlander AM, Gill DA, Lester SE, Day JC, Gonçalves EJ, Ahmadia GN, Rand M, Villagomez A, Ban NC, Gurney GG, Spalding AK, Bennett NJ, Briggs J, Morgan LE, Moffitt R, Deguignet M, Pikitch EK, Darling ES, Jessen S, Hameed SO, Di Carlo G, Guidetti P, Harris JM, Torre J, Kizilkaya Z, Agardy T, Cury P, Shah NJ, Sack K, Cao L, Fernandez M, Lubchenco J. The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean. Science 2021; 373:eabf0861. [PMID: 34516798 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf0861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Grorud-Colvert
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Jenna Sullivan-Stack
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Callum Roberts
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Vanessa Constant
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Barbara Horta E Costa
- Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal.,School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Pike
- Marine Protection Atlas, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA, 98103-9090, USA.,Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | - Naomi Kingston
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA.,UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dan Laffoley
- IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.,School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Enric Sala
- National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190, USA
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 75005 Paris, France.,Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Alan M Friedlander
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.,Pristine Seas, National Geography Society, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - David A Gill
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Sarah E Lester
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190, USA
| | - Jon C Day
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Emanuel J Gonçalves
- Pristine Seas, National Geography Society, Washington, DC 20036, USA.,Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.,Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal.,Oceano Azul Foundation, Oceanário de Lisboa, Esplanada D. Carlos I,1990-005 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gabby N Ahmadia
- Ocean Conservation, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Matt Rand
- IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.,Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | - Angelo Villagomez
- IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.,Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | - Natalie C Ban
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Georgina G Gurney
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Ana K Spalding
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia.,Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal.,School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama; Coiba Scientific Station (Coiba AIP), Panama City, Panama.,Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Nathan J Bennett
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 75005 Paris, France.,The Peopled Seas Initiative, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Johnny Briggs
- Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | | | - Russell Moffitt
- Marine Protection Atlas, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA, 98103-9090, USA.,Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA
| | - Marine Deguignet
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ellen K Pikitch
- National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.,School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Emily S Darling
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.,Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Sabine Jessen
- Marine Protection Atlas, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA, 98103-9090, USA.,National Ocean Program, Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, Ottawa, ON K2P 0A4, Canada
| | - Sarah O Hameed
- The Peopled Seas Initiative, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Blue Parks Program, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | | | - Paolo Guidetti
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology (EMI), Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn-National Institute of Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), V16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Jean M Harris
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, Gomeroy Avenue, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Jorge Torre
- Comunidad y Biodiversidad, A.C. Isla del Peruano 215, Col. Lomas de Miramar, Guaymas, Sonora, 85454, Mexico
| | - Zafer Kizilkaya
- Mediterranean Conservation Society, Bornova, Izmir 35100 Turkey
| | - Tundi Agardy
- Oceano Azul Foundation, Oceanário de Lisboa, Esplanada D. Carlos I,1990-005 Lisbon, Portugal.,Sound Seas, Colrain, MA 01340, USA
| | - Philippe Cury
- Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal.,MARBEC, Montpellier University, CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, Sète, France
| | - Nirmal J Shah
- School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.,Nature Seychelles, Centre for Environment and Education, Sanctuary at Roche Caiman, Mahe, Seychelles
| | - Karen Sack
- Ocean Conservation, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Ocean Unite, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Ling Cao
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 230000, China
| | - Miriam Fernandez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama; Coiba Scientific Station (Coiba AIP), Panama City, Panama.,Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas de Las Cruces and Departmento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jane Lubchenco
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
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22
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Davies BFR, Holmes L, Rees A, Attrill MJ, Cartwright AY, Sheehan EV. Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management works—How switching from mobile to static fishing gear improves populations of fished and non‐fished species inside a marine‐protected area. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bede F. R. Davies
- School of Biological & Marine Science University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Luke Holmes
- School of Biological & Marine Science University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Adam Rees
- School of Biological & Marine Science University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Martin J. Attrill
- School of Biological & Marine Science University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Amy Y. Cartwright
- School of Biological & Marine Science University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Emma V. Sheehan
- School of Biological & Marine Science University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
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23
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Laffoley D, Baxter J, Amon D, Claudet J, Hall‐Spencer J, Grorud‐Colvert K, Levin L, Reid P, Rogers A, Taylor M, Woodall L, Andersen N. Evolving the narrative for protecting a rapidly changing ocean, post-COVID-19. AQUATIC CONSERVATION : MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS 2021; 31:1512-1534. [PMID: 33362396 PMCID: PMC7753556 DOI: 10.1002/aqc.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The ocean is the linchpin supporting life on Earth, but it is in declining health due to an increasing footprint of human use and climate change. Despite notable successes in helping to protect the ocean, the scale of actions is simply not now meeting the overriding scale and nature of the ocean's problems that confront us.Moving into a post-COVID-19 world, new policy decisions will need to be made. Some, especially those developed prior to the pandemic, will require changes to their trajectories; others will emerge as a response to this global event. Reconnecting with nature, and specifically with the ocean, will take more than good intent and wishful thinking. Words, and how we express our connection to the ocean, clearly matter now more than ever before.The evolution of the ocean narrative, aimed at preserving and expanding options and opportunities for future generations and a healthier planet, is articulated around six themes: (1) all life is dependent on the ocean; (2) by harming the ocean, we harm ourselves; (3) by protecting the ocean, we protect ourselves; (4) humans, the ocean, biodiversity, and climate are inextricably linked; (5) ocean and climate action must be undertaken together; and (6) reversing ocean change needs action now.This narrative adopts a 'One Health' approach to protecting the ocean, addressing the whole Earth ocean system for better and more equitable social, cultural, economic, and environmental outcomes at its core. Speaking with one voice through a narrative that captures the latest science, concerns, and linkages to humanity is a precondition to action, by elevating humankind's understanding of our relationship with 'planet Ocean' and why it needs to become a central theme to everyone's lives. We have only one ocean, we must protect it, now. There is no 'Ocean B'.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Laffoley
- IUCN World Commission on Protected AreasIUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)GlandSwitzerland
| | - J.M. Baxter
- Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland, School of Biology, East SandsUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - D.J. Amon
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | - J. Claudet
- National Centre for Scientific ResearchPSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVDParisFrance
| | - J.M. Hall‐Spencer
- School of Marine and Biological SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
- Shimoda Marine Research CenterUniversity of TsukubaShimodaJapan
| | - K. Grorud‐Colvert
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisUSA
| | - L.A. Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaUSA
| | - P.C. Reid
- School of Marine and Biological SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
- The LaboratoryThe Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey, Marine Biological AssociationCitadel HillPlymouthUK
| | - A.D. Rogers
- Somerville CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- REV OceanLysakerNorway
| | | | - L.C. Woodall
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - N.F. Andersen
- Department of Environment and GeographyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
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24
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Toone TA, Hunter R, Benjamin ED, Handley S, Jeffs A, Hillman JR. Conserving shellfish reefs—a systematic review reveals the need to broaden research efforts. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevyn A. Toone
- Institute of Marine Science University of Auckland 160 Goat Island Road Leigh 0985 New Zealand
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research 217 Akersten Street, Port Nelson Nelson 7010 New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Hunter
- Department of Aquaculture Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology 322 Hardy Street Nelson 7010 New Zealand
| | - Emilee D. Benjamin
- Institute of Marine Science University of Auckland 160 Goat Island Road Leigh 0985 New Zealand
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research 217 Akersten Street, Port Nelson Nelson 7010 New Zealand
| | - Sean Handley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research 217 Akersten Street, Port Nelson Nelson 7010 New Zealand
| | - Andrew Jeffs
- Institute of Marine Science University of Auckland 160 Goat Island Road Leigh 0985 New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Jenny R. Hillman
- Institute of Marine Science University of Auckland 160 Goat Island Road Leigh 0985 New Zealand
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25
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Knott NA, Williams J, Harasti D, Malcolm HA, Coleman MA, Kelaher BP, Rees MJ, Schultz A, Jordan A. A coherent, representative, and bioregional marine reserve network shows consistent change in rocky reef fish assemblages. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Knott
- Fisheries Research NSW Department of Primary Industries Huskisson New South Wales2540Australia
| | - J. Williams
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Port Stephens Fisheries Institute Taylors Beach Road Taylors Beach New South Wales2316Australia
| | - D. Harasti
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Port Stephens Fisheries Institute Taylors Beach Road Taylors Beach New South Wales2316Australia
| | - H. A. Malcolm
- Fisheries Research NSW Department of Primary Industries Coffs Harbour New South Wales2800Australia
| | - M. A. Coleman
- Fisheries Research NSW Department of Primary Industries Coffs Harbour New South Wales2800Australia
| | - B. P. Kelaher
- National Marine Science Centre and Marine Ecology Research Centre Southern Cross University Coffs Harbour New South Wales2450Australia
| | - M. J. Rees
- Fisheries Research NSW Department of Primary Industries Huskisson New South Wales2540Australia
| | - A. Schultz
- Fisheries Research NSW Department of Primary Industries Coffs Harbour New South Wales2800Australia
| | - A. Jordan
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Port Stephens Fisheries Institute Taylors Beach Road Taylors Beach New South Wales2316Australia
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26
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Folke C, Polasky S, Rockström J, Galaz V, Westley F, Lamont M, Scheffer M, Österblom H, Carpenter SR, Chapin FS, Seto KC, Weber EU, Crona BI, Daily GC, Dasgupta P, Gaffney O, Gordon LJ, Hoff H, Levin SA, Lubchenco J, Steffen W, Walker BH. Our future in the Anthropocene biosphere. AMBIO 2021; 50:834-869. [PMID: 33715097 PMCID: PMC7955950 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed an interconnected and tightly coupled globalized world in rapid change. This article sets the scientific stage for understanding and responding to such change for global sustainability and resilient societies. We provide a systemic overview of the current situation where people and nature are dynamically intertwined and embedded in the biosphere, placing shocks and extreme events as part of this dynamic; humanity has become the major force in shaping the future of the Earth system as a whole; and the scale and pace of the human dimension have caused climate change, rapid loss of biodiversity, growing inequalities, and loss of resilience to deal with uncertainty and surprise. Taken together, human actions are challenging the biosphere foundation for a prosperous development of civilizations. The Anthropocene reality-of rising system-wide turbulence-calls for transformative change towards sustainable futures. Emerging technologies, social innovations, broader shifts in cultural repertoires, as well as a diverse portfolio of active stewardship of human actions in support of a resilient biosphere are highlighted as essential parts of such transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Folke
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Programme (GEDB), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Johan Rockström
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Victor Galaz
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Marten Scheffer
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Österblom
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Beatrice I Crona
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Programme (GEDB), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Owen Gaffney
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Line J Gordon
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Holger Hoff
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Will Steffen
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Assessing Assemblage Composition of Reproductively Mature Resource Fishes at a Community Based Subsistence Fishing Area (CBSFA). DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nearshore fisheries in Hawai‘i have been steadily decreasing for over a century. Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been utilized as a method to both conserve biodiversity and enhance fisheries. The composition of resource fishes within and directly outside of the recently established Hā‘ena Community Based Subsistence Fishing Area (CBSFA) on the island of Kaua‘i were assessed to determine temporal and spatial patterns in assemblage structure. In situ visual surveys of fishes, invertebrates, and benthos were conducted using a stratified random sampling design to evaluate the efficacy of the MPA between 2016 and 2020. L50 values—defined as the size at which half of the individuals in a population have reached reproductive maturity—were used as proxies for identifying reproductively mature resource fishes both inside and outside the CBSFA. Surveys between 2016 and 2020 did not indicate strong temporal or spatial changes in overall resource fish assemblage structure; however, some species-specific changes were evident. Although overall resource species diversity and richness were significantly higher by 2020 inside the MPA boundaries, there is currently no strong evidence for a reserve effect.
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28
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Picone F, Buonocore E, Chemello R, Russo G, Franzese P. Exploring the development of scientific research on Marine Protected Areas: From conservation to global ocean sustainability. ECOL INFORM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2020.101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Long Term Interactions of Native and Invasive Species in a Marine Protected Area Suggest Complex Cascading Effects Challenging Conservation Outcomes. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions among invasive species, native species and marine protected areas (MPAs), and the long-term regime shifts in MPAs is receiving increased attention, since biological invasions can alter the structure and functioning of the protected ecosystems and challenge conservation efforts. Here we found evidence of marked modifications in the rocky reef associated biota in a Mediterranean MPA from 2009 to 2019 through visual census surveys, due to the presence of invasive species altering the structure of the ecosystem and triggering complex cascading effects on the long term. Low levels of the populations of native high-level predators were accompanied by the population increase and high performance of both native and invasive fish herbivores. Subsequently the overgrazing and habitat degradation resulted in cascading effects towards the diminishing of the native and invasive invertebrate grazers and omnivorous benthic species. Our study represents a good showcase of how invasive species can coexist or exclude native biota and at the same time regulate or out-compete other established invaders and native species.
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30
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Knowlton N. Ocean Optimism: Moving Beyond the Obituaries in Marine Conservation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2021; 13:479-499. [PMID: 32503374 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-040220-101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While the ocean has suffered many losses, there is increasing evidence that important progress is being made in marine conservation. Examples include striking recoveries of once-threatened species, increasing rates of protection of marine habitats, more sustainably managed fisheries and aquaculture, reductions in some forms of pollution, accelerating restoration of degraded habitats, and use of the ocean and its habitats to sequester carbon and provide clean energy. Many of these achievements have multiple benefits, including improved human well-being. Moreover, better understanding of how to implement conservation strategies effectively, new technologies and databases, increased integration of the natural and social sciences, and use of indigenous knowledge promise continued progress. Enormous challenges remain, and there is no single solution; successful efforts typically are neither quick nor cheap and require trust and collaboration. Nevertheless, a greater focus on solutions and successes will help them to become the norm rather than the exception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Knowlton
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA;
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31
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Magris RA, Costa MDP, Ferreira CEL, Vilar CC, Joyeux J, Creed JC, Copertino MS, Horta PA, Sumida PYG, Francini‐Filho RB, Floeter SR. A blueprint for securing Brazil's marine biodiversity and supporting the achievement of global conservation goals. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A. Magris
- Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation Ministry of Environment Brasilia Brazil
| | - Micheli D. P. Costa
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Centre for Integrative Ecology Deakin University Melbourne Vic. Australia
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Carlos E. L. Ferreira
- Reef Systems Ecology and Conservation Lab Departamento de Biologia Marinha Universidade Federal Fluminense Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Ciro C. Vilar
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Vitória Brazil
| | - Jean‐Christophe Joyeux
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Vitória Brazil
| | - Joel C. Creed
- Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara GomesUniversidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Margareth S. Copertino
- Lab. Ecologia Vegetal Costeira Instituto de Oceanografia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG Rio Grande Brazil
| | - Paulo A. Horta
- Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Paulo Y. G. Sumida
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo Praça do Oceanográfico São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Sergio R. Floeter
- Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Laboratory Department of Ecology and Zoology Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Brazil
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32
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A connectivity portfolio effect stabilizes marine reserve performance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25595-25600. [PMID: 32989139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920580117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-managed and enforced no-take marine reserves generate important larval subsidies to neighboring habitats and thereby contribute to the long-term sustainability of fisheries. However, larval dispersal patterns are variable, which leads to temporal fluctuations in the contribution of a single reserve to the replenishment of local populations. Identifying management strategies that mitigate the uncertainty in larval supply will help ensure the stability of recruitment dynamics and minimize the volatility in fishery catches. Here, we use genetic parentage analysis to show extreme variability in both the dispersal patterns and recruitment contribution of four individual marine reserves across six discrete recruitment cohorts for coral grouper (Plectropomus maculatus) on the Great Barrier Reef. Together, however, the asynchronous contributions from multiple reserves create temporal stability in recruitment via a connectivity portfolio effect. This dampening effect reduces the variability in larval supply from individual reserves by a factor of 1.8, which effectively halves the uncertainty in the recruitment contribution of individual reserves. Thus, not only does the network of four marine reserves generate valuable larval subsidies to neighboring habitats, the aggregate effect of individual reserves mitigates temporal fluctuations in dispersal patterns and the replenishment of local populations. Our results indicate that small networks of marine reserves yield previously unrecognized stabilizing benefits that ensure a consistent larval supply to replenish exploited fish stocks.
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33
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Jacoby DMP, Ferretti F, Freeman R, Carlisle AB, Chapple TK, Curnick DJ, Dale JJ, Schallert RJ, Tickler D, Block BA. Shark movement strategies influence poaching risk and can guide enforcement decisions in a large, remote marine protected area. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA
- Hopkins Marine Station Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
| | - Robin Freeman
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK
| | - Aaron B. Carlisle
- Hopkins Marine Station Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
- School of Marine Science and Policy University of Delaware Lewes DE USA
| | - Taylor K. Chapple
- Hopkins Marine Station Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Hatfield Marine Science Center Oregon State University Newport OR USA
| | | | | | | | - David Tickler
- Hopkins Marine Station Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
- The UWA Oceans InstituteUniversity of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
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34
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Wilson KL, Tittensor DP, Worm B, Lotze HK. Incorporating climate change adaptation into marine protected area planning. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3251-3267. [PMID: 32222010 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is increasingly impacting marine protected areas (MPAs) and MPA networks, yet adaptation strategies are rarely incorporated into MPA design and management plans according to the primary scientific literature. Here we review the state of knowledge for adapting existing and future MPAs to climate change and synthesize case studies (n = 27) of how marine conservation planning can respond to shifting environmental conditions. First, we derive a generalized conservation planning framework based on five published frameworks that incorporate climate change adaptation to inform MPA design. We then summarize examples from the scientific literature to assess how conservation goals were defined, vulnerability assessments performed and adaptation strategies incorporated into the design and management of existing or new MPAs. Our analysis revealed that 82% of real-world examples of climate change adaptation in MPA planning derive from tropical reefs, highlighting the need for research in other ecosystems and habitat types. We found contrasting recommendations for adaptation strategies at the planning stage, either focusing only on climate refugia, or aiming for representative protection of areas encompassing the full range of expected climate change impacts. Recommendations for MPA management were more unified and focused on adaptative management approaches. Lastly, we evaluate common barriers to adopting climate change adaptation strategies based on reviewing studies which conducted interviews with MPA managers and other conservation practitioners. This highlights a lack of scientific studies evaluating different adaptation strategies and shortcomings in current governance structures as two major barriers, and we discuss how these could be overcome. Our review provides a comprehensive synthesis of planning frameworks, case studies, adaptation strategies and management actions which can inform a more coordinated global effort to adapt existing and future MPA networks to continued climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Wilson
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Derek P Tittensor
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Boris Worm
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Heike K Lotze
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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35
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Brooks CM, Chown SL, Douglass LL, Raymond BP, Shaw JD, Sylvester ZT, Torrens CL. Progress towards a representative network of Southern Ocean protected areas. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231361. [PMID: 32320423 PMCID: PMC7176077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Global threats to ocean biodiversity have generated a worldwide movement to take actions to improve conservation and management. Several international initiatives have recommended the adoption of marine protected areas (MPAs) in national and international waters. National governments and the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources have successfully adopted multiple MPAs in the Southern Ocean despite the challenging nature of establishing MPAs in international waters. But are these MPAs representative of Southern Ocean biodiversity? Here we answer this question for both existing and proposed Antarctic MPAs, using benthic and pelagic regionalizations as a proxy for biodiversity. Currently about 11.98% of the Southern Ocean is protected in MPAs, with 4.61% being encompassed by no-take areas. While this is a relatively large proportion of protection when compared to other international waters, current Antarctic MPAs are not representative of the full range of benthic and pelagic ecoregions. Implementing additional protected areas, including those currently under negotiation, would encompass almost 22% of the Southern Ocean. It would also substantially improve representation with 17 benthic and pelagic ecoregions (out of 23 and 19, respectively) achieving at least 10% representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Brooks
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven L. Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucinda L. Douglass
- Centre for Conservation Geography, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ben P. Raymond
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Justine D. Shaw
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zephyr T. Sylvester
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Christa L. Torrens
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
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36
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Handley JM, Pearmain EJ, Oppel S, Carneiro APB, Hazin C, Phillips RA, Ratcliffe N, Staniland IJ, Clay TA, Hall J, Scheffer A, Fedak M, Boehme L, Pütz K, Belchier M, Boyd IL, Trathan PN, Dias MP. Evaluating the effectiveness of a large multi‐use MPA in protecting Key Biodiversity Areas for marine predators. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steffen Oppel
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Sandy UK
| | | | | | | | - Norman Ratcliffe
- British Antarctic Survey Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
| | - Iain J. Staniland
- British Antarctic Survey Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
| | - Thomas A. Clay
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Jonathan Hall
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Sandy UK
| | - Annette Scheffer
- AS, Marine Stewardship Council London UK
- Okeanos Centre University of the Azores 9901‐862 Horta Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Mark Belchier
- British Antarctic Survey Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
| | | | - Phil N. Trathan
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
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37
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Claudet J, Loiseau C, Sostres M, Zupan M. Underprotected Marine Protected Areas in a Global Biodiversity Hotspot. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Duarte CM, Agusti S, Barbier E, Britten GL, Castilla JC, Gattuso JP, Fulweiler RW, Hughes TP, Knowlton N, Lovelock CE, Lotze HK, Predragovic M, Poloczanska E, Roberts C, Worm B. Rebuilding marine life. Nature 2020; 580:39-51. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Devillers R, Lemieux CJ, Gray PA, Claudet J. Canada's uncharted conservation approach. Science 2020; 364:1243. [PMID: 31249052 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax9060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Devillers
- PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Perpignan, France. .,Department of Geography, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B3X9, Canada
| | - Christopher J Lemieux
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Paul A Gray
- BALCAMAN Consulting, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 0J4, Canada
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 75005 Paris, France
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40
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Kockel A, Ban NC, Costa M, Dearden P. Evaluating approaches for scaling-up community-based marine-protected areas into socially equitable and ecologically representative networks. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:137-147. [PMID: 31206826 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine-protected areas (MPAs) are vital to marine conservation, but their coverage and distribution is insufficient to address declines in global biodiversity and fisheries. In response, many countries have committed through the Aichi Target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity to conserve 10% of the marine environment through ecologically representative and equitably managed MPAs by 2020. The rush to fulfill this commitment has raised concerns on how increasing MPA coverage will affect other elements of Target 11, including representation and equity. We examined a Philippines case study to assess and compare 3 MPA planning approaches for biodiversity representation and equitable distribution of costs to small-scale fishers. In the opportunistic approach, MPAs were identified and supported by coastal communities. The donor-assisted approach used local knowledge to select MPAs through a national-scale and donor-assisted conservation project. The systematic conservation planning approach identified MPA locations with the spatial prioritization software Marxan with Zones to achieve biodiversity objectives with minimal costs to fishers. We collected spatial data on biodiversity and fisheries features and performed a gap analysis to evaluate MPAs derived from different approaches. We assessed representation based on the proportion of biodiversity features conserved in MPAs and distribution equity by the distribution of opportunity costs (fishing areas lost in MPAs) among fisher stakeholder groups. The opportunistic approach did not ineffectively represent biodiversity and resulted in inequitable costs to fishers. The donor-assisted approach affected fishers disproportionately but provided near-optimal regional representation. Only the systematic approach achieved all representation targets with minimal and equitable costs to fishers. Our results demonstrate the utility of systematic conservation planning to address key elements of Target 11 and highlight opportunities (e.g., integration of local and scientific knowledge can address representation and equity concerns) and pitfalls (e.g., insufficient stakeholder considerations can exacerbate social inequalities) for planning MPAs in similar contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Kockel
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Natalie C Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Maycira Costa
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Philip Dearden
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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41
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Esgro MW, Lindholm J, Nickols KJ, Bredvik J. Early conservation benefits of a de facto marine protected area at San Clemente Island, California. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0224060. [PMID: 31945056 PMCID: PMC6964903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
De facto marine protected areas (DFMPAs) are regions of the ocean where human activity is restricted for reasons other than conservation. Although DFMPAs are widespread globally, their potential role in the protection of marine habitats, species, and ecosystems has not been well studied. In 2012 and 2013, we conducted remotely operated vehicle (ROV) surveys of marine communities at a military DFMPA closed to all civilian access since 2010 and an adjacent fished reference site at San Clemente Island, the southernmost of California’s Channel Islands. We used data extracted from ROV imagery to compare density and biomass of focal species, as well as biodiversity and community composition, between the two sites. Generalized linear modeling indicated that both density and biomass of California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) were significantly higher inside the DFMPA. Biomass of ocean whitefish (Caulolatilus princeps) was also significantly higher inside the DFMPA. However, species richness and Shannon-Weaver diversity were not significantly higher inside the DFMPA, and overall fish community composition did not differ significantly between sites. Demonstrable differences between the DFMPA and fished site for two highly sought-after species hint at early potential benefits of protection, though the lack of differences in the broader community suggests that a longer trajectory of recovery may be required for other species. A more comprehensive understanding of the potential conservation benefits of DFMPAs is important in the context of marine spatial planning and global marine conservation objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Esgro
- Institute for Applied Marine Ecology, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - James Lindholm
- Institute for Applied Marine Ecology, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, United States of America
| | - Kerry J. Nickols
- California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Bredvik
- Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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42
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Thiault L, Weekers D, Curnock M, Marshall N, Pert PL, Beeden R, Dyer M, Claudet J. Predicting poaching risk in marine protected areas for improved patrol efficiency. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 254:109808. [PMID: 31739093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are effective resource management and conservation measures, but their success is often hindered by non-compliant activities such as poaching. Understanding the risk factors and spatial patterns of poaching is therefore crucial for efficient law enforcement. Here, we conducted explanatory and predictive modelling of poaching from recreational fishers within no-take zones of Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) using Boosted Regression Trees (BRT). Combining patrol effort data, observed distribution of reported incidents, and spatially-explicit environmental and human risk factors, we modeled the occurrence probability of poaching incidents and mapped poaching risk at fine-scale. Our results: (i) show that fishing attractiveness, accessibility and fishing capacity play a major role in shaping the spatial patterns of poaching; (ii) revealed key interactions among these factors as well as tipping points beyond which poaching risk increased or decreased markedly; and (iii) highlight gaps in patrol effort that could be filled for improved resource allocation. The approach developed through this study provide a novel way to quantify the relative influence of multiple interacting factors in shaping poaching risk, and hold promises for replication across a broad range of marine or terrestrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauric Thiault
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 195 Rue Saint-Jacques, 75005, Paris, France; Laboratoire D'Excellence CORAIL, Moorea, French Polynesia.
| | - Damian Weekers
- School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Michie Building, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Matt Curnock
- CSIRO Land and Water, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Nadine Marshall
- CSIRO Land and Water, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Petina L Pert
- CSIRO Land and Water, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Roger Beeden
- Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Michelle Dyer
- Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 195 Rue Saint-Jacques, 75005, Paris, France; Laboratoire D'Excellence CORAIL, Moorea, French Polynesia
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43
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Rilov G, Fraschetti S, Gissi E, Pipitone C, Badalamenti F, Tamburello L, Menini E, Goriup P, Mazaris AD, Garrabou J, Benedetti‐Cecchi L, Danovaro R, Loiseau C, Claudet J, Katsanevakis S. A fast-moving target: achieving marine conservation goals under shifting climate and policies. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02009. [PMID: 31549453 PMCID: PMC7027527 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the Anthropocene, marine ecosystems are rapidly shifting to new ecological states. Achieving effective conservation of marine biodiversity has become a fast-moving target because of both global climate change and continuous shifts in marine policies. How prepared are we to deal with this crisis? We examined EU Member States Programs of Measures designed for the implementation of EU marine environmental policies, as well as recent European Marine Spatial Plans, and discovered that climate change is rarely considered operationally. Further, our analysis revealed that monitoring programs in marine protected areas are often insufficient to clearly distinguish between impacts of local and global stressors. Finally, we suggest that while the novel global Blue Growth approach may jeopardize previous marine conservation efforts, it can also provide new conservation opportunities. Adaptive management is the way forward (e.g., preserving ecosystem functions in climate change hotspots, and identifying and targeting climate refugia areas for protection) using Marine Spatial Planning as a framework for action, especially given the push for Blue Growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Rilov
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological ResearchNational Institute of OceanographyP.O. Box 8030Haifa31080Israel
| | - Simonetta Fraschetti
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaples80926Italy
- CoNISMaPiazzale Flaminio 9Roma00196Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaples80121Italy
| | - Elena Gissi
- University Iuav of VeniceTolentini 191Venice30135Italy
| | - Carlo Pipitone
- CNR‐IASvia Giovanni da Verrazzano 17Castellammare del Golfo91014Italy
| | - Fabio Badalamenti
- Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaples80121Italy
- CNR‐IASvia Giovanni da Verrazzano 17Castellammare del Golfo91014Italy
| | - Laura Tamburello
- CoNISMaPiazzale Flaminio 9Roma00196Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaples80121Italy
| | - Elisabetta Menini
- Department of Life & Environmental SciencePolytechnic University of MarcheAncona60131Italy
| | - Paul Goriup
- NatureBureau, Votec HouseHambridge RoadNewburyRG14 5TNUnited Kingdom
| | - Antonios D. Mazaris
- Department of EcologySchool of BiologyAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki54124Greece
| | - Joaquim Garrabou
- Institute of Marine SciencesCSICPasseig Marítim de la BarcelonetaBarcelona37‐49 08003Spain
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de ToulonCNRS, IRD, MIOMarseilleFrance
| | - Lisandro Benedetti‐Cecchi
- CoNISMaPiazzale Flaminio 9Roma00196Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaples80121Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaples80121Italy
- Department of Life & Environmental SciencePolytechnic University of MarcheAncona60131Italy
| | - Charles Loiseau
- National Center for Scientific ResearchPSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVDMaison des Océans, 195 rue Saint‐JacquesParis75005France
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific ResearchPSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVDMaison des Océans, 195 rue Saint‐JacquesParis75005France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAILMooreaFrench Polynesia
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Stewart BD, Burns C, Hejnowicz AP, Gravey V, O’Leary BC, Hicks K, Farstad FM, Hartley SE. Making Brexit work for the environment and livelihoods: Delivering a stakeholder informed vision for agriculture and fisheries. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce D. Stewart
- Department of Environment and Geography University of York York UK
| | - Charlotte Burns
- Department of Politics and International Relations University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | | | - Viviane Gravey
- School of History, Anthropology, Philosophy and Politics Queens University Belfast UK
| | | | - Kevin Hicks
- Stockholm Environment Institute Department of Environment and Geography University of York York UK
| | | | - Sue E. Hartley
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute University of York York UK
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Grüss A, Biggs CR, Heyman WD, Erisman B. Protecting juveniles, spawners or both: A practical statistical modelling approach for the design of marine protected areas. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Grüss
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | | | | | - Brad Erisman
- Department of Marine Science University of Texas at Austin Port Aransas TX USA
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Scianna C, Niccolini F, Giakoumi S, Di Franco A, Gaines SD, Bianchi CN, Scaccia L, Bava S, Cappanera V, Charbonnel E, Culioli JM, Di Carlo G, De Franco F, Dimitriadis C, Panzalis P, Santoro P, Guidetti P. Organization Science improves management effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 240:285-292. [PMID: 30952049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ecological management effectiveness (EME) of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is the degree to which MPAs reach their ecological goals. The significant variability of EME among MPAs has been partly explained by MPA design, management and implementation features (e.g. surface area, enforcement, age of protection). We investigated EME variability by employing, for the first time, Organization Science. Eight Mediterranean MPAs were taken into account as case studies to explore the relationships between EME and MPA features, such as: 1) organizational size (i.e. the ratio between the number of full-time employees and the total MPA surface area), 2) management performance (i.e. the level of effort exerted to enhance and sustain the MPA management, including enforcement), 3) total surface area, and 4) MPA age. The log-response ratios of fish biomass and density in protected vs unprotected (control) areas were used as a proxy of EME. Management performance, organizational size and, to a lesser extent, MPA age were positively correlated with the log-response ratio of fish biomass, whereas total surface area did not display a significant role. None of the four features considered was significantly correlated with the log-response ratio of fish density. Based on our findings, we argue that the employment of Organization Science in the management effectiveness assessment can assist MPA managers to reach MPAs goals more effectively, with a more efficient use of available resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Scianna
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, Parc Valrose 28, Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
| | - Federico Niccolini
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Pisa, via C. Ridolfi 10, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sylvaine Giakoumi
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, Parc Valrose 28, Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France; ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Antonio Di Franco
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, Parc Valrose 28, Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Steven D Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Carlo Nike Bianchi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luisa Scaccia
- Department of Economics and Law, University of Macerata, Via Crescimbeni 20, 62100 Macerata, Italy
| | - Simone Bava
- Marine Protected Area of Isola di Bergeggi, Via A. de Mari 28/D, 17028 Bergeggi, Italy
| | - Valentina Cappanera
- Marine Protected Area of Portofino, V. le Rainusso, 1-16038 S. Margherita Ligure, Italy
| | - Eric Charbonnel
- Marine Park of Côte Bleue, Observatoire PMCB-plage du Rouet, 31 Avenue Jean Bart, B.P 42, 13620 Carry-le-Rouet, France
| | - Jean-Michel Culioli
- Office of the Environment of Corsica, Natural Reserve of Bouches de Bonifacio, 20250 Corte, France
| | | | - Francesco De Franco
- Marine Protected Area of Torre Guaceto, Via Sant'Anna 6, 72012 Carovigno, Italy
| | - Charalampos Dimitriadis
- National Marine Park of Zakynthos, 1 Eleftheriou Venizelou str, Z.C, 291 00 Zakynthos, Greece
| | - Pier Panzalis
- Marine Protected Area of Tavolara-Punta Coda Cavallo, via Dante 1, 07026 Olbia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Santoro
- Marine Protected Area of Isole Tremiti, Via Sant'Antonio Abate 121, 71037 Monte Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Paolo Guidetti
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, Parc Valrose 28, Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France; Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Sciences (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
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47
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Carvalho PG, Jupiter SD, Januchowski‐Hartley FA, Goetze J, Claudet J, Weeks R, Humphries A, White C. Optimized fishing through periodically harvested closures. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Carvalho
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island
| | | | - Fraser A. Januchowski‐Hartley
- MARBEC UMR IRD‐CNRS‐UM‐IFREMER 9190, Université Montpellier Montpellier France
- Bioscience College of Sciences, Swansea University Swansea UK
| | - Jordan Goetze
- Department of Environment and Agriculture Curtin University Bentley WA Australia
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, CRIOBE USR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVD Maison des Océans, PSL Université Paris Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL Moorea French Polynesia
| | - Rebecca Weeks
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Austin Humphries
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island
- Graduate School of Oceanography University of Rhode Island Narragansett Rhode Island
| | - Crow White
- Center for Coastal Marine Sciences California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California
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48
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Friesen SK, Martone R, Rubidge E, Baggio JA, Ban NC. An approach to incorporating inferred connectivity of adult movement into marine protected area design with limited data. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01890. [PMID: 30929286 PMCID: PMC6850429 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are important conservation tools that can support the resilience of marine ecosystems. Many countries, including Canada, have committed to protecting at least 10% of their marine areas under the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11, which includes connectivity as a key aspect. Connectivity, the movement of individuals among habitats, can enhance population stability and resilience within and among MPAs. However, little is known about regional spatial patterns of marine ecological connectivity, particularly adult movement. We developed a method to assess and design MPA networks that maximize inferred connectivity within habitat types for adult movement when ecological data are limited. We used the Northern Shelf Bioregion in British Columbia, Canada, to explore two different approaches: (1) evaluating sites important for inferred regional connectivity (termed hotspots) and (2) assessing MPA network configurations based on their overlap with connectivity hotspots and interconnectedness between MPAs. To assess inferred connectivity via adult movement, we used two different threshold distances (15 and 50 km) to capture moderate home ranges, which are most appropriate to consider in MPA design. We applied graph theory to assess inferred connectivity within 16 habitat and depth categories (proxies for distinct ecological communities), and used novel multiplex network methodologies to perform an aggregated assessment of inferred connectivity. We evaluated inferred regional connectivity hotspots based on betweenness and eigenvector centrality metrics, finding that the existing MPA network overlapped a moderate proportion of these regional hotspots and identified key areas to be considered as candidate MPAs. Network density among existing MPAs was low within the individual habitat networks, as well as the multiplex. This work informs an ongoing MPA planning process, and approaches for incorporating connectivity into MPA design when data are limited, with lessons for other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Friesen
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaV8W 2Y2Canada
| | - Rebecca Martone
- Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Province of British ColumbiaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaV8W 9N1Canada
| | - Emily Rubidge
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSidneyBritish ColumbiaV8L 4B2Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Jacopo A. Baggio
- Department of Political ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida32816USA
- Sustainable Coastal Systems ClusterNational Center for Integrated Coastal ResearchUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida32816USA
| | - Natalie C. Ban
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaV8W 2Y2Canada
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49
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Venegas-Li R, Levin N, Morales-Barquero L, Kaschner K, Garilao C, Kark S. Global assessment of marine biodiversity potentially threatened by offshore hydrocarbon activities. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2009-2020. [PMID: 30854759 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing global energy demands have led to the ongoing intensification of hydrocarbon extraction from marine areas. Hydrocarbon extractive activities pose threats to native marine biodiversity, such as noise, light, and chemical pollution, physical changes to the sea floor, invasive species, and greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we assessed at a global scale the spatial overlap between offshore hydrocarbon activities and marine biodiversity (>25,000 species, nine major ecosystems, and marine protected areas), and quantify the changes over time. We discovered that two-thirds of global offshore hydrocarbon activities occur in areas within the top 10% for species richness, range rarity, and proportional range rarity values globally. Thus, while hydrocarbon activities are undertaken in less than one percent of the ocean's area, they overlap with approximately 85% of all assessed species. Of conservation concern, 4% of species with the largest proportion of their range overlapping hydrocarbon activities are range restricted, potentially increasing their vulnerability to localized threats such as oil spills. While hydrocarbon activities have extended to greater depths since the mid-1990s, we found that the largest overlap is with coastal ecosystems, particularly estuaries, saltmarshes and mangroves. Furthermore, in most countries where offshore hydrocarbon exploration licensing blocks have been delineated, they do not overlap with marine protected areas (MPAs). Although this is positive in principle, many countries have far more licensing block areas than protected areas, and in some instances, MPA coverage is minimal. These findings suggest the need for marine spatial prioritization to help limit future spatial overlap between marine conservation priorities and hydrocarbon activities. Such prioritization can be informed by the spatial and quantitative baseline information provided here. In increasingly shared seascapes, prioritizing management actions that set both conservation and development targets could help minimize further declines of biodiversity and environmental changes at a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Venegas-Li
- The Biodiversity Research Group, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Noam Levin
- Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lucía Morales-Barquero
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Kristin Kaschner
- Department of Biometry and Environmental Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | | | - Salit Kark
- The Biodiversity Research Group, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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50
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Long-Distance Benefits of Marine Reserves: Myth or Reality? Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:342-354. [PMID: 30777295 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance (>40-km) dispersal from marine reserves is poorly documented; yet, it can provide essential benefits such as seeding fished areas or connecting marine reserves into networks. From a meta-analysis, we suggest that the spatial scale of marine connectivity is underestimated due to the limited geographic extent of sampling designs. We also found that the largest marine reserves (>1000km2) are the most isolated. These findings have important implications for the assessment of evolutionary, ecological, and socio-economic long-distance benefits of marine reserves. We conclude that existing methods to infer dispersal should consider the up-to-date genomic advances and also expand the spatial scale of sampling designs. Incorporating long-distance connectivity in conservation planning will contribute to increase the benefits of marine reserve networks.
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