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Lacagnina MJ, Willcox KF, Boukelmoune N, Bavencoffe A, Sankaranarayanan I, Barratt DT, Zuberi YA, Dayani D, Chavez MV, Lu JT, Farinotti AB, Shiers S, Barry AM, Mwirigi JM, Tavares-Ferreira D, Funk GA, Cervantes AM, Svensson CI, Walters ET, Hutchinson MR, Heijnen CJ, Price TJ, Fiore NT, Grace PM. B cells drive neuropathic pain-related behaviors in mice through IgG-Fc gamma receptor signaling. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadj1277. [PMID: 39321269 PMCID: PMC11479571 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Neuroimmune interactions are essential for the development of neuropathic pain, yet the contributions of distinct immune cell populations have not been fully unraveled. Here, we demonstrate the critical role of B cells in promoting mechanical hypersensitivity (allodynia) after peripheral nerve injury in male and female mice. Depletion of B cells with a single injection of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody at the time of injury prevented the development of allodynia. B cell-deficient (muMT) mice were similarly spared from allodynia. Nerve injury was associated with increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) accumulation in ipsilateral lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and dorsal spinal cords. IgG was colocalized with sensory neurons and macrophages in DRGs and microglia in spinal cords. IgG also accumulated in DRG samples from human donors with chronic pain, colocalizing with a marker for macrophages and satellite glia. RNA sequencing revealed a B cell population in naive mouse and human DRGs. A B cell transcriptional signature was enriched in DRGs from human donors with neuropathic pain. Passive transfer of IgG from injured mice induced allodynia in injured muMT recipient mice. The pronociceptive effects of IgG are likely mediated through immune complexes interacting with Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) expressed by sensory neurons, microglia, and macrophages, given that both mechanical allodynia and hyperexcitability of dissociated DRG neurons were abolished in nerve-injured FcγR-deficient mice. Consistently, the pronociceptive effects of IgG passive transfer were lost in FcγR-deficient mice. These data reveal that a B cell-IgG-FcγR axis is required for the development of neuropathic pain in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Lacagnina
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kendal F. Willcox
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nabila Boukelmoune
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexis Bavencoffe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77225, USA
| | - Ishwarya Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Daniel T. Barratt
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Younus A. Zuberi
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dorsa Dayani
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Melissa V. Chavez
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan T. Lu
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Shiers
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Allison M. Barry
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Juliet M. Mwirigi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Diana Tavares-Ferreira
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | | | | | - Camilla I. Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edgar T. Walters
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77225, USA
| | - Mark R. Hutchinson
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Cobi J. Heijnen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Theodore J. Price
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Nathan T. Fiore
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter M. Grace
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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2
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Michalski K, Abdulla T, Kleeman S, Schmidl L, Gómez R, Simorowski N, Vallese F, Prüss H, Heckmann M, Geis C, Furukawa H. Structural and functional mechanisms of anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01386-4. [PMID: 39227719 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Autoantibodies against neuronal membrane proteins can manifest in autoimmune encephalitis, inducing seizures, cognitive dysfunction and psychosis. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is the most dominant autoimmune encephalitis; however, insights into how autoantibodies recognize and alter receptor functions remain limited. Here we determined structures of human and rat NMDARs bound to three distinct patient-derived antibodies using single-particle electron cryo-microscopy. These antibodies bind different regions within the amino-terminal domain of the GluN1 subunit. Through electrophysiology, we show that all three autoantibodies acutely and directly reduced NMDAR channel functions in primary neurons. Antibodies show different stoichiometry of binding and antibody-receptor complex formation, which in one antibody, 003-102, also results in reduced synaptic localization of NMDARs. These studies demonstrate mechanisms of diverse epitope recognition and direct channel regulation of anti-NMDAR autoantibodies underlying autoimmune encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Michalski
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Taha Abdulla
- Section Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sam Kleeman
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Lars Schmidl
- Section Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ricardo Gómez
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Noriko Simorowski
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Vallese
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harald Prüss
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Heckmann
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Geis
- Section Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
- School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
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3
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Yan R, Chen H, Liu C, Zhao J, Wu D, Jiang J, Gong J, Jiang D. Human XPR1 structures reveal phosphate export mechanism. Nature 2024; 633:960-967. [PMID: 39169184 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07852-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a fundamental macronutrient for all living organisms, the homeostasis of which is critical for numerous biological activities1-3. As the only known human Pi exporter to date, XPR1 has an indispensable role in cellular Pi homeostasis4,5. Dysfunction of XPR1 is associated with neurodegenerative disease6-8. However, the mechanisms underpinning XPR1-mediated Pi efflux and regulation by the intracellular inositol polyphosphate (InsPP) sensor SPX domain remain poorly understood. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of human XPR1 in Pi-bound closed, open and InsP6-bound forms, revealing the structural basis for XPR1 gating and regulation by InsPPs. XPR1 consists of an N-terminal SPX domain, a dimer-formation core domain and a Pi transport domain. Within the transport domain, three basic clusters are responsible for Pi binding and transport, and a conserved W573 acts as a molecular switch for gating. In addition, the SPX domain binds to InsP6 and facilitates Pi efflux by liberating the C-terminal loop that limits Pi entry. This study provides a conceptual framework for the mechanistic understanding of Pi homeostasis by XPR1 homologues in fungi, plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yan
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiwen Chen
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanyu Liu
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Di Wu
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juquan Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Jianke Gong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daohua Jiang
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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4
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Deng M, Du S, Hou H, Xiao J. Structural insights into the high-affinity IgE receptor FcεRI complex. Nature 2024; 633:952-959. [PMID: 39169187 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays a pivotal role in allergic responses1,2. The high-affinity IgE receptor, FcεRI, found on mast cells and basophils, is central to the effector functions of IgE. FcεRI is a tetrameric complex, comprising FcεRIα, FcεRIβ and a homodimer of FcRγ (originally known as FcεRIγ), with FcεRIα recognizing the Fc region of IgE (Fcε) and FcεRIβ-FcRγ facilitating signal transduction3. Additionally, FcRγ is a crucial component of other immunoglobulin receptors, including those for IgG (FcγRI and FcγRIIIA) and IgA (FcαRI)4-8. However, the molecular basis of FcεRI assembly and the structure of FcRγ have remained elusive. Here we elucidate the cryogenic electron microscopy structure of the Fcε-FcεRI complex. FcεRIα has an essential role in the receptor's assembly, interacting with FcεRIβ and both FcRγ subunits. FcεRIβ is structured as a compact four-helix bundle, similar to the B cell antigen CD20. The FcRγ dimer exhibits an asymmetric architecture, and coils with the transmembrane region of FcεRIα to form a three-helix bundle. A cholesterol-like molecule enhances the interaction between FcεRIβ and the FcεRIα-FcRγ complex. Our mutagenesis analyses further indicate similarities between the interaction of FcRγ with FcεRIα and FcγRIIIA, but differences in that with FcαRI. These findings deepen our understanding of the signalling mechanisms of FcεRI and offer insights into the functionality of other immune receptors dependent on FcRγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Du
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Handi Hou
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Jo S, Fischer BR, Cronin NM, Nurmalasari NPD, Loyd YM, Kerkvliet JG, Bailey EM, Anderson RB, Scott BL, Hoppe AD. Antibody surface mobility amplifies FcγR signaling via Arp2/3 during phagocytosis. Biophys J 2024; 123:2312-2327. [PMID: 38321740 PMCID: PMC11331046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
We report herein that the anti-CD20 therapeutic antibody, rituximab, is rearranged into microclusters within the phagocytic synapse by macrophage Fcγ receptors (FcγR) during antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. These microclusters were observed to potently recruit Syk and to undergo rearrangements that were limited by the cytoskeleton of the target cell, with depolymerization of target-cell actin filaments leading to modest increases in phagocytic efficiency. Total internal reflection fluorescence analysis revealed that FcγR total phosphorylation, Syk phosphorylation, and Syk recruitment were enhanced when IgG-FcγR microclustering was enabled on fluid bilayers relative to immobile bilayers in a process that required Arp2/3. We conclude that on fluid surfaces, IgG-FcγR microclustering promotes signaling through Syk that is amplified by Arp2/3-driven actin rearrangements. Thus, the surface mobility of antigens bound by IgG shapes the signaling of FcγR with an unrecognized complexity beyond the zipper and trigger models of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongwan Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota; BioSNTRii, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Brady R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota; BioSNTRii, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Nicholas M Cronin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota; BioSNTRii, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Ni Putu Dewi Nurmalasari
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota; BioSNTRii, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota
| | - Yoseph M Loyd
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota; BioSNTRii, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota
| | - Jason G Kerkvliet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota; BioSNTRii, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Elizabeth M Bailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota; BioSNTRii, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Robert B Anderson
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota; BioSNTRii, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota
| | - Brandon L Scott
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota; BioSNTRii, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota
| | - Adam D Hoppe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota; BioSNTRii, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota.
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6
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Cossu J, Ravelet C, Martel-Frachet V, Peyrin E, Boturyn D. Peptide-based CE-SELEX enables convenient isolation of aptamers specifically recognizing CD20-expressing cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 110:117831. [PMID: 39004051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The CD20 antigen is a key target for several diseases including lymphoma and autoimmune diseases. For over 20 years, several monoclonal antibodies were developed to treat CD20-related disorders. As many therapeutic proteins, their clinical use is however limited due to their nature with a costly biotechnological procedure and side effects such as the production of anti-drug neutralizing antibodies. Nucleic acid aptamers have some advantages over mAbs and are currently investigated for clinical use. We herein report the selection of DNA aptamer by using a peptide-based CE-SELEX (Capillary Electrophoresis-Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) method. It was demonstrated that these aptamers bind specifically a CD20-expressing human cell line, with Kd estimated from isothermal titration calorimetry experiments in the micromolar range. This study demonstrates that the CE-SELEX is suitable as alternative method to the conventional Cell-SELEX to discover new cell-targeting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Cossu
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM UMR 5063, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Corinne Ravelet
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM UMR 5063, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Véronique Martel-Frachet
- University Grenoble Alpes, IAB CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Allée des Alpes 38700, La Tronche, France; University PSL Research, EPHE, 5014 Paris, France
| | - Eric Peyrin
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM UMR 5063, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Didier Boturyn
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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7
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Lin HH, Wang CH, Huang SH, Lin SY, Kato T, Namba K, Hosogi N, Song C, Murata K, Yen CH, Hsu TL, Wong CH, Wu YM, Tu IP, Chang WH. Use of phase plate cryo-EM reveals conformation diversity of therapeutic IgG with 50 kDa Fab fragment resolved below 6 Å. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14079. [PMID: 38890341 PMCID: PMC11189423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
While cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is fruitfully used for harvesting high-resolution structures of sizable macromolecules, its application to small or flexible proteins composed of small domains like immunoglobulin (IgG) remain challenging. Here, we applied single particle cryo-EM to Rituximab, a therapeutic IgG mediating anti-tumor toxicity, to explore its solution conformations. We found Rituximab molecules exhibited aggregates in cryo-EM specimens contrary to its solution behavior, and utilized a non-ionic detergent to successfully disperse them as isolated particles amenable to single particle analysis. As the detergent adversely reduced the protein-to-solvent contrast, we employed phase plate contrast to mitigate the impaired protein visibility. Assisted by phase plate imaging, we obtained a canonical three-arm IgG structure with other structures displaying variable arm densities co-existing in solution, affirming high flexibility of arm-connecting linkers. Furthermore, we showed phase plate imaging enables reliable structure determination of Fab to sub-nanometer resolution from ab initio, yielding a characteristic two-lobe structure that could be unambiguously docked with crystal structure. Our findings revealed conformation diversity of IgG and demonstrated phase plate was viable for cryo-EM analysis of small proteins without symmetry. This work helps extend cryo-EM boundaries, providing a valuable imaging and structural analysis framework for macromolecules with similar challenging features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hung Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Academia Sinica Cryo-EM Facility, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Huang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yao Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Takayuki Kato
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Institute of Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosogi
- JEOL Ltd., 1-2 Musashino 3-chome, Akishima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihong Song
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Tsui-Ling Hsu
- Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cryo-EM Facility, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Ping Tu
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hau Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Paul S, Konig MF, Pardoll DM, Bettegowda C, Papadopoulos N, Wright KM, Gabelli SB, Ho M, van Elsas A, Zhou S. Cancer therapy with antibodies. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:399-426. [PMID: 38740967 PMCID: PMC11180426 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00690-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The greatest challenge in cancer therapy is to eradicate cancer cells with minimal damage to normal cells. Targeted therapy has been developed to meet that challenge, showing a substantially increased therapeutic index compared with conventional cancer therapies. Antibodies are important members of the family of targeted therapeutic agents because of their extraordinarily high specificity to the target antigens. Therapeutic antibodies use a range of mechanisms that directly or indirectly kill the cancer cells. Early antibodies were developed to directly antagonize targets on cancer cells. This was followed by advancements in linker technologies that allowed the production of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that guide cytotoxic payloads to the cancer cells. Improvement in our understanding of the biology of T cells led to the production of immune checkpoint-inhibiting antibodies that indirectly kill the cancer cells through activation of the T cells. Even more recently, bispecific antibodies were synthetically designed to redirect the T cells of a patient to kill the cancer cells. In this Review, we summarize the different approaches used by therapeutic antibodies to target cancer cells. We discuss their mechanisms of action, the structural basis for target specificity, clinical applications and the ongoing research to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Paul
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Maximilian F Konig
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Katharine M Wright
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, Merck and Co, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Sandra B Gabelli
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, Merck and Co, West Point, PA, USA.
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Antibody Engineering Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | - Shibin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Kung JE, Johnson MC, Jao CC, Arthur CP, Tegunov D, Rohou A, Sudhamsu J. Disulfi de constrained Fabs overcome target size limitation for high-resolution single-particle cryo-EM. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.10.593593. [PMID: 38798381 PMCID: PMC11118328 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.10.593593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
High-resolution structures of proteins are critical to understanding molecular mechanisms of biological processes and in the discovery of therapeutic molecules. Cryo-EM has revolutionized structure determination of large proteins and their complexes1, but a vast majority of proteins that underlie human diseases are small (< 50 kDa) and usually beyond its reach due to low signal-to-noise images and difficulties in particle alignment2. Current strategies to overcome this problem increase the overall size of small protein targets using scaffold proteins that bind to the target, but are limited by inherent flexibility and not being bound to their targets in a rigid manner, resulting in the target being poorly resolved compared to the scaffolds3-11. Here we present an iteratively engineered molecular design for transforming Fabs (antibody fragments), into conformationally rigid scaffolds (Rigid-Fabs) that, when bound to small proteins (~20 kDa), can enable high-resolution structure determination using cryo-EM. This design introduces multiple disulfide bonds at strategic locations, generates a well-folded Fab constrained into a rigid conformation and can be applied to Fabs from various species, isotypes and chimeric Fabs. We present examples of the Rigid Fab design enabling high-resolution (2.3-2.5 Å) structures of small proteins, Ang2 (26 kDa) and KRAS (21 kDa) by cryo-EM. The strategies for designing disulfide constrained Rigid Fabs in our work thus establish a general approach to overcome the target size limitation of single particle cryo-EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Kung
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Matthew C. Johnson
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christine C. Jao
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christopher P. Arthur
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dimitry Tegunov
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alexis Rohou
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jawahar Sudhamsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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10
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Dabkowska A, Domka K, Firczuk M. Advancements in cancer immunotherapies targeting CD20: from pioneering monoclonal antibodies to chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363102. [PMID: 38638442 PMCID: PMC11024268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
CD20 located predominantly on the B cells plays a crucial role in their development, differentiation, and activation, and serves as a key therapeutic target for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. The breakthrough of monoclonal antibodies directed against CD20, notably exemplified by rituximab, revolutionized the prognosis of B-cell malignancies. Rituximab, approved across various hematological malignancies, marked a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. In the current landscape, immunotherapies targeting CD20 continue to evolve rapidly. Beyond traditional mAbs, advancements include antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), and chimeric antigen receptor-modified (CAR) T cells. ADCs combine the precision of antibodies with the cytotoxic potential of drugs, presenting a promising avenue for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. BsAbs, particularly CD20xCD3 constructs, redirect cytotoxic T cells to eliminate cancer cells, thereby enhancing both precision and potency in their therapeutic action. CAR-T cells stand as a promising strategy for combatting hematological malignancies, representing one of the truly personalized therapeutic interventions. Many new therapies are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. This review serves as a comprehensive summary of CD20-targeted therapies, highlighting the progress and challenges that persist. Despite significant advancements, adverse events associated with these therapies and the development of resistance remain critical issues. Understanding and mitigating these challenges is paramount for the continued success of CD20-targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dabkowska
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Domka
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Wang M, Chen L, He J, Xia W, Ye Z, She J. Structural insights into IL-6 signaling inhibition by therapeutic antibodies. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113819. [PMID: 38393945 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody inhibitors of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling pathway, such as tocilizumab and sarilumab, have been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, chimeric antigen receptor T cell-induced cytokine storm, and severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Here, we solve the cryogenic electron microscopy structures of sarilumab and tocilizumab in complex with IL-6R to resolutions of 3.2 and 3.3 Å, respectively. These structures reveal that both tocilizumab and sarilumab bind to the D3 domain of IL-6R. The binding surfaces of the two antibodies largely overlap, but the detailed interactions are different. Functional studies of various mutants show results consistent with our structural analysis of the antibodies and IL-6R interactions. Structural comparisons with the IL-6/IL-6R/gp130 complex indicate that sarilumab and tocilizumab probably inhibit IL-6/IL-6R signaling by competing for the IL-6 binding site. In summary, this work reveals the antibody-blocking mechanism of the IL-6 signaling pathway and paves the way for future antibody discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Long Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Jin He
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Wenqiang Xia
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zihong Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ji She
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China.
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12
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Grandclément C, Estoppey C, Dheilly E, Panagopoulou M, Monney T, Dreyfus C, Loyau J, Labanca V, Drake A, De Angelis S, Rubod A, Frei J, Caro LN, Blein S, Martini E, Chimen M, Matthes T, Kaya Z, Edwards CM, Edwards JR, Menoret E, Kervoelen C, Pellat-Deceunynck C, Moreau P, Mbow ML, Srivastava A, Dyson MR, Zhukovsky EA, Perro M, Sammicheli S. Development of ISB 1442, a CD38 and CD47 bispecific biparatopic antibody innate cell modulator for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2054. [PMID: 38448430 PMCID: PMC10917784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody engineering can tailor the design and activities of therapeutic antibodies for better efficiency or other advantageous clinical properties. Here we report the development of ISB 1442, a fully human bispecific antibody designed to re-establish synthetic immunity in CD38+ hematological malignancies. ISB 1442 consists of two anti-CD38 arms targeting two distinct epitopes that preferentially drive binding to tumor cells and enable avidity-induced blocking of proximal CD47 receptors on the same cell while preventing on-target off-tumor binding on healthy cells. The Fc portion of ISB 1442 is engineered to enhance complement dependent cytotoxicity, antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and antibody dependent cell phagocytosis. ISB 1442 thus represents a CD47-BsAb combining biparatopic targeting of a tumor associated antigen with engineered enhancement of antibody effector function to overcome potential resistance mechanisms that hamper treatment of myeloma with monospecific anti-CD38 antibodies. ISB 1442 is currently in a Phase I clinical trial in relapsed refractory multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Estoppey
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - E Dheilly
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | | | - T Monney
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - C Dreyfus
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - J Loyau
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - V Labanca
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - A Drake
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - S De Angelis
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - A Rubod
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - J Frei
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - L N Caro
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - S Blein
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - E Martini
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - M Chimen
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - T Matthes
- Haematology Service, Department of Oncology and Clinical Pathology Service, Department of Diagnostics, University Hospital Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Z Kaya
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C M Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J R Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Menoret
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
| | - C Kervoelen
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
| | - C Pellat-Deceunynck
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
- SIRIC ILIAD, Angers, Nantes, France
| | - P Moreau
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
- SIRIC ILIAD, Angers, Nantes, France
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Unité d'Investigation Clinique, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - M L Mbow
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - A Srivastava
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - M R Dyson
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - E A Zhukovsky
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - M Perro
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland.
| | - S Sammicheli
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland.
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13
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Carlson AK, Amin M, Cohen JA. Drugs Targeting CD20 in Multiple Sclerosis: Pharmacology, Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability. Drugs 2024; 84:285-304. [PMID: 38480630 PMCID: PMC10982103 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-024-02011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there are four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the cluster of differentiation (CD) 20 receptor available to treat multiple sclerosis (MS): rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, and ublituximab. B-cell depletion therapy has changed the therapeutic landscape of MS through robust efficacy on clinical manifestations and MRI lesion activity, and the currently available anti-CD20 mAb therapies for use in MS are a cornerstone of highly effective disease-modifying treatment. Ocrelizumab is currently the only therapy with regulatory approval for primary progressive MS. There are currently few data regarding the relative efficacy of these therapies, though several clinical trials are ongoing. Safety concerns applicable to this class of therapeutics relate primarily to immunogenicity and mechanism of action, and include infusion-related or injection-related reactions, development of hypogammaglobulinemia (leading to increased infection and malignancy risk), and decreased vaccine response. Exploration of alternative dose/dosing schedules might be an effective strategy for mitigating these risks. Future development of biosimilar medications might make these therapies more readily available. Although anti-CD20 mAb therapies have led to significant improvements in disease outcomes, CNS-penetrant therapies are still needed to more effectively address the compartmentalized inflammation thought to play an important role in disability progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alise K Carlson
- Mellen Center, Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave U10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Moein Amin
- Mellen Center, Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave U10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Cohen
- Mellen Center, Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave U10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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14
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Wang Y, Weng S, Tang Y, Lin S, Liu X, Zhang W, Liu G, Pandi B, Wu Y, Ma L, Wang L. A transmembrane scaffold from CD20 helps recombinant expression of a chimeric claudin 18.2 in an in vitro coupled transcription and translation system. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106392. [PMID: 37952787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 20 (CD20) is a nonglycosylated, multispanning transmembrane protein specifically integrated by B lymphocytes. Similar to CD20, another four-pass transmembrane protein, claudin 18.2, has attracted attention as an emerging therapeutic target for cancer. However, their poor solubility and toxic nature often hinder downstream applications, such as antibody drug development. Therefore, developing a cost-effective method for producing drug targets with multiple membrane-spanning domains is crucial. In this study, a high yield of recombinant CD20 was achieved through an E. coli-based in vitro coupled transcription-translation system. Surface plasmon resonance results showed that rituximab (an antileukemia drug) has nanomolar affinity with the CD20 protein, which aligns with published results. Notably, a previously hard-to-express claudin 18.2 recombinant protein was successfully expressed in the same reaction system by replacing its membrane-spanning domains with the transmembrane domains of CD20. The folding of the extracellular domain of the chimeric protein was verified using a commercial anti-claudin 18 antibody. This study provides a novel concept for promoting the expression of four-pass transmembrane proteins and lays the foundation for the large-scale industrial production of membrane-associated drug targets, similar to claudin 18.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Shaoting Weng
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yajie Tang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Anyang Kindstar Global Medical Laboratory Ltd, Anyang, Henan province, 455000, China
| | - Xiayue Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Henan Panran Medical Equipment Co., Ltd, Anyang, Henan province, 455000, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Boomi Pandi
- Department of bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Yinrong Wu
- Henan Panran Medical Equipment Co., Ltd, Anyang, Henan province, 455000, China
| | - Lei Ma
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China.
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15
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Liu C, Zhao X, Wang Z, Zhang C, Zheng W, Zhu X, Zhang D, Gong T, Zhao H, Li F, Guan T, Guo X, Zhang H, Yu B. LncRNA CHROMR/miR-27b-3p/MET axis promotes the proliferation, invasion, and contributes to rituximab resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105762. [PMID: 38367665 PMCID: PMC10940993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) could regulate chemoresistance through sponging microRNAs (miRNAs) and sequestering RNA binding proteins. However, the mechanism of lncRNAs in rituximab resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the functions and molecular mechanisms of lncRNA CHROMR in DLBCL tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. LncRNA CHROMR is highly expressed in DLBCL tissues and cells. We examined the oncogenic functions of lncRNA CHROMR in DLBCL by a panel of gain-or-loss-of-function assays and in vitro experiments. LncRNA CHROMR suppression promotes CD20 transcription in DLBCL cells and inhibits rituximab resistance. RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, and dual luciferase reporter assay reveal that lncRNA CHROMR sponges with miR-27b-3p to regulate mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) levels and Akt signaling in DLBCL cells. Targeting the lncRNA CHROMR/miR-27b-3p/MET axis reduces DLBCL tumorigenesis. Altogether, these findings provide a new regulatory model, lncRNA CHROMR/miR-27b-3p/MET, which can serve as a potential therapeutic target for DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Rituximab/pharmacology
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xinan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zifeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China; Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenbin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Feng Li
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tao Guan
- Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Department of Hematology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Department of Breast Surgery, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Department of Hematology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Baofeng Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China.
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16
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Rispens T, Kuijpers TW, Killestein J, van Kempen ZLE, Bloem K. Cross-Reactivity of Antibodies to Rituximab with Other Therapeutic Anti-CD20 Antibodies. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:529-533. [PMID: 38149924 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
One reason for a lack of response to rituximab as well as infusion-related anaphylactic adverse events is the development of antidrug Abs to rituximab. Besides rituximab, a number of other therapeutic Abs targeting CD20 are nowadays available as alternatives. In this study, we investigated the potential cross-reactivity of (human) anti-rituximab Abs to three other anti-CD20 mAbs: ofatumumab, obinutuzumab, and ocrelizumab. In 25 cases of anti-rituximab Abs, cross-reactivity was examined using both direct binding assays and inhibition immunoassays. Although no cross-reactivity was observed to ofatumumab or obinutuzumab, 8 of 25 samples also showed reactivity toward ocrelizumab in at least one of the two assays. Furthermore, in three cases of anti-ocrelizumab Abs, cross-reactivity to rituximab was observed in an inhibition immunoassay, albeit not in a direct binding assay. Our results suggest that obinutuzumab or ofatumumab are safe anti-CD20 alternatives in case of the presence of anti-rituximab Abs. It is advisable to proceed cautiously if switching from rituximab to ocrelizumab (or vice versa) is considered in case these alternatives may not be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joep Killestein
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zoé L E van Kempen
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karien Bloem
- Antibodies and Immunogenicity, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Niquille DL, Fitzgerald KM, Gera N. Biparatopic antibodies: therapeutic applications and prospects. MAbs 2024; 16:2310890. [PMID: 38439551 PMCID: PMC10936611 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2310890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Biparatopic antibodies (bpAbs) bind distinct, non-overlapping epitopes on an antigen. This unique binding mode enables new mechanisms of action beyond monospecific and bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) that can make bpAbs effective therapeutics for various indications, including oncology and infectious diseases. Biparatopic binding can lead to superior affinity and specificity, promote antagonism, lock target conformation, and result in higher-order target clustering. Such antibody-target complexes can elicit strong agonism, increase immune effector function, or result in rapid target downregulation and lysosomal trafficking. These are not only attractive properties for therapeutic antibodies but are increasingly being explored for other modalities such as antibody-drug conjugates, T-cell engagers and chimeric antigen receptors. Recent advances in bpAb engineering have enabled the construction of ever more sophisticated formats that are starting to show promise in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nimish Gera
- Biologics, Mythic Therapeutics, Waltham, MA, USA
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18
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Park SJ, Greer PL, Lee N. From odor to oncology: non-canonical odorant receptors in cancer. Oncogene 2024; 43:304-318. [PMID: 38087050 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Odorant receptors, traditionally associated with olfaction as chemoreceptors, have been increasingly recognized for their presence and diverse functions in various non-nasal tissues throughout the body. Beyond their roles in sensory perception, emerging evidence suggests a compelling interplay between odorant receptors and cancer progression as well. Alongside the canonical GPCR odorant receptors, dysregulation of non-canonical odorant receptors such as trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), and membrane-spanning 4A family (MS4As) has been observed in various cancer types, suggesting their contributions to cancer progression. The roles of these non-canonical chemoreceptors in cancer are complex, with some receptors promoting tumorigenesis and others acting as tumor-suppressing factors upon activation, depending on the cancer type. These findings shed light on the potential of non-canonical odorant receptors as therapeutic targets and prognostic markers in cancer, inviting further exploration to unravel their precise mechanisms of action and implications in cancer biology. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationships between these chemoreceptors and various types of cancer, potentially paving the way for innovative odor-based therapeutics. Ultimately, this review discusses the potential development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting these non-canonical chemoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Park
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paul L Greer
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Namgyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Reusch J, Andersen JT, Rant U, Schlothauer T. Insight into the avidity-affinity relationship of the bivalent, pH-dependent interaction between IgG and FcRn. MAbs 2024; 16:2361585. [PMID: 38849969 PMCID: PMC11164218 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2361585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as therapeutics necessitate favorable pharmacokinetic properties, including extended serum half-life, achieved through pH-dependent binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). While prior research has mainly investigated IgG-FcRn binding kinetics with a focus on single affinity values, it has been shown that each IgG molecule can engage two FcRn molecules throughout an endosomal pH gradient. As such, we present here a more comprehensive analysis of these interactions with an emphasis on both affinity and avidity by taking advantage of switchSENSE technology, a surface-based biosensor where recombinant FcRn was immobilized via short DNA nanolevers, mimicking the membranous orientation of the receptor. The results revealed insight into the avidity-to-affinity relationship, where assessing binding through a pH gradient ranging from pH 5.8 to 7.4 showed that the half-life extended IgG1-YTE has an affinity inflection point at pH 7.2, reflecting its engineering for improved FcRn binding compared with the wild-type counterpart. Furthermore, IgG1-YTE displayed a pH switch for the avidity enhancement factor at pH 6.2, reflecting strong receptor binding to both sides of the YTE-containing Fc, while avidity was abolished at pH 7.4. When compared with classical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology and complementary methods, the use of switchSENSE demonstrated superior capabilities in differentiating affinity from avidity within a single measurement. Thus, the methodology provides reliable kinetic rate parameters for both binding modes and their direct relationship as a function of pH. Also, it deciphers the potential effect of the variable Fab arms on FcRn binding, in which SPR has limitations. Our study offers guidance for how FcRn binding properties can be studied for IgG engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Reusch
- Dynamic Biosensors GmbH, Munich, Germany
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance (PRIMA), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
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20
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Ganji M, Safarzadeh Kozani P, Rahbarizadeh F. Characterization of novel CD19-specific VHHs isolated from a camelid immune library by phage display. J Transl Med 2023; 21:891. [PMID: 38066569 PMCID: PMC10709854 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based immunotherapies have achieved promising outcomes in the treatment of immunological and oncological indications. CD19 is considered one of the most qualified antigens in the treatment of B-cell neoplasms. VHHs (nanobodies) are known for their physicochemical advantages over conventional mAbs rendering them suitable therapeutics and diagnostic tools. Herein, we aimed to isolate CD19-specific VHHs from a novel immune library using phage display. METHODS An immune VHH gene library was constructed. Using phage display and after five biopanning rounds, two monoclonal CD19-specific VHHs were isolated. The selected VHHs were expressed, purified, and characterized in terms of their affinity, specificity, sensitivity, and ability to target CD19-positive cell lines. Moreover, in silico analyses were employed for further characterization. RESULTS A VHH library was developed, and because the outputs of the 4th biopanning round exhibited the most favorable characteristics, a panel of random VHHs was selected from them. Ultimately, two of the most favorable VHHs were selected and DNA sequenced (designated as GR37 and GR41). Precise experiments indicated that GR37 and GR41 exhibited considerable specificity, sensitivity, and affinity (1.15 × 107 M-1 and 2.08 × 107 M-1, respectively) to CD19. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that GR37 and GR41 could bind CD19 on the surface of cell lines expressing the antigen. Moreover, in silico experiments predicted that both VHHs target epitopes that are distinct from that targeted by the CD19-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) FMC63. CONCLUSION The selected VHHs can be used as potential targeting tools for the development of CD19-based immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Ganji
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
- Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Ma Q, Li M, Xu G. Combination of rituximab and short-term glucocorticoids in the treatment of anti-phospholipase A 2 receptor antibody positive idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:5337-5343. [PMID: 37688683 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Rituximab (RTX) has been the first option in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). However, the clinical effect was not very satisfactory. This study aimed to explore the clinical efficacy and safety of the combination of RTX and glucocorticoids (GC) in anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (anti-PLA2R) antibody positive IMN. Sixty-six patients were randomly divided into RTX/GC group (RTX infusion plus short-term oral GC) and RTX group (RTX infusion alone) in this prospective cohort study. Complete remission (CR) and partial remission (PR) were the primary outcomes. Adverse events were the secondary outcomes. The laboratory index including serum albumin, 24 h urinary protein, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and anti-PLA2R antibody titer were also monitored. All patients were followed for at least 12 months. During the 12-month follow-up, the composite remission rates in RTX/GC and RTX groups were 74.3% and 67.7%, and the CR rates were 34.3% and 19.4%, respectively. The median time of remission in RTX/GC group was shorter than the RTX group (P < 0.001). Compared with RTX monotherapy, the combination of RTX and GC significantly decreased the anti-PLA2R antibody titer (P = 0.028). No significant difference was observed in the incidence of adverse events. The results of the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that the cumulative CR rate and cumulative composite remission rate in RTX/GC group were all better than the RTX group (P = 0.043, P = 0.040, respectively). The combination of RTX and GC was better than RTX monotherapy without increasing the adverse events in the treatment of IMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Ma
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Manna Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaosi Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Sharma P, Joshi RV, Pritchard R, Xu K, Eicher MA. Therapeutic Antibodies in Medicine. Molecules 2023; 28:6438. [PMID: 37764213 PMCID: PMC10535987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody engineering has developed into a wide-reaching field, impacting a multitude of industries, most notably healthcare and diagnostics. The seminal work on developing the first monoclonal antibody four decades ago has witnessed exponential growth in the last 10-15 years, where regulators have approved monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics and for several diagnostic applications, including the remarkable attention it garnered during the pandemic. In recent years, antibodies have become the fastest-growing class of biological drugs approved for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, from cancer to autoimmune conditions. This review discusses the field of therapeutic antibodies as it stands today. It summarizes and outlines the clinical relevance and application of therapeutic antibodies in treating a landscape of diseases in different disciplines of medicine. It discusses the nomenclature, various approaches to antibody therapies, and the evolution of antibody therapeutics. It also discusses the risk profile and adverse immune reactions associated with the antibodies and sheds light on future applications and perspectives in antibody drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Sharma
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18509, USA
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23
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Li J, Zhao M, Luo W, Huang J, Zhao B, Zhou Z. B cell metabolism in autoimmune diseases: signaling pathways and interventions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1232820. [PMID: 37680644 PMCID: PMC10481957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are heterogeneous disorders believed to stem from the immune system's inability to distinguish between auto- and foreign- antigens. B lymphocytes serve a crucial role in humoral immunity as they generate antibodies and present antigens. Dysregulation of B cell function induce the onset of autoimmune disorders by generating autoantibodies and pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in an imbalance in immune regulation. New research in immunometabolism shows that cellular metabolism plays an essential role in controlling B lymphocytes immune reactions by providing the energy and substrates for B lymphocytes activation, differentiation, and function. However, dysregulated immunometabolism lead to autoimmune diseases by disrupting self-tolerance mechanisms. This review summarizes the latest research on metabolic reprogramming of B lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases, identifying crucial pathways and regulatory factors. Moreover, we consider the potential of metabolic interventions as a promising therapeutic strategy. Understanding the metabolic mechanisms of B cells brings us closer to developing novel therapies for autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingjiu Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjun Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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24
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Zhang M, Lam KP, Xu S. Natural Killer Cell Engagers (NKCEs): a new frontier in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1207276. [PMID: 37638058 PMCID: PMC10450036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1207276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are a type of innate lymphoid cells that play a crucial role in immunity by killing virally infected or tumor cells and secreting cytokines and chemokines. NK cell-mediated immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment due to its safety and effectiveness. NK cell engagers (NKCEs), such as BiKE (bispecific killer cell engager) or TriKE (trispecific killer cell engager), are a novel class of antibody-based therapeutics that exhibit several advantages over other cancer immunotherapies harnessing NK cells. By bridging NK and tumor cells, NKCEs activate NK cells and lead to tumor cell lysis. A growing number of NKCEs are currently undergoing development, with some already in clinical trials. However, there is a need for more comprehensive studies to determine how the molecular design of NKCEs affects their functionality and manufacturability, which are crucial for their development as off-the-shelf drugs for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on NKCE development and discuss critical factors required for the production of effective NKCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchuan Zhang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shengli Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Reinhardt SCM, Masullo LA, Baudrexel I, Steen PR, Kowalewski R, Eklund AS, Strauss S, Unterauer EM, Schlichthaerle T, Strauss MT, Klein C, Jungmann R. Ångström-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Nature 2023; 617:711-716. [PMID: 37225882 PMCID: PMC10208979 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy, with its molecular specificity, is one of the major characterization methods used in the life sciences to understand complex biological systems. Super-resolution approaches1-6 can achieve resolution in cells in the range of 15 to 20 nm, but interactions between individual biomolecules occur at length scales below 10 nm and characterization of intramolecular structure requires Ångström resolution. State-of-the-art super-resolution implementations7-14 have demonstrated spatial resolutions down to 5 nm and localization precisions of 1 nm under certain in vitro conditions. However, such resolutions do not directly translate to experiments in cells, and Ångström resolution has not been demonstrated to date. Here we introdue a DNA-barcoding method, resolution enhancement by sequential imaging (RESI), that improves the resolution of fluorescence microscopy down to the Ångström scale using off-the-shelf fluorescence microscopy hardware and reagents. By sequentially imaging sparse target subsets at moderate spatial resolutions of >15 nm, we demonstrate that single-protein resolution can be achieved for biomolecules in whole intact cells. Furthermore, we experimentally resolve the DNA backbone distance of single bases in DNA origami with Ångström resolution. We use our method in a proof-of-principle demonstration to map the molecular arrangement of the immunotherapy target CD20 in situ in untreated and drug-treated cells, which opens possibilities for assessing the molecular mechanisms of targeted immunotherapy. These observations demonstrate that, by enabling intramolecular imaging under ambient conditions in whole intact cells, RESI closes the gap between super-resolution microscopy and structural biology studies and thus delivers information key to understanding complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne C M Reinhardt
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Planegg, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Isabelle Baudrexel
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp R Steen
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Planegg, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rafal Kowalewski
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Planegg, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Eklund
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Strauss
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Planegg, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Eduard M Unterauer
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Planegg, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Schlichthaerle
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Planegg, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian T Strauss
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Planegg, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Jungmann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Planegg, Germany.
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
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26
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Myers ML, Gallagher JR, Kim AJ, Payne WH, Maldonado-Puga S, Assimakopoulos H, Bock KW, Torian U, Moore IN, Harris AK. Commercial influenza vaccines vary in HA-complex structure and in induction of cross-reactive HA antibodies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1763. [PMID: 36997521 PMCID: PMC10060936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infects millions of people annually and can cause global pandemics. Hemagglutinin (HA) is the primary component of commercial influenza vaccines (CIV), and antibody titer to HA is a primary correlate of protection. Continual antigenic variation of HA requires that CIVs are reformulated yearly. Structural organization of HA complexes have not previously been correlated with induction of broadly reactive antibodies, yet CIV formulations vary in how HA is organized. Using electron microscopy to study four current CIVs, we find structures including: individual HAs, starfish structures with up to 12 HA molecules, and novel spiked-nanodisc structures that display over 50 HA molecules along the complex's perimeter. CIV containing these spiked nanodiscs elicit the highest levels of heterosubtypic cross-reactive antibodies in female mice. Here, we report that HA structural organization can be an important CIV parameter and can be associated with the induction of cross-reactive antibodies to conserved HA epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Myers
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John R Gallagher
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alexander J Kim
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Walker H Payne
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Samantha Maldonado-Puga
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Haralabos Assimakopoulos
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kevin W Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 33 North Drive, Room BN25, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Udana Torian
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Room 306C, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 33 North Drive, Room BN25, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329 37, USA
| | - Audray K Harris
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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27
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Ivanochko D, Fabra-García A, Teelen K, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, van Gemert GJ, Newton J, Semesi A, de Bruijni M, Bolscher J, Ramjith J, Szabat M, Vogt S, Kraft L, Duncan S, Lee SM, Kamya MR, Feeney ME, Jagannathan P, Greenhouse B, Sauerwein RW, Richter King C, MacGill RS, Bousema T, Jore MM, Julien JP. Potent transmission-blocking monoclonal antibodies from naturally exposed individuals target a conserved epitope on Plasmodium falciparum Pfs230. Immunity 2023; 56:420-432.e7. [PMID: 36792575 PMCID: PMC9942874 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Pfs230 is essential for Plasmodium falciparum transmission to mosquitoes and is the protein targeted by the most advanced malaria-transmission-blocking vaccine candidate. Prior understanding of functional epitopes on Pfs230 is based on two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with moderate transmission-reducing activity (TRA), elicited from subunit immunization. Here, we screened the B cell repertoire of two naturally exposed individuals possessing serum TRA and identified five potent mAbs from sixteen Pfs230 domain-1-specific mAbs. Structures of three potent and three low-activity antibodies bound to Pfs230 domain 1 revealed four distinct epitopes. Highly potent mAbs from natural infection recognized a common conformational epitope that is highly conserved across P. falciparum field isolates, while antibodies with negligible TRA derived from natural infection or immunization recognized three distinct sites. Our study provides molecular blueprints describing P. falciparum TRA, informed by contrasting potent and non-functional epitopes elicited by natural exposure and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danton Ivanochko
- Program in Molecular Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Karina Teelen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jocelyn Newton
- Program in Molecular Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony Semesi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Jordache Ramjith
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Biostatistics Section, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lucas Kraft
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Shwu-Maan Lee
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - C Richter King
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | | | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Matthijs M Jore
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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28
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Belovezhets T, Kulemzin S, Volkova O, Najakshin A, Taranin A, Gorchakov A. Comparative Pre-Clinical Analysis of CD20-Specific CAR T Cells Encompassing 1F5-, Leu16-, and 2F2-Based Antigen-Recognition Moieties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043698. [PMID: 36835110 PMCID: PMC9966244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, CAR T cell therapy for patients with B cell malignancies has evolved from an experimental technique to a clinically feasible option. To date, four CAR T cell products specific for a B cell surface marker, CD19, have been approved by the FDA. Despite the spectacular rates of complete remission in r/r ALL and NHL patients, a significant proportion of patients still relapse, frequently with the CD19 low/negative tumor phenotype. To address this issue, additional B cell surface molecules such as CD20 were proposed as targets for CAR T cells. Here, we performed a side-by-side comparison of the activity of CD20-specific CAR T cells based on the antigen-recognition modules derived from the murine antibodies, 1F5 and Leu16, and from the human antibody, 2F2. Whereas CD20-specific CAR T cells differed from CD19-specific CAR T cells in terms of subpopulation composition and cytokine secretion, they displayed similar in vitro and in vivo potency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey Kulemzin
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Volkova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Najakshin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Taranin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey Gorchakov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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29
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de Sèze J, Maillart E, Gueguen A, Laplaud DA, Michel L, Thouvenot E, Zephir H, Zimmer L, Biotti D, Liblau R. Anti-CD20 therapies in multiple sclerosis: From pathology to the clinic. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1004795. [PMID: 37033984 PMCID: PMC10076836 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1004795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a significant role in multiple sclerosis. While MS was historically thought to be T cell-mediated, multiple pieces of evidence now support the view that B cells are essential players in multiple sclerosis pathogenic processes. High-efficacy disease-modifying therapies that target the immune system have emerged over the past two decades. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies selectively deplete CD20+ B and CD20+ T cells and efficiently suppress inflammatory disease activity. These monotherapies prevent relapses, reduce new or active magnetic resonance imaging brain lesions, and lessen disability progression in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Rituximab, ocrelizumab, and ofatumumab are currently used in clinical practice, while phase III clinical trials for ublituximab have been recently completed. In this review, we compare the four anti-CD20 antibodies in terms of their mechanisms of action, routes of administration, immunological targets, and pharmacokinetic properties. A deeper understanding of the individual properties of these molecules in relation to their efficacy and safety profiles is critical for their use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme de Sèze
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Clinical Investigation Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Strasbourg, France
- *Correspondence: Jérôme de Sèze,
| | - Elisabeth Maillart
- Department of Neurology, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Centre de Ressources et de Compétences Sclérose en Plaques, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gueguen
- Department of Neurology, Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation, Paris, France
| | - David A. Laplaud
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC), Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR, UMR1064, Nantes, France
| | - Laure Michel
- Clinical Neuroscience Centre, CIC_P1414 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Rennes University Hospital, Rennes University, Rennes, France
- Microenvironment, Cell Differentiation, Immunology and Cancer Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Rennes I University, French Blood Agency, Rennes, France
- Neurology Department, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Thouvenot
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nîmes, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, UMR, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Zephir
- University of Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Lille, France
| | - Luc Zimmer
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CNRS, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France
| | - Damien Biotti
- Centre Ressources et Compétences Sclérose En Plaques (CRC-SEP) and Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse Purpan – Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Toulouse, France
| | - Roland Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UPS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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30
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Seervai RNH, Friske SK, Chu EY, Phillips R, Nelson KC, Huen A, Cho WC, Aung PP, Torres-Cabala CA, Prieto VG, Curry JL. The diverse landscape of dermatologic toxicities of non-immune checkpoint inhibitor monoclonal antibody-based cancer therapy. J Cutan Pathol 2023; 50:72-95. [PMID: 36069496 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since their first approval 25 years ago, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become important targeted cancer therapeutics. However, dermatologic toxicities associated with non-immune checkpoint inhibitor (non-ICI) mAbs may complicate the course of cancer treatment. Data on the incidence and types of these reactions are limited. METHODS A comprehensive review was conducted on dermatologic toxicities associated with different classes of non-ICI mAbs approved for treatment of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. The review included prospective Phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials; retrospective literature reviews; systematic reviews/meta-analyses; and case series/reports. RESULTS Dermatologic toxicities were associated with several types of non-ICI mAbs. Inflammatory reactions were the most common dermatologic toxicities, manifesting as maculopapular, urticarial, papulopustular/acneiform, and lichenoid/interface cutaneous adverse events (cAEs) with non-ICI mAbs. Immunobullous reactions were rare and a subset of non-ICI mAbs were associated with the development of vitiligo cAEs. CONCLUSION Dermatologic toxicities of non-ICI mAbs are diverse and mostly limited to inflammatory reactions. Awareness of the spectrum of the histopathologic patterns of cAE from non-ICI mAbs therapy is critical in the era of oncodermatology and oncodermatopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyad N H Seervai
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah K Friske
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emily Y Chu
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rhea Phillips
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kelly C Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Auris Huen
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Woo Cheal Cho
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Phyu P Aung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos A Torres-Cabala
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan L Curry
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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31
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Damough S, Alizadeh R, Komijani S, Shirin M, Adeli A, Mafakher L, Mahboudi F, Talebkhan Garoosi Y. Computational and Experimental Evaluation of Linker Peptides and Thioredoxin Fusion Tag in CD20-rituximab Specific Interactions. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2022; 21:e134267. [PMID: 36942068 PMCID: PMC10024333 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-134267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Overexpression of CD20 protein on the surface of B cells in lymphoma can be targeted by several anti-CD20 molecules. The development of accessible interactive epitopes is more favorable than the full-length transmembrane CD20 in the affinity assessment of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Methods The sequence of these epitopes was extracted, and the effects of different linker peptides and the location of histidine (His)-tag were computationally analyzed. The impact of thioredoxin (Trx)-tag on the folding of the selected construct and its interaction with rituximab was further investigated. The two final expression cassettes were expressed in Escherichia coli after optimization of culture conditions for incubation temperature, post-induction time, optical density at the induction time, and concentration of the inducer. ELISA evaluated the binding affinity of rituximab towards the recombinant proteins. Results By homology modeling studies, C-terminal His-tagged structures represented more desirable folded structures. Validation of the models revealed that CD20 extracellular domain linked by the G4S polypeptide had better stereochemical quality and structural compatibility. It was selected due to its more effective interaction with rituximab showing the highest dissociation constant of 5.8E-09M, which improved after the fusion of Trx-tag (7.1E-10M). The most influential parameters in the expression of the two selected proteins were post-induction temperature and optical density at the induction time. Homemade ELISA assays revealed a slightly higher affinity of rituximab towards the Trx-CD20 protein than the CD20/G4S molecule. Conclusions Experimental in vitro studies confirmed the computationally calculated affinity of rituximab towards the two designed CD20 constructs. Also, the cell-based binding assessment of anti-CD20 mAbs could be substituted by the engineered extracellular domain of human CD20 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Damough
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Alizadeh
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Komijani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Shirin
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Adeli
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Mafakher
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | | | - Yeganeh Talebkhan Garoosi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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32
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Webber AM, Bradstreet TR, Wang X, Guo H, Nelson CA, Fremont DH, Edelson BT, Liu C. Antigen-guided depletion of anti-HLA antibody-producing cells by HLA-Fc fusion proteins. Blood 2022; 140:1803-1815. [PMID: 36070233 PMCID: PMC9837442 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet transfusion and transplantation of allogeneic stem cells and solid organs are life-saving therapies. Unwanted alloantibodies to nonself human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) on donor cells increase the immunological barrier to these therapies and are important causes of platelet transfusion refractoriness and graft rejection. Although the specificities of anti-HLA antibodies can be determined at the allelic level, traditional treatments for antibody-mediated rejection nonselectively suppress humoral immunity and are not universally successful. We designed HLA-Fc fusion proteins with a bivalent targeting module derived from extracellular domains of HLA and an Fc effector module from mouse IgG2a. We found that HLA-Fc with A2 (A2Fc) and B7 (B7Fc) antigens lowered HLA-A2- and HLA-B7-specific reactivities, respectively, in sera from HLA-sensitized patients. A2Fc and B7Fc bound to B-cell hybridomas bearing surface immunoglobulins with cognate specificities and triggered antigen-specific and Fc-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro. In immunodeficient mice carrying HLA-A2-specific hybridoma cells, A2Fc treatment lowered circulating anti-HLA-A2 levels, abolished the outgrowth of hybridoma cells, and prolonged survival compared with control groups. In an in vivo anti-HLA-A2-mediated platelet transfusion refractoriness model, A2Fc treatment mitigated refractoriness. These results support HLA-Fc being a novel strategy for antigen-specific humoral suppression to improve transfusion and transplantation outcomes. With the long-term goal of targeting HLA-specific memory B cells for desensitization, further studies of HLA-Fc's efficacy in immune-competent animal models are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee M. Webber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Tara R. Bradstreet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | | | - Christopher A. Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Brian T. Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
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33
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Oostindie SC, Rinaldi DA, Zom GG, Wester MJ, Paulet D, Al-Tamimi K, van der Meijden E, Scheick JR, Wilpshaar T, de Jong B, Hoff-van den Broek M, Grattan RM, Oosterhoff JJ, Vignau J, Verploegen S, Boross P, Beurskens FJ, Lidke DS, Schuurman J, de Jong RN. Logic-gated antibody pairs that selectively act on cells co-expressing two antigens. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1509-1519. [PMID: 35879362 PMCID: PMC9546771 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is constrained because single antigen targets often do not provide sufficient selectivity to distinguish diseased from healthy tissues. We present HexElect®, an approach to enhance the functional selectivity of therapeutic antibodies by making their activity dependent on clustering after binding to two different antigens expressed on the same target cell. lmmunoglobulin G (lgG)-mediated clustering of membrane receptors naturally occurs on cell surfaces to trigger complement- or cell-mediated effector functions or to initiate intracellular signaling. We engineer the Fc domains of two different lgG antibodies to suppress their individual homo-oligomerization while promoting their pairwise hetero-oligomerization after binding co-expressed antigens. We show that recruitment of complement component C1q to these hetero-oligomers leads to clustering-dependent activation of effector functions such as complement mediated killing of target cells or activation of cell surface receptors. HexElect allows selective antibody activity on target cells expressing unique, potentially unexplored combinations of surface antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Oostindie
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Derek A Rinaldi
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Michael J Wester
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rachel M Grattan
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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34
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Chen TX, Fan YT, Peng BW. Distinct mechanisms underlying therapeutic potentials of CD20 in neurological and neuromuscular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Piper SJ, Johnson RM, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Membranes under the Magnetic Lens: A Dive into the Diverse World of Membrane Protein Structures Using Cryo-EM. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13989-14017. [PMID: 35849490 PMCID: PMC9480104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are highly diverse in both structure and function and can, therefore, present different challenges for structure determination. They are biologically important for cells and organisms as gatekeepers for information and molecule transfer across membranes, but each class of membrane proteins can present unique obstacles to structure determination. Historically, many membrane protein structures have been investigated using highly engineered constructs or using larger fusion proteins to improve solubility and/or increase particle size. Other strategies included the deconstruction of the full-length protein to target smaller soluble domains. These manipulations were often required for crystal formation to support X-ray crystallography or to circumvent lower resolution due to high noise and dynamic motions of protein subdomains. However, recent revolutions in membrane protein biochemistry and cryo-electron microscopy now provide an opportunity to solve high resolution structures of both large, >1 megadalton (MDa), and small, <100 kDa (kDa), drug targets in near-native conditions, routinely reaching resolutions around or below 3 Å. This review provides insights into how the recent advances in membrane biology and biochemistry, as well as technical advances in cryo-electron microscopy, help us to solve structures of a large variety of membrane protein groups, from small receptors to large transporters and more complex machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Piper
- Drug
Discovery Biology theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
- ARC
Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel M. Johnson
- Drug
Discovery Biology theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
- ARC
Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug
Discovery Biology theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
- ARC
Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug
Discovery Biology theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
- ARC
Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Systemic amyloidoses are characterized by the unrelenting deposition of autologous proteins as highly ordered fibrils in target organs. The ensuing, potentially fatal organ dysfunction is the result of the combined damage caused by the proteotoxic effect of prefibrillar species and by the cytotoxicity and the structural alterations produced by the amyloid fibrils. Current therapy is focused on eliminating the amyloid protein, thus extinguishing the amyloid cascade at its origin. While this approach may end the cell damage caused by prefibrillar aggregates and prevent further amyloid accumulation, the noxious effects of the amyloid fibrils persist and may hamper the recovery of organ function, which is the ultimate goal of therapy as it is necessary to improve the quality of life and extend survival. Preclinical studies indicate that the clearance of amyloid deposits can be accelerated by specific antibodies targeting amyloid fibrils that activate complement-mediated macrophages and giant cell phagocytosis, possibly promoting the recovery of organ function. Measuring the therapeutic effect of anti-amyloid agents is still a matter of research. In recent years, several monoclonal antibodies targeting amyloid deposits have been tested in clinical trials with mixed outcomes. Recent encouraging results from phase I/II trials, new anti-amyloid agents, and new antibody engineering offer hope that effective amyloid removal will be accomplished in the near future, accelerating organ recovery and improving quality of life and survival.
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37
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Gehlert CL, Rahmati P, Boje AS, Winterberg D, Krohn S, Theocharis T, Cappuzzello E, Lux A, Nimmerjahn F, Ludwig RJ, Lustig M, Rösner T, Valerius T, Schewe DM, Kellner C, Klausz K, Peipp M. Dual Fc optimization to increase the cytotoxic activity of a CD19-targeting antibody. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957874. [PMID: 36119088 PMCID: PMC9471254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting CD19 represents a promising strategy for the therapy of B-cell malignancies. Although non-engineered CD19 antibodies are poorly effective in mediating complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), these effector functions can be enhanced by Fc-engineering. Here, we engineered a CD19 antibody with the aim to improve effector cell-mediated killing and CDC activity by exchanging selected amino acid residues in the Fc domain. Based on the clinically approved Fc-optimized antibody tafasitamab, which triggers enhanced ADCC and ADCP due to two amino acid exchanges in the Fc domain (S239D/I332E), we additionally added the E345K amino acid exchange to favor antibody hexamerization on the target cell surface resulting in improved CDC. The dual engineered CD19-DEK antibody bound CD19 and Fcγ receptors with similar characteristics as the parental CD19-DE antibody. Both antibodies were similarly efficient in mediating ADCC and ADCP but only the dual optimized antibody was able to trigger complement deposition on target cells and effective CDC. Our data provide evidence that from a technical perspective selected Fc-enhancing mutations can be combined (S239D/I332E and E345K) allowing the enhancement of ADCC, ADCP and CDC with isolated effector populations. Interestingly, under more physiological conditions when the complement system and FcR-positive effector cells are available as effector source, strong complement deposition negatively impacts FcR engagement. Both effector functions were simultaneously active only at selected antibody concentrations. Dual Fc-optimized antibodies may represent a strategy to further improve CD19-directed cancer immunotherapy. In general, our results can help in guiding optimal antibody engineering strategies to optimize antibodies’ effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Lynn Gehlert
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Pegah Rahmati
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ammelie Svea Boje
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dorothee Winterberg
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steffen Krohn
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Theocharis
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elisa Cappuzzello
- Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anja Lux
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf J. Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marta Lustig
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thies Rösner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Denis Martin Schewe
- Department of Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Matthias Peipp,
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38
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Wei X, Xie Y, Jiang R, Li H, Wu H, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhou S, Ma X, Tang Z, He J, Wu D, Wu X. The impact of Rituximab administered before transplantation in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A real-world study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:967026. [PMID: 36119024 PMCID: PMC9471377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.967026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rituximab is used to eliminate B cells as a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against CD20, a B-cell antigen expressed on B cells. To explore the impact of rituximab administered before transplantation, we implemented a retrospective, monocentric study and utilized real-world data collected at our center between January 2018 and December 2020, and then followed until December 2021. Based on whether a dose of 375mg/m2 rituximab was used at least once within two weeks before transplantation, patients undergoing allo-HSCT were classified into two groups: rituximab (N=176) and non-rituximab (N=344) group. Amongst all the patients, the application of rituximab decreased EBV reactivation (P<0.01) and rituximab was an independent factor in the prevention of EBV reactivation by both univariate and multivariate analyses (HR 0.56, 95%CI 0.33-0.97, P=0.04). In AML patients, there were significant differences in the cumulative incidence of aGVHD between the two groups (P=0.04). Our data showed that rituximab was association with a decreased incidence of aGVHD in AML patients according to both univariate and multivariate analyses. There was no difference between the two groups in other sets of populations. Thus, our study indicated that rituximab administered before transplantation may help prevent EBV reactivation in all allo-HSCT patients, as well as prevent aGVHD in AML patients after allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Wei
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiyu Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale-New Haven Health/Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT, United States
| | - Ruoyu Jiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huiyu Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Heqing Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shiyuan Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zaixiang Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun He
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Depei Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaojin Wu, ; Depei Wu,
| | - Xiaojin Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaojin Wu, ; Depei Wu,
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39
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Isolation and characterization of human anti-CD20 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) from a Naive human scFv library. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:177. [PMID: 35999405 PMCID: PMC9398497 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
CD20 is a receptor expressed on B cells with anonymous functions. The receptor is the target of some food and drug administration (FDA) approved monoclonal antibodies (mAb), such as Rituximab and Obinutuzumab. Blocking CD20 using the aforementioned mAbs has improved Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) therapy. All commercial mAbs on the market were raised in non-human animal models. Antibody humanization is inevitable to mitigate immune response. In order to keep the affinity of antibody intact, humanizations are only applied to frameworks which do not eliminate immune response to foreign CDRs sequences. To address this issue, human monoclonal antibody deemed imperative. Herein, we report the isolation and characterization of a fully human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) against the large loop of CD20 from naïve human antibody library. After three rounds of phage display, a library of enriched anti-CD20 scFv was obtained. The polyclonal phage ELISA demonstrated that after each round of phage display, the population of anti-CD20 scFv became dominant. The scFv, G7, with the most robust interaction with CD20 was selected for further characterization. The specificity of G7 scFv was evaluated by ELISA, western blot, and flow cytometry. Detecting CD20 in western blot showed that G7 binds to a linear epitope on CD20 large loop. Next, G7 scFv was also bound to Raji cell (CD20+) while no interaction was recorded with K562 cell line (CD20—). This data attested that the epitope recognized by G7 scFv is accessible on the cell membrane. The affinity of G7 scFv was estimated to be 63.41 ± 3.9 nM. Next, the sensitivity was evaluated to be 2 ng/ml. Finally, G7 scFv tertiary structure was modeled using Graylab software. The 3D structure illustrated two domains of variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) connected through a linker. Afterward, G7 scFv and CD20 were applied to in-silico docking using ClusPro to illustrate the interaction of G7 with the large loop of CD20. As the selected scFv from the human antibody library is devoid of interspecies immunogenic amino acids sequences, no humanization or any other modifications are required prior to clinical applications.
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Davies A, Kater AP, Sharman JP, Stilgenbauer S, Vitolo U, Klein C, Parreira J, Salles G. Obinutuzumab in the treatment of B-cell malignancies: a comprehensive review. Future Oncol 2022; 18:2943-2966. [PMID: 35856239 PMCID: PMC11284610 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The type II anti-CD20 antibody obinutuzumab has structural and mechanistic features that distinguish it from the first anti-CD20 antibody, rituximab, which have translated into improved efficacy in phase III trials in indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). These gains have been shown through improvements in, and/or increased durability of, tumor response, and increases in progression-free survival in patients with CLL or follicular lymphoma (FL). Ongoing research is focusing on the use of biomarkers and the development of chemotherapy-free regimens involving obinutuzumab. phase II trials of such treatment regimens have shown promise for CLL, FL and mantle cell lymphoma, while phase III trials have highlighted obinutuzumab as the antibody partner of choice for novel agents in first-line CLL treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Davies
- Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Arnon P Kater
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeff P Sharman
- Willamette Valley Cancer Institute & Research Center & US Oncology, Eugene, OR 97401, USA
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Early Clinical Trials Unit (ECTU), Ulm, & Division of CLL, Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Umberto Vitolo
- Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | | | | | - Gilles Salles
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, NY 10021, USA
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Hallin EI, Trætteberg Serkland T, Myhr KM, Torkildsen Ø, Skrede S. Ocrelizumab quantitation by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2022; 25:53-60. [PMID: 35910410 PMCID: PMC9334332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ocrelizumab is a monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). The clinical value of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for this antibody in treatment of MS is unknown, and an adequately specific and precise quantitation method for ocrelizumab in patient serum could facilitate investigation. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based quantitation methods have been shown to have higher analytic specificity and precision than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Objectives To establish and validate an LC-MS/MS-based quantitation method for ocrelizumab. Methods We present an LC-MS/MS-based quantitation method using immunocapture purification followed by trypsinization and analysis by a triple quadrupole mass analyzer obtaining results within the same day. Results We found that the ocrelizumab peptide GLEWVGAIYPGNGDTSYNQK (Q1/Q3 Quantifier ion: 723.683+/590.77 y112+ Qualifier ion: 723.683+/672.30 y122+) can be used for quantitation and thereby developed a method for quantifying ocrelizumab in human serum with a quantitation range of 1.56 to 200 µg/mL. The method was validated in accordance with EMA requirements in terms of selectivity, carry-over, lower limit of quantitation, calibration curve, accuracy, precision and matrix effect. Ocrelizumab serum concentrations were measured in three MS patients treated with ocrelizumab, immediately before and after ocrelizumab infusion, with additional sampling after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Measured serum concentrations of ocrelizumab showed expected values for both Cmax and drug half-life over the sampled time period. Conclusion We have established a reliable quantitation method for serum ocrelizumab that can be applied in clinical studies, facilitating the evaluation of ocrelizumab TDM in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik I. Hallin
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and
Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies Vei 87, N-5021 Bergen,
Norway
| | - Trond Trætteberg Serkland
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and
Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies Vei 87, N-5021 Bergen,
Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 87,
N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell-Morten Myhr
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 87,
N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital,
Jonas Lies Vei 71, N-5053 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 87,
N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital,
Jonas Lies Vei 71, N-5053 Bergen, Norway
| | - Silje Skrede
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and
Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies Vei 87, N-5021 Bergen,
Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 87,
N-5021 Bergen, Norway
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Yin Y, Romei MG, Sankar K, Pal LR, Hon Hoi K, Yang Y, Leonard B, De Leon Boenig G, Kumar N, Matsumoto M, Payandeh J, Harris SF, Moult J, Lazar GA. Antibody Interfaces Revealed Through Structural Mining. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4952-4968. [PMID: 36147680 PMCID: PMC9474289 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are fundamental effectors of humoral immunity, and have become a highly successful class of therapeutics. There is increasing evidence that antibodies utilize transient homotypic interactions to enhance function, and elucidation of such interactions can provide insights into their biology and new opportunities for their optimization as drugs. Yet the transitory nature of weak interactions makes them difficult to investigate. Capitalizing on their rich structural data and high conservation, we have characterized all the ways that antibody fragment antigen-binding (Fab) regions interact crystallographically. This approach led to the discovery of previously unrealized interfaces between antibodies. While diverse interactions exist, β-sheet dimers and variable-constant elbow dimers are recurrent motifs. Disulfide engineering enabled interactions to be trapped and investigated structurally and functionally, providing experimental validation of the interfaces and illustrating their potential for optimization. This work provides first insight into previously undiscovered oligomeric interactions between antibodies, and enables new opportunities for their biotherapeutic optimization.
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Oostindie SC, Lazar GA, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI. Avidity in antibody effector functions and biotherapeutic drug design. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:715-735. [PMID: 35790857 PMCID: PMC9255845 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are the cardinal effector molecules of the immune system and are being leveraged with enormous success as biotherapeutic drugs. A key part of the adaptive immune response is the production of an epitope-diverse, polyclonal antibody mixture that is capable of neutralizing invading pathogens or disease-causing molecules through binding interference and by mediating humoral and cellular effector functions. Avidity - the accumulated binding strength derived from the affinities of multiple individual non-covalent interactions - is fundamental to virtually all aspects of antibody biology, including antibody-antigen binding, clonal selection and effector functions. The manipulation of antibody avidity has since emerged as an important design principle for enhancing or engineering novel properties in antibody biotherapeutics. In this Review, we describe the multiple levels of avidity interactions that trigger the overall efficacy and control of functional responses in both natural antibody biology and their therapeutic applications. Within this framework, we comprehensively review therapeutic antibody mechanisms of action, with particular emphasis on engineered optimizations and platforms. Overall, we describe how affinity and avidity tuning of engineered antibody formats are enabling a new wave of differentiated antibody drugs with tailored properties and novel functions, promising improved treatment options for a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Oostindie
- Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Greg A Lazar
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. .,Sparring Bioconsult, Odijk, Netherlands. .,Lava Therapeutics, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Antibody homotypic interactions are encoded by germline light chain complementarity determining region 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201562119. [PMID: 35653561 PMCID: PMC9191654 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201562119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Weak transient interactions are fundamental to immune responses, enabling avidity-driven triggers for pathogen neutralization and cellular regulation. In contrast to obligate binding interactions that can be directly investigated structurally, the low or transitory abundance of weak interactions make them difficult to identify and characterize. This study leverages receptor agonism systems that are sensitive to oligomerization to investigate transient homotypic interfaces between antibody Fab regions. Our results show that self-association determinants are encoded naturally by the antibody germline through light chain complementarity determining region 2 (CDRL2), and these determinants can be engineered into antibodies to enhance their therapeutic properties. Insights into avidity-driven interactions create opportunities for optimization, and accordingly this work expands the engineering toolbox for antibody-based drugs. The utilization of avidity to drive and tune functional responses is fundamental to antibody biology and often underlies the mechanisms of action of monoclonal antibody drugs. There is increasing evidence that antibodies leverage homotypic interactions to enhance avidity, often through weak transient interfaces whereby self-association is coupled with target binding. Here, we comprehensively map the Fab–Fab interfaces of antibodies targeting DR5 and 4-1BB that utilize homotypic interaction to promote receptor activation and demonstrate that both antibodies have similar self-association determinants primarily encoded within a germline light chain complementarity determining region 2 (CDRL2). We further show that these determinants can be grafted onto antibodies of distinct target specificity to substantially enhance their activity. An expanded characterization of all unique germline CDRL2 sequences reveals additional self-association sequence determinants encoded in the human germline repertoire. Our results suggest that this phenomenon is unique to CDRL2, and is correlated with the less frequent antigen interaction and lower somatic hypermutation associated with this loop. This work reveals a previously unknown avidity mechanism in antibody native biology that can be exploited for the engineering of biotherapeutics.
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45
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Belviso BD, Mangiatordi GF, Alberga D, Mangini V, Carrozzini B, Caliandro R. Structural Characterization of the Full-Length Anti-CD20 Antibody Rituximab. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:823174. [PMID: 35480889 PMCID: PMC9037831 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.823174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rituximab, a murine–human chimera, is the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) developed as a therapeutic agent to target CD20 protein. Its Fab domain and its interaction with CD20 have been extensively studied and high-resolution atomic models obtained by X-ray diffraction or cryo-electron microscopy are available. However, the structure of the full-length antibody is still missing as the inherent protein flexibility hampers the formation of well-diffracting crystals and the reconstruction of 3D microscope images. The global structure of rituximab from its dilute solution is here elucidated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The limited data resolution achievable by this technique has been compensated by intensive computational modelling that led to develop a new and effective procedure to characterize the average mAb conformation as well as that of the single domains. SAXS data indicated that rituximab adopts an asymmetric average conformation in solution, with a radius of gyration and a maximum linear dimension of 52 Å and 197 Å, respectively. The asymmetry is mainly due to an uneven arrangement of the two Fab units with respect to the central stem (the Fc domain) and reflects in a different conformation of the individual units. As a result, the Fab elbow angle, which is a crucial determinant for antigen recognition and binding, was found to be larger (169°) in the more distant Fab unit than that in the less distant one (143°). The whole flexibility of the antibody has been found to strongly depend on the relative inter-domain orientations, with one of the Fab arms playing a major role. The average structure and the amount of flexibility has been studied in the presence of different buffers and additives, and monitored at increasing temperature, up to the complete unfolding of the antibody. Overall, the structural characterization of rituximab can help in designing next-generation anti-CD20 antibodies and finding more efficient routes for rituximab production at industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rocco Caliandro
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Rocco Caliandro,
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46
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Kaegi C, Wuest B, Crowley C, Boyman O. Systematic Review of Safety and Efficacy of Second- and Third-Generation CD20-Targeting Biologics in Treating Immune-Mediated Disorders. Front Immunol 2022; 12:788830. [PMID: 35185862 PMCID: PMC8847774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B cells can contribute to immune-mediated disorders. Targeting CD20 has proved to be efficacious in several B cell-mediated immunopathologies, as illustrated by the use of rituximab, the first anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Following rituximab, second- and third-generation anti-CD20 mAbs have been developed and tried in immune-mediated diseases, including obinutuzumab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, ublituximab, and veltuzumab. However, their safety and efficacy has not been systematically reviewed. Objective To evaluate safety and efficacy of obinutuzumab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, ublituximab, and veltuzumab for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders compared to placebo, conventional treatment or other biologics. Methods The PRISMA checklist guided the reporting of the data. We searched the PubMed database between 4 October 2016 and 22 July 2021 concentrating on immune-mediated disorders. Results The literature search identified 2220 articles. After screening titles and abstracts against the inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessing full texts, 27 articles were finally included in a narrative synthesis. Conclusions Obinutuzumab has shown promising results in a case series of patients with phospholipase A2 receptor-associated membranous nephropathy and mixed results in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ocrelizumab has been approved for the use in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Ocrelizumab was also tested in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, demonstrating promising results, and in systemic lupus erythematosus, revealing mixed results; however, in these conditions, its use was associated with increased risk of serious infections. Ofatumumab received approval for treating patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Moreover, ofatumumab showed promising results in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as mixed results in phospholipase A2 receptor-associated membranous nephropathy. Ublituximab was assessed in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, with promising results, however, the included number of patients was too small to conclude. Veltuzumab was tested in patients with immune thrombocytopenia resulting in improved platelet counts. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD4201913421.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Kaegi
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Wuest
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Crowley
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Delidakis G, Kim JE, George K, Georgiou G. Improving Antibody Therapeutics by Manipulating the Fc Domain: Immunological and Structural Considerations. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2022; 24:249-274. [PMID: 35363537 PMCID: PMC9648538 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082721-024500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain of antibodies and a plethora of cellular Fc receptors (FcRs) or soluble proteins form a critical link between humoral and innate immunity. In particular, the immunoglobulin G Fc domain is critical for the clearance of target cells by processes that include (a) cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, or complement lysis; (b) modulation of inflammation; (c) antigen presentation; (d) antibody-mediated receptor clustering; and (e) cytokine release. More than 30 Fc-engineered antibodies aimed primarily at tailoring these effects for optimal therapeutic outcomes are in clinical evaluation or have already been approved. Nonetheless, our understanding of how FcR engagement impacts various immune cell phenotypes is still largely incomplete. Recent insights into FcR biology coupled with advances in Fc:FcR structural analysis, Fc engineering, and mouse models that recapitulate human biology are helping to fill in existing knowledge gaps. These advances will provide a blueprint on how to fine-tune the Fc domain to achieve optimal therapeutic efficacy. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Volume 24 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Delidakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA;
| | - Jin Eyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Katia George
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Köllner SMS, Seifert L, Zahner G, Tomas NM. Strategies Towards Antigen-Specific Treatments for Membranous Nephropathy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:822508. [PMID: 35185913 PMCID: PMC8850405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.822508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a rare but potentially severe autoimmune disease and a major cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. Traditional treatments for patients with MN include steroids with alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide or calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporine, which have an undesirable side effect profile. Newer therapies like rituximab, although superior to cyclosporine in maintaining disease remission, do not only affect pathogenic B or plasma cells, but also inhibit the production of protective antibodies and therefore the ability to fend off foreign organisms and to respond to vaccination. These are undesired effects of general B or plasma cell-targeted treatments. The discovery of several autoantigens in patients with MN offers the great opportunity for more specific treatment approaches. Indeed, such treatments were recently developed for other autoimmune diseases and tested in different preclinical models, and some are about to jump to clinical practice. As such treatments have enormous potential to enhance specificity, efficacy and compatibility also for MN, we will discuss two promising strategies in this perspective: The elimination of pathogenic antibodies through endogenous degradation systems and the depletion of pathogenic B cells through chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M S Köllner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Seifert
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Zahner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola M Tomas
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Dunlap T, Cao Y. Physiological Considerations for Modeling in vivo Antibody-Target Interactions. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:856961. [PMID: 35281913 PMCID: PMC8912916 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.856961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of therapeutic antibodies in development pipelines is increasing rapidly. Despite superior success rates relative to small molecules, therapeutic antibodies still face many unique development challenges. There is often a translational gap from their high target affinity and specificity to the therapeutic effects. Tissue microenvironment and physiology critically influence antibody-target interactions contributing to apparent affinity alterations and dynamic target engagement. The full potential of therapeutic antibodies will be further realized by contextualizing antibody-target interactions under physiological conditions. Here we review how local physiology such as physical stress, biological fluid, and membrane characteristics could influence antibody-target association, dissociation, and apparent affinity. These physiological factors in the early development of therapeutic antibodies are valuable toward rational antibody engineering, preclinical candidate selection, and lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Dunlap
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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MS4A15 drives ferroptosis resistance through calcium-restricted lipid remodeling. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:670-686. [PMID: 34663908 PMCID: PMC8901757 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death driven by biochemical processes that promote oxidation within the lipid compartment. Calcium (Ca2+) is a signaling molecule in diverse cellular processes such as migration, neurotransmission, and cell death. Here, we uncover a crucial link between ferroptosis and Ca2+ through the identification of the novel tetraspanin MS4A15. MS4A15 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it blocks ferroptosis by depleting luminal Ca2+ stores and reprogramming membrane phospholipids to ferroptosis-resistant species. Specifically, prolonged Ca2+ depletion inhibits lipid elongation and desaturation, driving lipid droplet dispersion and formation of shorter, more saturated ether lipids that protect phospholipids from ferroptotic reactive species. We further demonstrate that increasing luminal Ca2+ levels can preferentially sensitize refractory cancer cell lines. In summary, MS4A15 regulation of anti-ferroptotic lipid reservoirs provides a key resistance mechanism that is distinct from antioxidant and lipid detoxification pathways. Manipulating Ca2+ homeostasis offers a compelling strategy to balance cellular lipids and cell survival in ferroptosis-associated diseases.
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