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de Haan LR, van Golen RF, Heger M. Molecular Pathways Governing the Termination of Liver Regeneration. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:500-558. [PMID: 38697856 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The liver has the unique capacity to regenerate, and up to 70% of the liver can be removed without detrimental consequences to the organism. Liver regeneration is a complex process involving multiple signaling networks and organs. Liver regeneration proceeds through three phases: the initiation phase, the growth phase, and the termination phase. Termination of liver regeneration occurs when the liver reaches a liver-to-body weight that is required for homeostasis, the so-called "hepatostat." The initiation and growth phases have been the subject of many studies. The molecular pathways that govern the termination phase, however, remain to be fully elucidated. This review summarizes the pathways and molecules that signal the cessation of liver regrowth after partial hepatectomy and answers the question, "What factors drive the hepatostat?" SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Unraveling the pathways underlying the cessation of liver regeneration enables the identification of druggable targets that will allow us to gain pharmacological control over liver regeneration. For these purposes, it would be useful to understand why the regenerative capacity of the liver is hampered under certain pathological circumstances so as to artificially modulate the regenerative processes (e.g., by blocking the cessation pathways) to improve clinical outcomes and safeguard the patient's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne R de Haan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
| | - Rowan F van Golen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
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Zou Y, Zheng H, Ning Y, Yang Y, Wen Q, Fan S. New insights into the important roles of phase seperation in the targeted therapy of lung cancer. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:150. [PMID: 37580790 PMCID: PMC10426191 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease characterized by abnormal growth and proliferation of lung cells. It is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, accounting for approximately 18% of all cancer deaths. In recent years, targeted therapy has emerged as a promising approach to treat lung cancer, which involves the use of drugs that selectively target specific molecules or signaling pathways that are critical for the growth and survival of cancer cells. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a fundamental biological process that occurs when proteins and other biomolecules separate into distinct liquid phases in cells. LLPS is essential for various cellular functions, including the formation of membraneless organelles, the regulation of gene expression, and the response to stress and other stimuli. Recent studies have shown that LLPS plays a crucial role in targeted therapy of lung cancer, including the sequestration of oncogenic proteins and the development of LLPS-based drug delivery systems. Understanding the mechanisms of LLPS in these processes could provide insights into new therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Ning
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuyuan Wen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Songqing Fan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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The Roles of Par3, Par6, and aPKC Polarity Proteins in Normal Neurodevelopment and in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4774-4793. [PMID: 35705493 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0059-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal neural circuits and functions depend on proper neuronal differentiation, migration, synaptic plasticity, and maintenance. Abnormalities in these processes underlie various neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neural development and maintenance are regulated by many proteins. Among them are Par3, Par6 (partitioning defective 3 and 6), and aPKC (atypical protein kinase C) families of evolutionarily conserved polarity proteins. These proteins perform versatile functions by forming tripartite or other combinations of protein complexes, which hereafter are collectively referred to as "Par complexes." In this review, we summarize the major findings on their biophysical and biochemical properties in cell polarization and signaling pathways. We next summarize their expression and localization in the nervous system as well as their versatile functions in various aspects of neurodevelopment, including neuroepithelial polarity, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neurite differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and memory. These versatile functions rely on the fundamental roles of Par complexes in cell polarity in distinct cellular contexts. We also discuss how cell polarization may correlate with subcellular polarization in neurons. Finally, we review the involvement of Par complexes in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. While emerging evidence indicates that Par complexes are essential for proper neural development and maintenance, many questions on their in vivo functions have yet to be answered. Thus, Par3, Par6, and aPKC continue to be important research topics to advance neuroscience.
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Liu XF, Han Q, Rong XZ, Yang M, Han YC, Yu JH, Lin XY. ANKHD1 promotes proliferation and invasion of non‑small‑cell lung cancer cells via regulating YAP oncoprotein expression and inactivating the Hippo pathway. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1175-1185. [PMID: 32319569 PMCID: PMC7115354 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ankyrin repeat and KH domain‑containing 1 (ANKHD1) protein was recently reported to be a potential member of the Hippo signaling pathway. However, its role in human non‑small‑cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been extensively investigated. The aim of the present study was to examine the expression of ANKHD1 in primary human tissues and cells and determine whether it is correlated with the clinical characteristics of tumor growth. The biological functions of ANKHD1 were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Yes‑associated protein (YAP) expression and phosphorylation induced by ANKHD1 were evaluated by western blotting and immunoprecipitation. Marked upregulation of ANKHD1 protein expression was observed in NSCLC cells and tissues, which was associated with advanced pathological tumor‑node‑metastasis stage, lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC. ANKHD1 overexpression also promoted the proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cells. ANKHD1 upregulation inactivated Hippo signaling via increasing YAP protein levels, as well as inhibiting YAP protein phosphorylation, whereas depletion of YAP abolished the effects of ANKHD1 on cell proliferation and invasion. Therefore, ANKHD1 may play an important role in NSCLC through regulating the YAP‑dependent Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001
| | - Qiang Han
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001
| | - Xue-Zhu Rong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001
| | - Man Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001
| | - Yu-Chen Han
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Juan-Han Yu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001
| | - Xu-Yong Lin
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001
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Gou J, Stotsky JA, Othmer HG. Growth control in the Drosophila wing disk. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1478. [PMID: 31917525 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of size and shape is a fundamental requirement of biological development and has been a subject of scientific study for centuries, but we still lack an understanding of how organisms know when to stop growing. Imaginal wing disks of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which are precursors of the adult wings, are an archetypal tissue for studying growth control. The growth of the disks is dependent on many inter- and intra-organ factors such as morphogens, mechanical forces, nutrient levels, and hormones that influence gene expression and cell growth. Extracellular signals are transduced into gene-control signals via complex signal transduction networks, and since cells typically receive many different signals, a mechanism for integrating the signals is needed. Our understanding of the effect of morphogens on tissue-level growth regulation via individual pathways has increased significantly in the last half century, but our understanding of how multiple biochemical and mechanical signals are integrated to determine whether or not a cell decides to divide is still rudimentary. Numerous fundamental questions are involved in understanding the decision-making process, and here we review the major biochemical and mechanical pathways involved in disk development with a view toward providing a basis for beginning to understand how multiple signals can be integrated at the cell level, and how this translates into growth control at the level of the imaginal disk. This article is categorized under: Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gou
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jay A Stotsky
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hans G Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Kuure S, Sariola H. Mouse Models of Congenital Kidney Anomalies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:109-136. [PMID: 32304071 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are common birth defects, which cause the majority of chronic kidney diseases in children. CAKUT covers a wide range of malformations that derive from deficiencies in embryonic kidney and lower urinary tract development, including renal aplasia, hypodysplasia, hypoplasia, ectopia, and different forms of ureter abnormalities. The majority of the genetic causes of CAKUT remain unknown. Research on mutant mice has identified multiple genes that critically regulate renal differentiation. The data generated from this research have served as an excellent resource to identify the genetic bases of human kidney defects and have led to significantly improved diagnostics. Furthermore, genetic data from human CAKUT studies have also revealed novel genes regulating kidney differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Kuure
- GM-Unit, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hannu Sariola
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Paediatric Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Molina-Castro SE, Tiffon C, Giraud J, Boeuf H, Sifre E, Giese A, Belleannée G, Lehours P, Bessède E, Mégraud F, Dubus P, Staedel C, Varon C. The Hippo Kinase LATS2 Controls Helicobacter pylori-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Intestinal Metaplasia in Gastric Mucosa. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:257-276. [PMID: 31669263 PMCID: PMC6957828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastric carcinoma is related mostly to CagA+-Helicobacter pylori infection, which disrupts the gastric mucosa turnover and elicits an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and preneoplastic transdifferentiation. The tumor suppressor Hippo pathway controls stem cell homeostasis; its core, constituted by the large tumor suppressor 2 (LATS2) kinase and its substrate Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), was investigated in this context. METHODS Hippo, EMT, and intestinal metaplasia marker expression were investigated by transcriptomic and immunostaining analyses in human gastric AGS and MKN74 and nongastric immortalized RPE1 and HMLE epithelial cell lines challenged by H pylori, and on gastric tissues of infected patients and mice. LATS2 and YAP1 were silenced using small interfering RNAs. A transcriptional enhanced associated domain (TEAD) reporter assay was used. Cell proliferation and invasion were evaluated. RESULTS LATS2 and YAP1 appear co-overexpressed in the infected mucosa, especially in gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. H pylori via CagA stimulates LATS2 and YAP1 in a coordinated biphasic pattern, characterized by an early transient YAP1 nuclear accumulation and stimulated YAP1/TEAD transcription, followed by nuclear LATS2 up-regulation leading to YAP1 phosphorylation and targeting for degradation. LATS2 and YAP1 reciprocally positively regulate each other's expression. Loss-of-function experiments showed that LATS2 restricts H pylori-induced EMT marker expression, invasion, and intestinal metaplasia, supporting a role of LATS2 in maintaining the epithelial phenotype of gastric cells and constraining H pylori-induced preneoplastic changes. CONCLUSIONS H pylori infection engages a number of signaling cascades that alienate mucosa homeostasis, including the Hippo LATS2/YAP1/TEAD pathway. In the host-pathogen conflict, which generates an inflammatory environment and perturbations of the epithelial turnover and differentiation, Hippo signaling appears as a protective pathway, limiting the loss of gastric epithelial cell identity that precedes gastric carcinoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Elena Molina-Castro
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Camille Tiffon
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Giraud
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Boeuf
- INSERM, UMR1026, Bioingénierie tissulaire (BioTis), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elodie Sifre
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alban Giese
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Philippe Lehours
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emilie Bessède
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Dubus
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cathy Staedel
- INSERM, UMR1212, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,Cathy Staedel, PhD, INSERM U1212, “ARN: Régulations naturelle et artificielle” (ARNA)-Unités Mixtes de Recherche (UMR) Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) 5320, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France. fax: +33 5 57 57 10 15.
| | - Christine Varon
- INSERM, UMR1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Christine Varon, PhD, INSERM U1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology (BaRITOn), University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France. fax: +33 5 56 79 60 18.
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Lee H, Kang J, Ahn S, Lee J. The Hippo Pathway Is Essential for Maintenance of Apicobasal Polarity in the Growing Intestine of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2019; 213:501-515. [PMID: 31358532 PMCID: PMC6781910 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although multiple determinants for establishing polarity in membranes of epithelial cells have been identified, the mechanism for maintaining apicobasal polarity is not fully understood. Here, we show that the conserved Hippo kinase pathway plays a role in the maintenance of apicobasal polarity in the developing intestine of Caenorhabditis elegans We screened suppressors of the mutation in wts-1-the gene that encodes the LATS kinase homolog, deficiency of which leads to disturbance of the apicobasal polarity of the intestinal cells and to eventual death of the organism. We identified several alleles of yap-1 and egl-44 that suppress the effects of this mutation. yap-1 encodes a homolog of YAP/Yki, and egl-44 encodes a homolog of TEAD/Sd. WTS-1 bound directly to YAP-1 and inhibited its nuclear accumulation in intestinal cells. We also found that NFM-1, which is a homolog of NF2/Merlin, functioned in the same genetic pathway as WTS-1 to regulate YAP-1 to maintain cellular polarity. Transcriptome analysis identified several target candidates of the YAP-1-EGL-44 complex including TAT-2, which encodes a putative P-type ATPase. In summary, we have delineated the conserved Hippo pathway in C. elegans consisting of NFM-1-WTS-1-YAP-1-EGL-44 and proved that the proper regulation of YAP-1 by upstream NFM-1 and WTS-1 is essential for maintenance of apicobasal membrane identities of the growing intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanee Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu 08826, Korea
| | - Junsu Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu 08826, Korea
| | - Soungyub Ahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu 08826, Korea
| | - Junho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu 08826, Korea
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Arbouzova NI, Fulford AD, Zhang H, McNeill H. Fat regulates expression of four-jointed reporters in vivo through a 20 bp element independently of the Hippo pathway. Dev Biol 2019; 450:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Albert EA, Puretskaia OA, Terekhanova NV, Labudina A, Bökel C. Direct control of somatic stem cell proliferation factors by the Drosophila testis stem cell niche. Development 2018; 145:dev.156315. [PMID: 30002131 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Niches have traditionally been characterised as signalling microenvironments that allow stem cells to maintain their fate. This definition implicitly assumes that the various niche signals are integrated towards a binary fate decision between stemness and differentiation. However, observations in multiple systems have demonstrated that stem cell properties, such as proliferation and self-renewal, can be uncoupled at the level of niche signalling input, which is incompatible with this simplified view. We have studied the role of the transcriptional regulator Zfh1, a shared target of the Hedgehog and Jak/Stat niche signalling pathways, in the somatic stem cells of the Drosophila testis. We found that Zfh1 binds and downregulates salvador and kibra, two tumour suppressor genes of the Hippo/Wts/Yki pathway, thereby restricting Yki activation and proliferation to the Zfh1+ stem cells. These observations provide an unbroken link from niche signal input to an individual aspect of stem cell behaviour that does not, at any step, involve a fate decision. We discuss the relevance of these findings for an overall concept of stemness and niche function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A Albert
- Centre for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Olga A Puretskaia
- Centre for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadezhda V Terekhanova
- Sector for Molecular Evolution, Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the RAS (Kharkevich Institute), Moscow 127994, Russia.,N. K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology of the RAS, Moscow 119334, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow 107140, Russia
| | - Anastasia Labudina
- Centre for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Bökel
- Centre for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Liu S, Martin JF. The regulation and function of the Hippo pathway in heart regeneration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 8:e335. [PMID: 30169913 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure caused by cardiomyocyte loss and fibrosis is a leading cause of death worldwide. Although current treatments for heart failure such as heart transplantation and left ventricular assist device implantation have obvious value, new approaches are needed. Endogenous adult cardiomyocyte renewal is measurable but inefficient and inadequate in response to extensive acute heart damage. Stimulating self-renewal of endogenous cardiomyocytes holds great promise for heart repair. Uncovering the genetic mechanisms underlying cardiomyocyte renewal is a critical step in developing new approaches to repairing the heart. Recent studies have revealed that the inhibition of the Hippo pathway is sufficient to promote the proliferation of endogenous cardiomyocytes, indicating that the manipulation of the Hippo pathway in the heart may be a promising treatment for heart failure in the future. We summarize recent findings that have shed light on the function of the Hippo pathway in heart regeneration. We also discuss the mechanisms by which Hippo pathway inhibition promotes heart regeneration and how the Hippo pathway responds to different types of injury or stress during the regenerative process. This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - James F Martin
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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12
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Li H, Chen C, Wang D. Low‑frequency ultrasound and microbubbles combined with simvastatin promote the apoptosis of MCF‑7 cells by affecting the LATS1/YAP/RHAMM pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2724-2732. [PMID: 30015955 PMCID: PMC6102727 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound scanning has widespread used in clinical practice and also has therapeutic applications. Simvastatin is a statins that is able to competitively inhibit the activity of 3‑hydroxy‑3‑methylglutaryl‑coenzyme A reductase. The aim of the present study was to investigate the roles and mechanisms of low‑frequency ultrasound (LFU) and microbubbles combined with simvastatin on MCF‑7 cell growth and apoptosis. Cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle were evaluated using an MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of related proteins was measured by western blot assay. The results revealed that simvastatin and LFU with microbubbles reduces the viability of MCF‑7 cells. The combination of LFU and microbubbles with simvastatin promoted the apoptosis of MCF‑7 cells. Furthermore, it was confirmed that LFU and microbubbles combined with simvastatin affected the large tumor suppressor 1 (LATS1)/yes‑associated protein (YAP)/receptor of the hyaluronan‑mediated motility (RHAMM) pathway in MCF‑7 cells. It was determined that LATS1 acts as a negative regulator in the LATS1/YAP/RHAMM pathway in MCF‑7 cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that LFU and microbubbles combined with simvastatin promotes the apoptosis of MCF‑7 cells via the LATS1/YAP/RHAMM pathway. The present study suggested a possible strategy for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haige Li
- Department of Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Dehang Wang
- Department of Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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13
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Gou J, Lin L, Othmer HG. A Model for the Hippo Pathway in the Drosophila Wing Disc. Biophys J 2018; 115:737-747. [PMID: 30041810 PMCID: PMC6103738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made toward understanding morphogen-mediated patterning in development, control of the size and shape of tissues via local and global signaling is poorly understood. In particular, little is known about how cell-cell interactions are involved in the control of tissue size. The Hippo pathway in the Drosophila wing disc involves cell-cell interactions via cadherins, which lead to modulation of Yorkie, a cotranscriptional factor that affects control of the cell cycle and growth, and studies involving over- and underexpression of components of this pathway reveal conditions that lead to tissue over- or undergrowth. Here, we develop a mathematical model of the Hippo pathway that can qualitatively explain these observations, made in both whole-disc mutants and mutant-clone experiments. We find that a number of nonintuitive experimental results can be explained by subtle changes in the balances between inputs to the Hippo pathway and suggest some predictions that can be tested experimentally. We also show that certain components of the pathway are polarized at the single-cell level, which replicates observations of planar cell polarity. Because the signal transduction and growth control pathways are highly conserved between Drosophila and mammalian systems, the model we formulate can be used as a framework to guide future experimental work on the Hippo pathway in both Drosophila and mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gou
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hans G Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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14
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Lee M, Goraya N, Kim S, Cho SH. Hippo-yap signaling in ocular development and disease. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:794-806. [PMID: 29532607 PMCID: PMC5980750 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo-Yes associated protein (Yap) pathway plays an important role in organ size control by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and stem cell renewal. Hippo-Yap signaling also functions at the level of cellular development in a variety of organs through its effects on cell cycle control, cell survival, cell polarity, and cell fate. Because of its important roles in normal development and homeostasis, abnormal regulation of this pathway has been shown to lead to pathological outcomes such as tissue overgrowth, tumor formation, and abnormal organogenesis, including ocular-specific disorders. In this review, we summarize how normal and perturbed control of Yap signaling is implicated in ocular development and disease Developmental Dynamics 247:794-806, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lee
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Navneet Goraya
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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15
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Manning SA, Dent LG, Kondo S, Zhao ZW, Plachta N, Harvey KF. Dynamic Fluctuations in Subcellular Localization of the Hippo Pathway Effector Yorkie In Vivo. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1651-1660.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Abstract
To create an intricately patterned and reproducibly sized and shaped organ, many cellular processes must be tightly regulated. Cell elongation, migration, metabolism, proliferation rates, cell-cell adhesion, planar polarization and junctional contractions all must be coordinated in time and space. Remarkably, a pair of extremely large cell adhesion molecules called Fat (Ft) and Dachsous (Ds), acting largely as a ligand-receptor system, regulate, and likely coordinate, these many diverse processes. Here we describe recent exciting progress on how the Ds-Ft pathway controls these diverse processes, and highlight a few of the many questions remaining as to how these enormous cell adhesion molecules regulate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Blair
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada.
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17
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Yu J, Pan D. Validating upstream regulators of Yorkie activity in Hippo signaling through scalloped-based genetic epistasis. Development 2018; 145:145/4/dev157545. [PMID: 29467233 DOI: 10.1242/dev.157545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies in Drosophila have been instrumental in characterizing the Hippo pathway, which converges on the co-activator Yorkie to regulate target gene transcription. A routinely used strategy to interrogate upstream regulators of Yorkie involves the examination of selected Hippo target genes upon loss or gain of function of a suspected pathway regulator. A caveat with this strategy is that aberrant expression of a given Hippo target per se does not distinguish whether it is caused by changes in Yorkie or Yorkie-independent inputs converging on the same target gene. Building on previous findings that the DNA-binding transcription factor Scalloped mediates both Yorkie overexpression and loss-of-function phenotypes yet is itself dispensable for normal eye development, we describe a simple strategy to distinguish these possibilities by analyzing double-mutant clones of scalloped and a suspected Yorkie regulator. We provide proof of principle that this strategy can be used effectively to validate canonical Yorkie regulators and to exclude proteins that impact target expression independent of Yorkie. The described methodology and reagents should facilitate efforts to assess the expanding repertoire of proteins implicated in regulation of Yorkie activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Yu
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9040, USA.,Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9040, USA
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18
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POSH regulates Hippo signaling through ubiquitin-mediated expanded degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2150-2155. [PMID: 29440430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715165115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is a master regulator of organ growth, tissue homeostasis, and tumorigenesis. The activity of the Hippo pathway is controlled by various upstream components, including Expanded (Ex), but the precise molecular mechanism of how Ex is regulated remains poorly understood. Here we identify Plenty of SH3s (POSH), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a key component of Hippo signaling in DrosophilaPOSH overexpression synergizes with loss of Kibra to induce overgrowth and up-regulation of Hippo pathway target genes. Furthermore, knockdown of POSH impedes dextran sulfate sodium-induced Yorkie-dependent intestinal stem cell renewal, suggesting a physiological role of POSH in modulating Hippo signaling. Mechanistically, POSH binds to the C-terminal of Ex and is essential for the Crumbs-induced ubiquitination and degradation of Ex. Our findings establish POSH as a crucial regulator that integrates the signal from the cell surface to negatively regulate Ex-mediated Hippo activation in Drosophila.
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19
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Aoki FG, Moriya HT. Mechanical Evaluation of Tracheal Grafts on Different Scales. Artif Organs 2017; 42:476-483. [PMID: 29226358 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineered (or bioengineered) tracheas are alternative options under investigation when the resection with end-to-end anastomosis cannot be performed. One approach to develop bioengineered tracheas is a complex process that involves the use of decellularized tissue scaffolds, followed by recellularization in custom-made tracheal bioreactors. Tracheas withstand pressure variations and their biomechanics are of great importance so that they do not collapse during respiration, although there has been no preferred method of mechanical assay of tracheas among several laboratories over the years. These methods have been performed in segments or whole tracheas and in different species of mammals. This article aims to present some methods used by different research laboratories to evaluate the mechanics of tracheal grafts and presents the importance of the tracheal biomechanics in both macro and micro scales. If bioengineered tracheas become a reality in hospitals in the next few years, the standardization of biomechanical parameters will be necessary for greater consistency of results before transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Gava Aoki
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, University of São Paulo, Escola Politécnica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Takachi Moriya
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, University of São Paulo, Escola Politécnica, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition requires the Ste20-like kinase SLK independently of its catalytic activity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98745-98756. [PMID: 29228724 PMCID: PMC5716764 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion can be stimulated in vitro using the soluble ligand transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) to induce a process called epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) characterized by cell-cell junction breakdown and an invasive phenotype. We have previously demonstrated a role for Ste20-like kinase SLK cell migration and invasion. Here we show that SLK depletion in NMuMG mammary epithelial cells significantly impairs their TGFβ-induced migration and invasion. Immunofluorescence studies show that a fraction of SLK localizes to E-cadherin-positive adherens junction and that SLK impairs the breakdown of cell-cell contacts. We find that SLK-depleted cultures express significantly lower levels of vimentin protein as well as Snai1 and E-cadherin mRNA levels following TGF-β treatment. Surprisingly, our data show that SLK depletion does not affect the activation and nuclear translocation of Smad3. Furthermore, we show that expression of a dominant negative kinase does not impair tight junction breakdown and rescues Snai1 mRNA expression levels. Together these data suggest that SLK plays a novel role in TGFβ-induced EMT, independent of Smads, in a kinase activity-independent manner.
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21
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Xia J, Zeng M, Zhu H, Chen X, Weng Z, Li S. Emerging role of Hippo signalling pathway in bladder cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:4-15. [PMID: 28782275 PMCID: PMC5742740 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide with a high progression rate and poor prognosis. The Hippo signalling pathway is a conserved pathway that plays a crucial role in cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Furthermore, dysregulation and/or malfunction of the Hippo pathway is common in various human tumours, including BC. In this review, an overview of the Hippo pathway in BC and other cancers is presented. We focus on recent data regarding the Hippo pathway, its network and the regulation of the downstream co-effectors YAP1/TAZ. The core components of the Hippo pathway, which induce BC stemness acquisition, metastasis and chemoresistance, will be emphasized. Additional research on the Hippo pathway will advance our understanding of the mechanism of BC as well as the development and progression of other cancers and may be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Xia
- Cancer Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Cancer Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangjian Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiliang Weng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shi Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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22
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Su T, Ludwig MZ, Xu J, Fehon RG. Kibra and Merlin Activate the Hippo Pathway Spatially Distinct from and Independent of Expanded. Dev Cell 2017; 40:478-490.e3. [PMID: 28292426 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is emerging as a key evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism that controls organ size. Three membrane-associated proteins, Kibra, Merlin, and Expanded, regulate pathway activity, but the precise molecular mechanism by which they function is still poorly understood. Here we provide evidence that Merlin and Kibra activate Hippo signaling in parallel to Expanded at a spatially distinct cellular domain, the medial apical cortex. Merlin and Kibra together recruit the adapter protein Salvador, which in turn recruits the core kinase Hippo. In addition, we show that Crumbs has a dual effect on Hippo signaling. Crumbs promotes the ability of Expanded to activate the pathway but also sequesters Kibra to downregulate Hippo signaling. Together, our findings elucidate the mechanism of Hippo pathway activation by Merlin and Kibra, identify a subcellular domain for Hippo pathway regulation, and demonstrate differential activity of upstream regulators in different subcellular domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Su
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael Z Ludwig
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiajie Xu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard G Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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23
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Yeung K, Boija A, Karlsson E, Holmqvist PH, Tsatskis Y, Nisoli I, Yap D, Lorzadeh A, Moksa M, Hirst M, Aparicio S, Fanto M, Stenberg P, Mannervik M, McNeill H. Atrophin controls developmental signaling pathways via interactions with Trithorax-like. eLife 2017; 6:e23084. [PMID: 28327288 PMCID: PMC5409829 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in human Atrophin1, a transcriptional corepressor, cause dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, a neurodegenerative disease. Drosophila Atrophin (Atro) mutants display many phenotypes, including neurodegeneration, segmentation, patterning and planar polarity defects. Despite Atro's critical role in development and disease, relatively little is known about Atro's binding partners and downstream targets. We present the first genomic analysis of Atro using ChIP-seq against endogenous Atro. ChIP-seq identified 1300 potential direct targets of Atro including engrailed, and components of the Dpp and Notch signaling pathways. We show that Atro regulates Dpp and Notch signaling in larval imaginal discs, at least partially via regulation of thickveins and fringe. In addition, bioinformatics analyses, sequential ChIP and coimmunoprecipitation experiments reveal that Atro interacts with the Drosophila GAGA Factor, Trithorax-like (Trl), and they bind to the same loci simultaneously. Phenotypic analyses of Trl and Atro clones suggest that Atro is required to modulate the transcription activation by Trl in larval imaginal discs. Taken together, these data indicate that Atro is a major Trl cofactor that functions to moderate developmental gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Yeung
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ann Boija
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edvin Karlsson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI-Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per-Henrik Holmqvist
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yonit Tsatskis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ilaria Nisoli
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Damian Yap
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alireza Lorzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Vancouver, Canada
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michelle Moksa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Vancouver, Canada
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martin Hirst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Vancouver, Canada
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Samuel Aparicio
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Manolis Fanto
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Per Stenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI-Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mattias Mannervik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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24
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Ragni CV, Diguet N, Le Garrec JF, Novotova M, Resende TP, Pop S, Charon N, Guillemot L, Kitasato L, Badouel C, Dufour A, Olivo-Marin JC, Trouvé A, McNeill H, Meilhac SM. Amotl1 mediates sequestration of the Hippo effector Yap1 downstream of Fat4 to restrict heart growth. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14582. [PMID: 28239148 PMCID: PMC5333361 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although in flies the atypical cadherin Fat is an upstream regulator of Hippo signalling, the closest mammalian homologue, Fat4, has been shown to regulate tissue polarity rather than growth. Here we show in the mouse heart that Fat4 modulates Hippo signalling to restrict growth. Fat4 mutant myocardium is thicker, with increased cardiomyocyte size and proliferation, and this is mediated by an upregulation of the transcriptional activity of Yap1, an effector of the Hippo pathway. Fat4 is not required for the canonical activation of Hippo kinases but it sequesters a partner of Yap1, Amotl1, out of the nucleus. The nuclear translocation of Amotl1 is accompanied by Yap1 to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation. We, therefore, identify Amotl1, which is not present in flies, as a mammalian intermediate for non-canonical Hippo signalling, downstream of Fat4. This work uncovers a mechanism for the restriction of heart growth at birth, a process which impedes the regenerative potential of the mammalian heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara V Ragni
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, IFD, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Diguet
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Le Garrec
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marta Novotova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tatiana P Resende
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sorin Pop
- Institut Pasteur, Quantitative Image Analysis Unit, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA 2582, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charon
- ENS Cachan, Center of Mathematics and Their Applications, 94235 Cachan, France.,CNRS UMR 8536, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Laurent Guillemot
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lisa Kitasato
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Badouel
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Alexandre Dufour
- Institut Pasteur, Quantitative Image Analysis Unit, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA 2582, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Alain Trouvé
- ENS Cachan, Center of Mathematics and Their Applications, 94235 Cachan, France.,CNRS UMR 8536, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Helen McNeill
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Sigolène M Meilhac
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
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25
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Alzahrani F, Clattenburg L, Muruganandan S, Bullock M, MacIsaac K, Wigerius M, Williams BA, Graham MER, Rigby MH, Trites JRB, Taylor SM, Sinal CJ, Fawcett JP, Hart RD. The Hippo component YAP localizes in the nucleus of human papilloma virus positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 46:15. [PMID: 28222762 PMCID: PMC5320711 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-017-0187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HPV infection causes cervical cancer, mediated in part by the degradation of Scribble via the HPV E6 oncoprotein. Recently, Scribble has been shown to be an important regulator of the Hippo signaling cascade. Deregulation of the Hippo pathway induces an abnormal cellular transformation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, which promotes oncogenic progression. Given the recent rise in oropharyngeal HPV squamous cell carcinoma we sought to determine if Hippo signaling components are implicated in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS Molecular and cellular techniques including immunoprecipiations, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry were used to identify the key Hippo pathway effector Yes-Associated Protein (YAP)1. Oropharyngeal tissue was collected from CO2 laser resections, and probed with YAP1 antibody in tumor and pre-malignant regions of HPV positive OPSCC tissue. RESULTS This study reveals that the Scribble binding protein Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Adaptor Protein (NOS1AP) forms a complex with YAP. Further, the NOS1APa and NOS1APc isoforms show differential association with activated and non-activated YAP, and impact cellular proliferation. Consistent with deregulated Hippo signaling in OPSCC HPV tumors, we see a delocalization of Scribble and increased nuclear accumulation of YAP1 in an HPV-positive OPSCC. CONCLUSION Our preliminary data indicates that NOS1AP isoforms differentially associate with YAP1, which, together with our previous findings, predicts that loss of YAP1 enhances cellular transformation. Moreover, YAP1 is highly accumulated in the nucleus of HPV-positive OPSCC, implying that Hippo signaling and possibly NOS1AP expression are de-regulated in OPSCC. Further studies will help determine if NOS1AP isoforms, Scribble and Hippo components will be useful biomarkers in OPSCC tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Alzahrani
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | - Martin Bullock
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn MacIsaac
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Michael Wigerius
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Blair A Williams
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - M Elise R Graham
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Matthew H Rigby
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jonathan R B Trites
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - S Mark Taylor
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - James P Fawcett
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Robert D Hart
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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26
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Abstract
Study describes how a palmitoyltransferase regulates the Hippo pathway in flies.
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27
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Matakatsu H, Blair SS, Fehon RG. The palmitoyltransferase Approximated promotes growth via the Hippo pathway by palmitoylation of Fat. J Cell Biol 2016; 216:265-277. [PMID: 28031421 PMCID: PMC5223609 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201609094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The palmitoyl transferase Approximated regulates signaling by the protocadherin Fat to control tissue growth upstream of the Hippo pathway in Drosophila. Matakatsu et al. show that palmitoylation of the intracellular domain of Fat by Approximated negatively regulates Fat and its ability to restrict growth. The large protocadherin Fat functions to promote Hippo pathway activity in restricting tissue growth. Loss of Fat leads to accumulation of the atypical myosin Dachs at the apical junctional region, which in turn promotes growth by inhibiting Warts. We previously identified Approximated (App), a DHHC domain palmitoyltransferase, as a negative regulator of Fat signaling in growth control. We show here that App promotes growth by palmitoylating the intracellular domain of Fat, and that palmitoylation negatively regulates Fat function. Independently, App also recruits Dachs to the apical junctional region through protein–protein association, thereby stimulating Dachs’s activity in promoting growth. Further, we show that palmitoylation by App functions antagonistically to phosphorylation by Discs-overgrown, which activates Fat. Together, these findings suggest a model in which App promotes Dachs activity by simultaneously repressing Fat via posttranslational modification and recruiting Dachs to the apical junctional region, thereby promoting tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Matakatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Seth S Blair
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Richard G Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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28
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McNeill H, Reginensi A. Lats1/2 Regulate Yap/Taz to Control Nephron Progenitor Epithelialization and Inhibit Myofibroblast Formation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:852-861. [PMID: 27647853 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the kidney, formation of the functional filtration units, the nephrons, is essential for postnatal life. During development, mesenchymal progenitors tightly regulate the balance between self-renewal and differentiation to give rise to all nephron epithelia. Here, we investigated the functions of the Hippo pathway serine/threonine-protein kinases Lats1 and Lats2, which phosphorylate and inhibit the transcriptional coactivators Yap and Taz, in nephron progenitor cells. Genetic deletion of Lats1 and Lats2 in nephron progenitors of mice led to disruption of nephrogenesis, with an accumulation of spindle-shaped cells in both cortical and medullary regions of the kidney. Lineage-tracing experiments revealed that the cells that accumulated in the interstitium derived from nephron progenitor cells and expressed E-cadherin as well as vimentin, a myofibroblastic marker not usually detected after mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. The accumulation of these interstitial cells associated with collagen deposition and ectopic expression of the myofibroblastic markers vimentin and α-smooth-muscle actin in developing kidneys. Although these myofibroblastic cells had high Yap and Taz accumulation in the nucleus concomitant with a loss of phosphorylated Yap, reduction of Yap and/or Taz expression levels completely rescued the Lats1/2 phenotype. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Lats1/2 kinases restrict Yap/Taz activities to promote nephron progenitor cell differentiation in the mammalian kidney. Notably, our data also show that myofibroblastic cells can differentiate from nephron progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen McNeill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and .,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antoine Reginensi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Liu S, Zhang P, Song HS, Qi HS, Wei ZJ, Zhang G, Zhan S, Liu Z, Li S. Yorkie Facilitates Organ Growth and Metamorphosis in Bombyx. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:917-30. [PMID: 27489496 PMCID: PMC4971731 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway, which was identified from genetic screens in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has a major size-control function in animals. All key components of the Hippo pathway, including the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie that is the most critical substrate and downstream effector of the Hippo kinase cassette, are found in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. As revealed by microarray and quantitative real-time PCR, expression of Hippo pathway genes is particularly enriched in several mitotic tissues, including the ovary, testis, and wing disc. Developmental profiles of Hippo pathway genes are generally similar (with the exception of Yorkie) within each organ, but vary greatly in different tissues showing nearly opposing expression patterns in the wing disc and the posterior silk gland (PSG) on day 2 of the prepupal stage. Importantly, the reduction of Yorkie expression by RNAi downregulated Yorkie target genes in the ovary, decreased egg number, and delayed larval-pupal-adult metamorphosis. In contrast, baculovirus-mediated Yorkie(CA) overexpression upregulated Yorkie target genes in the PSG, increased PSG size, and accelerated larval-pupal metamorphosis. Together the results show that Yorkie potentially facilitates organ growth and metamorphosis, and suggest that the evolutionarily conserved Hippo pathway is critical for size control, particularly for PSG growth, in the silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Liu
- 1. Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Panli Zhang
- 1. Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; 2. College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Song
- 2. College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hai-Sheng Qi
- 3. School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- 3. School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Guozheng Zhang
- 4. College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212018, China
| | - Shuai Zhan
- 1. Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- 5. Epartment of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Sheng Li
- 1. Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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30
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Vrabioiu AM, Struhl G. Fat/Dachsous Signaling Promotes Drosophila Wing Growth by Regulating the Conformational State of the NDR Kinase Warts. Dev Cell 2016; 35:737-49. [PMID: 26702832 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear Dbf2-related (NDR) kinases play a central role in limiting growth in most animals. Signals that promote growth do so in part by suppressing the activation of NDR kinases by STE20/Hippo kinases. Here, we identify another mechanism for downregulating NDR kinase activity. Specifically, we show that activity of the Drosophila NDR kinase Warts in the developing wing depends on its transition from an inactive, "closed" conformation to a potentially active, "open" conformation mediated by Mats, a conserved Mps1-binder (Mob) protein. Further, we show that signaling interactions between the protocadherins Fat and Dachsous, organized by the morphogens Wingless and Decapentaplegic, suppress Warts by acting via the atypical myosin Dachs to inhibit or reverse this transition. The regulation of Warts conformation by Mats, Fat/Dachsous signaling, and Dachs appears independent of Warts phosphorylation by Hippo kinase, establishing a precedent for the control of NDR kinases, and hence growth, by distinct allosteric and phosphorylation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M Vrabioiu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gary Struhl
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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31
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Li P, Silvis MR, Honaker Y, Lien WH, Arron ST, Vasioukhin V. αE-catenin inhibits a Src-YAP1 oncogenic module that couples tyrosine kinases and the effector of Hippo signaling pathway. Genes Dev 2016; 30:798-811. [PMID: 27013234 PMCID: PMC4826396 DOI: 10.1101/gad.274951.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesion protein αE-catenin inhibits skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development; however, the mechanisms responsible for this function are not completely understood. We report here that αE-catenin inhibits β4 integrin-mediated activation of SRC tyrosine kinase.SRCis the first discovered oncogene, but the protein substrate critical for SRC-mediated transformation has not been identified. We found that YAP1, the pivotal effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, is a direct SRC phosphorylation target, and YAP1 phosphorylation at three sites in its transcription activation domain is necessary for SRC-YAP1-mediated transformation. We uncovered a marked increase in this YAP1 phosphorylation in human and mouse SCC tumors with low/negative expression of αE-catenin. We demonstrate that the tumor suppressor function of αE-catenin involves negative regulation of the β4 integrin-SRC signaling pathway and that SRC-mediated phosphorylation and activation of YAP1 are an alternative to the canonical Hippo signaling pathway that directly connect oncogenic tyrosine kinase signaling with YAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Mark R Silvis
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Yuchi Honaker
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Wen-Hui Lien
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Sarah T Arron
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Fricisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Valeri Vasioukhin
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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32
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Coste A, Jager M, Chambon JP, Manuel M. Comparative study of Hippo pathway genes in cellular conveyor belts of a ctenophore and a cnidarian. EvoDevo 2016; 7:4. [PMID: 26900447 PMCID: PMC4761220 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-016-0041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Hippo pathway regulates growth rate and organ size in fly and mouse, notably through control of cell proliferation. Molecular interactions at the heart of this pathway are known to have originated in the unicellular ancestry of metazoans. They notably involve a cascade of phosphorylations triggered by the kinase Hippo, with subsequent nuclear to cytoplasmic shift of Yorkie localisation, preventing its binding to the transcription factor Scalloped, thereby silencing proliferation genes. There are few comparative expression data of Hippo pathway genes in non-model animal species and notably none in non-bilaterian phyla. Results All core Hippo pathway genes could be retrieved from the ctenophore Pleurobrachia pileus and the hydrozoan cnidarian Clytia hemisphaerica, with the important exception of Yorkie in ctenophore. Expression study of the Hippo, Salvador and Scalloped genes in tentacle “cellular conveyor belts” of these two organisms revealed striking differences. In P. pileus, their transcripts were detected in areas where undifferentiated progenitors intensely proliferate and where expression of cyclins B and D was also seen. In C. hemisphaerica, these three genes and Yorkie are expressed not only in the proliferating but also in the differentiation zone of the tentacle bulb and in mature tentacle cells. However, using an antibody designed against the C. hemiphaerica Yorkie protein, we show in two distinct cell lineages of the medusa that Yorkie localisation is predominantly nuclear in areas of active cell proliferation and mainly cytoplasmic elsewhere. Conclusions This is the first evidence of nucleocytoplasmic Yorkie shift in association with the arrest of cell proliferation in a cnidarian, strongly evoking the cell division-promoting role of this protein and its inhibition by the activated Hippo pathway in bilaterian models. Our results furthermore highlight important differences in terms of deployment and regulation of Hippo pathway genes between cnidarians and ctenophores. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-016-0041-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Coste
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) CNRS, UMR 7138 Evolution Paris-Seine, Case 05, 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Muriel Jager
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) CNRS, UMR 7138 Evolution Paris-Seine, Case 05, 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Chambon
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) CNRS, UMR 7138 Evolution Paris-Seine, Case 05, 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michaël Manuel
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) CNRS, UMR 7138 Evolution Paris-Seine, Case 05, 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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33
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A Drosophila RNAi library modulates Hippo pathway-dependent tissue growth. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10368. [PMID: 26758424 PMCID: PMC4735554 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Libraries of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster carrying RNA interference (RNAi) constructs have been used extensively to perform large-scale functional genetic screens in vivo. For example, RNAi screens have facilitated the discovery of multiple components of the Hippo pathway, an evolutionarily conserved growth-regulatory network. Here we investigate an important technical limitation with the widely used VDRC KK RNAi collection. We find that approximately 25% of VDRC KK RNAi lines cause false-positive enhancement of the Hippo pathway, owing to ectopic expression of the Tiptop transcription factor. Of relevance to the broader Drosophila community, ectopic tiptop (tio) expression can also cause organ malformations and mask phenotypes such as organ overgrowth. To enhance the use of the VDRC KK RNAi library, we have generated a D. melanogaster strain that will allow researchers to test, in a single cross, whether their genetic screen of interest will be affected by ectopic tio expression. Drosophila RNAi libraries are commonly used to perform large-scale functional genetics screens in vivo. Here the authors find that a subset of lines from the VDRC KK RNAi line cause false-positive enhancement of the Hippo pathway, and provide a strain that can test whether a genetic screen of interest will be affected by this technical artefact.
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34
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Gérard C, Goldbeter A. Dynamics of the mammalian cell cycle in physiological and pathological conditions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 8:140-56. [PMID: 26613368 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A network of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) controls progression along the successive phases G1, S, G2, and M of the mammalian cell cycle. Deregulations in the expression of molecular components in this network often lead to abusive cell proliferation and cancer. Given the complex nature of the Cdk network, it is fruitful to resort to computational models to grasp its dynamical properties. Investigated by means of bifurcation diagrams, a detailed computational model for the Cdk network shows how the balance between quiescence and proliferation is affected by activators (oncogenes) and inhibitors (tumor suppressors) of cell cycle progression, as well as by growth factors and other external factors such as the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell contact inhibition. Suprathreshold changes in all these factors can trigger a switch in the dynamical behavior of the network corresponding to a bifurcation between a stable steady state, associated with cell cycle arrest, and sustained oscillations of the various cyclin/Cdk complexes, corresponding to cell proliferation. The model for the Cdk network accounts for the dependence or independence of cell proliferation on serum and/or cell anchorage to the ECM. Such computational approach provides an integrated view of the control of cell proliferation in physiological or pathological conditions. Whether the balance is tilted toward cell cycle arrest or cell proliferation depends on the direction in which the threshold associated with the bifurcation is passed once the cell integrates the multiple signals, internal or external to the Cdk network, that promote or impede progression in the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Gérard
- Unité de Chronobiologie théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Albert Goldbeter
- Unité de Chronobiologie théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Marais Street, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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35
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Zheng Y, Wang W, Liu B, Deng H, Uster E, Pan D. Identification of Happyhour/MAP4K as Alternative Hpo/Mst-like Kinases in the Hippo Kinase Cascade. Dev Cell 2015; 34:642-55. [PMID: 26364751 PMCID: PMC4589524 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila and mammals, the canonical Hippo kinase cascade is mediated by Hpo/Mst acting through the intermediary kinase Wts/Lats to phosphorylate the transcriptional coactivator Yki/YAP/TAZ. Despite recent reports linking Yki/YAP/TAZ activity to the actin cytoskeleton, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood and/or controversial. Using Drosophila imaginal discs as an in vivo model, we show that Wts, but not Hpo, is genetically indispensable for cytoskeleton-mediated subcellular localization of Yki. Through a systematic screen, we identify the Ste-20 kinase Happyhour (Hppy) and its mammalian counterpart MAP4K1/2/3/5 as an alternative kinase that phosphorylates the hydrophobic motif of Wts/Lats in a similar manner as Hpo/Mst. Consistent with their redundant function as activating kinases of Wts/Lats, combined loss of Hpo/Mst and Hppy/MAP4K abolishes cytoskeleton-mediated regulation of Yki/YAP subcellular localization, as well as YAP cytoplasmic translocation induced by contact inhibition. These Hpo/Mst-like kinases provide an expanded view of the Hippo kinase cascade in development and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hua Deng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eliza Uster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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36
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Moroishi T, Park HW, Qin B, Chen Q, Meng Z, Plouffe SW, Taniguchi K, Yu FX, Karin M, Pan D, Guan KL. A YAP/TAZ-induced feedback mechanism regulates Hippo pathway homeostasis. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1271-84. [PMID: 26109050 PMCID: PMC4495398 DOI: 10.1101/gad.262816.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Moroishi et al. show that YAP and TAZ activation induces the negative regulators LATS1 kinase and LATS2 kinase to constitute a negative feedback mechanism to control YAP/TAZ activation duration and cellular response. This study provides new insights into the dynamic regulation and maintenance of Hippo pathway homeostasis. YAP (Yes-associated protein) and TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif) are major downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway that influences tissue homeostasis, organ size, and cancer development. Aberrant hyperactivation of YAP/TAZ causes tissue overgrowth and tumorigenesis, whereas their inactivation impairs tissue development and regeneration. Dynamic and precise control of YAP/TAZ activity is thus important to ensure proper physiological regulation and homeostasis of the cells. Here, we show that YAP/TAZ activation results in activation of their negative regulators, LATS1/2 (large tumor suppressor 1/2) kinases, to constitute a negative feedback loop of the Hippo pathway in both cultured cells and mouse tissues. YAP/TAZ in complex with the transcription factor TEAD (TEA domain family member) directly induce LATS2 expression. Furthermore, YAP/TAZ also stimulate the kinase activity of LATS1/2 through inducing NF2 (neurofibromin 2). This feedback regulation is responsible for the transient activation of YAP upon lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) stimulation and the inhibition of YAP-induced cell migration. Thus, this LATS-mediated feedback loop provides an efficient mechanism to establish the robustness and homeostasis of YAP/TAZ regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Baodong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Zhipeng Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Steven W Plouffe
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Koji Taniguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Fa-Xing Yu
- Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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37
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Agarwala S, Duquesne S, Liu K, Boehm A, Grimm L, Link S, König S, Eimer S, Ronneberger O, Lecaudey V. Amotl2a interacts with the Hippo effector Yap1 and the Wnt/β-catenin effector Lef1 to control tissue size in zebrafish. eLife 2015; 4:e08201. [PMID: 26335201 PMCID: PMC4596637 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, proliferation must be tightly controlled for organs to reach their appropriate size. While the Hippo signaling pathway plays a major role in organ growth control, how it senses and responds to increased cell density is still unclear. In this study, we use the zebrafish lateral line primordium (LLP), a group of migrating epithelial cells that form sensory organs, to understand how tissue growth is controlled during organ formation. Loss of the cell junction-associated Motin protein Amotl2a leads to overproliferation and bigger LLP, affecting the final pattern of sensory organs. Amotl2a function in the LLP is mediated together by the Hippo pathway effector Yap1 and the Wnt/β-catenin effector Lef1. Our results implicate for the first time the Hippo pathway in size regulation in the LL system. We further provide evidence that the Hippo/Motin interaction is essential to limit tissue size during development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08201.001 How do organs and tissues know when to stop growing? A cell communication pathway known as Hippo signaling plays a central role as it can tell cells to stop dividing. It is activated when cells in developing tissues come into contact with each other and causes a protein called Yap1 to be modified, which prevents it from entering the cell nucleus to activate genes that are involved in cell division. In a zebrafish embryo, an organ called the lateral line forms from a cluster of cells that migrate along the embryo's length. At regular intervals, the cluster deposits small bunches of cells from its trailing end. The resulting loss of cells from the cluster is balanced by cell division at the front of the cluster, which is triggered by another signaling pathway called Wnt signaling. A protein of the ‘Motin’ family called Amotl2a is present in this migrating cluster. Motin proteins form junctions between cells and inhibit the activity of Yap1, but it is not known whether they are involved in regulating the size of organs. Here, Agarwala et al. used the lateral line as a model to study the control of organ size in zebrafish embryos. The experiments show that when Amotl2a is absent, the migrating cell cluster becomes larger, with the highest levels of cell division occurring at its trailing end. Yap1 and a protein involved in Wnt signaling called Lef1 are also present in the cluster and are required for it to be normal in size. In zebrafish that lack Amotl2a, the additional loss of Yap1 prevents this cluster from becoming too large. From these and other results, it appears that Amotl2a regulates the size of the lateral line cell cluster by restricting the ability of Yap1 and Lef1 to promote cell division. Agarwala et al.'s findings demonstrate a role for Amotl2a in controlling the size of organs. A future challenge is to understand the details of how it restricts the activities of Yap1 and Lef1. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08201.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhika Agarwala
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Developmental Biology, Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Sandra Duquesne
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Developmental Biology, Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kun Liu
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Image Analysis Lab, Institute for Computer Science, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Anton Boehm
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Image Analysis Lab, Institute for Computer Science, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Lin Grimm
- Developmental Biology, Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Sandra Link
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Developmental Biology, Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Sabine König
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Stefan Eimer
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Olaf Ronneberger
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Image Analysis Lab, Institute for Computer Science, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Virginie Lecaudey
- Developmental Biology, Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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38
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Enomoto M, Kizawa D, Ohsawa S, Igaki T. JNK signaling is converted from anti- to pro-tumor pathway by Ras-mediated switch of Warts activity. Dev Biol 2015; 403:162-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Miller RT, Janmey PA. Relationship of and cross-talk between physical and biologic properties of the glomerulus. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2015; 24:393-400. [PMID: 26050128 PMCID: PMC4493859 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cells and tissues must respond to physical stresses. Cells exist in an elastic environment determined by their matrix, matrix contacts, cell-cell contacts, and cytoskeletal structure. We discuss the determinants of the elastic environment of cells and its potential roles in glomerular disease. RECENT FINDINGS Control of the mechanical environment is sufficient to induce and maintain the differentiated state of cells including myofibroblasts. New experimental techniques permit precise measurement of the elastic characteristics of normal and diseased tissues and cells, and analysis of cell behavior and cytoskeletal structure in response to mechanical and elastic stimuli. Glomeruli become soft early in the course of several disease models, yet late stages are characterized by increased stiffness and fibrosis with loss of organ function. Work in hepatic fibrosis, arterial disease, and oncology demonstrate that increased collagen crosslinking by lysyl oxidase, an early step in the diseases, can result in a sufficient increase in tissue stiffness to alter cell behavior, leading to disease progression. SUMMARY The elastic environment of cells and tissues provides essential signals in development, differentiation, and disease. Identifying the mechanisms that determine the mechanical environment of glomerular cells will complement other approaches to reduce pathologic fibrosis and loss of tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Tyler Miller
- Professor of Medicine, U.T. Southwestern Medical Center, Chief, Medical Service, Dallas VAMC, 4500 S. Lancaster Rd, Dallas, TX 75216, Tel 214-857-0409
| | - Paul A. Janmey
- Professor of Physiology, Physics, and Astronomy, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 1010 Vagelos Research Laboratories, 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, 215-573-7380
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40
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Kim M, Jho EH. Cross-talk between Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo signaling pathways: a brief review. BMB Rep 2015; 47:540-5. [PMID: 25154721 PMCID: PMC4261510 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.10.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Department of Life Science, The University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea Balanced cell growth is crucial in animal development as well as tissue homeostasis. Concerted cross-regulation of multiple signaling pathways is essential for those purposes, and the dysregulation of signaling may lead to a variety of human diseases such as cancer. The time-honored Wnt/β-catenin and recently identified Hippo signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved in both Drosophila and mammals, and are generally considered as having positive and negative roles in cell proliferation, respectively. While most mainstream regulators of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway have been fairly well identified, the regulators of the Hippo pathway need to be more defined. The Hippo pathway controls organ size primarily by regulating cell contact inhibition. Recently, several crossregulations occurring between the Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo signaling pathways were determined through biochemical and genetic approaches. In the present mini-review, we mainly discuss the signal transduction mechanism of the Hippo signaling pathway, along with cross-talk between the regulators of the Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo signaling pathways. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(10): 540-545]
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseong Kim
- Department of Life Science, The University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Department of Life Science, The University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea
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41
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Ni L, Zheng Y, Hara M, Pan D, Luo X. Structural basis for Mob1-dependent activation of the core Mst-Lats kinase cascade in Hippo signaling. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1416-31. [PMID: 26108669 PMCID: PMC4511216 DOI: 10.1101/gad.264929.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Mst-Lats kinase cascade is central to the Hippo tumor-suppressive pathway that controls organ size and tissue homeostasis. The adaptor protein Mob1 promotes Lats activation by Mst, but the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we show that human Mob1 binds to autophosphorylated docking motifs in active Mst2. This binding enables Mob1 phosphorylation by Mst2. Phosphorylated Mob1 undergoes conformational activation and binds to Lats1. We determine the crystal structures of phospho-Mst2-Mob1 and phospho-Mob1-Lats1 complexes, revealing the structural basis of both phosphorylation-dependent binding events. Further biochemical and functional analyses demonstrate that Mob1 mediates Lats1 activation through dynamic scaffolding and allosteric mechanisms. Thus, Mob1 acts as a phosphorylation-regulated coupler of kinase activation by virtue of its ability to engage multiple ligands. We propose that stepwise, phosphorylation-triggered docking interactions of nonkinase elements enhance the specificity and robustness of kinase signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Yonggang Zheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Mayuko Hara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Duojia Pan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Xuelian Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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42
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Control of organ growth by patterning and hippo signaling in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:7/6/a019224. [PMID: 26032720 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Control of organ size is of fundamental importance and is controlled by genetic, environmental, and mechanical factors. Studies in many species have pointed to the existence of both organ-extrinsic and -intrinsic size-control mechanisms, which ultimately must coordinate to regulate organ size. Here, we discuss organ size control by organ patterning and the Hippo pathway, which both act in an organ-intrinsic fashion. The influence of morphogens and other patterning molecules couples growth and patterning, whereas emerging evidence suggests that the Hippo pathway controls growth in response to mechanical stimuli and signals emanating from cell-cell interactions. Several points of cross talk have been reported between signaling pathways that control organ patterning and the Hippo pathway, both at the level of membrane receptors and transcriptional regulators. However, despite substantial progress in the past decade, key questions in the growth-control field remain, including precisely how and when organ patterning and the Hippo pathway communicate to control size, and whether these communication mechanisms are organ specific or general. In addition, elucidating mechanisms by which organ-intrinsic cues, such as patterning factors and the Hippo pathway, interface with extrinsic cues, such as hormones to control organ size, remain unresolved.
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43
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Gógl G, Schneider KD, Yeh BJ, Alam N, Nguyen Ba AN, Moses AM, Hetényi C, Reményi A, Weiss EL. The Structure of an NDR/LATS Kinase-Mob Complex Reveals a Novel Kinase-Coactivator System and Substrate Docking Mechanism. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002146. [PMID: 25966461 PMCID: PMC4428629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells commonly use protein kinases in signaling systems that relay information and control a wide range of processes. These enzymes have a fundamentally similar structure, but achieve functional diversity through variable regions that determine how the catalytic core is activated and recruited to phosphorylation targets. “Hippo” pathways are ancient protein kinase signaling systems that control cell proliferation and morphogenesis; the NDR/LATS family protein kinases, which associate with “Mob” coactivator proteins, are central but incompletely understood components of these pathways. Here we describe the crystal structure of budding yeast Cbk1–Mob2, to our knowledge the first of an NDR/LATS kinase–Mob complex. It shows a novel coactivator-organized activation region that may be unique to NDR/LATS kinases, in which a key regulatory motif apparently shifts from an inactive binding mode to an active one upon phosphorylation. We also provide a structural basis for a substrate docking mechanism previously unknown in AGC family kinases, and show that docking interaction provides robustness to Cbk1’s regulation of its two known in vivo substrates. Co-evolution of docking motifs and phosphorylation consensus sites strongly indicates that a protein is an in vivo regulatory target of this hippo pathway, and predicts a new group of high-confidence Cbk1 substrates that function at sites of cytokinesis and cell growth. Moreover, docking peptides arise in unstructured regions of proteins that are probably already kinase substrates, suggesting a broad sequential model for adaptive acquisition of kinase docking in rapidly evolving intrinsically disordered polypeptides. The structure of an ancient signaling complex in the Hippo pathway (an NDR/LATS family kinase) reveals a distinctive activation switch, and shows how this regulator recognizes short and rapidly evolving protein motifs. The core organization of systems that relay information inside cells is preserved across vast evolutionary distances. Thus, detailed characterization of these systems’ crucial modules can provide insight into the emergence and adaptation of signaling pathways, and illuminate broadly relevant mechanisms that control cells’ diverse processes. In this paper we describe the first three-dimensional structure of a protein kinase–coactivator complex from budding yeast that is a key component of “hippo” signaling pathways, which direct cell proliferation, fate, and architecture in a wide range of eukaryotes. We show that this kinase–coactivator complex is a dynamic switch controlled by binding events distant from its active site, and that the kinase recognizes specific short motifs in disordered regions of target proteins by a previously unknown mechanism. This substrate docking interaction provides in vivo robustness to the kinase’s regulation of its known targets, and identifies likely new substrates that expand our view of this hippo pathway’s role in cell division. Moreover, during the course of evolution, the short motif that interacts with the kinase’s docking surface appears in rapidly changing intrinsically disordered regions of a number of proteins that are probably already in vivo substrates. Thus, our findings support the idea that proteins evolve more robust functional links to the signaling networks that control them by acquiring short peptide motifs that interface with key conserved signaling modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Gógl
- Lendület Protein Interaction Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kyle D. Schneider
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Yeh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nashida Alam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alex N. Nguyen Ba
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan M. Moses
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- MTA-ELTE Molecular Biophysics Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Reményi
- Lendület Protein Interaction Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eric L. Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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NOS1AP Functionally Associates with YAP To Regulate Hippo Signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2265-77. [PMID: 25918243 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00062-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of cellular polarity proteins and their associated complexes leads to changes in cell migration and proliferation. The nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) associates with the tumor suppressor protein Scribble to control cell migration and oncogenic transformation. However, how NOS1AP is linked to the cell signaling events that curb oncogenic progression has remained elusive. Here we identify several novel NOS1AP isoforms, NOS1APd, NOS1APe, and NOS1APf, with distinct cellular localizations. We show that isoforms with a membrane-interacting phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain can associate with Scribble and recognize acidic phospholipids. In a screen to identify novel binding proteins, we have discovered a complex consisting of NOS1AP and the transcriptional coactivator YAP linking NOS1AP to the Hippo signaling pathway. Silencing of NOS1AP reduces the phosphorylation of YAP and of the upstream kinase Lats1. Conversely, expression of NOS1AP promotes YAP and Lats1 phosphorylation, which correlates with reduced TEAD activity and restricted cell proliferation. Together, these data implicate a role for NOS1AP in the regulation of core Hippo signaling and are consistent with the idea that NOS1AP functions as a tumor suppressor.
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45
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Young K, Tweedie E, Conley B, Ames J, FitzSimons M, Brooks P, Liaw L, Vary CPH. BMP9 Crosstalk with the Hippo Pathway Regulates Endothelial Cell Matricellular and Chemokine Responses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122892. [PMID: 25909848 PMCID: PMC4409298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin is a type III TGFβ auxiliary receptor that is upregulated in endothelial cells during angiogenesis and, when mutated in humans, results in the vascular disease hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Though endoglin has been implicated in cell adhesion, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here we show endoglin expression in endothelial cells regulates subcellular localization of zyxin in focal adhesions in response to BMP9. RNA knockdown of endoglin resulted in mislocalization of zyxin and altered formation of focal adhesions. The mechanotransduction role of focal adhesions and their ability to transmit regulatory signals through binding of the extracellular matrix are altered by endoglin deficiency. BMP/TGFβ transcription factors, SMADs, and zyxin have recently been implicated in a newly emerging signaling cascade, the Hippo pathway. The Hippo transcription coactivator, YAP1 (yes-associated protein 1), has been suggested to play a crucial role in mechanotransduction and cell-cell contact. Identification of BMP9-dependent nuclear localization of YAP1 in response to endoglin expression suggests a mechanism of crosstalk between the two pathways. Suppression of endoglin and YAP1 alters BMP9-dependent expression of YAP1 target genes CCN1 (cysteine-rich 61, CYR61) and CCN2 (connective tissue growth factor, CTGF) as well as the chemokine CCL2 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1, MCP-1). These results suggest a coordinate effect of endoglin deficiency on cell matrix remodeling and local inflammatory responses. Identification of a direct link between the Hippo pathway and endoglin may reveal novel mechanisms in the etiology of HHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Young
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States of America
| | - Eric Tweedie
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, United States of America
| | - Barbara Conley
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn Ames
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States of America
| | - MaryLynn FitzSimons
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States of America
| | - Peter Brooks
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States of America
| | - Lucy Liaw
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States of America
| | - Calvin P. H. Vary
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Deng H, Wang W, Yu J, Zheng Y, Qing Y, Pan D. Spectrin regulates Hippo signaling by modulating cortical actomyosin activity. eLife 2015; 4:e06567. [PMID: 25826608 PMCID: PMC4412106 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway controls tissue growth through a core kinase cascade that impinges on the transcription of growth-regulatory genes. Understanding how this pathway is regulated in development remains a major challenge. Recent studies suggested that Hippo signaling can be modulated by cytoskeletal tension through a Rok-myosin II pathway. How cytoskeletal tension is regulated or its relationship to the other known upstream regulators of the Hippo pathway remains poorly defined. In this study, we identify spectrin, a contractile protein at the cytoskeleton-membrane interface, as an upstream regulator of the Hippo signaling pathway. We show that, in contrast to canonical upstream regulators such as Crumbs, Kibra, Expanded, and Merlin, spectrin regulates Hippo signaling in a distinct way by modulating cortical actomyosin activity through non-muscle myosin II. These results uncover an essential mediator of Hippo signaling by cytoskeleton tension, providing a new entry point to dissecting how mechanical signals regulate Hippo signaling in living tissues. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06567.001 Organs including the liver, eyes, and lungs are made up of millions of cells, and how these organs stop growing once they reach their final size has fascinated scientists for decades. The cells in developing organs must communicate with each other and respond appropriately to the signals that they receive from other cells. This requires so-called “signaling pathways”. One such pathway that involves a protein called Hippo is known to control when cells should grow and divide and when they should stop. If this pathway does not work correctly, it can cause too many cells to be formed, which may result in cancer. The Hippo signaling pathway can also be regulated by an extensive network of protein filaments found within cells, called the cytoskeleton. This network can exert forces on the cells, which can have a major impact on cell growth. However, the mechanism behind the interaction between the cytoskeleton and the Hippo signaling pathway is poorly understood. Now, Deng et al. have engineered fruit flies in which the expression of individual genes had been artificially reduced, and looked for flies that had enlarged wings. Three genes identified in these experiments encode different subunits of a large spring-like protein, called spectrin, which is part of the cytoskeleton. This suggests that normally spectrin limits wing size. Furthermore, spectrin was also found to control the size of other organs in the fruit flies, such as the eyes and ovaries. In all of these organs, the Hippo signaling pathway failed to work properly in the absence of spectrin. Deng et al. then further explored the relationship between spectrin and Hippo signaling and found that cells without spectrin show abnormally high levels of tension in their cytoskeleton. When flies that lacked spectrin were engineered to reduce this tension, these flies developed normal sized organs. These findings reveal the importance of cytoskeleton tension in controlling tissue growth, and provide a new entry point to understand how normal tissues grow to their characteristic size and how such process goes awry in cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06567.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Deng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jianzhong Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Yonggang Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Yun Qing
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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Evasion of anti-growth signaling: A key step in tumorigenesis and potential target for treatment and prophylaxis by natural compounds. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S55-S77. [PMID: 25749195 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The evasion of anti-growth signaling is an important characteristic of cancer cells. In order to continue to proliferate, cancer cells must somehow uncouple themselves from the many signals that exist to slow down cell growth. Here, we define the anti-growth signaling process, and review several important pathways involved in growth signaling: p53, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), retinoblastoma protein (Rb), Hippo, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A), Notch, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) pathways. Aberrations in these processes in cancer cells involve mutations and thus the suppression of genes that prevent growth, as well as mutation and activation of genes involved in driving cell growth. Using these pathways as examples, we prioritize molecular targets that might be leveraged to promote anti-growth signaling in cancer cells. Interestingly, naturally occurring phytochemicals found in human diets (either singly or as mixtures) may promote anti-growth signaling, and do so without the potentially adverse effects associated with synthetic chemicals. We review examples of naturally occurring phytochemicals that may be applied to prevent cancer by antagonizing growth signaling, and propose one phytochemical for each pathway. These are: epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) for the Rb pathway, luteolin for p53, curcumin for PTEN, porphyrins for Hippo, genistein for GDF15, resveratrol for ARID1A, withaferin A for Notch and diguelin for the IGF1-receptor pathway. The coordination of anti-growth signaling and natural compound studies will provide insight into the future application of these compounds in the clinical setting.
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48
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Du X, Yu A, Tao W. The non-canonical Hippo/Mst pathway in lymphocyte development and functions. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:60-4. [PMID: 25487919 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical Hippo/Mst pathway, originally discovered in Drosophila, is famous for its function in promoting apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, and regulating tissue regeneration. However, emerging evidence shows that multiple non-canonical Hippo signaling pathways are also implicated in the regulation of various other biological processes. Recent studies have revealed that Mst1/2, the core kinases of Hippo/Mst pathway are required for T cell development, function, survival, trafficking, and homing, and also involved in regulation of autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss the roles of non-canonical Hippo/Mst signaling pathways in lymphocyte development and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Scholl of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Alan Yu
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S2J7, Canada
| | - Wufan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Scholl of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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49
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Del Re DP. The hippo signaling pathway: implications for heart regeneration and disease. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:27. [PMID: 26932373 PMCID: PMC4884045 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-014-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of cell number and organ size is critical for appropriate development and tissue homeostasis. Studies in both Drosophila and mammals have established the Hippo signaling pathway as an important modulator of organ size and tumorigenesis. Upon activation, this kinase cascade modulates gene expression through the phosphorylation and inhibition of transcription co-activators that are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, growth and apoptosis. Hippo signaling serves to limit organ size and suppress malignancies, and has been implicated in tissue regeneration following injury. These outcomes highlight the important role that Hippo signaling plays in regulating both physiologic and pathologic processes. In this review, an overview of the signaling pathway will be discussed as well as recent work that has investigated its role in cardiac development, regeneration and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Del Re
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Newark, 07103, NJ, USA.
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50
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Kwon HJ, Waghmare I, Verghese S, Singh A, Singh A, Kango-Singh M. Drosophila C-terminal Src kinase regulates growth via the Hippo signaling pathway. Dev Biol 2014; 397:67-76. [PMID: 25446534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is involved in regulating tissue size by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Aberrant Hippo pathway function is often detected in human cancers and correlates with poor prognosis. The Drosophila C-terminal Src kinase (d-Csk) is a genetic modifier of warts (wts), a tumor-suppressor gene in the Hippo pathway, and interacts with the Src oncogene. Reduction in d-Csk expression and the consequent activation of Src are frequently seen in several cancers including hepatocellular and colorectal tumors. Previous studies show that d-Csk regulates cell proliferation and tissue size during development. Given the similarity in the loss-of-function phenotypes of d-Csk and wts, we have investigated the interactions of d-Csk with the Hippo pathway. Here we present multiple lines of evidence suggesting that d-Csk regulates growth via the Hippo signaling pathway. We show that loss of dCsk caused increased Yki activity, and our genetic epistasis places dCsk downstream of Dachs. Furthermore, dCsk requires Yki for its growth regulatory functions, suggesting that dCsk is another upstream member of the network of genes that interact to regulate Wts and its effector Yki in the Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey J Kwon
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | | | - Shilpi Verghese
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Aditi Singh
- Centerville High School, Centerville, OH 45459, USA
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
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