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Wang Y, Wu S, Song Z, Yang Y, Li Y, Li J. Unveiling the pathological functions of SOCS in colorectal cancer: Current concepts and future perspectives. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 262:155564. [PMID: 39216322 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health challenge, marked by increasing incidence and mortality rates in recent years. The pathogenesis of CRC is complex, involving chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, heightened immunoinflammatory responses, and resistance to apoptosis. The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family, comprised of key negative regulators within cytokine signaling pathways, plays a crucial role in cell proliferation, growth, and metabolic regulation. Deficiencies in various SOCS proteins can trigger the activation of the Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathways, following the binding of cytokines and growth factors to their receptors. Mounting evidence indicates that SOCS proteins are integral to the development and progression of CRC, positioning them as promising targets for novel anticancer therapies. This review delves into the structure, function, and molecular mechanisms of SOCS family members, examining their roles in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and immune modulation. Additionally, it explores their potential impact on the regulation of CRC immunotherapy, offering new insights and perspectives that may inform the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuHan Wang
- College of Integrative of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China; Department of Anorectal, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Anorectal, Nanchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchuan, Chongqing, 408400, China
| | - ZhiHui Song
- College of Integrative of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yu Yang
- College of Integrative of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - YaLing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China; Department of Anorectal, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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2
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Stewart CM, Siegler EL, Sakemura RL, Cox MJ, Huynh T, Kimball B, Mai L, Can I, Manriquez Roman C, Yun K, Sirpilla O, Girsch JH, Ogbodo E, Mohammed Ismail W, Gaspar-Maia A, Budka J, Kim J, Scholler N, Mattie M, Filosto S, Kenderian SS. IL-4 drives exhaustion of CD8 + CART cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7921. [PMID: 39266501 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Durable response to chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cell therapy remains limited in part due to CART cell exhaustion. Here, we investigate the regulation of CART cell exhaustion with three independent approaches including: a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen using an in vitro model for exhaustion, RNA and ATAC sequencing on baseline and exhausted CART cells, and RNA and ATAC sequencing on pre-infusion CART cell products from responders and non-responders in the ZUMA-1 clinical trial. Each of these approaches identify interleukin (IL)-4 as a regulator of CART cell dysfunction. Further, IL-4-treated CD8+ CART cells develop signs of exhaustion independently of the presence of CD4+ CART cells. Conversely, IL-4 pathway editing or the combination of CART cells with an IL-4 monoclonal antibody improves antitumor efficacy and reduces signs of CART cell exhaustion in mantle cell lymphoma xenograft mouse models. Therefore, we identify both a role for IL-4 in inducing CART exhaustion and translatable approaches to improve CART cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carli M Stewart
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Siegler
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R Leo Sakemura
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Truc Huynh
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brooke Kimball
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Long Mai
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ismail Can
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Kun Yun
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Olivia Sirpilla
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James H Girsch
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ekene Ogbodo
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Justin Budka
- Department of Oncology, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Kim
- Department of Oncology, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | - Mike Mattie
- Department of Oncology, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Simone Filosto
- Department of Oncology, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Saad S Kenderian
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Zhou J, Luo W, Xie Z, Xia C, Zhao J. KLF4-induced upregulation of SOCS1 ameliorates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating AC16 cardiomyocyte damage and enhancing M2 macrophage polarization. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23816. [PMID: 39185902 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Reperfusion strategies, the standard therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), may result in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage. Suppressor of cytokine signaling1 (SOCS1) exerts a cardioprotective function in myocardial I/R damage. Here, we investigated epigenetic modulators that deregulate SOCS1 in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) conditions. Human AC16 cardiomyocytes were exposed to H/R conditions to generate a cell model of myocardial I/R damage. Expression of mRNA and protein was detected by quantitative PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Cell migratory and invasive abilities were evaluated by transwell assay. Cell apoptosis and M2 macrophage polarization were assessed by flow cytometry. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were examined by ELISA. The interaction of KLF4 with SOCS1 was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays. SOCS1 and transcription factor KLF4 protein levels were underexpressed by 75% and 57%, respectively, in H/R-exposed AC16 cardiomyocytes versus control cells. Under H/R conditions, forced SOCS1 expression (2.7 times) induced cell migration (2.2 times) and invasion (1.9 times) and hindered cell apoptosis (by 45%) of AC16 cardiomyocytes as well as enhanced M2 macrophage polarization (4.6 times). Mechanistically, KLF4 upregulation promoted SOCS1 transcription (2.6 times) and expression (2.6 times) by binding to the SOCS1 promoter. Decrease of SOCS1 (by 51%) reversed the effects of KLF4 upregulation on cardiomyocyte migration, invasion and apoptosis, and M2 macrophage polarization under H/R conditions. Additionally, SOCS1 and KLF4 were underexpressed by 56% and 63%, respectively, in AMI serum. Our study indicates that KLF4-induced upregulation of SOCS1 can attenuate H/R-triggered apoptosis of AC16 cardiomyocytes and enhance M2 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital,Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital,Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital,Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Chunchen Xia
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital,Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Junbi Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital,Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Jafarzadeh A, Jafarzadeh Z, Nemati M, Yoshimura A. The Interplay Between Helicobacter pylori and Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) Molecules in the Development of Gastric Cancer and Induction of Immune Response. Helicobacter 2024; 29:e13105. [PMID: 38924222 DOI: 10.1111/hel.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonizes the stomach and leads to the secretion of a vast range of cytokines by infiltrated leukocytes directing immune/inflammatory response against the bacterium. To regulate immune/inflammatory responses, suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins bind to multiple signaling components located downstream of cytokine receptors, such as Janus kinase (JAK), signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT). Dysfunctional SOCS proteins in immune cells may facilitate the immune evasion of H. pylori, allowing the bacteria to induce chronic inflammation. Dysregulation of SOCS expression and function can contribute to the sustained H. pylori-mediated gastric inflammation which can lead to gastric cancer (GC) development. Among SOCS molecules, dysregulated expression of SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, and SOCS6 were indicated in H. pylori-infected individuals as well as in GC tissues and cells. H. pylori-induced SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, and SOCS6 dysregulation can contribute to the GC development. The expression of SOCS molecules can be influenced by various factors, such as epigenetic DNA methylation, noncoding RNAs, and gene polymorphisms. Modulation of the expression of SOCS molecules in gastric epithelial cells and immune cells can be considered to control gastric carcinogenesis as well as regulate antitumor immune responses, respectively. This review aimed to explain the interplay between H. pylori and SOCS molecules in GC development and immune response induction as well as to provide insights regarding potential therapeutic strategies modulating SOCS molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Chen X, Zhong S, Zhan Y, Zhang X. CRISPR-Cas9 applications in T cells and adoptive T cell therapies. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:52. [PMID: 38609863 PMCID: PMC11010303 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell immunity is central to contemporary cancer and autoimmune therapies, encompassing immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive T cell therapies. Their diverse characteristics can be reprogrammed by different immune challenges dependent on antigen stimulation levels, metabolic conditions, and the degree of inflammation. T cell-based therapeutic strategies are gaining widespread adoption in oncology and treating inflammatory conditions. Emerging researches reveal that clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) genome editing has enabled T cells to be more adaptable to specific microenvironments, opening the door to advanced T cell therapies in preclinical and clinical trials. CRISPR-Cas9 can edit both primary T cells and engineered T cells, including CAR-T and TCR-T, in vivo and in vitro to regulate T cell differentiation and activation states. This review first provides a comprehensive summary of the role of CRISPR-Cas9 in T cells and its applications in preclinical and clinical studies for T cell-based therapies. We also explore the application of CRISPR screen high-throughput technology in editing T cells and anticipate the current limitations of CRISPR-Cas9, including off-target effects and delivery challenges, and envisioned improvements in related technologies for disease screening, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute of Zhengzhou University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Shuhan Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yonghao Zhan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
| | - Xuepei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
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Xiang M, Li H, Zhan Y, Ma D, Gao Q, Fang Y. Functional CRISPR screens in T cells reveal new opportunities for cancer immunotherapies. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:73. [PMID: 38581063 PMCID: PMC10996278 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells are fundamental components in tumour immunity and cancer immunotherapies, which have made immense strides and revolutionized cancer treatment paradigm. However, recent studies delineate the predicament of T cell dysregulation in tumour microenvironment and the compromised efficacy of cancer immunotherapies. CRISPR screens enable unbiased interrogation of gene function in T cells and have revealed functional determinators, genetic regulatory networks, and intercellular interactions in T cell life cycle, thereby providing opportunities to revamp cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we briefly described the central roles of T cells in successful cancer immunotherapies, comprehensively summarised the studies of CRISPR screens in T cells, elaborated resultant master genes that control T cell activation, proliferation, fate determination, effector function, and exhaustion, and highlighted genes (BATF, PRDM1, and TOX) and signalling cascades (JAK-STAT and NF-κB pathways) that extensively engage in multiple branches of T cell responses. In conclusion, this review bridged the gap between discovering element genes to a specific process of T cell activities and apprehending these genes in the global T cell life cycle, deepened the understanding of T cell biology in tumour immunity, and outlined CRISPR screens resources that might facilitate the development and implementation of cancer immunotherapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Xiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huayi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinglei Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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7
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Milling LE, Markson SC, Tjokrosurjo Q, Derosia NM, Streeter IS, Hickok GH, Lemmen AM, Nguyen TH, Prathima P, Fithian W, Schwartz MA, Hacohen N, Doench JG, LaFleur MW, Sharpe AH. Framework for in vivo T cell screens. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230699. [PMID: 38411617 PMCID: PMC10899089 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In vivo T cell screens are a powerful tool for elucidating complex mechanisms of immunity, yet there is a lack of consensus on the screen design parameters required for robust in vivo screens: gene library size, cell transfer quantity, and number of mice. Here, we describe the Framework for In vivo T cell Screens (FITS) to provide experimental and analytical guidelines to determine optimal parameters for diverse in vivo contexts. As a proof-of-concept, we used FITS to optimize the parameters for a CD8+ T cell screen in the B16-OVA tumor model. We also included unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) in our screens to (1) improve statistical power and (2) track T cell clonal dynamics for distinct gene knockouts (KOs) across multiple tissues. These findings provide an experimental and analytical framework for performing in vivo screens in immune cells and illustrate a case study for in vivo T cell screens with UMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Milling
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel C. Markson
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qin Tjokrosurjo
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole M. Derosia
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivy S.L. Streeter
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grant H. Hickok
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashlyn M. Lemmen
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thao H. Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Priyamvada Prathima
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Fithian
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marc A. Schwartz
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John G. Doench
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin W. LaFleur
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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8
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Tao R, Han X, Bai X, Yu J, Ma Y, Chen W, Zhang D, Li Z. Revolutionizing cancer treatment: enhancing CAR-T cell therapy with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1354825. [PMID: 38449862 PMCID: PMC10914996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1354825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
CAR-T cell therapy, a novel immunotherapy, has made significant breakthroughs in clinical practice, particularly in treating B-cell-associated leukemia and lymphoma. However, it still faces challenges such as poor persistence, limited proliferation capacity, high manufacturing costs, and suboptimal efficacy. CRISPR/Cas system, an efficient and simple method for precise gene editing, offers new possibilities for optimizing CAR-T cells. It can increase the function of CAR-T cells and reduce manufacturing costs. The combination of CRISPR/Cas9 technology and CAR-T cell therapy may promote the development of this therapy and provide more effective and personalized treatment for cancer patients. Meanwhile, the safety issues surrounding the application of this technology in CAR-T cells require further research and evaluation. Future research should focus on improving the accuracy and safety of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to facilitate the better development and application of CAR-T cell therapy. This review focuses on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in CAR-T cell therapy, including eliminating the inhibitory effect of immune checkpoints, enhancing the ability of CAR-T cells to resist exhaustion, assisting in the construction of universal CAR-T cells, reducing the manufacturing costs of CAR-T cells, and the security problems faced. The objective is to show the revolutionary role of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in CAR-T cell therapy for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaopeng Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Urology, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianping Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Youwei Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Weikai Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhengkai Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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9
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López-Cobo S, Fuentealba JR, Gueguen P, Bonté PE, Tsalkitzi K, Chacón I, Glauzy S, Bohineust A, Biquand A, Silva L, Gouveia Z, Goudot C, Perez F, Saitakis M, Amigorena S. SUV39H1 Ablation Enhances Long-term CAR T Function in Solid Tumors. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:120-141. [PMID: 37934001 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Failure of adoptive T-cell therapies in patients with cancer is linked to limited T-cell expansion and persistence, even in memory-prone 41BB-(BBz)-based chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. We show here that BBz-CAR T-cell stem/memory differentiation and persistence can be enhanced through epigenetic manipulation of the histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) pathway. Inactivation of the H3K9 trimethyltransferase SUV39H1 enhances BBz-CAR T cell long-term persistence, protecting mice against tumor relapses and rechallenges in lung and disseminated solid tumor models up to several months after CAR T-cell infusion. Single-cell transcriptomic (single-cell RNA sequencing) and chromatin opening (single-cell assay for transposase accessible chromatin) analyses of tumor-infiltrating CAR T cells show early reprogramming into self-renewing, stemlike populations with decreased expression of dysfunction genes in all T-cell subpopulations. Therefore, epigenetic manipulation of H3K9 methylation by SUV39H1 optimizes the long-term functional persistence of BBz-CAR T cells, limiting relapses, and providing protection against tumor rechallenges. SIGNIFICANCE Limited CAR T-cell expansion and persistence hinders therapeutic responses in solid cancer patients. We show that targeting SUV39H1 histone methyltransferase enhances 41BB-based CAR T-cell long-term protection against tumor relapses and rechallenges by increasing stemness/memory differentiation. This opens a safe path to enhancing adoptive cell therapies for solid tumors. See related article by Jain et al., p. 142. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila López-Cobo
- Institut Curie, PSL University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Jaime R Fuentealba
- Institut Curie, PSL University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Paul Gueguen
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Kyriaki Tsalkitzi
- Institut Curie, PSL University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
- Mnemo Therapeutics, Paris, France
| | - Irena Chacón
- Institut Curie, PSL University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Salomé Glauzy
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Lisseth Silva
- Institut Curie, PSL University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Zelia Gouveia
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Christel Goudot
- Institut Curie, PSL University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Franck Perez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Michael Saitakis
- Institut Curie, PSL University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
- Mnemo Therapeutics, Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Amigorena
- Institut Curie, PSL University, Inserm U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
- Mnemo Therapeutics, Paris, France
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10
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Li X, Chen Z, Ye W, Yu J, Zhang X, Li Y, Niu Y, Ran S, Wang S, Luo Z, Zhao J, Hao Y, Zong J, Xia C, Xia J, Wu J. High-throughput CRISPR technology: a novel horizon for solid organ transplantation. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1295523. [PMID: 38239344 PMCID: PMC10794540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1295523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation is the gold standard therapy for end-stage organ failure. However, the shortage of available grafts and long-term graft dysfunction remain the primary barriers to organ transplantation. Exploring approaches to solve these issues is urgent, and CRISPR/Cas9-based transcriptome editing provides one potential solution. Furthermore, combining CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing with an ex vivo organ perfusion system would enable pre-implantation transcriptome editing of grafts. How to determine effective intervention targets becomes a new problem. Fortunately, the advent of high-throughput CRISPR screening has dramatically accelerated the effective targets. This review summarizes the current advancements, utilization, and workflow of CRISPR screening in various immune and non-immune cells. It also discusses the ongoing applications of CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing in transplantation and the prospective applications of CRISPR screening in solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weicong Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jizhang Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqing Niu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuan Ran
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zilong Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiulu Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanglin Hao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Zong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengkun Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahong Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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11
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Yang C, Lei Y, Ren T, Yao M. The Current Situation and Development Prospect of Whole-Genome Screening. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:658. [PMID: 38203828 PMCID: PMC10779205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
High-throughput genetic screening is useful for discovering critical genes or gene sequences that trigger specific cell functions and/or phenotypes. Loss-of-function genetic screening is mainly achieved through RNA interference (RNAi), CRISPR knock-out (CRISPRko), and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) technologies. Gain-of-function genetic screening mainly depends on the overexpression of a cDNA library and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa). Base editing can perform both gain- and loss-of-function genetic screening. This review discusses genetic screening techniques based on Cas9 nuclease, including Cas9-mediated genome knock-out and dCas9-based gene activation and interference. We compare these methods with previous genetic screening techniques based on RNAi and cDNA library overexpression and propose future prospects and applications for CRISPR screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mingze Yao
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (T.R.)
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12
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Schlabach MR, Lin S, Collester ZR, Wrocklage C, Shenker S, Calnan C, Xu T, Gannon HS, Williams LJ, Thompson F, Dunbar PR, LaMothe RA, Garrett TE, Colletti N, Hohmann AF, Tubo NJ, Bullock CP, Le Mercier I, Sofjan K, Merkin JJ, Keegan S, Kryukov GV, Dugopolski C, Stegmeier F, Wong K, Sharp FA, Cadzow L, Benson MJ. Rational design of a SOCS1-edited tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy using CRISPR/Cas9 screens. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e163096. [PMID: 38099496 PMCID: PMC10721144 DOI: 10.1172/jci163096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy have shown promise in the treatment of patients with refractory solid tumors, with improvement in response rates and durability of responses nevertheless sought. To identify targets capable of enhancing the antitumor activity of T cell therapies, large-scale in vitro and in vivo clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 screens were performed, with the SOCS1 gene identified as a top T cell-enhancing target. In murine CD8+ T cell-therapy models, SOCS1 served as a critical checkpoint in restraining the accumulation of central memory T cells in lymphoid organs as well as intermediate (Texint) and effector (Texeff) exhausted T cell subsets derived from progenitor exhausted T cells (Texprog) in tumors. A comprehensive CRISPR tiling screen of the SOCS1-coding region identified sgRNAs targeting the SH2 domain of SOCS1 as the most potent, with an sgRNA with minimal off-target cut sites used to manufacture KSQ-001, an engineered TIL therapy with SOCS1 inactivated by CRISPR/Cas9. KSQ-001 possessed increased responsiveness to cytokine signals and enhanced in vivo antitumor function in mouse models. These data demonstrate the use of CRISPR/Cas9 screens in the rational design of T cell therapies.
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13
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Chen C, Wang Z, Qin Y. CRISPR/Cas9 system: recent applications in immuno-oncology and cancer immunotherapy. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:95. [PMID: 37964355 PMCID: PMC10647168 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) is essentially an adaptive immunity weapon in prokaryotes against foreign DNA. This system inspires the development of genome-editing technology in eukaryotes. In biomedicine research, CRISPR has offered a powerful platform to establish tumor-bearing models and screen potential targets in the immuno-oncology field, broadening our insights into cancer genomics. In translational medicine, the versatile CRISPR/Cas9 system exhibits immense potential to break the current limitations of cancer immunotherapy, thereby expanding the feasibility of adoptive cell therapy (ACT) in treating solid tumors. Herein, we first explain the principles of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology and introduce CRISPR as a tool in tumor modeling. We next focus on the CRISPR screening for target discovery that reveals tumorigenesis, immune evasion, and drug resistance mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss the recent breakthroughs of genetically modified ACT using CRISPR/Cas9. Finally, we present potential challenges and perspectives in basic research and clinical translation of CRISPR/Cas9. This review provides a comprehensive overview of CRISPR/Cas9 applications that advance our insights into tumor-immune interaction and lay the foundation to optimize cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanru Qin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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14
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Sudholz H, Delconte RB, Huntington ND. Interleukin-15 cytokine checkpoints in natural killer cell anti-tumor immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102364. [PMID: 37451129 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has progressed to first and second-line treatments in several cancer types, transforming patient outcomes. While these treatments target T cell checkpoints, such as PD-1, LAG3 and CTLA-4, their efficacy can be compromised through adaptive resistance whereby tumors acquire mutations in genes regulating neoantigen presentation by MHC-I [93]. ICI-responsive tumor types such as advanced metastatic melanoma typically have a high mutational burden and immune infiltration; however, most patients still do not benefit from ICI monotherapy for a number of reasons [94]. This highlights the need for novel immunotherapy strategies that evoke the immune control of tumor cells with low neoantigen/MHC-I expression, overcome immune suppressive tumor microenvironments and promote tumor inflammation. In this regard, targeting natural killer (NK) cells may offer a solution to some of these bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Sudholz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rebecca B Delconte
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; oNKo-Innate Pty Ltd, Moonee Ponds, Victoria 3039, Australia.
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15
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Kendirli A, de la Rosa C, Lämmle KF, Eglseer K, Bauer IJ, Kavaka V, Winklmeier S, Zhuo L, Wichmann C, Gerdes LA, Kümpfel T, Dornmair K, Beltrán E, Kerschensteiner M, Kawakami N. A genome-wide in vivo CRISPR screen identifies essential regulators of T cell migration to the CNS in a multiple sclerosis model. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1713-1725. [PMID: 37709997 PMCID: PMC10545543 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01432-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves the infiltration of autoreactive T cells into the CNS, yet we lack a comprehensive understanding of the signaling pathways that regulate this process. Here, we conducted a genome-wide in vivo CRISPR screen in a rat MS model and identified 5 essential brakes and 18 essential facilitators of T cell migration to the CNS. While the transcription factor ETS1 limits entry to the CNS by controlling T cell responsiveness, three functional modules, centered around the adhesion molecule α4-integrin, the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and the GRK2 kinase, are required for CNS migration of autoreactive CD4+ T cells. Single-cell analysis of T cells from individuals with MS confirmed that the expression of these essential regulators correlates with the propensity of CD4+ T cells to reach the CNS. Our data thus reveal key regulators of the fundamental step in the induction of MS lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arek Kendirli
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Clara de la Rosa
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin F Lämmle
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Klara Eglseer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Isabel J Bauer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Vladyslav Kavaka
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stephan Winklmeier
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - La Zhuo
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Wichmann
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Ann Gerdes
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Kerschensteiner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Naoto Kawakami
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany.
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16
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Blaeschke F, Chen YY, Apathy R, Daniel B, Chen AY, Chen PA, Sandor K, Zhang W, Li Z, Mowery CT, Yamamoto TN, Nyberg WA, To A, Yu R, Bueno R, Kim MC, Schmidt R, Goodman DB, Feuchtinger T, Eyquem J, Jimmie Ye C, Carnevale J, Satpathy AT, Shifrut E, Roth TL, Marson A. Modular pooled discovery of synthetic knockin sequences to program durable cell therapies. Cell 2023; 186:4216-4234.e33. [PMID: 37714135 PMCID: PMC10508323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stimulation can cause T cell dysfunction and limit the efficacy of cellular immunotherapies. Improved methods are required to compare large numbers of synthetic knockin (KI) sequences to reprogram cell functions. Here, we developed modular pooled KI screening (ModPoKI), an adaptable platform for modular construction of DNA KI libraries using barcoded multicistronic adaptors. We built two ModPoKI libraries of 100 transcription factors (TFs) and 129 natural and synthetic surface receptors (SRs). Over 30 ModPoKI screens across human TCR- and CAR-T cells in diverse conditions identified a transcription factor AP4 (TFAP4) construct that enhanced fitness of chronically stimulated CAR-T cells and anti-cancer function in vitro and in vivo. ModPoKI's modularity allowed us to generate an ∼10,000-member library of TF combinations. Non-viral KI of a combined BATF-TFAP4 polycistronic construct enhanced fitness. Overexpressed BATF and TFAP4 co-occupy and regulate key gene targets to reprogram T cell function. ModPoKI facilitates the discovery of complex gene constructs to program cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Blaeschke
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yan Yi Chen
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ryan Apathy
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bence Daniel
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andy Y Chen
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peixin Amy Chen
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katalin Sandor
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wenxi Zhang
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhongmei Li
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cody T Mowery
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tori N Yamamoto
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - William A Nyberg
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Angela To
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ruby Yu
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Raymund Bueno
- Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Min Cheol Kim
- Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ralf Schmidt
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel B Goodman
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA
| | - Tobias Feuchtinger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80337, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich 80336, Germany; National Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Justin Eyquem
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chun Jimmie Ye
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA; Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julia Carnevale
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric Shifrut
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Theodore L Roth
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Alexander Marson
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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17
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Zhao L, Chen X, Wu H, He Q, Ding L, Yang B. Strategies to synergize PD-1/PD-L1 targeted cancer immunotherapies to enhance antitumor responses in ovarian cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115724. [PMID: 37524205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Anti-programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (anti-PD-1/PD-L1) antibodies have developed rapidly but exhibited modest activity in ovarian cancer (OC), achieving a clinical response rate ranging from 5.9% to 19%. Current evidence indicate that the establishment of an integrated cancer-immunity cycle is a prerequisite for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. Any impairment in this cycle, including lack of cancer antigens release, impaired antigen-presenting, decreased T cell priming and activation, less T cells that are trafficked or infiltrated in tumor microenvironment (TME), and low tumor recognition and killings, will lead to decreased infiltrated cytotoxic T cells to tumor bed and treatment failure. Therefore, combinatorial strategies aiming to modify cancer-immunity cycle and reprogram tumor immune microenvironment are of great interest. By far, various strategies have been studied to enhance responsiveness to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in OC. Platinum-based chemotherapy increases neoantigens release; poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPis) improve the function of antigen-presenting cells and promote the trafficking of T cells into tumors; epigenetic drugs help to complete the immune cycle by affecting multiple steps; immunotherapies like anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) antibodies reactivate T cells, and other treatment strategies like radiotherapy helps to increase the expression of tumor antigens. In this review, we will summarize the preclinical studies by analyzing their contribution in modifying the cancer immunity cycle and remodeling tumor environment, and we will also summarize recent progress in clinical trials and discuss some perspectives to improve these treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Honghai Wu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ling Ding
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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18
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House IG, Derrick EB, Sek K, Chen AXY, Li J, Lai J, Todd KL, Munoz I, Michie J, Chan CW, Huang YK, Chan JD, Petley EV, Tong J, Nguyen D, Engel S, Savas P, Hogg SJ, Vervoort SJ, Kearney CJ, Burr ML, Lam EYN, Gilan O, Bedoui S, Johnstone RW, Dawson MA, Loi S, Darcy PK, Beavis PA. CRISPR-Cas9 screening identifies an IRF1-SOCS1-mediated negative feedback loop that limits CXCL9 expression and antitumor immunity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113014. [PMID: 37605534 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCL9 expression is a strong predictor of response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Accordingly, we sought to develop therapeutic strategies to enhance the expression of CXCL9 and augment antitumor immunity. To perform whole-genome CRISPR-Cas9 screening for regulators of CXCL9 expression, a CXCL9-GFP reporter line is generated using a CRISPR knockin strategy. This approach finds that IRF1 limits CXCL9 expression in both tumor cells and primary myeloid cells through induction of SOCS1, which subsequently limits STAT1 signaling. Thus, we identify a subset of STAT1-dependent genes that do not require IRF1 for their transcription, including CXCL9. Targeting of either IRF1 or SOCS1 potently enhances CXCL9 expression by intratumoral macrophages, which is further enhanced in the context of immune checkpoint blockade therapy. We hence show a non-canonical role for IRF1 in limiting the expression of a subset of STAT1-dependent genes through induction of SOCS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran G House
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Emily B Derrick
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kevin Sek
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Amanda X Y Chen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jasmine Li
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kirsten L Todd
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Isabelle Munoz
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jessica Michie
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Cheok Weng Chan
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yu-Kuan Huang
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jack D Chan
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Junming Tong
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - DatMinh Nguyen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sven Engel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Savas
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon J Hogg
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Conor J Kearney
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Marian L Burr
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Department of Anatomical Pathology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Enid Y N Lam
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Omer Gilan
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A Dawson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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19
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Mise-Omata S, Ando M, Srirat T, Nakagawara K, Hayakawa T, Iizuka-Koga M, Nishimasu H, Nureki O, Ito M, Yoshimura A. SOCS3 deletion in effector T cells confers an anti-tumorigenic role of IL-6 to the pro-tumorigenic cytokine. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112940. [PMID: 37582370 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is abundantly expressed in the tumor microenvironment and is associated with poor patient outcomes. Here, we demonstrate that the deletion of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in T cells potentiates anti-tumor immune responses by conferring the anti-tumorigenic function of IL-6 in mouse and human models. In Socs3-deficient CD8+ T cells, IL-6 upregulates the expression of type I interferon (IFN)-regulated genes and enhances the anti-tumor effector function of T cells, while also modifying mitochondrial fitness to increase mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and to promote metabolic glycolysis in the energy state. Furthermore, Socs3 deficiency reduces regulatory T cells and increases T helper 1 (Th1) cells. SOCS3 knockdown in human chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells exhibits a strong anti-tumor response in humanized mice. Thus, genetic disruption of SOCS3 offers an avenue to improve the therapeutic efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Mise-Omata
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Makoto Ando
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tanakorn Srirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakagawara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taeko Hayakawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mana Iizuka-Koga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimasu
- Structural Biology Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Ito
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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20
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Kwok HH, Yang J, Lam DCL. Breaking the Invisible Barriers: Unleashing the Full Potential of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Oncogene-Driven Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2749. [PMID: 37345086 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of targeted therapy paved the way toward personalized medicine for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) harboring actionable genetic alternations including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (ALK) and c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) incurred lesser treatment toxicity but better therapeutic responses compared with systemic chemotherapy. Angiogenesis inhibitors targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have also shown an increase in overall survival (OS) for NSCLC patients. However, acquired resistance to these targeted therapies remains a major obstacle to long-term maintenance treatment for lung ADC patients. The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has changed the treatment paradigm for NSCLC tumors without actionable genetic alternations. Clinical studies have suggested, however, that there are no survival benefits with the combination of targeted therapy and ICIs. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the tumor immune microenvironment and the dynamics of immune phenotypes, which could be crucial in extending the applicability of ICIs for this subpopulation of lung ADC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Hin Kwok
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiashuang Yang
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David Chi-Leung Lam
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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21
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Ganjali F, Asri N, Rostami-Nejad M, Hashemi M, Ainy E, Masotti A, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H. Expression analysis of IL-2, TBX21 and SOCS1 in peripheral blood cells of celiac disease patients reveals the diagnostic potential of IL-2. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4841-4849. [PMID: 37039998 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy and a cytokine network is involved in its pathogenesis. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has a key role in the adaptive immune pathogenesis of CD and has been reported to be one of the earliest cytokines to be elicited after gluten exposure by CD patients. This study aimed at investigating the expression level of IL-2 and functionally related genes SOCS1 and TBX21 in active and treated CD patients compared to controls. METHODS AND RESULTS Peripheral blood (PB) samples were collected from 40 active CD (ACD), 100 treated CD, and 100 healthy subjects. RNA was extracted, cDNA was synthesized and mRNA expression levels of the desired genes were investigated by Real-time PCR. The gene-gene interaction network was also constructed by GeneMANIA. Our results showed a higher PB mRNA expression of IL-2 in ACD patients compared to controls (p = 0.001) and treated CD patients (p˂0.0001). The mRNA expression level of TBX21 was also significantly up-regulated in ACD patients compared to controls (P = 0.03). SOCS1 mRNA level did not differ between active and treated CD patients and controls (p˃0.05) but showed a significant correlation with the patient's aphthous stomatitis symptom (r = 0.37, p = 0.01). ROC curve analysis suggested that the use of IL-2 levels can reach a high specificity and sensitivity in discriminating active CD patients. CONCLUSIONS The PB level of IL-2 has the potential to be introduced as a diagnostic biomarker for CD. Larger cohort studies, including pediatric patients, are needed to achieve more insights in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ganjali
- Department of Cellular and molecular biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Asri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Science Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Ainy
- Department of Vice Chancellor Research Affairs, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, Research Laboratories, V.le San Paolo 15, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Pierzynowska K, Gaffke L, Zaucha JM, Węgrzyn G. Transcriptomic Approaches in Studies on and Applications of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041107. [PMID: 37189725 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are specifically modified T cells which bear recombinant receptors, present at the cell surface and devoted to detect selected antigens of cancer cells, and due to the presence of transmembrane and activation domains, able to eliminate the latter ones. The use of CAR-T cells in anti-cancer therapies is a relatively novel approach, providing a powerful tool in the fight against cancer and bringing new hope for patients. However, despite huge possibilities and promising results of preclinical studies and clinical efficacy, there are various drawbacks to this therapy, including toxicity, possible relapses, restrictions to specific kinds of cancers, and others. Studies desiring to overcome these problems include various modern and advanced methods. One of them is transcriptomics, a set of techniques that analyze the abundance of all RNA transcripts present in the cell at certain moment and under certain conditions. The use of this method gives a global picture of the efficiency of expression of all genes, thus revealing the physiological state and regulatory processes occurring in the investigated cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss the use of transcriptomics in studies on and applications of CAR-T cells, especially in approaches focused on improved efficacy, reduced toxicity, new target cancers (like solid tumors), monitoring the treatment efficacy, developing novel analytical methods, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lidia Gaffke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jan M. Zaucha
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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23
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Laprie-Sentenac M, Cretet-Rodeschini C, Menger L. Optimized protocol to generate genome-wide inactivated Cas9-expressing murine T cells. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:101922. [PMID: 36516053 PMCID: PMC9762184 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo genome-wide CRISPR screens in primary T cells allow the systematic and unbiased identification of non-redundant regulatory mechanisms shaping immune responses. Here, we present an optimized protocol for efficient generation of a pool of genome-wide inactivated Cas9-expressing T cells using a retroviral library of sgRNA. We detail the process of large-scale viral production and library integration in activated murine T cells as well as the two-step PCR approach for sgRNA recovery and abundance evaluation. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Sutra Del Galy et al. (2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Laprie-Sentenac
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France
| | - Clara Cretet-Rodeschini
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurie Menger
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France.
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24
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Liu Z, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhang H, Yi Z, Zhang Q, Liu Q, Liu X. Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Intratumor Microbes as Immunomodulators in Colorectal Cancer. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0503822. [PMID: 36786568 PMCID: PMC10100960 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05038-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicated that intratumor microbes are an essential part of the tumor microenvironment. Here, we performed an integrated analysis of genetic, epigenetic, and intratumor microbial factors to unravel the potential remodeling mechanisms of immune-cell infiltration (ICI) and tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). We identified the components and structure of the intratumor microbiome as primary contributors to the difference in survival between ICI subtypes. Multiple tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and immune-related genes were associated with intratumor microbial abundance. Additionally, we found that Clostridium was enriched in CRC patients who were nonsensitive to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. We further provided clues that the intratumor microbes might influence the response to ICB therapy by mediating TIICs, especially MAIT (mucosa-associated invariant T) cells. Finally, three ICB-related TIICs and 22 of their associated microbes showed the potential to predict the response to ICB therapy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 89%). Our findings highlight the crucial role of intratumor microbes in affecting immune-cell infiltration patterns, prognosis, and therapy response of CRC and provide insights for improving current immunotherapeutic treatment strategies and prognosis for CRC patients. IMPORTANCE Using the multi-omics data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) colorectal cancer (CRC) cohort, we estimated the tumor microenvironment (TME) infiltration patterns of patients and unraveled the interplay of gene expression, epigenetic modification, and the intratumor microbiome. This study suggests the impact of intratumor microbes on maintaining the tumor immune microenvironment in the pathogenesis of CRC and modulating the response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. We identified a set of combined features, including 3 ICB-related tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and 22 of their associated microbes, that are predictive of ICB responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology—Microbiology Division, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Center of Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology—Microbiology Division, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Center of Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoding Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology—Microbiology Division, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Center of Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology—Microbiology Division, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Center of Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongyuan Yi
- Department of Pathogen Biology—Microbiology Division, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Center of Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology—Microbiology Division, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Center of Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qisha Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology—Microbiology Division, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Center of Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingyin Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology—Microbiology Division, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Center of Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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25
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Lv J, Qin L, Zhao R, Wu D, Wu Z, Zheng D, Li S, Luo M, Wu Q, Long Y, Tang Z, Tang YL, Luo X, Yao Y, Yang LH, Li P. Disruption of CISH promotes the antitumor activity of human T cells and decreases PD-1 expression levels. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 28:46-58. [PMID: 36654786 PMCID: PMC9827364 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment suppress the antitumor activity of T cells through immune checkpoints, including the PD-L1/PD-1 axis. Cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH), a member of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family, inhibits JAK-STAT and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in T and natural killer (NK) cells. However, its role in the regulation of immune checkpoints in T cells remains unclear. In this study, we ablated CISH in T cells with CRISPR-Cas9 and found that the sensitivity of T cells to TCR and cytokine stimulation was increased. In addition, chimeric antigen receptor T cells with CISH deficiency exhibited longer survival and higher cytokine secretion and antitumor activity. Notably, PD-1 expression was decreased in activated CISH-deficient T cells in vitro and in vivo. The level of FBXO38, a ubiquitination-regulating protein that reduces PD-1 expression, was elevated in activated T cells after CISH ablation. Hence, this study reveals a mechanism by which CISH promotes PD-1 expression by suppressing the expression of FBXO38 and proposes a new strategy for augmenting the therapeutic effect of CAR-T cells by inhibiting CISH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Lv
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Le Qin
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Ruocong Zhao
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Di Wu
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhiping Wu
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Diwei Zheng
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Siyu Li
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Mintao Luo
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiting Wu
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Youguo Long
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhaoyang Tang
- Guangdong Zhaotai InVivo Biomedicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Yan-Lai Tang
- Department of Paediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xuequn Luo
- Department of Paediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yao Yao
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern China Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China,Corresponding author Li-Hua Yang, Department of Paediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern China Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China.
| | - Peng Li
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China,Corresponding author Peng Li, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.
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26
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Azithromycin promotes relapse by disrupting immune and metabolic networks after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2022; 140:2500-2513. [PMID: 35984904 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of azithromycin after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies has been associated with relapse in a randomized phase 3 controlled clinical trial. Studying 240 samples from patients randomized in this trial is a unique opportunity to better understand the mechanisms underlying relapse, the first cause of mortality after transplantation. We used multi-omics on patients' samples to decipher immune alterations associated with azithromycin intake and post-transplantation relapsed malignancies. Azithromycin was associated with a network of altered energy metabolism pathways and immune subsets, including T cells biased toward immunomodulatory and exhausted profiles. In vitro, azithromycin exposure inhibited T-cell cytotoxicity against tumor cells and impaired T-cell metabolism through glycolysis inhibition, down-regulation of mitochondrial genes, and up-regulation of immunomodulatory genes, notably SOCS1. These results highlight that azithromycin directly affects immune cells that favor relapse, which raises caution about long-term use of azithromycin treatment in patients at high risk of malignancies. The ALLOZITHRO trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01959100.
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27
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Shi H, Doench JG, Chi H. CRISPR screens for functional interrogation of immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2022:10.1038/s41577-022-00802-4. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Holcomb EA, Pearson AN, Jungles KM, Tate A, James J, Jiang L, Huber AK, Green MD. High-content CRISPR screening in tumor immunology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1041451. [PMID: 36479127 PMCID: PMC9721350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1041451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR screening is a powerful tool that links specific genetic alterations to corresponding phenotypes, thus allowing for high-throughput identification of novel gene functions. Pooled CRISPR screens have enabled discovery of innate and adaptive immune response regulators in the setting of viral infection and cancer. Emerging methods couple pooled CRISPR screens with parallel high-content readouts at the transcriptomic, epigenetic, proteomic, and optical levels. These approaches are illuminating cancer immune evasion mechanisms as well as nominating novel targets that augment T cell activation, increase T cell infiltration into tumors, and promote enhanced T cell cytotoxicity. This review details recent methodological advances in high-content CRISPR screens and highlights the impact this technology is having on tumor immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Holcomb
- Graduate Program in Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ashley N. Pearson
- Graduate Program in Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kassidy M. Jungles
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Akshay Tate
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jadyn James
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Long Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Amanda K. Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael D. Green
- Graduate Program in Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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29
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Choi SI, Yin J. Prospective approaches to enhancing CAR T cell therapy for glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1008751. [PMID: 36275671 PMCID: PMC9582117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1008751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor. The poor clinical outcome and overall ineffectiveness of current standard treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, highlight the urgent need for alternative tumor-specific therapies for GBM. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a revolutionary therapeutic strategy for hematological malignancies, but the optimal potency of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors, especially GBM, has not been achieved. Although CAR T cell therapeutic strategies for GBM have been assessed in clinical trials, the current antitumor activity of CAR T cells remains insufficient. In this review, we present our perspective on genetically modifying CAR constructs, overcoming T cell dysfunctions, and developing additional treatments that can improve CAR T cell effectiveness, such as functionality, persistence, and infiltration into tumor sites. Effectively improved CAR T cells may offer patients with GBM new treatment opportunities, and this review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview for researchers to develop potent CAR T cells using genetic engineering or combinatorial preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Il Choi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinlong Yin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Jinlong Yin,
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30
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La Manna S, Fortuna S, Leone M, Mercurio FA, Di Donato I, Bellavita R, Grieco P, Merlino F, Marasco D. Ad-hoc modifications of cyclic mimetics of SOCS1 protein: Structural and functional insights. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114781. [PMID: 36152385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) protein, a negative regulator of the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, possesses a small kinase inhibitory region (KIR) involved in the inhibition of JAK kinases. Several studies showed that mimetics of KIR-SOCS1 can be potent therapeutics in several disorders (e.g., neurological, autoimmune or cardiovascular diseases). In this work, starting from a recently identified cyclic peptidomimetic of KIR-SOCS1, icPS5(Nal1), to optimize the peptide structure and improve its biological activity, we designed novel derivatives, containing crucial amino acids substitutions and/or modifications affecting the ring size. By combining microscale thermophoresis (MST), Circular Dichroism (CD), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and computational studies, we showed that the cycle size plays a key role in the interaction with JAK2 and the substitution of native residues with un-natural building blocks is a valid tool to maintain low-micromolar affinity toward JAK2, greatly increasing their serum stability. These findings contribute to increase the structural knowledge required for the recognition of SOCS1/JAK2 and to progress towards their conversion into more drug-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara La Manna
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Fortuna
- CONCEPT Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via E. Melen, 83, I-16152, Genova, Italy
| | - Marilisa Leone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia A Mercurio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Donato
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Bellavita
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Grieco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Merlino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Marasco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy.
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31
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Guo H, Li R, Wang M, Hou Y, Liu S, Peng T, Zhao X, Lu L, Han Y, Shao Y, Chang Y, Li C, Huang X. Multiomics Analysis Identifies SOCS1 as Restraining T Cell Activation and Preventing Graft-Versus-Host Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200978. [PMID: 35585676 PMCID: PMC9313503 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major life-threatening complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Inflammatory signaling pathways promote T-cell activation and are involved in the pathogenesis of GVHD. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) is a critical negative regulator for several inflammatory cytokines. However, its regulatory role in T-cell activation and GVHD has not been elucidated. Multiomics analysis of the transcriptome and chromatin structure of granulocyte-colony-stimulating-factor (G-CSF)-administered hyporesponsive T cells from healthy donors reveal that G-CSF upregulates SOCS1 by reorganizing the chromatin structure around the SOCS1 locus. Parallel in vitro and in vivo analyses demonstrate that SOCS1 is critical for restraining T cell activation. Loss of Socs1 in T cells exacerbates GVHD pathogenesis and diminishes the protective role of G-CSF in GVHD mouse models. Further analysis shows that SOCS1 inhibits T cell activation not only by inhibiting the colony-stimulating-factor 3 receptor (CSF3R)/Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, but also by restraining activation of the inflammasome signaling pathway. Moreover, high expression of SOCS1 in T cells from patients correlates with low acute GVHD occurrence after HSCT. Overall, these findings identify that SOCS1 is critical for inhibiting T cell activation and represents a potential target for the attenuation of GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Guo
- Peking University Institute of HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Hematologic DiseaseBeijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationSchool of Life SciencesPeking University People's HospitalPeking UniversityBeijing100044China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- Peking University Institute of HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Hematologic DiseaseBeijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationSchool of Life SciencesPeking University People's HospitalPeking UniversityBeijing100044China
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100080China
- Institute for Immunology and School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Ming Wang
- Peking University Institute of HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Hematologic DiseaseBeijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationSchool of Life SciencesPeking University People's HospitalPeking UniversityBeijing100044China
| | - Yingping Hou
- Peking University Institute of HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Hematologic DiseaseBeijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationSchool of Life SciencesPeking University People's HospitalPeking UniversityBeijing100044China
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100080China
| | - Shuoshuo Liu
- Institute for Immunology and School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgeng HospitalBeijing102218China
| | - Ting Peng
- Peking University Institute of HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Hematologic DiseaseBeijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationSchool of Life SciencesPeking University People's HospitalPeking UniversityBeijing100044China
| | - Xiang‐Yu Zhao
- Peking University Institute of HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Hematologic DiseaseBeijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationSchool of Life SciencesPeking University People's HospitalPeking UniversityBeijing100044China
| | - Liming Lu
- Shanghai Institute of ImmunologyShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine280 South Chongqing RoadShanghai200025China
| | - Yali Han
- Shanghai Jiayin Biotechnology, Ltd.Shanghai200092China
| | - Yiming Shao
- Shanghai Jiayin Biotechnology, Ltd.Shanghai200092China
| | - Ying‐Jun Chang
- Peking University Institute of HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Hematologic DiseaseBeijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationSchool of Life SciencesPeking University People's HospitalPeking UniversityBeijing100044China
| | - Cheng Li
- Peking University Institute of HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Hematologic DiseaseBeijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationSchool of Life SciencesPeking University People's HospitalPeking UniversityBeijing100044China
- Center for Statistical ScienceCenter for BioinformaticsPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiao‐Jun Huang
- Peking University Institute of HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Hematologic DiseaseBeijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationSchool of Life SciencesPeking University People's HospitalPeking UniversityBeijing100044China
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100080China
- Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies (2019RU029)Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100730China
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32
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Chen W, Huang Y, Pan W, Xu M, Chen L. Strategies for developing PD-1 inhibitors and future directions. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Transient Increases in Inflammation and Proapoptotic Potential Are Associated with the HESN Phenotype Observed in a Subgroup of Kenyan Female Sex Workers. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030471. [PMID: 35336878 PMCID: PMC8948937 DOI: 10.3390/v14030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) -stimulated genes (ISGs) are critical effectors of IFN response to viral infection, but whether ISG expression is a correlate of protection against HIV infection remains elusive. A well-characterized subcohort of Kenyan female sex workers, who, despite being repeatedly exposed to HIV-1 remain seronegative (HESN), exhibit reduced baseline systemic and mucosal immune activation. This study tested the hypothesis that regulation of ISGs in the cells of HESN potentiates a robust antiviral response against HIV. Transcriptional profile of a panel of ISGs with antiviral function in PBMC and isolated CD4+ T cells from HESN and non-HESN sex worker controls were defined following exogenous IFN-stimulation using relative RT-qPCR. This study identified a unique profile of proinflammatory and proapoptotic ISGs with robust but transient responses to exogenous IFN-γ and IFN-α2 in HESN cells. In contrast, the non-HESN cells had a strong and prolonged proinflammatory ISG profile at baseline and following IFN challenge. Potential mechanisms may include augmented bystander apoptosis due to increased TRAIL expression (16-fold), in non-HESN cells. The study also identified two negative regulators of ISG induction associated with the HESN phenotype. Robust upregulation of SOCS-1 and IRF-1, in addition to HDM2, could contribute to the strict regulation of proinflammatory and proapoptotic ISGs in HESN cells. As reducing IRF-1 in the non-HESN cells resulted in the identified HESN ISG profile, and decreased HIV susceptibility, the unique HESN ISG profile could be a correlate of protection against HIV infection.
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