1
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Lu H, Hong T, Jiang Y, Whiteway M, Zhang S. Candidiasis: From cutaneous to systemic, new perspectives of potential targets and therapeutic strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114960. [PMID: 37307922 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Candidiasis is an infection caused by fungi from a Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. C. albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen typically residing on human skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, intestines or vagina. It can cause a wide variety of mucocutaneous barrier and systemic infections; and becomes a severe health problem in HIV/AIDS patients and in individuals who are immunocompromised following chemotherapy, treatment with immunosuppressive agents or after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. However, the immune mechanism of host resistance to C. albicans infection is not fully understood, there are a limited number of therapeutic antifungal drugs for candidiasis, and these have disadvantages that limit their clinical application. Therefore, it is urgent to uncover the immune mechanisms of the host protecting against candidiasis and to develop new antifungal strategies. This review synthesizes current knowledge of host immune defense mechanisms from cutaneous candidiasis to invasive C. albicans infection and documents promising insights for treating candidiasis through inhibitors of potential antifungal target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Malcolm Whiteway
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Shiqun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Song W, Yang F, Yang H, Xu Y, Song SJ, Meng Y, Wei ST, Wan T, Zhou Y, Zhou B, Kuang J, Yu T, Qiu WX. Enhanced Immunotherapy Based on Combining the Pro-phagocytosis and Anti-phagocytosis Checkpoint Blockade for Tumor Eradication. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14832-14842. [PMID: 36260348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Compared to the activation of acquired immunity by the immune checkpoint blockade, the activation of innate immunity via anti-phagocytosis checkpoint blockade could significantly increase the beneficiary population of immunotherapy. However, the activation of innate immunity and the occurrence of phagocytosis are only accomplished when the interaction between pro-phagocytosis signals and anti-phagocytosis signals is realized. Herein, a versatile nanoplatform (DHMR) based on mesoporous silicon nanoparticles (MSNPs) has been constructed. Two drugs, doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic drug which could initiate tumor cells to release pro-phagocytosis signals, and RRx-001, an immunoadjuvant that could effectively implement the anti-phagocytosis checkpoint blockade, were loaded in MSNPs. Further decoration of hyaluronic acid encapsulation endows DHMR with the function of tumor targeting and long circulation. Ultimately, the DHMR system could efficiently and accurately target tumor tissue, release the drugs in the tumor microenvironment, achieve the activation of innate immunity, and finally dramatically inhibit the growth and metastasis of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P. R. China
| | - Hang Yang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P. R. China
| | - Yi Xu
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Jun Song
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P. R. China
| | - Yan Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P. R. China
| | - Si-Tian Wei
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wan
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P. R. China
| | - Jing Kuang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Xiu Qiu
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P. R. China
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3
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Colombo M, Marongiu L, Mingozzi F, Marzi R, Cigni C, Facchini FA, Rotem R, Valache M, Stucchi G, Rocca G, Gornati L, Rizzuto MA, Salvioni L, Zanoni I, Gori A, Prosperi D, Granucci F. Specific immunosuppressive role of nanodrugs targeting calcineurin in innate myeloid cells. iScience 2022; 25:105042. [PMID: 36124235 PMCID: PMC9482116 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin (CN) inhibitors currently used to avoid transplant rejection block the activation of adaptive immune responses but also prevent the development of tolerance toward the graft, by directly inhibiting T cells. CN, through the transcription factors of the NFAT family, plays an important role also in the differentiation dendritic cells (DCs), the main cells responsible for the activation of T lymphocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that the inhibition of CN only in DCs and not in T cells could be sufficient to prevent T cell responses, while allowing for the development of tolerance. Here, we show that inhibition of CN/NFAT pathway in innate myeloid cells, using a new nanoconjugate capable of selectively targeting phagocytes in vivo, protects against graft rejection and induces a longer graft acceptance compared to common CN inhibitors. We propose a new generation of nanoparticles-based selective immune suppressive agents for a better control of transplant acceptance. Calcineurin/NFATc2 pathway is required to enable DC migration to draining lymph nodes Calcineurin/NFATc2 pathway in DCs is required for type I immune responses activation Superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs can be used to efficiently target phagocytes in vivo Specific delivery of calcineurin inhibitor by NPs to phagocytes induce graft acceptance
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Colombo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Marongiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Mingozzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Marzi
- Humabs BioMed, Bellinzona, Canton Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Clara Cigni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Alessandro Facchini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Rany Rotem
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Mihai Valache
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Stucchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rocca
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Gornati
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Rizzuto
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Salvioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, National Research Council of Italy (SCITEC-CNR), Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Prosperi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Corresponding author
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Corresponding author
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4
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Borriello F, Poli V, Shrock E, Spreafico R, Liu X, Pishesha N, Carpenet C, Chou J, Di Gioia M, McGrath ME, Dillen CA, Barrett NA, Lacanfora L, Franco ME, Marongiu L, Iwakura Y, Pucci F, Kruppa MD, Ma Z, Lowman DW, Ensley HE, Nanishi E, Saito Y, O'Meara TR, Seo HS, Dhe-Paganon S, Dowling DJ, Frieman M, Elledge SJ, Levy O, Irvine DJ, Ploegh HL, Williams DL, Zanoni I. An adjuvant strategy enabled by modulation of the physical properties of microbial ligands expands antigen immunogenicity. Cell 2022; 185:614-629.e21. [PMID: 35148840 PMCID: PMC8857056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is key to generate lasting adaptive immunity. PRRs detect unique chemical patterns associated with invading microorganisms, but whether and how the physical properties of PRR ligands influence the development of the immune response remains unknown. Through the study of fungal mannans, we show that the physical form of PRR ligands dictates the immune response. Soluble mannans are immunosilent in the periphery but elicit a potent pro-inflammatory response in the draining lymph node (dLN). By modulating the physical form of mannans, we developed a formulation that targets both the periphery and the dLN. When combined with viral glycoprotein antigens, this mannan formulation broadens epitope recognition, elicits potent antigen-specific neutralizing antibodies, and confers protection against viral infections of the lung. Thus, the physical properties of microbial ligands determine the outcome of the immune response and can be harnessed for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borriello
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Poli
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Shrock
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Virology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Novalia Pishesha
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire Carpenet
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet Chou
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Di Gioia
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carly A Dillen
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nora A Barrett
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lucrezia Lacanfora
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella E Franco
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Marongiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ferdinando Pucci
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael D Kruppa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Zuchao Ma
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Douglas W Lowman
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Harry E Ensley
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Etsuro Nanishi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoshine Saito
- Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy R O'Meara
- Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Dowling
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Frieman
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Virology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal yeast fungus of the human oral, gastrointestinal, and genital mucosal surfaces, and skin. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis, iatrogenic immunosuppression, and/or medical interventions that impair the integrity of the mucocutaneous barrier and/or perturb protective host defense mechanisms enable C. albicans to become an opportunistic pathogen and cause debilitating mucocutaneous disease and/or life-threatening systemic infections. In this review, we synthesize our current knowledge of the tissue-specific determinants of C. albicans pathogenicity and host immune defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Lopes
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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Vymazal O, Bendíčková K, De Zuani M, Vlková M, Hortová-Kohoutková M, Frič J. Immunosuppression Affects Neutrophil Functions: Does Calcineurin-NFAT Signaling Matter? Front Immunol 2021; 12:770515. [PMID: 34795676 PMCID: PMC8593005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.770515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells with important roles in antimicrobial defense. However, impaired or dysregulated neutrophil function can result in host tissue damage, loss of homeostasis, hyperinflammation or pathological immunosuppression. A central link between neutrophil activation and immune outcomes is emerging to be the calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling pathway, which is activated by neutrophil detection of a microbial threat via pattern recognition receptors and results in inflammatory cytokine production. This potent pro-inflammatory pathway is also the target of several immunosuppressive drugs used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders, during solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplantations, and as a part of anti-cancer therapy: but what effects these drugs have on neutrophil function, and their broader consequences for immune homeostasis and microbial defense are not yet known. Here, we bring together the emerging literature describing pathology- and drug- induced neutrophil impairment, with particular focus on their effects on calcineurin-NFAT signaling in the innate immune compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Vymazal
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Kamila Bendíčková
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marco De Zuani
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marcela Vlková
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, St. Anne´s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Jan Frič
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Modern Immunotherapy, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czechia
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7
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Doni A, Parente R, Laface I, Magrini E, Cunha C, Colombo FS, Lacerda JF, Campos A, Mapelli SN, Petroni F, Porte R, Schorn T, Inforzato A, Mercier T, Lagrou K, Maertens J, Lambris JD, Bottazzi B, Garlanda C, Botto M, Carvalho A, Mantovani A. Serum amyloid P component is an essential element of resistance against Aspergillus fumigatus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3739. [PMID: 34145258 PMCID: PMC8213769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid P component (SAP, also known as Pentraxin 2; APCS gene) is a component of the humoral arm of innate immunity involved in resistance to bacterial infection and regulation of tissue remodeling. Here we investigate the role of SAP in antifungal resistance. Apcs-/- mice show enhanced susceptibility to A. fumigatus infection. Murine and human SAP bound conidia, activate the complement cascade and enhance phagocytosis by neutrophils. Apcs-/- mice are defective in vivo in terms of recruitment of neutrophils and phagocytosis in the lungs. Opsonic activity of SAP is dependent on the classical pathway of complement activation. In immunosuppressed mice, SAP administration protects hosts against A. fumigatus infection and death. In the context of a study of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, genetic variation in the human APCS gene is associated with susceptibility to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Thus, SAP is a fluid phase pattern recognition molecule essential for resistance against A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Doni
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Parente
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Laface
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Magrini
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | | | - João F Lacerda
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Serviço de Hematologia e Transplantação de Medula, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Campos
- Serviço de Transplantação de Medula Óssea (STMO), Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sarah N Mapelli
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Petroni
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rémi Porte
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tilo Schorn
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Inforzato
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Toine Mercier
- Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Centre for Mycosis, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barbara Bottazzi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Botto
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy. .,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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8
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NFAT signaling in human mesenchymal stromal cells affects extracellular matrix remodeling and antifungal immune responses. iScience 2021; 24:102683. [PMID: 34195564 PMCID: PMC8233198 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) combined with calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cell (CN-NFAT) inhibitors are being tested as a treatment for graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). The immunosuppressive properties of MSCs seem beneficial; however, their response during fungal infection, which is an important cause of mortality in patients with GvHD , is unknown. We report that MSCs phagocytose the fungal component zymosan, resulting in phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), increase in cytosolic calcium levels, and ultimately, increase in NFAT1 nuclear translocation. RNA sequencing analysis of zymosan-treated MSCs showed that CN-NFAT inhibition affects extracellular matrix (ECM) genes but not cytokine expression that is under the control of the NF-κB pathway. When coculturing MSCs or decellularized MSC-ECM with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), selective NFAT inhibition in MSCs decreased cytokine expression by PBMCs. These findings reveal a dual mechanism underlying the MSC response to zymosan: while NF-κB directly controls inflammatory cytokine expression, NFAT impacts immune-cell functions by regulating ECM remodeling. Stimulation of MSCs with zymosan activates NFAT and NF-kB via the dectin1-Syk axis Calcineurin-NFAT inhibition impacts the expression of extracellular matrix genes NF-kB pathway regulates cytokine expression in zymosan-stimulated MSCs Selective NFAT inhibition in MSCs impacts cytokine secretion of MSC-PBMC cocultures
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9
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Marongiu L, Mingozzi F, Cigni C, Marzi R, Di Gioia M, Garrè M, Parazzoli D, Sironi L, Collini M, Sakaguchi R, Morii T, Crosti M, Moro M, Schurmans S, Catelani T, Rotem R, Colombo M, Shears S, Prosperi D, Zanoni I, Granucci F. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase B promotes Ca 2+ mobilization and the inflammatory activity of dendritic cells. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/676/eaaz2120. [PMID: 33785611 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune responses to Gram-negative bacteria depend on the recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by a receptor complex that includes CD14 and TLR4. In dendritic cells (DCs), CD14 enhances the activation not only of TLR4 but also that of the NFAT family of transcription factors, which suppresses cell survival and promotes the production of inflammatory mediators. NFAT activation requires Ca2+ mobilization. In DCs, Ca2+ mobilization in response to LPS depends on phospholipase C γ2 (PLCγ2), which produces inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Here, we showed that the IP3 receptor 3 (IP3R3) and ITPKB, a kinase that converts IP3 to inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (IP4), were both necessary for Ca2+ mobilization and NFAT activation in mouse and human DCs. A pool of IP3R3 was located on the plasma membrane of DCs, where it colocalized with CD14 and ITPKB. Upon LPS binding to CD14, ITPKB was required for Ca2+ mobilization through plasma membrane-localized IP3R3 and for NFAT nuclear translocation. Pharmacological inhibition of ITPKB in mice reduced both LPS-induced tissue swelling and the severity of inflammatory arthritis to a similar extent as that induced by the inhibition of NFAT using nanoparticles that delivered an NFAT-inhibiting peptide specifically to phagocytic cells. Our results suggest that ITPKB may represent a promising target for anti-inflammatory therapies that aim to inhibit specific DC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marongiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Mingozzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Cigni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Marzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Di Gioia
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Sironi
- Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Collini
- Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Reiko Sakaguchi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Morii
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Mariacristina Crosti
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Moro
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Stéphane Schurmans
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics, GIGA-B34, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Tiziano Catelani
- Piattaforma Interdipartimentale di Microscopia, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Rany Rotem
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Miriam Colombo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Stephen Shears
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIEHS/NIH, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Davide Prosperi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy. .,INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", 20122 Milan, Italy
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10
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Klopfenstein N, Brandt SL, Castellanos S, Gunzer M, Blackman A, Serezani CH. SOCS-1 inhibition of type I interferon restrains Staphylococcus aureus skin host defense. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009387. [PMID: 33690673 PMCID: PMC7984627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin innate immune response to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) culminates in the formation of an abscess to prevent bacterial spread and tissue damage. Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) dictate the balance between microbial control and injury. Therefore, intracellular brakes are of fundamental importance to tune the appropriate host defense while inducing resolution. The intracellular inhibitor suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1), a known JAK/STAT inhibitor, prevents the expression and actions of PRR adaptors and downstream effectors. Whether SOCS-1 is a molecular component of skin host defense remains to be determined. We hypothesized that SOCS-1 decreases type I interferon production and IFNAR-mediated antimicrobial effector functions, limiting the inflammatory response during skin infection. Our data show that MRSA skin infection enhances SOCS-1 expression, and both SOCS-1 inhibitor peptide-treated and myeloid-specific SOCS-1 deficient mice display decreased lesion size, bacterial loads, and increased abscess thickness when compared to wild-type mice treated with the scrambled peptide control. SOCS-1 deletion/inhibition increases phagocytosis and bacterial killing, dependent on nitric oxide release. SOCS-1 inhibition also increases the levels of type I and type II interferon levels in vivo. IFNAR deletion and antibody blockage abolished the beneficial effects of SOCS-1 inhibition in vivo. Notably, we unveiled that hyperglycemia triggers aberrant SOCS-1 expression that correlates with decreased overall IFN signatures in the infected skin. SOCS-1 inhibition restores skin host defense in the highly susceptible hyperglycemic mice. Overall, these data demonstrate a role for SOCS-1-mediated type I interferon actions in host defense and inflammation during MRSA skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Klopfenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L Brandt
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sydney Castellanos
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse Essen, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS -e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Amondrea Blackman
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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11
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Burstein VL, Beccacece I, Guasconi L, Mena CJ, Cervi L, Chiapello LS. Skin Immunity to Dermatophytes: From Experimental Infection Models to Human Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605644. [PMID: 33343578 PMCID: PMC7738607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytoses (ringworms) are among the most frequent skin infections and are a highly prevalent cause of human disease worldwide. Despite the incidence of these superficial mycoses in healthy people and the compelling evidence on chronic and deep infections in immunocompromised individuals, the mechanisms controlling dermatophyte invasion in the skin are scarcely known. In the last years, the association between certain primary immunodeficiencies and the susceptibility to severe dermatophytosis as well as the evidence provided by novel experimental models mimicking human disease have significantly contributed to deciphering the basic immunological mechanisms against dermatophytes. In this review, we outline the current knowledge on fungal virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of dermatophytoses and recent evidence from human infections and experimental models that shed light on the cells and molecules involved in the antifungal cutaneous immune response. The latest highlights emphasize the contribution of C-type lectin receptors signaling and the cellular immune response mediated by IL-17 and IFN-γ in the anti-dermatophytic defense and skin inflammation control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica L. Burstein
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Beccacece
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lorena Guasconi
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristian J. Mena
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Cervi
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura S. Chiapello
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología Experimental. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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12
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Bendickova K, Fric J. Roles of IL-2 in bridging adaptive and innate immunity, and as a tool for cellular immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:427-437. [PMID: 32480431 PMCID: PMC7384134 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mir0420-055r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-2 was initially characterized as a T cell growth factor in the 1970s, and has been studied intensively ever since. Decades of research have revealed multiple and diverse roles for this potent cytokine, indicating a unique linking role between adaptive and innate arms of the immune system. Here, we review the literature showing that IL-2 is expressed in a plethora of cell types across the immune system, where it has indispensable functions in orchestrating cellular interactions and shaping the nature and magnitude of immune responses. Emerging from the basic research that has revealed the molecular mechanisms and the complexity of the biologic actions of IL-2, several immunotherapeutic approaches have now focused on manipulating the levels of this cytokine in patients. These strategies range from inhibition of IL-2 to achieve immunosuppression, to the application of IL-2 as a vaccine adjuvant and in cancer therapies. This review will systematically summarize the major findings in the field and identify key areas requiring further research in order to realize the potential of IL-2 in the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Bendickova
- International Clinical Research CenterSt. Anne's University Hospital BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jan Fric
- International Clinical Research CenterSt. Anne's University Hospital BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of Hematology and Blood TransfusionPragueCzech Republic
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13
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Borriello F, Zanoni I, Granucci F. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of antifungal innate immunity at epithelial barriers: The role of C-type lectin receptors. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:317-325. [PMID: 31986556 PMCID: PMC10668919 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Humans are constantly exposed to fungi, either in the form of commensals at epithelial barriers or as inhaled spores. Innate immune cells play a pivotal role in maintaining commensal relationships and preventing skin, mucosal, or systemic fungal infections due to the expression of pattern recognition receptors that recognize fungal cell wall components and modulate both their activation status and the ensuing adaptive immune response. Commensal fungi also play a critical role in the modulation of homeostasis and disease susceptibility at epithelial barriers. This review will outline cellular and molecular mechanisms of anti-fungal innate immunity focusing on C-type lectin receptors and their relevance in the context of host-fungi interactions at skin and mucosal surfaces in murine experimental models as well as patients susceptible to fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borriello
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- INGM-National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,", Milan, Italy
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14
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Verma AH, Gaffen SL. Dermatophyte Immune Memory Is Only Skin-Deep. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:517-519. [PMID: 30797318 PMCID: PMC6613188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new report in this issue of Journal of Investigative Dermatology reveals a role for IL-17 and IFN-gamma, signature cytokines of T-helper 17 and T-helper 1 cells, in immunity to Trichophyton benhamiae (Heinen et al., 2018). While there have been many recent advances in understanding host defenses against common fungi, this work illuminates not only adaptive immunity, but also innate immune responses to dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash H Verma
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Microbial colonizers of humans have evolved to adapt to environmental cues and to sense nutrient availability. Oxygen is a constantly changing environmental parameter in different host tissues and in different types of infection. We describe how Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, can modulate the host response under hypoxia and anoxia. We found that high infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to the site of infection contributes to a low oxygen milieu in a murine subdermal abscess. A persistent hypoxic environment did not affect viability or metabolism of PMNs. Under oxygen deprivation, however, infection with C. albicans disturbed specific PMN responses. PMNs were not able to efficiently phagocytose, produce ROS, or release extracellular DNA traps. Failure to launch an adequate response was caused by C. albicans cell wall masking of β-glucan upon exposure to low oxygen levels which hindered PAMP sensing by Dectin-1 on the surfaces of PMNs. This in turn contributed to immune evasion and enhanced fungal survival. The cell wall masking effect is prolonged by the accumulation of lactate produced by PMNs under low oxygen conditions. Finally, adaptation to oxygen deprivation increased virulence of C. albicans which we demonstrated using a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model.IMPORTANCE Successful human colonizers have evolved mechanisms to bypass immune surveillance. Infiltration of PMNs to the site of infection led to the generation of a low oxygen niche. Exposure to low oxygen levels induced fungal cell wall masking, which in turn hindered pathogen sensing and antifungal responses by PMNs. The cell wall masking effect was prolonged by increasing lactate amounts produced by neutrophil metabolism under oxygen deprivation. In an invertebrate infection model, C. albicans was able to kill infected C. elegans nematodes within 2 days under low oxygen conditions, whereas the majority of uninfected controls and infected worms under normoxic conditions survived. These results suggest that C. albicans benefited from low oxygen niches to increase virulence. The interplay of C. albicans with innate immune cells under these conditions contributed to the overall outcome of infection. Adaption to low oxygen levels was in addition beneficial for C. albicans by reducing susceptibility to selected antifungal drugs. Hence, immunomodulation of host cells under low oxygen conditions could provide a valuable approach to improve current antifungal therapies.
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16
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Lochhead RB, Arvikar SL, Aversa JM, Sadreyev RI, Strle K, Steere AC. Robust interferon signature and suppressed tissue repair gene expression in synovial tissue from patients with postinfectious, Borrelia burgdorferi-induced Lyme arthritis. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12954. [PMID: 30218476 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In most patients with Lyme arthritis (LA), antibiotic therapy results in Borrelia burgdorferi pathogen elimination, tissue repair, and return to homeostasis. However, despite spirochetal killing, some patients develop proliferative synovitis, characterised by synovial hyperplasia, inflammation, vascular damage, and fibrosis that persists for months to several years after antibiotic treatment, called postinfectious LA. In this study, we characterised the transcriptomes of postinfectious LA patients' synovial tissue, the target tissue of the immune response. High-throughput RNA sequencing to a depth of ~30 million reads per sample was used to profile gene expression in synovial tissue from 14 patients with postinfectious LA, compared with eight patients with other types of chronic inflammatory arthritis and five with minimally inflammatory osteoarthritis (OA). Synovium from postinfectious LA and other inflammatory arthritides shared gene signatures associated with antigen presentation, innate immune responses, and cell-mediated immune activation, whereas these responses were diminished in OA synovium. Unique to postinfectious LA was a particularly robust interferon-gamma (IFNγ) signature. Moreover, this heightened IFNγ signature inversely correlated with expression of genes involved in repair of damaged tissue, including genes associated with stromal cell proliferation and differentiation, neovascularisation, and extracellular matrix synthesis, which were markedly suppressed in postinfectious LA. Transcriptional observations were confirmed by cytokine profiling, histologic analyses, and clinical correlations. We propose that in patients with postinfectious LA, overexpression of IFNγ in synovium prevents appropriate repair of tissue damaged by B. burgdorferi infection, blocking return to tissue homeostasis long after completion of antibiotic therapy and resolution of active infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Lochhead
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sheila L Arvikar
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John M Aversa
- Department of Orthopedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ruslan I Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Klemen Strle
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen C Steere
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Regulation of connexin 43 expression in human gingival fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 2018; 371:238-249. [PMID: 30118696 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Abundance of connexin 43 (Cx43), a transmembrane protein that forms hemichannels (HCs) and gap junctions (GJs), is dynamically regulated in human gingival fibroblasts (GFBLs) during wound healing. This may be important for fast and scarless gingival wound healing as Cx43 is involved in key cell functions important during this process. Our aim was to uncover the factors that regulate Cx43 expression and abundance in GFBLs. We hypothesized that cytokines and growth factors released during wound healing coordinately regulate Cx43 abundance in GFBLs. RESULTS TGF-β1, -β2, -β3, PGE2 and IL-1β significantly upregulated, while TNF-α and IFN-γ downregulated Cx43 in cultured GFBLs. TGF-β1, -β2, -β3, IL-1β and IFN-γ modulated Cx43 abundance at both mRNA and protein levels, while TNF-α and PGE2 regulated only Cx43 protein abundance, suggesting involvement of distinct transcriptional/post-transcriptional and translational/post-translational mechanisms, respectively. TGF-β1-induced upregulation of Cx43 was mediated by TGFβRI (ALK5) and SMAD2/3 signaling, and this was potently suppressed by PGE2, IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ that inhibited SMAD2/3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Regulation of Cx43 abundance in GFBLs involves transcriptional/post-transcriptional and translational/post-translational mechanisms that are distinctly modulated by an interplay between TGF-β isoforms and PGE2, IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ.
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18
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Gornati L, Zanoni I, Granucci F. Dendritic Cells in the Cross Hair for the Generation of Tailored Vaccines. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1484. [PMID: 29997628 PMCID: PMC6030256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines represent the discovery of utmost importance for global health, due to both prophylactic action to prevent infections and therapeutic intervention in neoplastic diseases. Despite this, current vaccination strategies need to be refined to successfully generate robust protective antigen-specific memory immune responses. To address this issue, one possibility is to exploit the high efficiency of dendritic cells (DCs) as antigen-presenting cells for T cell priming. DCs functional plasticity allows shaping the outcome of immune responses to achieve the required type of immunity. Therefore, the choice of adjuvants to guide and sustain DCs maturation, the design of multifaceted vehicles, and the choice of surface molecules to specifically target DCs represent the key issues currently explored in both preclinical and clinical settings. Here, we review advances in DCs-based vaccination approaches, which exploit direct in vivo DCs targeting and activation options. We also discuss the recent findings for efficient antitumor DCs-based vaccinations and combination strategies to reduce the immune tolerance promoted by the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gornati
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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19
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Santus W, Mingozzi F, Vai M, Granucci F, Zanoni I. Deep Dermal Injection As a Model of Candida albicans Skin Infection for Histological Analyses. J Vis Exp 2018:57574. [PMID: 29985352 PMCID: PMC6101704 DOI: 10.3791/57574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is an extremely extended organ of the body and, due to this large surface, it is continuously exposed to microorganisms. Skin damage can easily lead to infections in the dermis which can, in turn, result in the dissemination of pathogens into the bloodstream. Understanding how the immune system fights infections at the very early stage and how the host can eliminate the pathogens is an important step to set the base for future therapeutic interventions. Here we describe a model of Candida albicans infection that can visualize the processes that occur early during an infection, including when the pathogen has passed the epithelial barrier, as well as the immune response elicited by the C. albicans invasion. We used this infection model to perform histological analyses that show the immune cells that infiltrate the skin as well as the presence and localization of the pathogen. Samples collected after the infection can be processed for RNA extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Santus
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca
| | - Francesca Mingozzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca
| | - Marina Vai
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca;
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca; Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital;
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20
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Razzak M. Innate immunity: Fibrinolytic and innate systems collide. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:663. [PMID: 29076499 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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