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Bertschi NL, Bazzini C, Schlapbach C. The Concept of Pathogenic TH2 Cells: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2021. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2021; 182:365-380. [PMID: 33845475 DOI: 10.1159/000515144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper (TH) cells have evolved into distinct subsets that mediate specific immune responses to protect the host against a myriad of infectious and noninfectious challenges. However, if dysregulated, TH-cell subsets can cause inflammatory disease. Emerging evidence now suggests that human allergic disease is caused by a distinct subpopulation of pathogenic TH2 cells. Pathogenic TH2 cells from different type-2-driven diseases share a core phenotype and show overlapping functional attributes. The unique differentiation requirements, activating signals, and metabolic characteristics of pathogenic TH2 cells are just being discovered. A better knowledge of this particular TH2 cell population will enable the specific targeting of disease-driving pathways in allergy. In this review, we introduce a rational for classifying TH cells into distinct subsets, discuss the current knowledge on pathogenic TH2 cells, and summarize their involvement in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Bertschi
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Bazzini
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schlapbach
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Vyas AK, Lslam M, Garg G, Singh AK, Trehanpati N. Humoral Immune Responses and Hepatitis B Infection. Dig Dis 2021; 39:516-525. [PMID: 33429386 DOI: 10.1159/000514274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronicity or seroclearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigens is determined by the host immune responses. Current approaches to treat HBV patients are based on inhibition of replication using different antivirals (nucleoside or nucleotide analogs) as monotherapy, or along with immune modulators as combination therapy is being used worldwide for reducing the viral load. Understanding the role of immune cellular therapies with currently available treatments for persistent viral-mediated responses in HBV patients is unexplored. However, the generation of antibodies against a surface (HBs) and envelop (HBe) antigen of hepatitis B remains an issue for future studies and needs to be explored. SUMMARY Humoral immunity, specifically T follicular helper (TFh) cells, may serve as a target for therapy for HBsAg seroconversion. In this review, we have been engrossed in the importance and role of the humoral immune responses in CHBV infection and vertical transmission. Key Message: TFh cells have been suggested as the potential target of immunotherapy which lead to seroconversion of HBe and HBs antigens of HBV. HBsAg seroconversion and eradication of covalently closed circular DNA are the main challenges for existing and forthcoming therapies in HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Vyas
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Mojahidul Lslam
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Garg
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Anirudh K Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Nirupma Trehanpati
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Gubser
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew C Pitman
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Morou A, Brunet-Ratnasingham E, Dubé M, Charlebois R, Mercier E, Darko S, Brassard N, Nganou-Makamdop K, Arumugam S, Gendron-Lepage G, Yang L, Niessl J, Baxter AE, Billingsley JM, Rajakumar PA, Lefebvre F, Johnson RP, Tremblay C, Routy JP, Wyatt RT, Finzi A, Douek DC, Kaufmann DE. Altered differentiation is central to HIV-specific CD4 + T cell dysfunction in progressive disease. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1059-1070. [PMID: 31308541 PMCID: PMC6642691 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of virus-specific CD4+ T cells in chronic human infections is poorly understood. We performed genome-wide transcriptional analyses and functional assays of CD4+ T cells specific for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from HIV-infected people before and after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). A follicular helper T cell (TFH cell)-like profile characterized HIV-specific CD4+ T cells in viremic infection. HIV-specific CD4+ T cells from people spontaneously controlling the virus (elite controllers) robustly expressed genes associated with the TH1, TH17 and TH22 subsets of helper T cells. Viral suppression by ART resulted in a distinct transcriptional landscape, with a reduction in the expression of genes associated with TFH cells, but persistently low expression of genes associated with TH1, TH17 and TH22 cells compared to the elite controller profile. Thus, altered differentiation is central to the impairment of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells and involves both gain of function and loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Morou
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elsa Brunet-Ratnasingham
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roxanne Charlebois
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eloi Mercier
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics-Montréal Node, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sam Darko
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sahaana Arumugam
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabrielle Gendron-Lepage
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lifei Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julia Niessl
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James M Billingsley
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - François Lefebvre
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics-Montréal Node, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - R Paul Johnson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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