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Emamnejad R, Pagnin M, Petratos S. The iron maiden: Oligodendroglial metabolic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis and mitochondrial signaling. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105788. [PMID: 38950685 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease, governed by oligodendrocyte (OL) dystrophy and central nervous system (CNS) demyelination manifesting variable neurological impairments. Mitochondrial mechanisms may drive myelin biogenesis maintaining the axo-glial unit according to dynamic requisite demands imposed by the axons they ensheath. The promotion of OL maturation and myelination by actively transporting thyroid hormone (TH) into the CNS and thereby facilitating key transcriptional and metabolic pathways that regulate myelin biogenesis is fundamental to sustain the profound energy demands at each axo-glial interface. Deficits in regulatory functions exerted through TH for these physiological roles to be orchestrated by mature OLs, can occur in genetic and acquired myelin disorders, whereby mitochondrial efficiency and eventual dysfunction can lead to profound oligodendrocytopathy, demyelination and neurodegenerative sequelae. TH-dependent transcriptional and metabolic pathways can be dysregulated during acute and chronic MS lesion activity depriving OLs from critical acetyl-CoA biochemical mechanisms governing myelin lipid biosynthesis and at the same time altering the generation of iron metabolism that may drive ferroptotic mechanisms, leading to advancing neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahimeh Emamnejad
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Maurice Pagnin
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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2
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Jiahong C, Junfeng D, Shuxian L, Tao W, Liyun W, Hongfu W. The role of immune cell death in spermatogenesis and male fertility. J Reprod Immunol 2024; 165:104291. [PMID: 38986230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2024.104291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The male reproductive system provides a distinctive shield to the immune system, safeguarding germ cells (GCs) from autoimmune harm. The testis in mammals creates a unique immunological setting due to its exceptional immune privilege and potent local innate immunity. which can result from a number of different circumstances, including disorders of the pituitary gland, GC aplasia, and immunological elements. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death (PCD), is essential for mammalian spermatogenesis to maintain and ensure an appropriate number of GCs that correspond with the supporting capability of the Sertoli cells. Apoptosis is substantial in controlling the number of GCs in the testis throughout spermatogenesis, and any dysregulation of this process has been linked to male infertility. There is a number of evidence about the potential of PCD in designing novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of infertility. A detailed understanding of PCD and the processes that underlie immunological infertility can contribute to the progress in designing strategies to prevent and treat male infertility. This review will provide a summary of the role of immune cell death in male reproduction and infertility and describe the therapeutic strategies and agents for treatment based on immune cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiahong
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Department of Venereal Diseases and Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine and Bone Paralysis, Longjiang Hospital of Shunde District, Foshan, China
| | - Dong Junfeng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Liu Shuxian
- Guangzhou Huadu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital (Huzhong Hospital of Huadu District), Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang Tao
- Department of Venereal Diseases and Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine and Bone Paralysis, Longjiang Hospital of Shunde District, Foshan, China.
| | - Wang Liyun
- Guangzhou Huadu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital (Huzhong Hospital of Huadu District), Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wu Hongfu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
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Yan F, Jiang R, Yang C, Yang Y, Luo Z, Jiang Y. Response Mechanisms of Zelkova schneideriana Leaves to Varying Levels of Calcium Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9293. [PMID: 39273242 PMCID: PMC11394862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium stress can negatively impact plant growth, prompting plants to respond by mitigating this effect. However, the specific mechanisms underlying this response remain unclear. In this study, we used non-targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics to investigate the response mechanisms of Zelkova schneideriana leaves under varying degrees of calcium stress. Results revealed that calcium stress led to wilt in young leaves. When calcium stress exceeds the tolerance threshold of the leaf, it results in wilting of mature leaves, rupture of chloroplasts in palisade tissue, and extensive wrinkling and breakage of leaf cells. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that calcium stress inhibited photosynthesis by suppressing the expression of genes related to photosynthetic system II and electron transport. Leaf cells activate phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and Vitamin B6 metabolism to resist calcium stress. When calcium accumulation gradually surpassed the tolerance threshold of the cells, this results in failure of conventional anti-calcium stress mechanisms, leading to cell death. Furthermore, excessive calcium stress inhibits the expression of CNGC and anti-pathogen genes. The results of the metabolomics study showed that five key metabolites increased in response to calcium stress, which may play an important role in countering calcium stress. This study provides insights into the response of Z. schneideriana leaves to different levels of calcium stress, which could provide a theoretical basis for cultivating Z. schneideriana in karst areas and enhance our understanding of plant responses to calcium stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Yan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Academy of Forestry, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Ronghui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Academy of Forestry, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yanbing Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Academy of Forestry, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Zaiqi Luo
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Academy of Forestry, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Yunli Jiang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Academy of Forestry, Guiyang 550005, China
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Shen Y, Chen D, Linghu M, Huang B, Xu S, Li L, Lu Y, Li X. MLKL deficiency alleviates acute alcoholic liver injury via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome. Toxicology 2024; 506:153864. [PMID: 38871208 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) is identified as the terminal executor of necroptosis. However, its role in acute alcoholic liver injury remains unclear. This study elucidates that MLKL can contribute to acute alcoholic liver injury independently of necroptosis. Although the expression of MLKL was upregulated, no significant increase in its phosphorylation or membrane translocation was observed in the liver tissues of mice treated with ethanol. This finding confirms that alcohol intake does not induce necroptosis in mouse liver tissue. Additionally, the deletion of Mlkl resulted in the downregulation of NLRP3 expression, which subsequently inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the ensuing inflammatory response, thereby effectively mitigating liver injury induced by acute alcohol consumption. The knockout of Nlrp3 did not affect the expression of MLKL, further confirming that MLKL acts upstream of NLRP3. Mechanistically, inhibiting the nuclear translocation of MLKL reduced the nuclear entry of p65, the principal transcriptional regulator of NLRP3, thereby limiting the transcription of Nlrp3 mRNA and subsequent NLRP3 expression. Overall, this study unveils a novel mechanism of MLKL regulates the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes in a necroptosis independent way in acute alcoholic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China; Qixingguan District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Bijie 551700, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Min Linghu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Shangfu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Lisheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China; Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Yuanfu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
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Yu X, Xia M, Li Y, Chen G, Yu C, Chen Q, Peng Q. Cationic liposomes as a drug-free system for efficient anticancer therapy by intracytoplasmic delivery of sodium bicarbonate. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 240:113984. [PMID: 38795588 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Developing the delivery systems with high therapeutic efficacy and low side effects is of great interest and significance for anticancer therapy. Compared to the high cost in synthesizing new chemotherapeutic drugs, exploring the anticancer potentials of existing chemicals is more convenient and efficient. Sodium bicarbonate (BC), a simple inorganic salt, has shown its tumor inhibition capacity via regulating the acidity of tumor microenvironment. However, the effects of intracytoplasmic BC on tumor growth and the potentials of BC to serve as an anticancer agent are still unknown. Herein, we developed a BC-loaded cationic liposome system (BC-CLP) to deliver BC into the cytosol of cancer cells. The in vitro studies showed that the BC-CLP containing 1% BC (w/v) had a size of 112.9 nm and a zeta potential of 19.1 mV, which reduced the viability of the model cancer cells (human oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-3 cells) to 13.7%. In contrast, the neutral BC-LP caused less than 50% viability reduction. We further found that BC-CLP released BC directly into cytoplasm via membrane fusion pathway rather than endocytosis, leading to the remarkable increase of cytosolic pH, which may contribute to the anticancer effect of BC-CLP. Our findings indicate that BC-CLP is a potential system for high-efficiency cancer therapy without causing drug-related side effects or resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Mengying Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuanhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Geyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chenhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Nafe R, Hattingen E. Forms of Non-Apoptotic Cell Death and Their Role in Gliomas-Presentation of the Current State of Knowledge. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1546. [PMID: 39062119 PMCID: PMC11274595 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to necrosis and apoptosis, the two forms of cell death that have been known for many decades, other non-apoptotic forms of cell death have been discovered, many of which also play a role in tumors. Starting with the description of autophagy more than 60 years ago, newer forms of cell death have become important for the biology of tumors, such as ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and paraptosis. In this review, all non-apoptotic and oncologically relevant forms of programmed cell death are presented, starting with their first descriptions, their molecular characteristics, and their role and their interactions in cell physiology and pathophysiology. Based on these descriptions, the current state of knowledge about their alterations and their role in gliomas will be presented. In addition, current efforts to therapeutically influence the molecular components of these forms of cell death will be discussed. Although research into their exact role in gliomas is still at a rather early stage, our review clarifies that all these non-apoptotic forms of cell death show significant alterations in gliomas and that important insight into understanding them has already been gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Nafe
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinics of Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Schleusenweg 2-16, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
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Bae H, Jang Y, Karki R, Han JH. Implications of inflammatory cell death-PANoptosis in health and disease. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:617-631. [PMID: 38987410 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-024-01506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, such as pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, are essential for maintaining the body's balance, defending against pathogens, and eliminating abnormal cells that could lead to diseases like cancer. Although these pathways operate through distinct mechanisms, recent genetic and pharmacological studies have shown that they can interact and influence each other. The concept of "PANoptosis" has emerged, highlighting the interplay between pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, especially during cellular responses to infections. This article provides a concise overview of PANoptosis and its molecular mechanisms, exploring its implications in various diseases. The review focuses on the extensive interactions among different RCD pathways, emphasizing the role of PANoptosis in infections, cytokine storms, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Understanding PANoptosis is crucial for developing novel treatments for conditions involving infections, sterile inflammations, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Yeonseo Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Nexus Institute of Research and Innovation (NIRI), Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Joo-Hui Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Wanju, 55338, Republic of Korea.
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Wang N, Li CY, Yao TF, Kang XD, Guo HS. OSW-1 triggers necroptosis in colorectal cancer cells through the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling pathway facilitated by the RIPK1-p62/SQSTM1 complex. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:2155-2174. [PMID: 38681991 PMCID: PMC11045482 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i15.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necroptosis has emerged as a novel molecular pathway that can be targeted by chemotherapy agents in the treatment of cancer. OSW-1, which is derived from the bulbs of Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker, exerts a wide range of pharmacological effects. AIM To explore whether OSW-1 can induce necroptosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, thereby expanding its range of clinical applications. METHODS We performed a sequence of functional experiments, including Cell Counting Kit-8 assays and flow cytometry analysis, to assess the inhibitory effect of OSW-1 on CRC cells. We utilized quantitative proteomics, employing tandem mass tag labeling combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, to analyze changes in protein expression. Subsequent bioinformatic analysis was conducted to elucidate the biological processes associated with the identified proteins. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunofluorescence studies were also performed to examine the effects of OSW-1 on necroptosis. Finally, western blotting, siRNA experiments, and immunoprecipitation were employed to evaluate protein interactions within CRC cells. RESULTS The results revealed that OSW-1 exerted a strong inhibitory effect on CRC cells, and this effect was accompanied by a necroptosis-like morphology that was observable via TEM. OSW-1 was shown to trigger necroptosis via activation of the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway. Furthermore, the accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 was shown to mediate OSW-1-induced necroptosis through its interaction with RIPK1. CONCLUSION We propose that OSW-1 can induce necroptosis through the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling pathway, and that this effect is mediated by the RIPK1-p62/SQSTM1 complex, in CRC cells. These results provide a theoretical foundation for the use of OSW-1 in the clinical treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning Province, China
- The Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chao-Yang Li
- The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Teng-Fei Yao
- The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Kang
- The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui-Shu Guo
- The Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
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Bai X, Wang Y, Luo X, Bao X, Weng X, Chen Y, Zhang S, Lv Y, Dai X, Zeng M, Yang D, Hu S, Li J, Ji Y, Jia H, Yu B. Cigarette tar accelerates atherosclerosis progression via RIPK3-dependent necroptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:41. [PMID: 38229167 PMCID: PMC10790416 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tar is the main toxic of cigarettes, and its effect on atherosclerosis progression and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a key role in atherogenesis and plaque vulnerability. The present study sought to investigate the mechanism of atherosclerosis progression through tar-induced VSMC necroptosis, a recently described form of necrosis. METHODS The effect of tar on atherosclerosis progression and VSMC necroptosis was examined in ApoE-/- mice and cultured VSMCs. The role of necroptosis in tar-induced plaque development was evaluated in RIPK3-deletion mice (ApoE-/-RIPK3-/-). The key proteins of necroptosis in carotid plaques of smokers and non-smokers were also examined. Quantitative proteomics of mice aortas was conducted to further investigate the underlying mechanism. Pharmacological approaches were then applied to modulate the expression of targets to verify the regulatory process of tar-induced necroptosis. RESULTS Tar administration led to increased atherosclerotic plaque area and reduced collagen and VSMCs in ApoE-/- mice. The expression of RIPK1、RIPK3、and MLKL in VSMCs of plaques were all increased in tar-exposed mice and smokers. RIPK3 deletion protected against VSMC loss and plaque progression stimulated by tar. In mechanistic studies, quantitative proteomics analysis of ApoE-/- mice aortas suggested that tar triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. PERK-eIF2α-CHOP axis was activated in tar-treated VSMCs and atherosclerotic plaque. Inhibition of ER stress using 4PBA significantly reduced plaque progression and VSMC necroptosis. Further study revealed that ER stress resulted in calcium (Ca2+) release into mitochondria and cytoplasm. Elevated Ca2+ levels lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which consequently promote RIPK3-dependent necroptosis. In addition, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activated by cytosolic Ca2+ overload binds to RIPK3, accounting for necroptosis. CONCLUSION The findings revealed that cigarette tar promoted atherosclerosis progression by inducing RIPK3-dependent VSMC necroptosis and identified novel avenues of ER stress and Ca2+ overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Bai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xing Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaoyi Bao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiuzhu Weng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yuwu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ying Lv
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xinyu Dai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Sining Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yong Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research and NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Haibo Jia
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
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Ai Y, Meng Y, Yan B, Zhou Q, Wang X. The biochemical pathways of apoptotic, necroptotic, pyroptotic, and ferroptotic cell death. Mol Cell 2024; 84:170-179. [PMID: 38181758 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Apoptosis, the first regulated form of cell death discovered in mammalian cells, is executed by caspase-3/7, which are dormant in living cells but become activated by upstream caspase-8 or caspase-9 in responding to extracellular cytokines or intracellular stress signals, respectively. The same cell death-inducing cytokines also cause necroptosis when caspase-8 is inhibited, resulting in the activation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), which phosphorylates pseudokinase MLKL to trigger its oligomerization and membrane-disrupting activity. Caspase-1/4/5/11, known as inflammatory caspases, instead induce pyroptosis by cleaving gasdermin D, whose caspase-cleaved N terminus forms pores on the plasma membrane. The membrane protein NINJ1 amplifies the extent of membrane rupture initiated by gasdermin D. Additionally, disturbance of peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid tails of membrane phospholipids triggers ferroptosis, an iron-dependent and caspases-independent necrotic death. This review will discuss how these regulated cell death pathways act individually and interconnectively in particular cell types to carry out specific physiological and pathological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yutong Meng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing and Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, No. 7 Life Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bo Yan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qinyi Zhou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing and Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, No. 7 Life Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing and Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, No. 7 Life Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China.
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11
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Guerrero-Mauvecin J, Fontecha-Barriuso M, López-Diaz AM, Ortiz A, Sanz AB. RIPK3 and kidney disease. Nefrologia 2024; 44:10-22. [PMID: 37150671 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) is an intracellular kinase at the crossroads of cell death and inflammation. RIPK3 contains a RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) domain which allows interactions with other RHIM-containing proteins and a kinase domain that allows phosphorylation of target proteins. RIPK3 may be activated through interaction with RHIM-containing proteins such as RIPK1, TRIF and DAI (ZBP1, DLM-1) or through RHIM-independent mechanisms in an alkaline intracellular pH. RIPK3 mediates necroptosis and promotes inflammation, independently of necroptosis, through either activation of NFκB or the inflammasome. There is in vivo preclinical evidence of the contribution of RIPK3 to both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to the AKI-to-CKD transition derived from RIPK3 deficient mice or the use of small molecule RIPK3 inhibitors. In these studies, RIPK3 targeting decreased inflammation but kidney injury improved only in some contexts. Clinical translation of these findings has been delayed by the potential of some small molecule inhibitors of RIPK3 kinase activity to trigger apoptotic cell death by inducing conformational changes of the protein. A better understanding of the conformational changes in RIPK3 that trigger apoptosis, dual RIPK3/RIPK1 inhibitors or repurposing of multiple kinase inhibitors such as dabrafenib may facilitate clinical development of the RIPK3 inhibition concept for diverse inflammatory diseases, including kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guerrero-Mauvecin
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana M López-Diaz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain; RICORS2040, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Sanz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain; RICORS2040, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Qi J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Long H, Dong L, Wan P, Zuo Z, Chen W, Song Z. High-Salt-Diet (HSD) aggravates the progression of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) via regulating epithelial necroptosis. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:28. [PMID: 37691056 PMCID: PMC10493205 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its unclear etiology, there is no specific medicine to cure the recurrent and incurable inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Unhealthy dietary habits unconsciously contributed to the progression of IBD, for example a High-Salt-Diet (HSD) is the most neglected and frequently adopted habit. However, the molecular mechanism of how HSD aggravates the progression of IBD has yet to remain uncovered. Herein, we focus on the hypothesis that necroptosis pathway may be involved in the process of IBD exacerbated by HSD. To this end, different gene expression (DEGs) profiles of human epithelia under hypertonic culture conditions were applied to screen candidate pathways. What's more, gene expression manipulation, immune microenvironment detection, RIPK3/MLKL gene knockout (KO), and wild-type (WT) mice were carried out to research the promotion of IBD progression under treatments of high salt intake. Based on our present results, gene expression profiles in human normal colon epithelia cell NCM460 were significantly changed under salt- or sucrose-induced hypertonic culture conditions. RIPK3 was significantly up-regulated under both conditions. Furthermore, mice colon epithelia cell CT26 growth was inhibited in a time- and dose-dependent manner by extra NaCl incubation. Autophagy, and Necroptosis pathways were activated and enhanced by LPS pretreatment. HSD significantly exacerbated DSS-induced IBD symptoms in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, RIPK3-/- and MLKL-/- mice presented severe IBD symptoms in vivo. Overall, the results demonstrated that HSD aggravated the IBD progression via necroptosis activation, providing novel strategies and promising targets for the clinical treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, P.R. China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Virology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, P.R. China
| | - Jinli Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Affiliated By The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650504, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Huan Long
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Affiliated By The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650504, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Affiliated By The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650504, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Ping Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Affiliated By The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650504, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Zan Zuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, P.R. China.
| | - Wenjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, P.R. China.
- Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Westbourne St, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.
| | - Zhengji Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, P.R. China.
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13
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Park SH, Lee HC, Jeong HM, Lee JS, Cha HJ, Kim CH, Kim J, Song KS. Inhibition of Urban Particulate Matter-Induced Airway Inflammation by RIPK3 through the Regulation of Tight Junction Protein Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13320. [PMID: 37686124 PMCID: PMC10487650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban particulate matter (UPM) is a high-hazard cause of various diseases in humans, including in the respiratory tract, skin, heart, and even brain. Unfortunately, there is no established treatment for the damage caused by UPM in the respiratory epithelium. In addition, although RIPK3 is known to induce necroptosis, its intracellular role as a negative regulator in human lungs and bronchial epithelia remains unclear. Here, the endogenous expression of RIPK3 was significantly decreased 6 h after exposure to UPM. In RIPK3-ovexpressed cells, RIPK3 was not moved to the cytoplasm from the nucleus. Interestingly, the overexpression of RIPK3 dramatically decreased TEER and F-actin formation. Its overexpression also decreased the expression of genes for pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) and tight junctions (ZO-1, -2, -3, E-cadherin, and claudin) during UPM-induced airway inflammation. Importantly, overexpression of RIPK3 inhibited the UPM-induced ROS production by inhibiting the activation of iNOS and eNOS and by regulating mitochondrial fission processing. In addition, UPM-induced activation of the iκB and NF-κB signaling pathways was dramatically decreased by RIPK3, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was decreased by inhibiting the iκB signaling pathway. Our data indicated that RIPK3 is essential for the UPM-induced inflammatory microenvironment to maintain homeostasis. Therefore, we suggest that RIPK3 is a potential therapeutic candidate for UPM-induced pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Park
- Department of Medical Science, Kosin University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.P.); (H.-C.L.); (H.M.J.)
| | - Hyun-Chae Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Kosin University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.P.); (H.-C.L.); (H.M.J.)
| | - Hye Min Jeong
- Department of Medical Science, Kosin University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.P.); (H.-C.L.); (H.M.J.)
| | - Jeong-Sang Lee
- Department of Functional Foods and Biotechnology, College of Medical Sciences, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam-ro, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea;
| | - Cheol Hong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang 15588, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyoung Seob Song
- Department of Medical Science, Kosin University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.P.); (H.-C.L.); (H.M.J.)
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14
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Chen F, Kang R, Liu J, Tang D. Mechanisms of alkaliptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1213995. [PMID: 37601110 PMCID: PMC10436304 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1213995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors represent a major threat to global health and the search for effective treatments is imperative. While various treatments exist, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and combination therapies, there remains a need to develop therapies that target regulated cell death pathways to eliminate cancer cells while preserving normal cells. Alkaliptosis, a pH-dependent cell death process triggered by the small molecular compound JTC801, has been identified as a novel approach for malignant tumor treatment, particularly in pancreatic cancer. Two major signaling pathways, the NF-κB-CA9 pathway and the ATP6V0D1-STAT3 pathway, contribute to the induction of alkaliptosis. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of alkaliptosis signals, mechanisms, and modulation, and explores its context-dependent effects on drug resistance, inflammation, and immunity. By providing a deeper understanding of the heterogeneity and plasticity of cell death mechanisms, this information holds promise for informing the design of more effective anti-tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangquan Chen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jiao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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15
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Patankar JV, Bubeck M, Acera MG, Becker C. Breaking bad: necroptosis in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203903. [PMID: 37409125 PMCID: PMC10318896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A delicate balance between programmed cell death and proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) exists in the gut to maintain homeostasis. Homeostatic cell death programs such as anoikis and apoptosis ensure the replacement of dead epithelia without overt immune activation. In infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases of the gut, this balance is invariably disturbed by increased levels of pathologic cell death. Pathological forms of cell death such as necroptosis trigger immune activation barrier dysfunction, and perpetuation of inflammation. A leaky and inflamed gut can thus become a cause of persistent low-grade inflammation and cell death in other organs of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as the liver and the pancreas. In this review, we focus on the advances in the molecular and cellular understanding of programmed necrosis (necroptosis) in tissues of the GI tract. In this review, we will first introduce the reader to the basic molecular aspects of the necroptosis machinery and discuss the pathways leading to necroptosis in the GI system. We then highlight the clinical significance of the preclinical findings and finally evaluate the different therapeutic approaches that attempt to target necroptosis against various GI diseases. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the biological functions of the molecules involved in necroptosis and the potential side effects that may occur due to their systemic inhibition. This review is intended to introduce the reader to the core concepts of pathological necroptotic cell death, the signaling pathways involved, its immuno-pathological implications, and its relevance to GI diseases. Further advances in our ability to control the extent of pathological necroptosis will provide better therapeutic opportunities against currently intractable GI and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay V. Patankar
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marvin Bubeck
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miguel Gonzalez Acera
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Li Y, Hook JS, Ding Q, Xiao X, Chung SS, Mettlen M, Xu L, Moreland JG, Agathocleous M. Neutrophil metabolomics in severe COVID-19 reveal GAPDH as a suppressor of neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2610. [PMID: 37147288 PMCID: PMC10162006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by an increase in the number and changes in the function of innate immune cells including neutrophils. However, it is not known how the metabolome of immune cells changes in patients with COVID-19. To address these questions, we analyzed the metabolome of neutrophils from patients with severe or mild COVID-19 and healthy controls. We identified widespread dysregulation of neutrophil metabolism with disease progression including in amino acid, redox, and central carbon metabolism. Metabolic changes in neutrophils from patients with severe COVID-19 were consistent with reduced activity of the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH. Inhibition of GAPDH blocked glycolysis and promoted pentose phosphate pathway activity but blunted the neutrophil respiratory burst. Inhibition of GAPDH was sufficient to cause neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation which required neutrophil elastase activity. GAPDH inhibition increased neutrophil pH, and blocking this increase prevented cell death and NET formation. These findings indicate that neutrophils in severe COVID-19 have an aberrant metabolism which can contribute to their dysfunction. Our work also shows that NET formation, a pathogenic feature of many inflammatory diseases, is actively suppressed in neutrophils by a cell-intrinsic mechanism controlled by GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Li
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jessica S Hook
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qing Ding
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stephen S Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Marcel Mettlen
- Department of Cell Biology, Quantitative Light Microscopy Core, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jessica G Moreland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michalis Agathocleous
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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17
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Sanz AB, Sanchez-Niño MD, Ramos AM, Ortiz A. Regulated cell death pathways in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:281-299. [PMID: 36959481 PMCID: PMC10035496 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of cell number that result from an imbalance between the death of parenchymal cells and the proliferation or recruitment of maladaptive cells contributes to the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Acute kidney injury can result from an acute loss of kidney epithelial cells. In chronic kidney disease, loss of kidney epithelial cells leads to glomerulosclerosis and tubular atrophy, whereas interstitial inflammation and fibrosis result from an excess of leukocytes and myofibroblasts. Other conditions, such as acquired cystic disease and kidney cancer, are characterized by excess numbers of cyst wall and malignant cells, respectively. Cell death modalities act to clear unwanted cells, but disproportionate responses can contribute to the detrimental loss of kidney cells. Indeed, pathways of regulated cell death - including apoptosis and necrosis - have emerged as central events in the pathogenesis of various kidney diseases that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. Modes of regulated necrosis, such as ferroptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis may cause kidney injury directly or through the recruitment of immune cells and stimulation of inflammatory responses. Importantly, multiple layers of interconnections exist between different modalities of regulated cell death, including shared triggers, molecular components and protective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Sanz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian M Ramos
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain.
- RICORS2040, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Ye K, Chen Z, Xu Y. The double-edged functions of necroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:163. [PMID: 36849530 PMCID: PMC9969390 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis refers to a regulated form of cell death induced by a variety of stimuli. Although it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, there is evidence to support that necroptosis is not purely a detrimental process. We propose that necroptosis is a "double-edged sword" in terms of physiology and pathology. On the one hand, necroptosis can trigger an uncontrolled inflammatory cascade response, resulting in severe tissue injury, disease chronicity, and even tumor progression. On the other hand, necroptosis functions as a host defense mechanism, exerting antipathogenic and antitumor effects through its powerful pro-inflammatory properties. Moreover, necroptosis plays an important role during both development and regeneration. Misestimation of the multifaceted features of necroptosis may influence the development of therapeutic approaches targeting necroptosis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the pathways involved in necroptosis as well as five important steps that determine its occurrence. The dual role of necroptosis in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions is also highlighted. Future studies and the development of therapeutic strategies targeting necroptosis should fully consider the complicated properties of this type of regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Ye
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Nephrology, Blood Purification Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 China ,grid.412683.a0000 0004 1758 0400Research Center for Metabolic Chronic Kidney Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 China ,grid.412683.a0000 0004 1758 0400Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 China
| | - Zhimin Chen
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Nephrology, Blood Purification Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 China ,grid.412683.a0000 0004 1758 0400Research Center for Metabolic Chronic Kidney Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 China ,grid.412683.a0000 0004 1758 0400Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 China
| | - Yanfang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Blood Purification Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China. .,Research Center for Metabolic Chronic Kidney Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China. .,Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
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19
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Horne CR, Samson AL, Murphy JM. The web of death: the expanding complexity of necroptotic signaling. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:162-174. [PMID: 35750616 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the emergence of the necroptosis programmed cell death pathway as an important contributor to the pathophysiology of myriad diseases. The receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)1 and RIPK3, and the pseudokinase executioner protein, mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), have grown to prominence as the core pathway components. Depending on cellular context, these proteins also serve as integrators of signals, such as post-translational modifications and protein or metabolite interactions, adding layers of complexity to pathway regulation. Here, we describe the emerging picture of the web of proteins that tune necroptotic signal transduction and how these events have diverged across species, presumably owing to selective pressures of pathogens upon the RIPK3-MLKL protein pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Horne
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - André L Samson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - James M Murphy
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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20
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Abstract
Cell death, particularly that of tubule epithelial cells, contributes critically to the pathophysiology of kidney disease. A body of evidence accumulated over the past 15 years has ascribed a central pathophysiological role to a particular form of regulated necrosis, termed necroptosis, to acute tubular necrosis, nephron loss and maladaptive renal fibrogenesis. Unlike apoptosis, which is a non-immunogenic process, necroptosis results in the release of cellular contents and cytokines, which triggers an inflammatory response in neighbouring tissue. This necroinflammatory environment can lead to severe organ dysfunction and cause lasting tissue injury in the kidney. Despite evidence of a link between necroptosis and various kidney diseases, there are no available therapeutic options to target this process. Greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms, triggers and regulators of necroptosis in acute and chronic kidney diseases may identify shortcomings in current approaches to therapeutically target necroptosis regulators and lead to the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.
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21
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Thiemicke A, Neuert G. Rate thresholds in cell signaling have functional and phenotypic consequences in non-linear time-dependent environments. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1124874. [PMID: 37025183 PMCID: PMC10072286 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1124874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
All cells employ signal transduction pathways to respond to physiologically relevant extracellular cytokines, stressors, nutrient levels, hormones, morphogens, and other stimuli that vary in concentration and rate in healthy and diseased states. A central unsolved fundamental question in cell signaling is whether and how cells sense and integrate information conveyed by changes in the rate of extracellular stimuli concentrations, in addition to the absolute difference in concentration. We propose that different environmental changes over time influence cell behavior in addition to different signaling molecules or different genetic backgrounds. However, most current biomedical research focuses on acute environmental changes and does not consider how cells respond to environments that change slowly over time. As an example of such environmental change, we review cell sensitivity to environmental rate changes, including the novel mechanism of rate threshold. A rate threshold is defined as a threshold in the rate of change in the environment in which a rate value below the threshold does not activate signaling and a rate value above the threshold leads to signal activation. We reviewed p38/Hog1 osmotic stress signaling in yeast, chemotaxis and stress response in bacteria, cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling in Amoebae, growth factors signaling in mammalian cells, morphogen dynamics during development, temporal dynamics of glucose and insulin signaling, and spatio-temproral stressors in the kidney. These reviewed examples from the literature indicate that rate thresholds are widespread and an underappreciated fundamental property of cell signaling. Finally, by studying cells in non-linear environments, we outline future directions to understand cell physiology better in normal and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Thiemicke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gregor Neuert
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Gregor Neuert,
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22
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RIPK1 and RIPK3 in antibacterial defence. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1583-1594. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20211242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Upon sensing pathogenic bacterial infection, host cells activate a multitude of inflammatory and immunogenic responses to promote bacterial clearance and restore tissue homeostasis. RIPK1 and RIPK3 are two key players in antimicrobial defence, by either driving inflammatory signalling or inducing programmed cell death activation, ranging from apoptosis, pyroptosis to necroptosis. In this review, we first discuss the mechanisms by which RIPK1 and RIPK3 promote the assembly of death-inducing complexes and how these cell death pathways are activated as host responses to counteract pathogenic bacteria. We further outline the immunological importance of cell death in antibacterial defence and highlight outstanding questions in the field.
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23
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Mechanisms of TNF-independent RIPK3-mediated cell death. Biochem J 2022; 479:2049-2062. [PMID: 36240069 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and necroptosis regulate many aspects of organismal biology and are involved in various human diseases. TNF is well known to induce both of these forms of cell death and the underlying mechanisms have been elaborately described. However, cells can also engage apoptosis and necroptosis through TNF-independent mechanisms, involving, for example, activation of the pattern recognition receptors Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 and -4, or zDNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1). In this context, cell death signaling depends on the presence of receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3 (RIPK3). Whereas RIPK3 is required for TNF-induced necroptosis, it mediates both apoptosis and necroptosis upon TLR3/4 and ZBP1 engagement. Here, we review the intricate mechanisms by which TNF-independent cell death is regulated by RIPK3.
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24
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The role of RHIM in necroptosis. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1197-1205. [PMID: 36040212 PMCID: PMC9444067 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) is a conserved protein domain that is approximately 18–22 amino acids in length. In humans, four proteins carrying RHIM domains have been identified: receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase (RIPK) 1, RIPK3, Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1), and TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF), which are all major players in necroptosis, a distinct form of regulated cell death. Necroptosis is mostly presumed to be a fail-safe form of cell death, occurring in cells in which apoptosis is compromised. Upon activation, RIPK1, ZBP1, and TRIF each hetero-oligomerize with RIPK3 and induce the assembly of an amyloid-like structure of RIPK3 homo-oligomers. These act as docking stations for the recruitment of the pseudokinase mixed-lineage kinase domain like (MLKL), the pore-forming executioner of necroptosis. As RHIM domain interactions are a vital component of the signaling cascade and can also be involved in apoptosis and pyroptosis activation, it is unsurprising that viral and bacterial pathogens have developed means of disrupting RHIM-mediated signaling to ensure survival. Moreover, as these mechanisms play an essential part of regulated cell death signaling, they have received much attention in recent years. Herein, we present the latest insights into the supramolecular structure of interacting RHIM proteins and their distinct signaling cascades in inflammation and infection. Their uncovering will ultimately contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies in the regulation of lytic cell death.
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25
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Ortiz A, Sanz AB. A pathway of osmotic stress-induced necroptosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:609-610. [PMID: 35915240 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS)2040, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto Reina Sofia de Investigaciones Nefrologicas (IRSIN), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana B Sanz
- Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS)2040, Madrid, Spain.
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