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Branch TA, Cȏté IM, David SR, Drew JA, LaRue M, Márquez MC, Parsons ECM, Rabaiotti D, Shiffman D, Steen DA, Wild AL. Controlled experiment finds no detectable citation bump from Twitter promotion. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292201. [PMID: 38507397 PMCID: PMC10954115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies across a variety of scientific disciplines have shown that the number of times that a paper is shared on Twitter (now called X) is correlated with the number of citations that paper receives. However, these studies were not designed to answer whether tweeting about scientific papers causes an increase in citations, or whether they were simply highlighting that some papers have higher relevance, importance or quality and are therefore both tweeted about more and cited more. The authors of this study are leading science communicators on Twitter from several life science disciplines, with substantially higher follower counts than the average scientist, making us uniquely placed to address this question. We conducted a three-year-long controlled experiment, randomly selecting five articles published in the same month and journal, and randomly tweeting one while retaining the others as controls. This process was repeated for 10 articles from each of 11 journals, recording Altmetric scores, number of tweets, and citation counts before and after tweeting. Randomization tests revealed that tweeted articles were downloaded 2.6-3.9 times more often than controls immediately after tweeting, and retained significantly higher Altmetric scores (+81%) and number of tweets (+105%) three years after tweeting. However, while some tweeted papers were cited more than their respective control papers published in the same journal and month, the overall increase in citation counts after three years (+7% for Web of Science and +12% for Google Scholar) was not statistically significant (p > 0.15). Therefore while discussing science on social media has many professional and societal benefits (and has been a lot of fun), increasing the citation rate of a scientist's papers is likely not among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A. Branch
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Isabelle M. Cȏté
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Solomon R. David
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Drew
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Michelle LaRue
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Melissa C. Márquez
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - E. C. M. Parsons
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter—Penryn Campus, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - D. Rabaiotti
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Shiffman
- Arizona State University, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David A. Steen
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexander L. Wild
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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2
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LaRue M, Iles D, Labrousse S, Fretwell P, Ortega D, Devane E, Horstmann I, Viollat L, Foster-Dyer R, Le Bohec C, Zitterbart D, Houstin A, Richter S, Winterl A, Wienecke B, Salas L, Nixon M, Barbraud C, Kooyman G, Ponganis P, Ainley D, Trathan P, Jenouvrier S. Advances in remote sensing of emperor penguins: first multi-year time series documenting trends in the global population. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232067. [PMID: 38471550 PMCID: PMC10932703 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Like many polar animals, emperor penguin populations are challenging to monitor because of the species' life history and remoteness. Consequently, it has been difficult to establish its global status, a subject important to resolve as polar environments change. To advance our understanding of emperor penguins, we combined remote sensing, validation surveys and using Bayesian modelling, we estimated a comprehensive population trajectory over a recent 10-year period, encompassing the entirety of the species' range. Reported as indices of abundance, our study indicates with 81% probability that there were fewer adult emperor penguins in 2018 than in 2009, with a posterior median decrease of 9.6% (95% credible interval (CI) -26.4% to +9.4%). The global population trend was -1.3% per year over this period (95% CI = -3.3% to +1.0%) and declines probably occurred in four of eight fast ice regions, irrespective of habitat conditions. Thus far, explanations have yet to be identified regarding trends, especially as we observed an apparent population uptick toward the end of time series. Our work potentially establishes a framework for monitoring other Antarctic coastal species detectable by satellite, while promoting a need for research to better understand factors driving biotic changes in the Southern Ocean ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle LaRue
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David Iles
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Sara Labrousse
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Sorbonne Université, LOCEAN-IPSL, UMR 7159, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - David Ortega
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eileen Devane
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | - Lise Viollat
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Rose Foster-Dyer
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Céline Le Bohec
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
- Département de Biologie Polaire, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco City, Monaco
| | - Daniel Zitterbart
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aymeric Houstin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
- Département de Biologie Polaire, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco City, Monaco
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Richter
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Winterl
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Wienecke
- Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart, Australia
| | - Leo Salas
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA, USA
| | - Monique Nixon
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christophe Barbraud
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | | | - Paul Ponganis
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Philip Trathan
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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3
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Knutie SA, Webster CN, Vaziri GJ, Albert L, Harvey JA, LaRue M, Verrett TB, Soldo A, Koop JAH, Chaves JA, Wegrzyn JL. Urban living can rescue Darwin's finches from the lethal effects of invasive vampire flies. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17145. [PMID: 38273516 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Human activity changes multiple factors in the environment, which can have positive or negative synergistic effects on organisms. However, few studies have explored the causal effects of multiple anthropogenic factors, such as urbanization and invasive species, on animals and the mechanisms that mediate these interactions. This study examines the influence of urbanization on the detrimental effect of invasive avian vampire flies (Philornis downsi) on endemic Darwin's finches in the Galápagos Islands. We experimentally manipulated nest fly abundance in urban and non-urban locations and then characterized nestling health, fledging success, diet, and gene expression patterns related to host defense. Fledging success of non-parasitized nestlings from urban (79%) and non-urban (75%) nests did not differ significantly. However, parasitized, non-urban nestlings lost more blood, and fewer nestlings survived (8%) compared to urban nestlings (50%). Stable isotopic values (δ15 N) from urban nestling feces were higher than those from non-urban nestlings, suggesting that urban nestlings are consuming more protein. δ15 N values correlated negatively with parasite abundance, which suggests that diet might influence host defenses (e.g., tolerance and resistance). Parasitized, urban nestlings differentially expressed genes within pathways associated with red blood cell production (tolerance) and pro-inflammatory response (innate immunological resistance), compared to parasitized, non-urban nestlings. In contrast, parasitized non-urban nestlings differentially expressed genes within pathways associated with immunoglobulin production (adaptive immunological resistance). Our results suggest that urban nestlings are investing more in pro-inflammatory responses to resist parasites but also recovering more blood cells to tolerate blood loss. Although non-urban nestlings are mounting an adaptive immune response, it is likely a last effort by the immune system rather than an effective defense against avian vampire flies since few nestlings survived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Knutie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cynthia N Webster
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Grace J Vaziri
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lauren Albert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Johanna A Harvey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle LaRue
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Taylor B Verrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alexandria Soldo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer A H Koop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Jaime A Chaves
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jill L Wegrzyn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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4
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Labrousse S, Nerini D, Fraser AD, Salas L, Sumner M, Le Manach F, Jenouvrier S, Iles D, LaRue M. Where to live? Landfast sea ice shapes emperor penguin habitat around Antarctica. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadg8340. [PMID: 37756400 PMCID: PMC10530227 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Predicting species survival in the face of climate change requires understanding the drivers that influence their distribution. Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) incubate and rear chicks on landfast sea ice, whose extent, dynamics, and quality are expected to vary substantially due to climate change. Until recently, this species' continent-wide observations were scarce, and knowledge on their distribution and habitat limited. Advances in satellite imagery now allow their observation and characterization of habitats across Antarctica at high resolution. Using circumpolar high-resolution satellite images, unique fast ice metrics, and geographic and biological factors, we identified diverse penguin habitats across the continent, with no significant difference between areas with penguins or not. There is a clear geographic partitioning of colonies with respect to their defining habitat characteristics, indicating possible behavioral plasticity among different metapopulations. This coincides with geographic structures found in previous genetic studies. Given projections of quasi-extinction for this species in 2100, this study provides essential information for conservation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Labrousse
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et approches numériques (LOCEAN), UMR 7159 Sorbonne-Université, CNRS, MNHN, IRD, IPSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Nerini
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, MIO, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Alexander D. Fraser
- Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania
| | | | - Michael Sumner
- Integrated Digital East Antarctica, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia
| | | | - Stephanie Jenouvrier
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - David Iles
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michelle LaRue
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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5
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Rodofili EN, Lecours V, LaRue M. Remote sensing techniques for automated marine mammals detection: a review of methods and current challenges. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13540. [PMID: 35757165 PMCID: PMC9220915 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine mammals are under pressure from multiple threats, such as global climate change, bycatch, and vessel collisions. In this context, more frequent and spatially extensive surveys for abundance and distribution studies are necessary to inform conservation efforts. Marine mammal surveys have been performed visually from land, ships, and aircraft. These methods can be costly, logistically challenging in remote locations, dangerous to researchers, and disturbing to the animals. The growing use of imagery from satellite and unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) can help address some of these challenges, complementing crewed surveys and allowing for more frequent and evenly distributed surveys, especially for remote locations. However, manual counts in satellite and UAS imagery remain time and labor intensive, but the automation of image analyses offers promising solutions. Here, we reviewed the literature for automated methods applied to detect marine mammals in satellite and UAS imagery. The performance of studies is quantitatively compared with metrics that evaluate false positives and false negatives from automated detection against manual counts of animals, which allows for a better assessment of the impact of miscounts in conservation contexts. In general, methods that relied solely on statistical differences in the spectral responses of animals and their surroundings performed worse than studies that used convolutional neural networks (CNN). Despite mixed results, CNN showed promise, and its use and evaluation should continue. Overall, while automation can reduce time and labor, more research is needed to improve the accuracy of automated counts. With the current state of knowledge, it is best to use semi-automated approaches that involve user revision of the output. These approaches currently enable the best tradeoff between time effort and detection accuracy. Based on our analysis, we identified thermal infrared UAS imagery as a future research avenue for marine mammal detection and also recommend the further exploration of object-based image analysis (OBIA). Our analysis also showed that past studies have focused on the automated detection of baleen whales and pinnipeds and that there is a gap in studies looking at toothed whales, polar bears, sirenians, and mustelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban N. Rodofili
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Vincent Lecours
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America,School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Michelle LaRue
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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6
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LaRue M, Brooks C, Wege M, Salas L, Gardiner N. High‐resolution satellite imagery meets the challenge of monitoring remote marine protected areas in the Antarctic and beyond. Conserv Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle LaRue
- Gateway Antarctica, School of Earth and Environment University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Cassandra Brooks
- Department of Environmental Studies University of Colorado‐Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Mia Wege
- Gateway Antarctica, School of Earth and Environment University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
- Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | | | - Natasha Gardiner
- Gateway Antarctica, School of Earth and Environment University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
- Antarctica New Zealand Christchurch New Zealand
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7
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Wege M, Salas L, LaRue M. Ice matters: Life-history strategies of two Antarctic seals dictate climate change eventualities in the Weddell Sea. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:6252-6262. [PMID: 34491603 PMCID: PMC9293148 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of climate change in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are not uniform and ice-obligate species with dissimilar life-history characteristics will likely respond differently to their changing ecosystems. We use a unique data set of Weddell Leptonychotes weddellii and crabeater seals' (CESs) Lobodon carcinophaga breeding season distribution in the Weddell Sea, determined from satellite imagery. We contrast the theoretical climate impacts on both ice-obligate predators who differ in life-history characteristics: CESs are highly specialized Antarctic krill Euphausia superba predators and breed in the seasonal pack ice; Weddell seals (WESs) are generalist predators and breed on comparatively stable fast ice. We used presence-absence data and a suite of remotely sensed environmental variables to build habitat models. Each of the environmental predictors is multiplied by a 'climate change score' based on known responses to climate change to create a 'change importance product'. Results show CESs are more sensitive to climate change than WESs. Crabeater seals prefer to breed close to krill, and the compounding effects of changing sea ice concentrations and sea surface temperatures, the proximity to krill and abundance of stable breeding ice, can influence their post-breeding foraging success and ultimately their future breeding success. But in contrast to the Ross Sea, here WESs prefer to breed closer to larger colonies of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri). This suggests that the Weddell Sea may currently be prey-abundant, allowing the only two air-breathing Antarctic silverfish predators (Pleuragramma antarctica) (WESs and emperor penguins) to breed closer to each other. This is the first basin-scale, region-specific comparison of breeding season habitat in these two key Antarctic predators based on real-world data to compare climate change responses. This work shows that broad-brush, basin-scale approaches to understanding species-specific responses to climate change are not always appropriate, and regional models are needed-especially when designing marine protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Wege
- Gateway AntarcticaSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
- Department of Zoology & EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaHatfieldPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Leo Salas
- Point Blue Conservation SciencesPetalumaCAUSA
| | - Michelle LaRue
- Gateway AntarcticaSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
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8
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Jenouvrier S, Che‐Castaldo J, Wolf S, Holland M, Labrousse S, LaRue M, Wienecke B, Fretwell P, Barbraud C, Greenwald N, Stroeve J, Trathan PN. The call of the emperor penguin: Legal responses to species threatened by climate change. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:5008-5029. [PMID: 34342929 PMCID: PMC9291047 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Species extinction risk is accelerating due to anthropogenic climate change, making it urgent to protect vulnerable species through legal frameworks in order to facilitate conservation actions that help mitigate risk. Here, we discuss fundamental concepts for assessing climate change risks to species using the example of the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri), currently being considered for protection under the US Endangered Species Act (ESA). This species forms colonies on Antarctic sea ice, which is projected to significantly decline due to ongoing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We project the dynamics of all known emperor penguin colonies under different GHG emission scenarios using a climate-dependent meta-population model including the effects of extreme climate events based on the observational satellite record of colonies. Assessments for listing species under the ESA require information about how species resiliency, redundancy and representation (3Rs) will be affected by threats within the foreseeable future. Our results show that if sea ice declines at the rate projected by climate models under current energy system trends and policies, the 3Rs would be dramatically reduced and almost all colonies would become quasi-extinct by 2100. We conclude that the species should be listed as threatened under the ESA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jenouvrier
- Biology DepartmentWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMassachusettsUSA
| | - Judy Che‐Castaldo
- Conservation & Science DepartmentAlexander Center for Applied Population BiologyLincoln Park ZooChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Shaye Wolf
- Climate Law InstituteCenter for Biological DiversityOaklandCaliforniaUSA
| | - Marika Holland
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderColoradoUSA
| | | | - Michelle LaRue
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Noah Greenwald
- Endangered Species ProgramCenter for Biological DiversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Julienne Stroeve
- Centre for Earth Observation ScienceUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- National Snow and Ice Data CenterUSA Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA
- Earth Sciences DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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9
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LaRue M, Salas L, Nur N, Ainley D, Stammerjohn S, Pennycook J, Dozier M, Saints J, Stamatiou K, Barrington L, Rotella J. Insights from the first global population estimate of Weddell seals in Antarctica. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabh3674. [PMID: 34559555 PMCID: PMC8462891 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Weddell seal is one of the best-studied marine mammals in the world, owing to a multidecadal demographic effort in the southernmost part of its range. Despite their occurrence around the Antarctic coastline, we know little about larger scale patterns in distribution, population size, or structure. We combined high-resolution satellite imagery from 2011, crowd-sourcing, and habitat modeling to report the first global population estimate for the species and environmental factors that influence its distribution. We estimated ~202,000 (95% confidence interval: 85,345 to 523,140) sub-adult and adult female seals, with proximate ocean depth and fast-ice variables as factors explaining spatial prevalence. Distances to penguin colonies were associated with seal presence, but only emperor penguin population size had a strong negative relationship. The small, estimated population size relative to previous estimates and the seals’ nexus with trophic competitors indicates that a community ecology approach is required in efforts to monitor the Southern Ocean ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle LaRue
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Leo Salas
- Point Blue Conservation Sciences, 3820 Cypress Drive #11, Petaluma CA 94954 USA
| | - Nadav Nur
- Point Blue Conservation Sciences, 3820 Cypress Drive #11, Petaluma CA 94954 USA
| | - David Ainley
- H. T. Harvey and Associates Ecological Consultants, 983 University Avenue, Building D, Los Gatos, CA 95032 USA
| | - Sharon Stammerjohn
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Jean Pennycook
- H. T. Harvey and Associates Ecological Consultants, 983 University Avenue, Building D, Los Gatos, CA 95032 USA
| | - Melissa Dozier
- Maxar Technologies, 1300 W 120th Avenue, Westminster, CO, 80234 USA
| | - Jon Saints
- BlueSky Resources, 2250 6th St, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | | | - Luke Barrington
- Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA
| | - Jay Rotella
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Howell
- Gateway Antarctica, School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Michelle LaRue
- Gateway Antarctica, School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sarah P. Flanagan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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11
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Wege M, Salas L, LaRue M. Citizen science and habitat modelling facilitates conservation planning for crabeater seals in the Weddell Sea. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Wege
- Gateway Antarctica Department of Geography School of Earth and Environment College of Science University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Leo Salas
- Point Blue Conservation Sciences Petaluma California USA
| | - Michelle LaRue
- Gateway Antarctica Department of Geography School of Earth and Environment College of Science University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
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12
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Jenouvrier S, Holland M, Iles D, Labrousse S, Landrum L, Garnier J, Caswell H, Weimerskirch H, LaRue M, Ji R, Barbraud C. The Paris Agreement objectives will likely halt future declines of emperor penguins. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:1170-1184. [PMID: 31696584 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Paris Agreement is a multinational initiative to combat climate change by keeping a global temperature increase in this century to 2°C above preindustrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. Until recently, ensembles of coupled climate simulations producing temporal dynamics of climate en route to stable global mean temperature at 1.5 and 2°C above preindustrial levels were not available. Hence, the few studies that have assessed the ecological impact of the Paris Agreement used ad-hoc approaches. The development of new specific mitigation climate simulations now provides an unprecedented opportunity to inform ecological impact assessments. Here we project the dynamics of all known emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) colonies under new climate change scenarios meeting the Paris Agreement objectives using a climate-dependent-metapopulation model. Our model includes various dispersal behaviors so that penguins could modulate climate effects through movement and habitat selection. Under business-as-usual greenhouse gas emissions, we show that 80% of the colonies are projected to be quasiextinct by 2100, thus the total abundance of emperor penguins is projected to decline by at least 81% relative to its initial size, regardless of dispersal abilities. In contrast, if the Paris Agreement objectives are met, viable emperor penguin refuges will exist in Antarctica, and only 19% and 31% colonies are projected to be quasiextinct by 2100 under the Paris 1.5 and 2 climate scenarios respectively. As a result, the global population is projected to decline by at least by 31% under Paris 1.5 and 44% under Paris 2. However, population growth rates stabilize in 2060 such that the global population will be only declining at 0.07% under Paris 1.5 and 0.34% under Paris 2, thereby halting the global population decline. Hence, global climate policy has a larger capacity to safeguard the future of emperor penguins than their intrinsic dispersal abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Jenouvrier
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Marika Holland
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David Iles
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Sara Labrousse
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Laura Landrum
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jimmy Garnier
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques, UMR 5127, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Le Bourget du Lac, France
| | - Hal Caswell
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Michelle LaRue
- Te Kura Aronukurangi, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rubao Ji
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Christophe Barbraud
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers en Bois, France
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14
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Stapleton S, LaRue M, Lecomte N, Atkinson S, Garshelis D, Porter C, Atwood T. Polar bears from space: assessing satellite imagery as a tool to track Arctic wildlife. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101513. [PMID: 25006979 PMCID: PMC4090068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of efficient techniques for monitoring wildlife is a priority in the Arctic, where the impacts of climate change are acute and remoteness and logistical constraints hinder access. We evaluated high resolution satellite imagery as a tool to track the distribution and abundance of polar bears. We examined satellite images of a small island in Foxe Basin, Canada, occupied by a high density of bears during the summer ice-free season. Bears were distinguished from other light-colored spots by comparing images collected on different dates. A sample of ground-truthed points demonstrated that we accurately classified bears. Independent observers reviewed images and a population estimate was obtained using mark-recapture models. This estimate (N: 94; 95% Confidence Interval: 92-105) was remarkably similar to an abundance estimate derived from a line transect aerial survey conducted a few days earlier (N: 102; 95% CI: 69-152). Our findings suggest that satellite imagery is a promising tool for monitoring polar bears on land, with implications for use with other Arctic wildlife. Large scale applications may require development of automated detection processes to expedite review and analysis. Future research should assess the utility of multi-spectral imagery and examine sites with different environmental characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Stapleton
- United States Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Michelle LaRue
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Lecomte
- Department of Environment, Government of Nunavut, Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada
| | - Stephen Atkinson
- Department of Environment, Government of Nunavut, Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada
| | - David Garshelis
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Grand Rapids, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Claire Porter
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Todd Atwood
- United States Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
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Kong MH, Peterson ED, Fonarow GC, Sanders GD, Yancy CW, Russo AM, Curtis AB, Sears SF, Thomas KL, Campbell S, Carlson MD, Chiames C, Cook NL, Hayes DL, LaRue M, Hernandez AF, Lyons EL, Al-Khatib SM. Addressing disparities in sudden cardiac arrest care and the underutilization of effective therapies. Am Heart J 2010; 160:605-18. [PMID: 20934553 PMCID: PMC2956019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the most common cause of death in the Unites States. Despite its major impact on public health, significant challenges exist at the patient, provider, public, and policy levels with respect to raising more widespread awareness and understanding of SCA risks, identifying patients at risk for SCA, addressing barriers to SCA care, and eliminating disparities in SCA care and outcomes. To address many of these challenges, the Duke Center for the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death at the Duke Clinical Research Institute (Durham, NC) held a think tank meeting on December 7, 2009, convening experts on this issue from clinical cardiology, cardiac electrophysiology, health policy and economics, the US Food and Drug Administration, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality, and device and pharmaceutical manufacturers. The specific goals of the meeting were to examine existing educational tools on SCA for patients, health care providers, and the public and explore ways to enhance and disseminate these tools; to propose a framework for improved identification of patients at risk of SCA; and to review the latest data on disparities in SCA care and explore ways to reduce these disparities. This article summarizes the discussions that occurred at the meeting.
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De Rosa M, LaRue M, Sellitto I, Timken MD. REACTION OF 2-AMINOPYRROLE and 1 -ALKYL-2-AMINOPYRROLE WITH DMAD: MICHAEL ADDITION VS DIELS-ALDER REACTION. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2001. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2001.7.6.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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