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Zha X, Zheng G, Skutella T, Kiening K, Unterberg A, Younsi A. Microglia: a promising therapeutic target in spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:454-463. [PMID: 38819048 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are present throughout the central nervous system and are vital in neural repair, nutrition, phagocytosis, immunological regulation, and maintaining neuronal function. In a healthy spinal cord, microglia are accountable for immune surveillance, however, when a spinal cord injury occurs, the microenvironment drastically changes, leading to glial scars and failed axonal regeneration. In this context, microglia vary their gene and protein expression during activation, and proliferation in reaction to the injury, influencing injury responses both favorably and unfavorably. A dynamic and multifaceted injury response is mediated by microglia, which interact directly with neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neural stem/progenitor cells. Despite a clear understanding of their essential nature and origin, the mechanisms of action and new functions of microglia in spinal cord injury require extensive research. This review summarizes current studies on microglial genesis, physiological function, and pathological state, highlights their crucial roles in spinal cord injury, and proposes microglia as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guoli Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Skutella
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Kiening
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Younsi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Kiser C, Gonul CP, Genc S. Nrf2 activator Diethyl Maleate attenuates ROS mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in murine microglia. Cytotechnology 2024; 76:197-208. [PMID: 38495294 PMCID: PMC10940551 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-023-00609-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the tissue-resident immune cells of the central nervous system. As a part of the innate immune response, NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation leads to cleavage of caspase-1 and triggers secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and may also result in pyroptotic cell death. Inflammasome activation plays a crucial role in inflammatory conditions; aberrant activation of inflammasome contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Diethyl Maleate (DEM) is a promising antiinflammatory chemical to alleviate inflammasome activation. In this study, NLRP3 inflammasome was activated in N9 murine microglia via 1 µg/ml LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) for 4 h and 5 mM ATP (Adenosine 5'-triphosphate) for 1 h, respectively. We demonstrated that 1 h pretreatment of DEM attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglial cells. Besides, mitochondrial ROS decreased upon DEM pretreatment in inflammasome-induced cells. Likewise, it ameliorated pyroptotic cell death in microglia. DEM is a potent activator of Nrf2 transcription factor, the key regulator of the antioxidant response pathway. Nrf2 has been a significant target to decrease aberrant inflammasome activation through the antioxidant compounds, including DEM. Here, we have shown that DEM increased Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus, resulting in Nrf2 target gene expression in microglia. In conclusion, DEM is a promising protective agent against NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagla Kiser
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Mithatpasa St. 58/5 Balcova, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ceren Perihan Gonul
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Mithatpasa St. 58/5 Balcova, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sermin Genc
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Mithatpasa St. 58/5 Balcova, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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Wallis GJ, Bell LA, Wagner JN, Buxton L, Balachandar L, Wilcox KS. Reactive microglia fail to respond to environmental damage signals in a viral-induced mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.06.583768. [PMID: 38558969 PMCID: PMC10979929 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.06.583768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are highly adaptable innate immune cells that rapidly respond to damage signals in the brain through adoption of a reactive phenotype and production of defensive inflammatory cytokines. Microglia express a distinct transcriptome, encoding receptors that allow them to dynamically respond to pathogens, damage signals, and cellular debris. Expression of one such receptor, the microglia-specific purinergic receptor P2ry12, is known to be downregulated in reactive microglia. Here, we explore the microglial response to purinergic damage signals in reactive microglia in the TMEV mouse model of viral brain infection and temporal lobe epilepsy. Using two-photon calcium imaging in acute hippocampal brain slices, we found that the ability of microglia to detect damage signals, engage calcium signaling pathways, and chemoattract towards laser-induced tissue damage was dramatically reduced during the peak period of seizures, cytokine production, and infection. Using combined RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we found that during this same stage of heightened infection and seizures, microglial P2ry12 expression was reduced, while the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a expression was upregulated in microglia, suggesting that the depressed ability of microglia to respond to new damage signals via P2ry12 occurs during the time when local elevated cytokine production contributes to seizure generation following infection. Therefore, changes in microglial purinergic receptors during infection likely limit the ability of reactive microglia to respond to new threats in the CNS and locally contain the scale of the innate immune response in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenna J Wallis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
| | - Laura A Bell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 80904
| | - John N Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
| | - Lauren Buxton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
| | - Lakshmini Balachandar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
| | - Karen S Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 80904
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 80904
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Creus-Muncunill J, Haure-Mirande JV, Mattei D, Bons J, Ramirez AV, Hamilton BW, Corwin C, Chowdhury S, Schilling B, Ellerby LM, Ehrlich ME. TYROBP/DAP12 knockout in Huntington's disease Q175 mice cell-autonomously decreases microglial expression of disease-associated genes and non-cell-autonomously mitigates astrogliosis and motor deterioration. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:66. [PMID: 38459557 PMCID: PMC10924371 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the Huntingtin gene (HTT). Immune activation is abundant in the striatum of HD patients. Detection of active microglia at presymptomatic stages suggests that microgliosis is a key early driver of neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Recent studies showed that deletion of Tyrobp, a microglial protein, ameliorates neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease amyloidopathy and tauopathy mouse models while decreasing components of the complement subnetwork. OBJECTIVE While TYROBP/DAP12-mediated microglial activation is detrimental for some diseases such as peripheral nerve injury, it is beneficial for other diseases. We sought to determine whether the TYROBP network is implicated in HD and whether Tyrobp deletion impacts HD striatal function and transcriptomics. METHODS To test the hypothesis that Tyrobp deficiency would be beneficial in an HD model, we placed the Q175 HD mouse model on a Tyrobp-null background. We characterized these mice with a combination of behavioral testing, immunohistochemistry, transcriptomic and proteomic profiling. Further, we evaluated the gene signature in isolated Q175 striatal microglia, with and without Tyrobp. RESULTS Comprehensive analysis of publicly available human HD transcriptomic data revealed that the TYROBP network is overactivated in the HD putamen. The Q175 mice showed morphologic microglial activation, reduced levels of post-synaptic density-95 protein and motor deficits at 6 and 9 months of age, all of which were ameliorated on the Tyrobp-null background. Gene expression analysis revealed that lack of Tyrobp in the Q175 model does not prevent the decrease in the expression of striatal neuronal genes but reduces pro-inflammatory pathways that are specifically active in HD human brain, including genes identified as detrimental in neurodegenerative diseases, e.g. C1q and members of the Ccr5 signaling pathway. Integration of transcriptomic and proteomic data revealed that astrogliosis and complement system pathway were reduced after Tyrobp deletion, which was further validated by immunofluorescence analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide molecular and functional support demonstrating that Tyrobp deletion prevents many of the abnormalities in the HD Q175 mouse model, suggesting that the Tyrobp pathway is a potential therapeutic candidate for Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniele Mattei
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Joanna Bons
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Angie V Ramirez
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - B Wade Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Chuhyon Corwin
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Chowdhury
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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Prakash P, Erdjument-Bromage H, O'Dea MR, Munson CN, Labib D, Fossati V, Neubert TA, Liddelow SA. Proteomic profiling of interferon-responsive reactive astrocytes in rodent and human. Glia 2024; 72:625-642. [PMID: 38031883 PMCID: PMC10843807 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a heterogeneous population of central nervous system glial cells that respond to pathological insults and injury by undergoing a transformation called "reactivity." Reactive astrocytes exhibit distinct and context-dependent cellular, molecular, and functional state changes that can either support or disturb tissue homeostasis. We recently identified a reactive astrocyte sub-state defined by interferon-responsive genes like Igtp, Ifit3, Mx1, and others, called interferon-responsive reactive astrocytes (IRRAs). To further this transcriptomic definition of IRRAs, we wanted to define the proteomic changes that occur in this reactive sub-state. We induced IRRAs in immunopanned rodent astrocytes and human iPSC-differentiated astrocytes using TNF, IL1α, C1Q, and IFNβ and characterized their proteomic profile (both cellular and secreted) using unbiased quantitative proteomics. We identified 2335 unique cellular proteins, including IFIT2/3, IFITM3, OASL1/2, MX1/2/3, and STAT1. We also report that rodent and human IRRAs secrete PAI1, a serine protease inhibitor which may influence reactive states and functions of nearby cells. Finally, we evaluated how IRRAs are distinct from neurotoxic reactive astrocytes (NRAs). While NRAs are described by expression of the complement protein C3, it was not upregulated in IRRAs. Instead, we found ~90 proteins unique to IRRAs not identified in NRAs, including OAS1A, IFIT3, and MX1. Interferon signaling in astrocytes is critical for the antiviral immune response and for regulating synaptic plasticity and glutamate transport mechanisms. How IRRAs contribute to these functions is unknown. This study provides the basis for future experiments to define the functional roles of IRRAs in the context of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prakash
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael R O'Dea
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christy N Munson
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Labib
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Valentina Fossati
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Grantham EK, Tiwari GR, Ponomareva O, Harris RA, Lopez MF, Becker HC, Mayfield RD. Transcriptome changes in the nucleus of the solitary tract induced by repeated stress, alcohol dependence, or stress-induced drinking in dependent mice. Neuropharmacology 2024; 242:109768. [PMID: 37865137 PMCID: PMC10688594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Stress increases alcohol consumption in dependent animals and contributes to the development of alcohol use disorder. The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is a critical brainstem region for integrating and relaying central and peripheral signals to regulate stress responses, but it is not known if it plays a role in alcohol dependence- or in stress-induced escalations in alcohol drinking in dependent mice. Here, we used RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses to study molecular adaptations in the NTS of C57BL/6J male mice that underwent an ethanol drinking procedure that uses exposure to chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor, forced swim stress (FSS), or both conditions (CIE + FSS). Transcriptome profiling was performed at three different times after the last vapor cycle (0-hr, 72-hr, and 168-hr) to identify changes in gene expression associated with different stages of ethanol intoxication and withdrawal. In the CIE and CIE + FSS groups at 0-hr, there was upregulation of genes enriched for cellular response to type I interferon (IFN) and type I IFN- and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways, while the FSS group showed upregulation of neuronal genes. IFN signaling was the top gene network positively correlated with ethanol consumption levels in the CIE and CIE + FSS groups. Results from different analyses (differential gene expression, weighted gene coexpression network analysis, and rank-rank hypergeometric overlap) indicated that activation of type I IFN signaling would be expected to increase ethanol consumption. The CIE and CIE + FSS groups also shared an immune signature in the NTS as has been demonstrated in other brain regions after chronic ethanol exposure. A temporal-based clustering analysis revealed a unique expression pattern in the CIE + FSS group that suggests the interaction of these two stressors produces adaptations in synaptic and glial functions that may drive stress-induced drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Grantham
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Gayatri R Tiwari
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Olga Ponomareva
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Marcello F Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Howard C Becker
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 28425, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, 20401, USA
| | - R Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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7
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Liu Y, Li H, Zhao X. Sinomenine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and apoptosis of WI-38 cells by reducing glutathione S-transferase M1 expression. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:434-443. [PMID: 36303295 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric pneumonia is an infectious lung disease with high morbidity and mortality. Sinomenine, an alkaloid extracted from Caulis Sinomenii, exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is widely used for the establishment of an inflammatory model. This research aimed to explore the influences of sinomenine on LPS-caused inflammatory injuries in fetal lung WI-38 cells. WI-38 cells were treated with LPS to establish a cellular model of pediatric pneumonia. Cell viability was evaluated using CCK-8 assay. Apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL staining and caspase-3 activity assays. Inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation levels were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) expression was detected by western blotting. Results showed that LPS reduced WI-38 cell viability, and sinomenine protected cells against LPS-induced viability reduction. Sinomenine concentration-dependently attenuated LPS-induced inflammation by reducing TNF-α, IL-1β and MCP-1, and increasing IL-10 levels. Sinomenine mitigated LPS-induced apoptosis. GSTM1 was screened by matching the targets of sinomenine and pediatric pneumonia. GSTM1 was upregulated in LPS-treated WI-38 cells, and this effect was attenuated after sinomenine treatment. GSTM1 was upstream of NF-κB pathway. Overexpression of GSTM1 reversed the suppressive functions of sinomenine on LPS-stimulated inflammation and apoptosis. Overall, sinomenine attenuates inflammation and apoptosis in WI-38 cells stimulated by LPS via inhibiting GSTM1 expression, indicating the therapeutic potential of sinomenine in pediatric pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin, China
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Outpatient Department of Pediatrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital (Group), Qingdao, China
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Ferreira AAG, Desplan C. An Atlas of the Developing Drosophila Visual System Glia and Subcellular mRNA Localization of Transcripts in Single Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.06.552169. [PMID: 37609218 PMCID: PMC10441313 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.06.552169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells are essential for proper nervous system development and function. To understand glial development and function, we comprehensively annotated glial cells in a single-cell mRNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) atlas of the developing Drosophila visual system. This allowed us to study their developmental trajectories, from larval to adult stages, and to understand how specific types of glia diversify during development. For example, neuropil glia that are initially transcriptionally similar in larvae, split into ensheathing and astrocyte-like glia during pupal stages. Other glial types, such as chiasm glia change gradually during development without splitting into two cell types. The analysis of scRNA-seq allowed us to discover that the transcriptome of glial cell bodies can be distinguished from that of their broken processes. The processes contain distinct enriched mRNAs that were validated in vivo. Therefore, we have identified most glial types in the developing optic lobe and devised a computational approach to identify mRNA species that are localized to cell bodies or cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Awogbindin IO, Ikeji CN, Adedara IA, Farombi EO. Neurotoxicity of furan in juvenile Wistar rats involves behavioral defects, microgliosis, astrogliosis and oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113934. [PMID: 37423315 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that furan, a widespread environmental and food contaminant, causes liver toxicity and cancer, but its implications in the brain are not well defined. We measured behavioral, glial, and biochemical responses in male juvenile rats exposed orally to 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg furan and vitamin E after 28 days. Furan-mediated hyperactivity peaked at 5 mg/kg and did not exacerbate at 10 mg/kg. Enhanced motor defect was also observed at 10 mg/kg. Furan-treated rats elicited inquisitive exploration but showed impaired working memory. Without compromising the blood-brain barrier, furan induced glial reactivity with enhanced phagocytic activity, characterized by parenchyma-wide microglial aggregation and proliferation, which switched from hyper-ramified to rod-like morphology with increasing doses. Furan altered the glutathione-S-transferase-driven enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defence systems differentially and dose-dependently across brain regions. Redox homeostasis was most perturbed in the striatum and least disrupted in hippocampus/cerebellum. Vitamin E supplementation attenuated exploratory hyperactivity and glial reactivity but did not affect impaired working memory and oxidative imbalance. Overall, sub-chronic exposure of juvenile rats to furan triggered glial reactivity and behavioral defects suggesting the brain's vulnerability during juvenile development to furan toxicity. It remains to be determined whether environmentally relevant furan concentrations interfere with critical brain developmental milestones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoluwa O Awogbindin
- Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Cynthia N Ikeji
- Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Isaac A Adedara
- Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Matoba K, Dohi E, Choi EY, Kano SI. Glutathione S-transferases Control astrocyte activation and neuronal health during neuroinflammation. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1080140. [PMID: 36685285 PMCID: PMC9853189 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1080140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are phase II detoxification enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism and readily expressed in the brain. Nevertheless, the current knowledge about their roles in the brain is limited. We have recently discovered that GSTM1 promotes the production of pro-inflammatory mediators by astrocytes and enhances microglial activation during acute brain inflammation. Here we report that GSTM1 significantly affects TNF-α-dependent transcriptional program in astrocytes and modulates neuronal activities and stress during brain inflammation. We have found that a reduced expression of GSTM1 in astrocytes downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory genes while upregulating the expression of genes involved in interferon responses and fatty acid metabolism. Our data also revealed that GSTM1 reduction in astrocytes increased neuronal stress levels, attenuating neuronal activities during LPS-induced brain inflammation. Furthermore, we found that GSTM1 expression increased in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of aging mice. Thus, this study has further advanced our understanding of the role of Glutathione S-transferases in astrocytes during brain inflammation and paved the way for future studies to determine the critical role of GSTM1 in reactive astrocyte responses in inflammation and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Matoba
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Eisuke Dohi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eric Y. Choi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shin-ichi Kano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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11
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Liu H, Xu Y, Peng J. Glutathione S-Transferase M1/ T1 Polymorphisms and Schizophrenia Risk: A New Method for Quality Assessment and a Systematic Review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:97-107. [PMID: 36643584 PMCID: PMC9833125 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s376942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GST genes were reported to be involved in susceptibility to mental disorder. The results between deletions of GST genes and schizophrenia were inconclusive and confusing. Therefore, we performed this updated meta-analysis to outline the association using a new method for quality assessment. METHODS Sixteen reported studies were selected, and the overall OR and 95% CI were calculated and analyzed by Review Manager 5.4 and STATE 12. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) for case-control studies was rewritten to evaluate the quality of published studies, as there was no "Exposure" in these studies and other factors should be suggested to assess the quality. RESULTS There was no significant association between deletions of GST genes and SZ risk (p > 0.05 in Random model). We also failed to find a significant relation between null genotypes and SZ risk in East Asian population. Based on further analysis of PCR methods, GSTM1 null was weakly associated with SZ risk in 8 studies using multiplex PCR (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.00-1.37, p = 0.05), but GSTT1 null was a protective factor for SZ risk (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.56-0.94, p = 0.02). When stratified by rewritten NOS stars and deductions, GSTM1 null was significantly associated with SZ risk in 9 studies with high quality (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.08-1.43, p = 0.002), and in 10 studies with no deductions (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.05-1.38, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION GSTM1 null genotype may be a genetic risk factor for SZ in studies using multiplex PCR and high-quality studies. However, GSTT1 null might be a protective factor. Besides, we provided a new method for quality assessment and it was useful and should be promoted in further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhou Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Peng
- School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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12
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Bhusal A, Afridi R, Lee WH, Suk K. Bidirectional Communication Between Microglia and Astrocytes in Neuroinflammation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2020-2029. [PMID: 36453496 PMCID: PMC10556371 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221129121715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature of diverse nervous system pathologies. In many instances, it begins at an early stage of the disease, paving the way for further exacerbations. The main drivers of neuroinflammation are brain-resident glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes. Microglia are the primary responders to any insult to the brain parenchyma, translating the signals into diverse molecules. These molecules derived from microglia can regulate the stimuli-dependent reactivity of astrocytes. Once activated, astrocytes in turn, can control microglia phenotypes. Recent evidence indicates that the crosstalk between these glial cells plays an important role in delaying or accelerating neuroinflammation and overall disease progression. To date, various molecules have been recognized as key mediators of the bidirectional communication between microglia and astrocytes. The current review aims to discuss the novel molecules identified recently, which play a critical role in interglial crosstalk, highlighting their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
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13
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Ramirez-Franco J, Debreux K, Extremet J, Maulet Y, Belghazi M, Villard C, Sangiardi M, Youssouf F, El Far L, Lévêque C, Debarnot C, Marchot P, Paneva S, Debanne D, Russier M, Seagar M, Irani SR, El Far O. Patient-derived antibodies reveal the subcellular distribution and heterogeneous interactome of LGI1. Brain 2022; 145:3843-3858. [PMID: 35727946 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) occur in patients with encephalitis who present with frequent focal seizures and a pattern of amnesia consistent with focal hippocampal damage. To investigate whether the cellular and subcellular distribution of LGI1 may explain the localization of these features, and hence gain broader insights into LGI1's neurobiology, we analysed the detailed localization of LGI1 and the diversity of its protein interactome, in mouse brains using patient-derived recombinant monoclonal LGI1 antibodies. Combined immunofluorescence and mass spectrometry analyses showed that LGI1 is enriched in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic contact sites, most densely within CA3 regions of the hippocampus. LGI1 is secreted in both neuronal somatodendritic and axonal compartments, and occurs in oligodendrocytic, neuro-oligodendrocytic and astro-microglial protein complexes. Proteomic data support the presence of LGI1-Kv1-MAGUK complexes, but did not reveal LGI1 complexes with postsynaptic glutamate receptors. Our results extend our understanding of regional, cellular and subcellular LGI1 expression profiles and reveal novel LGI1-associated complexes, thus providing insights into the complex biology of LGI1 and its relationship to seizures and memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ramirez-Franco
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), UMR 1072, Unité de Neurobiologie des canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Kévin Debreux
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), UMR 1072, Unité de Neurobiologie des canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Johanna Extremet
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), UMR 1072, Unité de Neurobiologie des canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Yves Maulet
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), UMR 1072, Unité de Neurobiologie des canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Maya Belghazi
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institute of Neurophysiopathology (INP), PINT, PFNT, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, France
| | - Claude Villard
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institute of Neurophysiopathology (INP), PINT, PFNT, 13385 cedex 5 Marseille, France
| | - Marion Sangiardi
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), UMR 1072, Unité de Neurobiologie des canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Fahamoe Youssouf
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), UMR 1072, Unité de Neurobiologie des canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Lara El Far
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), UMR 1072, Unité de Neurobiologie des canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Christian Lévêque
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), UMR 1072, Unité de Neurobiologie des canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Claire Debarnot
- Laboratoire 'Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB)', CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 cedex 09 Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Marchot
- Laboratoire 'Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB)', CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 cedex 09 Marseille, France
| | - Sofija Paneva
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominique Debanne
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), UMR 1072, Unité de Neurobiologie des canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Michael Russier
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), UMR 1072, Unité de Neurobiologie des canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Michael Seagar
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), UMR 1072, Unité de Neurobiologie des canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Oussama El Far
- INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), UMR 1072, Unité de Neurobiologie des canaux Ioniques et de la Synapse, 13015 Marseille, France
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14
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Laszlo ZI, Hindley N, Sanchez Avila A, Kline RA, Eaton SL, Lamont DJ, Smith C, Spires-Jones TL, Wishart TM, Henstridge CM. Synaptic proteomics reveal distinct molecular signatures of cognitive change and C9ORF72 repeat expansion in the human ALS cortex. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:156. [DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests synaptic dysfunction is a central and possibly triggering factor in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Despite this, we still know very little about the molecular profile of an ALS synapse. To address this gap, we designed a synaptic proteomics experiment to perform an unbiased assessment of the synaptic proteome in the ALS brain. We isolated synaptoneurosomes from fresh-frozen post-mortem human cortex (11 controls and 18 ALS) and stratified the ALS group based on cognitive profile (Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen (ECAS score)) and presence of a C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion (C9ORF72-RE). This allowed us to assess regional differences and the impact of phenotype and genotype on the synaptic proteome, using Tandem Mass Tagging-based proteomics. We identified over 6000 proteins in our synaptoneurosomes and using robust bioinformatics analysis we validated the strong enrichment of synapses. We found more than 30 ALS-associated proteins in synaptoneurosomes, including TDP-43, FUS, SOD1 and C9ORF72. We identified almost 500 proteins with altered expression levels in ALS, with region-specific changes highlighting proteins and pathways with intriguing links to neurophysiology and pathology. Stratifying the ALS cohort by cognitive status revealed almost 150 specific alterations in cognitively impaired ALS synaptic preparations. Stratifying by C9ORF72-RE status revealed 330 protein alterations in the C9ORF72-RE +ve group, with KEGG pathway analysis highlighting strong enrichment for postsynaptic dysfunction, related to glutamatergic receptor signalling. We have validated some of these changes by western blot and at a single synapse level using array tomography imaging. In summary, we have generated the first unbiased map of the human ALS synaptic proteome, revealing novel insight into this key compartment in ALS pathophysiology and highlighting the influence of cognitive decline and C9ORF72-RE on synaptic composition.
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15
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Zhou ZL, Xie H, Tian XB, Xu HL, Li W, Yao S, Zhang H. Microglial depletion impairs glial scar formation and aggravates inflammation partly by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation in astrocytes after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1325-1331. [PMID: 36453419 PMCID: PMC9838173 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.357912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia play an orchestrated role following spinal cord injury; however, the molecular mechanisms through which microglia regulate astrocytes after spinal cord injury are not yet fully understood. Herein, microglia were pharmacologically depleted and the effects on the astrocytic response were examined. We further explored the potential mechanisms involving the signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. For in vivo experiments, we constructed a contusion spinal cord injury model in C57BL/6 mice. To deplete microglia, all mice were treated with colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX3397, starting 2 weeks prior to surgery until they were sacrificed. Cell proliferation was examined by 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) and three pivotal inflammatory cytokines were detected by a specific Bio-Plex ProTM Reagent Kit. Locomotor function, neuroinflammation, astrocyte activation and phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3, a maker of activation of STAT3 signaling) levels were determined. For in vitro experiments, a microglia and astrocyte coculture system was established, and the small molecule STA21, which blocks STAT3 activation, was applied to investigate whether STAT3 signaling is involved in mediating astrocyte proliferation induced by microglia. PLX3397 administration disrupted glial scar formation, increased inflammatory spillover, induced diffuse tissue damage and impaired functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Microglial depletion markedly reduced EdU+ proliferating cells, especially proliferating astrocytes at 7 days after spinal cord injury. RNA sequencing analysis showed that the JAK/STAT3 pathway was downregulated in mice treated with PLX3397. Double immunofluorescence staining confirmed that PLX3397 significantly decreased STAT3 expression in astrocytes. Importantly, in vitro coculture of astrocytes and microglia showed that microglia-induced astrocyte proliferation was abolished by STA21 administration. These findings suggest that microglial depletion impaired astrocyte proliferation and astrocytic scar formation, and induced inflammatory diffusion partly by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation in astrocytes following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Lai Zhou
- The Spine Surgery Department, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huan Xie
- The Spine Surgery Department, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Tian
- The Spine Surgery Department, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Li Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, ZhuJiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shun Yao
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- The Spine Surgery Department, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China,Correspondence to: Hui Zhang, .
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16
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Gao X, Cao Z, Tan H, Li P, Su W, Wan T, Guo W. LncRNA, an Emerging Approach for Neurological Diseases Treatment by Regulating Microglia Polarization. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:903472. [PMID: 35860297 PMCID: PMC9289270 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.903472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders cause untold human disability and death each year. For most neurological disorders, the efficacy of their primary treatment strategies remains suboptimal. Microglia are associated with the development and progression of multiple neurological disorders. Targeting the regulation of microglia polarization has emerged as an important therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders. Their pro-inflammatory (M1)/anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype microglia are closely associated with neuronal apoptosis, synaptic plasticity, blood-brain barrier integrity, resistance to iron death, and astrocyte regulation. LncRNA, a recently extensively studied non-coding transcript of over 200 nucleotides, has shown great value to intervene in microglia polarization. It can often participate in gene regulation of microglia by directly regulating transcription or sponging downstream miRNAs, for example. Through proper regulation, microglia can exert neuroprotective effects, reduce neurological damage and improve the prognosis of many neurological diseases. This paper reviews the progress of research linking lncRNAs to microglia polarization and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Gao
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zilong Cao
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Haifeng Tan
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Peiling Li
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wenen Su
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Teng Wan
- Sports Medicine Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Teng Wan,
| | - Weiming Guo
- Sports Medicine Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Weiming Guo,
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17
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Wan T, Huang Y, Gao X, Wu W, Guo W. Microglia Polarization: A Novel Target of Exosome for Stroke Treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:842320. [PMID: 35356292 PMCID: PMC8959940 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.842320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of cells in the human body are capable of secreting exosomes. Exosomes have become an important vehicle for signaling between cells. Exosomes secreted by different cells have some of the structural and functional properties of that cell and thus have different regulatory functions. A large number of recent experimental studies have shown that exosomes from different sources have different regulatory effects on stroke, and the mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Microglia are core members of central intrinsic immune regulatory cells, which play an important regulatory role in the pathogenesis and progression of stroke. M1 microglia cause neuroinflammation and induce neurotoxic effects, while M2 microglia inhibit neuroinflammation and promote neurogenesis, thus exerting a series of neuroprotective effects. It was found that there is a close link between exosomes and microglia polarization, and that exosome inclusions such as microRNAs play a regulatory role in the M1/M2 polarization of microglia. This research reviews the role of exosomes in the regulation of microglia polarization and reveals their potential value in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wan
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Sports Medicine Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunling Huang
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gao
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wanpeng Wu
- Shenzhen Futian District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiming Guo
- Sports Medicine Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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18
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Vaudin P, Augé C, Just N, Mhaouty-Kodja S, Mortaud S, Pillon D. When pharmaceutical drugs become environmental pollutants: Potential neural effects and underlying mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112495. [PMID: 34883077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical drugs have become consumer products, with a daily use for some of them. The volume of production and consumption of drugs is such that they have become environmental pollutants. Their transfer to wastewater through urine, feces or rinsing in case of skin use, associated with partial elimination by wastewater treatment plants generalize pollution in the hydrosphere, including drinking water, sediments, soils, the food chain and plants. Here, we review the potential effects of environmental exposure to three classes of pharmaceutical drugs, i.e. antibiotics, antidepressants and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, on neurodevelopment. Experimental studies analyzing their underlying modes of action including those related to endocrine disruption, and molecular mechanisms including epigenetic modifications are presented. In addition, the contribution of brain imaging to the assessment of adverse effects of these three classes of pharmaceuticals is approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vaudin
- Physiologie de La Reproduction et des Comportements, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Corinne Augé
- UMR 1253, IBrain, University of Tours, INSERM, 37000, Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Just
- Physiologie de La Reproduction et des Comportements, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sakina Mhaouty-Kodja
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Mortaud
- Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires, UMR7355, CNRS, Université D'Orléans, 45000, Orléans, France
| | - Delphine Pillon
- Physiologie de La Reproduction et des Comportements, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
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19
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Kleffman K, Levinson G, Rose IVL, Blumenberg LM, Shadaloey SAA, Dhabaria A, Wong E, Galan-Echevarria F, Karz A, Argibay D, Von Itter R, Floristan A, Baptiste G, Eskow NM, Tranos JA, Chen J, Vega Y Saenz de Miera EC, Call M, Rogers R, Jour G, Wadghiri YZ, Osman I, Li YM, Mathews P, DeMattos R, Ueberheide B, Ruggles KV, Liddelow SA, Schneider RJ, Hernando E. Melanoma-secreted Amyloid Beta Suppresses Neuroinflammation and Promotes Brain Metastasis. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1314-1335. [PMID: 35262173 PMCID: PMC9069488 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in multiple cancer types and represents an unmet clinical need. The mechanisms that mediate metastatic cancer growth in the brain parenchyma are largely unknown. Melanoma, which has the highest rate of brain metastasis among common cancer types, is an ideal model to study how cancer cells adapt to the brain parenchyma. Our unbiased proteomics analysis of melanoma short-term cultures revealed that proteins implicated in neurodegenerative pathologies are differentially expressed in melanoma cells explanted from brain metastases compared to those derived from extracranial metastases. We showed that melanoma cells require amyloid beta (AB) for growth and survival in the brain parenchyma. Melanoma-secreted AB activates surrounding astrocytes to a pro-metastatic, anti-inflammatory phenotype and prevents phagocytosis of melanoma by microglia. Finally, we demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of AB decreases brain metastatic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kleffman
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Grace Levinson
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Indigo V L Rose
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | | | | | - Avantika Dhabaria
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research and Technology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York., New York, NY, United States
| | - Eitan Wong
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Alcida Karz
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Diana Argibay
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Gillian Baptiste
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - James A Tranos
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jenny Chen
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Melissa Call
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Robert Rogers
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - George Jour
- New York University, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Iman Osman
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Paul Mathews
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Ronald DeMattos
- Eli Lilly (United States), Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research and Technology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York., United States
| | - Kelly V Ruggles
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, United States
| | | | | | - Eva Hernando
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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20
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Xu L, Wang J, Ding Y, Wang L, Zhu YJ. Current Knowledge of Microglia in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurol 2022; 12:796704. [PMID: 35087472 PMCID: PMC8787368 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.796704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). After traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), microglia undergo activation, proliferation, and changes in gene and protein expression and morphology, with detrimental and beneficial effects. Activated microglia cause secondary neuronal injury via the production of proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and proteases. However, activated microglia also promote neuronal repair through the secretion of anti-inflammatory growth factors and cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokines increase endothelial permeability, promote A1 astrocyte activation and axonal demyelination, and reduce neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), leading to the exacerbation of neuronal injury. In contrast, anti-inflammatory factors facilitate angiogenesis, reduce reactive astrocytes, and promote axonal remyelination and the propagation of NSPCs, contributing to tissue repair and locomotor recovery. Due to its limited regenerative capacity, the CNS requires beneficial microglia for continuous protection against injury. Understanding and regulating microglial activation status are beneficial to reducing detrimental effects and promoting repair behaviors and to obtain more information on efficient therapies for traumatic SCI. This review discusses microglial activation and the differences between microglia and similar immune cells, microglial interactions with other cells in the spinal cord, and the progress in the development of therapies targeting microglia in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueming Ding
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Francisco RD, Fernando V, Norma E, Madai ME, Marcelo B. Glial changes in schizophrenia: Genetic and epigenetic approach. Indian J Psychiatry 2022; 64:3-12. [PMID: 35400734 PMCID: PMC8992743 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_104_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe mental illness that affects one percent of the population, affecting how people think, feel, and behave. Evidence suggests glial cell alteration and some researchers have found genetic risk loci and epigenetic marks that may regulate glia-related genes implicated in SCZ. AIM The aim of this study is to identify genetic and epigenetic changes that have been reported in glial cells or glial-associated genes in SCZ. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched the articles from PubMed, PubMed Central, Medline, Medscape, and Embase databases up to December 2020 to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles in English. The titles and abstracts were screened to eliminate irrelevant citations. RESULTS Twenty-four original articles were included in the review. Studies were categorized into the following four thematic via: (1) oligodendrocytes, (2) microglia, (3) astrocytes, and (4) perspectives. CONCLUSION This study is the first of its kind to review research on genetic variants and epigenetic modifications associated with glia-related genes implicated in SCZ. Epigenetic evidence is considerably less than genetic evidence in this field. Understanding the pathways of some risk genes and their genetic and epigenetic regulation allows us to understand and find potential targets for future interventions in this mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramos Daniel Francisco
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Vazquez Fernando
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Durango, Mexico.,Research Unit, General Hospital 450, Durango, Mexico
| | - Estrada Norma
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Méndez Edna Madai
- Scientific Research Institute, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Barraza Marcelo
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Durango, Mexico
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22
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Berdowski WM, van der Linde HC, Breur M, Oosterhof N, Beerepoot S, Sanderson L, Wijnands LI, de Jong P, Tsai-Meu-Chong E, de Valk W, de Witte M, van IJcken WFJ, Demmers J, van der Knaap MS, Bugiani M, Wolf NI, van Ham TJ. Dominant-acting CSF1R variants cause microglial depletion and altered astrocytic phenotype in zebrafish and adult-onset leukodystrophy. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:211-239. [PMID: 35713703 PMCID: PMC9288387 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages of the brain, including microglia, are implicated in the pathogenesis of various CNS disorders and are possible therapeutic targets by their chemical depletion or replenishment by hematopoietic stem cell therapy. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of microglial function and the consequences of microglial depletion in the human brain is lacking. In human disease, heterozygous variants in CSF1R, encoding the Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, can lead to adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) possibly caused by microglial depletion. Here, we investigate the effects of ALSP-causing CSF1R variants on microglia and explore the consequences of microglial depletion in the brain. In intermediate- and late-stage ALSP post-mortem brain, we establish that there is an overall loss of homeostatic microglia and that this is predominantly seen in the white matter. By introducing ALSP-causing missense variants into the zebrafish genomic csf1ra locus, we show that these variants act dominant negatively on the number of microglia in vertebrate brain development. Transcriptomics and proteomics on relatively spared ALSP brain tissue validated a downregulation of microglia-associated genes and revealed elevated astrocytic proteins, possibly suggesting involvement of astrocytes in early pathogenesis. Indeed, neuropathological analysis and in vivo imaging of csf1r zebrafish models showed an astrocytic phenotype associated with enhanced, possibly compensatory, endocytosis. Together, our findings indicate that microglial depletion in zebrafish and human disease, likely as a consequence of dominant-acting pathogenic CSF1R variants, correlates with altered astrocytes. These findings underscore the unique opportunity CSF1R variants provide to gain insight into the roles of microglia in the human brain, and the need to further investigate how microglia, astrocytes, and their interactions contribute to white matter homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woutje M. Berdowski
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herma C. van der Linde
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Breur
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Oosterhof
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shanice Beerepoot
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leslie Sanderson
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieve I. Wijnands
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick de Jong
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Tsai-Meu-Chong
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter de Valk
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek de Witte
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Hematology Department, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F. J. van IJcken
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XCenter for Biomics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Demmers
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XProteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S. van der Knaap
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.484519.5Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole I. Wolf
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tjakko J. van Ham
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Andersen BM, Faust Akl C, Wheeler MA, Chiocca EA, Reardon DA, Quintana FJ. Glial and myeloid heterogeneity in the brain tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:786-802. [PMID: 34584243 PMCID: PMC8616823 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain cancers carry bleak prognoses, with therapeutic advances helping only a minority of patients over the past decade. The brain tumour microenvironment (TME) is highly immunosuppressive and differs from that of other malignancies as a result of the glial, neural and immune cell populations that constitute it. Until recently, the study of the brain TME was limited by the lack of methods to de-convolute this complex system at the single-cell level. However, novel technical approaches have begun to reveal the immunosuppressive and tumour-promoting properties of distinct glial and myeloid cell populations in the TME, identifying new therapeutic opportunities. Here, we discuss the immune modulatory functions of microglia, monocyte-derived macrophages and astrocytes in brain metastases and glioma, highlighting their disease-associated heterogeneity and drawing from the insights gained by studying these malignancies and other neurological disorders. Lastly, we consider potential approaches for the therapeutic modulation of the brain TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Andersen
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camilo Faust Akl
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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24
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Chitu V, Biundo F, Stanley ER. Colony stimulating factors in the nervous system. Semin Immunol 2021; 54:101511. [PMID: 34743926 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although traditionally seen as regulators of hematopoiesis, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) have emerged as important players in the nervous system, both in health and disease. This review summarizes the cellular sources, patterns of expression and physiological roles of the macrophage (CSF-1, IL-34), granulocyte-macrophage (GM-CSF) and granulocyte (G-CSF) colony stimulating factors within the nervous system, with a particular focus on their actions on microglia. CSF-1 and IL-34, via the CSF-1R, are required for the development, proliferation and maintenance of essentially all CNS microglia in a temporal and regional specific manner. In contrast, in steady state, GM-CSF and G-CSF are mainly involved in regulation of microglial function. The alterations in expression of these growth factors and their receptors, that have been reported in several neurological diseases, are described and the outcomes of their therapeutic targeting in mouse models and humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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25
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Huang YC, Lai JCY, Peng PH, Wei KC, Wu KJ. Chromatin accessibility analysis identifies GSTM1 as a prognostic marker in human glioblastoma patients. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:201. [PMID: 34732244 PMCID: PMC8565064 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant human brain tumor that has an extremely poor prognosis. Classic mutations such as IDH (isocitrate dehydrogenase) mutations, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) alternations, and MGMT (O6-methylguanine-methyltransferase) promoter hypermethylation have been used to stratify patients and provide prognostic significance. Epigenetic perturbations have been demonstrated in glioblastoma tumorigenesis. Despite the genetic markers used in the management of glioblastoma patients, new biomarkers that could predict patient survival independent of known biomarkers remain to be identified. METHODS ATAC-seq (assay for transposase accessible chromatin followed by sequencing) and RNA-seq have been used to profile chromatin accessible regions using glioblastoma patient samples with short-survival versus long-survival. Cell viability, cell cycle, and Western blot analysis were used to characterize the cellular phenotypes and identify signaling pathways. RESULTS Analysis of chromatin accessibility by ATAC-seq coupled with RNA-seq methods identified the GSTM1 (glutathione S-transferase mu-1) gene, which featured higher chromatin accessibility in GBM tumors with short survival. GSTM1 was confirmed to be a significant prognostic marker to predict survival using a different GBM patient cohort. Knockdown of GSTM1 decreased cell viability, caused cell cycle arrest, and decreased the phosphorylation levels of the NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa B) p65 subunit and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) (pSer727). CONCLUSIONS This report demonstrates the use of ATAC-seq coupled with RNA-seq to identify GSTM1 as a prognostic marker of GBM patient survival. Activation of phosphorylation levels of NF-kB p65 and STAT3 (pSer727) by GSTM1 is shown. Analysis of chromatin accessibility in patient samples could generate an independent biomarker that can be used to predict patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Chieh-Yu Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hua Peng
- Cancer Genome Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Gueishan District, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Juey Wu
- Cancer Genome Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Gueishan District, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
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26
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Borst K, Dumas AA, Prinz M. Microglia: Immune and non-immune functions. Immunity 2021; 54:2194-2208. [PMID: 34644556 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are associated with diverse functions essential to the developing and adult brain during homeostasis and disease. They are aided in their tasks by intricate bidirectional communication with other brain cells under steady-state conditions as well as with infiltrating peripheral immune cells during perturbations. Harmonious cell-cell communication involving microglia are considered crucial to maintain the healthy state of the tissue environment and to overcome pathology such as neuroinflammation. Analyses of such intercellular pathways have contributed to our understanding of the heterogeneous but context-associated microglial responses to environmental cues across neuropathology, including inflammatory conditions such as infections and autoimmunity, as well as immunosuppressive states as seen in brain tumors. Here, we summarize the latest evidence demonstrating how these interactions drive microglia immune and non-immune functions, which coordinate the transition from homeostatic to disease-related cellular states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Borst
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Anaelle Aurelie Dumas
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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27
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Li F, Geng X, Yun HJ, Haddad Y, Chen Y, Ding Y. Neuroplastic Effect of Exercise Through Astrocytes Activation and Cellular Crosstalk. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1644-1657. [PMID: 34631212 PMCID: PMC8460294 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is an effective therapy for neurorehabilitation. Exercise has been shown to induce remodeling and proliferation of astrocyte. Astrocytes potentially affect the recruitment and function of neurons; they could intensify responses of neurons and bring more neurons for the process of neuroplasticity. Interactions between astrocytes, microglia and neurons modulate neuroplasticity and, subsequently, neural circuit function. These cellular interactions promote the number and function of synapses, neurogenesis, and cerebrovascular remodeling. However, the roles and crosstalk of astrocytes with neurons and microglia and any subsequent neuroplastic effects have not been studied extensively in exercise-induced settings. This article discusses the impact of physical exercise on astrocyte proliferation and highlights the interplay between astrocytes, microglia and neurons. The crosstalk between these cells may enhance neuroplasticity, leading to the neuroplastic effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Ho Jun Yun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Yazeed Haddad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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28
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Khadrawy YA, Hosny EN, Magdy M, Mohammed HS. Antidepressant effects of curcumin-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in a rat model of depression. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174384. [PMID: 34324858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The antidepressant effect of curcumin-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (Cur-IONPs) was investigated in the current study using depression rat model induced by reserpine. IONPs were synthesized by curcumin as a reducing agent producing Cur-IONPs. Rats were divided into control, depression rat model, and depressed rats treated with Cur-IONPs. After treatment rat behavior was evaluated using forced swimming test (FST). Serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), monoamine oxidase (MAO), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), Na+, K+, ATPase, lipid peroxidation (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured in the cortex and hippocampus. In depressed rats, FST showed increased immobilization time and reduced swimming time. This was associated with a significant decrease in 5-HT, NE, DA and GSH and a significant increase in MDA and NO levels and GST, MAO, AchE and Na+, K+, ATPase activities in the cortex and hippocampus. Treatment with Cur-NONPs for two weeks increased the swimming time reduced the immobility time, and elevated 5-HT, NE and DA levels. Cur-IONPs attenuated the oxidative stress induced by reserpine and restored the MAO, AchE and Na+, K+, ATPase. The present green method used curcumin in the IONPs synthesis and has several merits; obtaining nanoform of iron oxide, increasing the bioavailability of curcumin and reducing the oxidative stress induced by iron. The present antidepressant effect of Cur-IONPs could be attributed to the ability of Cur-IONPs to restore monoamine neurotransmitter levels by increasing their synthesis and reducing their metabolism. In addition, the antioxidant activity of curcumin prevented oxidative stress in the depressed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser A Khadrawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Eman N Hosny
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Merna Magdy
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Haitham S Mohammed
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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29
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Guo L, Gao T, Gao C, Jia X, Ni J, Han C, Wang Y. Stimulation of astrocytic sigma-1 receptor is sufficient to ameliorate inflammation- induced depression. Behav Brain Res 2021; 410:113344. [PMID: 33961912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play important roles in the development of depression. As a promising target for antidepressant development, sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) is reported to promote activation of astrocyte in chronic stress-induced depression in our previous study. However, astrocytes are hyper-activated in inflammation-induced depression, raising concerns of whether stimulation of astrocytic Sig-1R would exert antidepressant-like effect in inflammation-induced depression. Here we reported that specific stimulation of astrocytic Sig-1R using adeno-associated virus (AAV) significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), sucrose preference test, and improved the memory function in novel object recognition test. Besides, specific stimulation of astrocytic Sig-1R decreased the activation of astrocyte and microglia, as well as increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in LPS-induced depression. In primary cultured astrocytes, overexpression of Sig-1R also reduced the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS during inflammation-treated astrocyte. Taken together, the results suggest that specific stimulation of astrocytic Sig-1R ameliorates inflammation-induced depressive-like behavior, providing the evidence that astrocytic Sig-1R could represent a reliable therapeutic target for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China; Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianyu Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ce Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaojun Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China.
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30
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Xue J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhu Z, Lv Q, Su J. Astrocyte-derived CCL7 promotes microglia-mediated inflammation following traumatic brain injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107975. [PMID: 34293712 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are immune cells of the central nervous system that mediate neuroinflammation. It is widely known that microglia-mediated inflammation in the brain contribute to the widespread tissue damage and neurological deficits in traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the mechanisms responsible for this inflammatory response remain elusive. Here, we investigated the role of astrocyte-derived chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7) in microglial-controlled inflammation following TBI. Our results demonstrated that astrocyte-derived CCL7 induced microglial activation and the release of proinflammatory mediators in the cortex and serum of rats that underwent experimental TBI. Furthermore, CCL7 knockout improved microglia-controlled inflammation, brain morphology and neurological dysfunction following TBI. In vitro, CCL7-siRNA attenuated the LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory markers in the co-culture of microglia and astrocytes. Collectively, our findings uncover an important role for astrocyte-derived CCL7 in promoting microglia-mediated inflammation after TBI and suggests CCL7 could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for attenuating TBI by inhibiting microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Xue
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jintan Hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213200, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jintan Hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213200, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Neurology Department, Jintan Hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213200, China
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jintan Hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213200, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jintan Hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213200, China
| | - Jianhua Su
- Neurology Department, Jintan Hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213200, China.
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31
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Park JH, Nakamura Y, Li W, Hamanaka G, Arai K, Lo EH, Hayakawa K. Effects of O-GlcNAcylation on functional mitochondrial transfer from astrocytes. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1523-1535. [PMID: 33153373 PMCID: PMC8221762 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20969588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria may be transferred from cell to cell in the central nervous system and this process may help defend neurons against injury and disease. But how mitochondria maintain their functionality during the process of release into extracellular space remains unknown. Here, we report that mitochondrial protein O-GlcNAcylation is a critical process to support extracellular mitochondrial functionality. Activation of CD38-cADPR signaling in astrocytes robustly induced protein O-GlcNAcylation in mitochondria, while oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation showed transient and mild protein modification. Blocking the endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi trafficking with Brefeldin A or slc35B4 siRNA reduced O-GlcNAcylation, and resulted in the secretion of mitochondria with decreased membrane potential and mtDNA. Finally, loss-of-function studies verified that O-GlcNAc-modified mitochondria demonstrated higher levels of neuroprotection after astrocyte-to-neuron mitochondrial transfer. Collectively, these findings suggest that post-translational modification by O-GlcNAc may be required for supporting the functionality and neuroprotective properties of mitochondria released from astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Park
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Nakamura
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Wenlu Li
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Gen Hamanaka
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Kazuhide Hayakawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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32
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Decreased Expression of the Host Long-Noncoding RNA-GM Facilitates Viral Escape by Inhibiting the Kinase activity TBK1 via S-glutathionylation. Immunity 2021; 53:1168-1181.e7. [PMID: 33326766 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade elimination by the immune system. Here we examined the contribution of host long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in viral immune evasion. By functional screening of lncRNAs whose expression decreased upon viral infection of macrophages, we identified a lncRNA (lncRNA-GM, Gene Symbol: AK189470.1) that promoted type I interferon (IFN-I) production and inhibited viral replication. Deficiency of lncRNA-GM in mice increased susceptibility to viral infection and impaired IFN-I production. Mechanistically, lncRNA-GM bound to glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and blocked GSTM1 interaction with the kinase TBK1, reducing GSTM1-mediated S-glutathionylation of TBK1. Decreased S-glutathionylation enhanced TBK1 activity and downstream production of antiviral mediators. Viral infection reprogrammed intracellular glutathione metabolism and furthermore, an oxidized glutathione mimetic could inhibit TBK1 activity and promote viral replication. Our findings reveal regulation of TBK1 by S-glutathionylation and provide insight into the viral mediated metabolic changes that impact innate immunity and viral evasion.
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Gipson CD, Rawls S, Scofield MD, Siemsen BM, Bondy EO, Maher EE. Interactions of neuroimmune signaling and glutamate plasticity in addiction. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:56. [PMID: 33612110 PMCID: PMC7897396 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic use of drugs of abuse affects neuroimmune signaling; however, there are still many open questions regarding the interactions between neuroimmune mechanisms and substance use disorders (SUDs). Further, chronic use of drugs of abuse can induce glutamatergic changes in the brain, but the relationship between the glutamate system and neuroimmune signaling in addiction is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to bring into focus the role of neuroimmune signaling and its interactions with the glutamate system following chronic drug use, and how this may guide pharmacotherapeutic treatment strategies for SUDs. In this review, we first describe neuroimmune mechanisms that may be linked to aberrant glutamate signaling in addiction. We focus specifically on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, a potentially important neuroimmune mechanism that may be a key player in driving drug-seeking behavior. We highlight the importance of astroglial-microglial crosstalk, and how this interacts with known glutamatergic dysregulations in addiction. Then, we describe the importance of studying non-neuronal cells with unprecedented precision because understanding structure-function relationships in these cells is critical in understanding their role in addiction neurobiology. Here we propose a working model of neuroimmune-glutamate interactions that underlie drug use motivation, which we argue may aid strategies for small molecule drug development to treat substance use disorders. Together, the synthesis of this review shows that interactions between glutamate and neuroimmune signaling may play an important and understudied role in addiction processes and may be critical in developing more efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Scott Rawls
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael D Scofield
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Benjamin M Siemsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Emma O Bondy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Erin E Maher
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
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Oh M, Kim SY, Gil JE, Byun JS, Cha DW, Ku B, Lee W, Kim WK, Oh KJ, Lee EW, Bae KH, Lee SC, Han BS. Nurr1 performs its anti-inflammatory function by regulating RasGRP1 expression in neuro-inflammation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10755. [PMID: 32612143 PMCID: PMC7329810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nurr1, a transcription factor belonging to the orphan nuclear receptor, has an essential role in the generation and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons and is important in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’ disease (PD). In addition, Nurr1 has a non-neuronal function, and it is especially well known that Nurr1 has an anti-inflammatory function in the Parkinson’s disease model. However, the molecular mechanisms of Nurr1 have not been elucidated. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism of Nurr1 function. To provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of Nurr1 in the inflammatory response, we performed Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) on LPS-induced inflammation in BV2 cells and finally identified the RasGRP1 gene as a novel target of Nurr1. Here, we show that Nurr1 directly binds to the RasGRP1 intron to regulate its expression. Moreover, we also identified that RasGRP1 regulates the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling cascade in LPS-induced inflammation signaling. Finally, we conclude that RasGRP1 is a novel regulator of Nurr1’s mediated inflammation signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihee Oh
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Gil
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Su Byun
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Cha
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Won-Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Baek-Soo Han
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Redox signalling and regulation of the blood-brain barrier. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 125:105794. [PMID: 32562769 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are associated with increased oxidative stress. Reactive oxidants damage tissue and promote cell death, but it is apparent that oxidants can have more subtle effects on cell function through the modulation of redox-sensitive signalling pathways. Cells of the blood-brain barrier regulate the brain microenvironment but become dysfunctional during neurological disease. The blood-brain barrier is maintained by many cell types, and is modulated by redox-sensitive pathways, ranging from the cytoskeletal elements responsible for establishing a barrier, to growth factor and cytokine signalling pathways that influence neurovascular cells. During neurological disease, blood-brain barrier cells are exposed to exogenously generated oxidants from immune cells, as well as increasing endogenously oxidant production. These oxidants impair the function of the blood-brain barrier, leading to increased leakage and reduced blood flow. Reducing the impact of oxidants on the function of blood-brain barrier cells may provide new strategies for delaying the progression of neurological disease.
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Qian Y, Lei G, Wen L. Brain-specific deletion of TRIM13 promotes metabolic stress-triggered insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and neuroinflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:138-145. [PMID: 32446357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes has been associated with metabolic disorder, insulin resistance and neuroinflammation. However, the pathogenesis for HFD-induced injury of central nervous system (CNS) is still unclear. Tripartite Motif Containing 13 (TRIM13), also known as RFP2, is a member of TRIM proteins, and is associated with multiple cellular processes, such as apoptosis, survival and inflammation. However, the effects of TRIM13 on brain injury, especially the HFD-induced CNS damage, have not been investigated. To address this issue, the TRIM13flox/flox (fl/fl) mice were produced and then crossed them with Nestin-Cre mice to delete TRIM13 specifically in the brain (cKO). Then, T2D mice with obesity were established by chronic feeding of HFD. We found that brain-specific deletion of TRIM13 accelerated HFD-induced metabolic disorder, insulin resistance and systematic inflammatory response. In addition, HFDcKO mice exhibited significantly higher pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus tissues, which were comparable to the HFDfl/fl mice. Consistently, the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) induced by HFD was further aggravated in mice with brain-specific loss of TRIM13. Moreover, glial activation in CNS stimulated by HFD was further promoted by TRIM13 knockout in brain, as evidenced by the up-regulated expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1. In hypothalamus, HFD reduced proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and enhanced neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression, which were further promoted in mice with brain-specific deletion of TRIM13. Meanwhile, insulin signaling pathway was disrupted by HFD in hypothalamus of mice, and these effects were exacerbated in HFDcKO mice. The in vitro analysis confirmed that TRIM13 knockout in glial cells considerably promoted palmitate (PAL)-induced inflammatory response by accelerating NF-κB signal, contributing to the insulin resistance in the isolated primary neurons. Together, these findings demonstrated that TRIM13 was involved in HFD-induced CNS injury and insulin resistance through regulating neuroinflammatory response, contributing to the modulation of peripheral metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qian
- Department of Endocrine, The 521 Hospital of the China North Industries Group, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, 710065, China
| | - Gao Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, 710004, China
| | - Liu Wen
- Department of Geriatric, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116011, China.
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Dasari S, Gonuguntla S, Yellanurkonda P, Nagarajan P, Meriga B. Sensitivity of glutathione S-transferases to high doses of acrylamide in albino wistar rats: Affinity purification, biochemical characterization and expression analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109416. [PMID: 31301596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were to purify the glutathione S-transfereses (GSTs) and assess the effect of high doses of acrylamide (ACR) on male albino Wistar rat liver, kidney, testis and bran GST activities, and expression analysis of GST. ACR (50 mg/300 ml) was ingested for 40 days (20 doses) in drinking water on alternative days, on 40 day post ingestion the control and treated tissues were collected for GST purification by affinity column and biochemical characterization of GSTs by substrate specificities, and GST expression by immuno dot blots. In the analysis of the purified GSTs, we observed that liver GSTs were resolved in to three bands known as Yc, Yb and Ya; kidney GSTs were resolved in to two bands known as Yc and Ya; testis and brain GSTs were resolved as four bands known as Yc, Yb, Yβ and Yδ on 12.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel (SDS PAGE). In the analysis of biochemical characterization, we observed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the specific activities of liver GST isoforms with the substrates 1-chloro 2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), bromosulfophthalein (BSP), p-nitrophenyl acetate (pNPA), p-nitrobenzyl chloride (pNBC) and cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), but showed no activity with ethacrynic acid (ECA) and significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the specific activities of kidney GST isoforms with the substrates CDNB, pNPA, pNBC and CHP, but showed no activity with BSP and ECA, and a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the specific activities of testis and brain GST isoforms with the substrates CDNB, BSP, pNPA, pNBC, ECA and CHP. In the analysis of immuno dot blots, we observed a decreased expression of liver, kidney, testis and brain GSTs. Through the affinity purification and biochemical characterization, we observed a tissue specific distribution of GSTs that is liver GSTs possess Yc, Yb and Ya sub units known as alpha (α) and mu (μ) class GSTs; kidney GSTs possess Yc and Ya sub units known as (α) alpha class GST; testis and brain GSTs possess Yc, Yb, Yβ and Yδ sub units known as alpha (α), mu (μ) and pi (π) class GSTs. Purification studies, biochemical characterization and immuno dot blot analysis were revealed the GSTs were sensitive to high doses of ACR and the high level exposure to ACR cause the damage of detoxification function of GST due to decreased expression and hence lead to cellular dysfunction of vital organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasulu Dasari
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Sailaja Gonuguntla
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Prabhusaran Nagarajan
- Research Laboratory of Leptospirosis and Medical Nanotechnology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Tiruchirapalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Balaji Meriga
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Hinkle JT, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. The A1 astrocyte paradigm: New avenues for pharmacological intervention in neurodegeneration. Mov Disord 2019; 34:959-969. [PMID: 31136698 PMCID: PMC6642014 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that NLY01, a novel glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, exerts neuroprotective effects in two mouse models of PD in a glia-dependent manner. NLY01 prevented microglia from releasing inflammatory mediators known to convert astrocytes into a neurotoxic A1 reactive subtype. Importantly, we provided evidence that this neuroprotection was not mediated by a direct action of NLY01 on neurons or astrocytes (e.g., by activating neurotrophic pathways or modulating astrocyte reactivity per se). In the present article, we provide a generalist review of microglia and astrocytes in neurodegeneration and discuss the emerging paradigm of A1 astrocyte neurotoxicity in more detail. We comment on specific inferences that are naturally suggested by our work in this area and the differential level of support it offers to each. Finally, we discuss implications for the overall goal of creating disease-modifying therapies for PD, survey emerging methodologies for accelerating translational research on glia in neurodegeneration, and describe expected challenges for developing glia-directed therapies that do not impede essential physiological functions carried out by glia in the CNS. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T. Hinkle
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Priego N, Valiente M. The Potential of Astrocytes as Immune Modulators in Brain Tumors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1314. [PMID: 31244853 PMCID: PMC6579886 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuro-immune axis has emerged as a key aspect to understand the normal function of the Central Nervous System (CNS) as well as the pathophysiology of many brain disorders. As such, it may represent a promising source for novel therapeutic targets. Glial cells, and in particular the extensively studied microglia, play important roles in brain disorders. Astrocytes, in their reactive state, have been shown to positively and negatively modulate the progression of multiple CNS disorders. These seemingly opposing effects, might stem from their underlying heterogeneity, an aspect that has recently come to light. In this article we will discuss the link between reactive astrocytes and the neuro-immune axis with a perspective on their potential importance in brain tumors. Based on the gained knowledge from studies in other CNS disorders, reactive astrocytes are undoubtfully emerging as a key component of the neuro-immune axis, with ability to modulate both the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system. Lastly, we will discuss how we can exploit our improved understanding of the basic biology of astrocytes to further enhance the efficacy of emerging immune-based therapies in primary brain tumors and brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neibla Priego
- Brain Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Brain Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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